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<title>31 May, 2023</title>
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<title>Covid-19 Sentry</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Mental Health During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review and Recommendations for Moving Forward</strong> -
<div>
COVID-19 has infected millions of people and upended the lives of most humans on the planet. Researchers from across the psychological sciences have sought to document and investigate the impact of COVID-19 in myriad ways, causing an explosion of research that is broad in scope, varied in methods, and challenging to consolidate. Because policy and practice aimed at helping people live healthier and happier lives requires insight from robust patterns of evidence, this paper provides a rapid and thorough summary of high-quality studies available through early 2021 examining the mental health consequences of living through the COVID-19 pandemic. Our review of the evidence indicates that anxiety, depression, and distress increased in the early months of the pandemic. Meanwhile, suicide rates, life satisfaction, and loneliness remained largely stable throughout the first year of the pandemic. In response to these insights, we present seven recommendations (one urgent, two short-term, and four ongoing) to support mental health during the pandemic and beyond.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/zw93g/" target="_blank">Mental Health During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review and Recommendations for Moving Forward</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Prosocial behavior promotes positive emotion during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns about humans’ physical and mental well-being. In response, there has been an urgent “call to action” for psychological interventions that enhance positive emotion and psychological resilience. Prosocial behavior has been shown to effectively promote well-being, but is this strategy effective during a pandemic when ongoing apprehension for personal safety could acutely heighten self-focused concern? In two online pre-registered experiments (N =1,623) conducted during the early stage of pandemic (April 2020), we examined this question by randomly assigning participants to engage in other- or self-beneficial action. For the first time, we manipulated whether prosocial behavior was related to the source of stress (COVID-19): participants purchased COVID-19-related (personal protective equipment, PPE) or COVID-19-unrelated items (food/writing supplies) for themselves or someone else. Consistent with pre-registered hypotheses, prosocial (vs. non-prosocial or proself) behavior led to higher levels of self-reported positive affect, empathy and social connectedness. Notably, we also found that psychological benefits were larger when generous acts were unrelated to COVID-19 (vs. related to COVID-19). When prosocial and proself spending involved identical COVID-19 PPEs items, prosocial behavior’s benefits were detectable only on empathy and social connectedness, but not on post-task positive affect. These findings suggest that while there are boundary conditions to be considered, generous action offers one strategy to bolster well-being during the pandemic.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/vdw2e/" target="_blank">Prosocial behavior promotes positive emotion during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Do Virtual Environments Close the Gender Gap in Participation in Question-and-Answer Sessions at Academic Conferences? In Search of Moderation by Conference Format</strong> -
<div>
Consistent with power and status differences between men and women in society, men tend to participate more than women do in question-and-answer (Q&amp;A) sessions at in-person academic conferences. This gap in participation in scientific discourse may perpetuate the status quo. The current research examines whether this gender gap in participation in Q&amp;A sessions extends to virtual conferences, which have become more prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to shifts in conference formats to enable asynchronous, anonymous, and/or simultaneous participation, we examined whether virtual conferences are more inclusive, and mitigate the gender gap in Q&amp;A participation. Across four virtual conferences that varied in gender representation and Q&amp;A structured format, men continued to take a disproportionate amount of time and space in Q&amp;A sessions. Disproportionate participation did not significantly vary between in-person and virtual formats and did not systematically vary by how the Q&amp;A session was organized. In an all-chat virtual conference, gender differences in volubility were attenuated among higher status academics. Gendered participation and volubility were also impacted by which sub-discipline the presentation was in. Discussion considers the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for understanding the persistence of gender inequality in science. We encourage future research that attends to the cultural factors that promote or mitigate gender disparities in participation.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/hkba6/" target="_blank">Do Virtual Environments Close the Gender Gap in Participation in Question-and-Answer Sessions at Academic Conferences? In Search of Moderation by Conference Format</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Recognizing the Impact of Covid-19 on the Poor Alters Attitudes Towards Poverty and Inequality</strong> -
<div>
The novel Coronavirus that spread around the world in early 2020 triggered a global pandemic and economic downturn that affected nearly everyone. Yet the crisis had a disproportionate impact on the poor and revealed how easily working-class individuals’ financial security can be destabilised by factors beyond personal control. In a pre-registered longitudinal study of Americans (N = 233) spanning April 2019 to May 2020, we tested whether the pandemic altered beliefs about the extent to which poverty is caused by external forces and internal dispositions and support for economic inequality. Over this timespan, participants revealed a shift in their attributions for poverty, reporting that poverty is more strongly impacted by external-situational causes and less by internal-dispositional causes. However, we did not detect an overall mean-level change in opposition to inequality or support for government intervention. Instead, only for those who most strongly recognized the negative impact of COVID-19 did changes in poverty attributions translate to decreased support for inequality, and increased support for government intervention to help the poor.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/geyt4/" target="_blank">Recognizing the Impact of Covid-19 on the Poor Alters Attitudes Towards Poverty and Inequality</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Tracing the origin of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-like Spike sequences detected in wastewater</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: The origin of divergent SARS-CoV-2 spike sequences found in wastewater, but not in clinical surveillance, remains unclear. These cryptic wastewater sequences have harbored many of the same mutations that later emerged in Omicron lineages. We first detected a cryptic lineage in municipal wastewater in Wisconsin in January 2022. Named the Wisconsin Lineage, we sought to determine the geographic origin of this virus and characterize its persistence and evolution over time. Methods: We systematically sampled maintenance holes to trace the origin of the Wisconsin Lineage. We sequenced spike RBD domains, and where possible, whole viral genomes, to characterize the evolution of this lineage over the 13 consecutive months that it was detectable. Findings: The persistence of the Wisconsin Lineage signal allowed us to trace it from a central wastewater plant to a single facility, with a high concentration of viral RNA. The viral sequences contained a combination of fixed nucleotide substitutions characteristic of Pango lineage B.1.234, which circulated in Wisconsin at low levels from October 2020 to February 2021, while mutations in the spike gene resembled those subsequently found in Omicron variants. Interpretation: We propose that prolonged detection of the Wisconsin Lineage in wastewater represents persistent shedding of SARS-CoV-2 from an infected individual, with ongoing within-host viral evolution leading to an ancestral B.1.234 virus accumulating Omicron-like mutations. Funding: The Rockefeller Foundation, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and the Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis and Transmission.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.22281553v4" target="_blank">Tracing the origin of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-like Spike sequences detected in wastewater</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Navigating Digital Inequality: Examining Factors Affecting Rural Customers’ Internet Banking Adoption in Post-COVID Bangladesh</strong> -
<div>
As the world continues to navigate the new normal brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, one issue that has come to the forefront is digital inequality. In Bangladesh, where a significant portion of the population resides in rural areas, the adoption of internet banking has been hindered by various factors. However, understanding these factors is crucial, especially now that digital transactions have become more important. This study aims to understand the factors influencing the adoption of internet banking services among rural customers in Bangladesh. To acquire data, a questionnaire was administered to 443 rural bank customers in the district of Barisal. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed three primary factors: trust compatibility, service benefit, and access to consumer education. In addition, the research sought to determine if the identified factors, particularly access to consumer education, varied according to the occupation and income level of rural consumers. Using exhaustive Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) analysis, the findings revealed that access to consumer education differs significantly by occupation level, with business and service holders being more likely than farmers to have access to consumer education. This research contributes to the literature by providing insights into the adoption of internet banking by rural customers and informing policymakers about the special needs of this demographic.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/h76k8/" target="_blank">Navigating Digital Inequality: Examining Factors Affecting Rural Customers’ Internet Banking Adoption in Post-COVID Bangladesh</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Bivalent mRNA-1273.214 vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 omicron XBB* infections</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Qatar introduced COVID-19 bivalent vaccination for persons ≥12 years old using the 50-μg mRNA-1273.214 vaccine combining SARS-CoV-2 ancestral and omicron BA.1 strains. We estimated effectiveness of this bivalent vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection using a matched, retrospective, cohort study. Matched cohorts included 11,482 persons in the bivalent cohort and 56,806 persons in the no-recent-vaccination cohort. During follow-up, 65 infections were recorded in the bivalent cohort and 406 were recorded in the no-recent-vaccination cohort. None progressed to severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19. Cumulative incidence of infection was 0.80% (95% CI: 0.61-1.07%) in the bivalent cohort and 1.00% (95% CI: 0.89-1.11%) in the no-recent-vaccination cohort, 150 days after the start of follow-up. Incidence during follow-up was dominated by omicron XBB* subvariants including XBB, XBB.1, XBB.1.5, XBB.1.9.1, XBB.1.9.2, XBB.1.16, and XBB.2.3. The adjusted hazard ratio comparing incidence of infection in the bivalent cohort to that in the no-recent-vaccination cohort was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.57-0.97). Bivalent vaccine effectiveness against infection was 25.2% (95% CI: 2.6-42.6%). Effectiveness was 21.5% (95% CI: -8.2-43.5%) among persons with no prior infection and 33.3% (95% CI: -4.6-57.6%) among persons with prior infection. mRNA-1273.214 reduced incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the protection was modest at only 25%. The modest protection may have risen because of XBB* immune evasion or immune imprinting effects, or combination of both.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.23288612v2" target="_blank">Bivalent mRNA-1273.214 vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 omicron XBB* infections</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Hybrid use of Raman spectroscopy and artificial neural networks to discriminate Mycobacterium bovis BCG and members of the order Mycobacteriales</strong> -
<div>
Even in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health problem and the 2nd biggest infectious cause of death worldwide. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop effective TB diagnostic methods, which are cheap, portable, sensitive and specific. Raman spectroscopy is a potential spectroscopic technique for this purpose, however, so far, research efforts have focused primarily on the characterisation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other Mycobacteria, neglecting bacteria within the microbiome and thus, failing to consider the bigger picture. It is paramount to characterise relevant Mycobacteriales and develop suitable analytical tools to discriminate them from each other. Herein, through the combined use of Raman spectroscopy and the self-optimising Kohonen index network and further multivariate tools, we have successfully undertaken the spectral analysis of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Corynebacterium glutamicum and Rhodoccocus erythropolis. This has led to development of a useful tool set, which can readily discern spectral differences between these three closely related bacteria as well as generate a unique spectral barcode for each species. Further optimisation and refinement of the developed method will enable its application to other bacteria. inhabiting the microbiome and ultimately lead to advanced diagnostic technologies, which can save many lives.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542797v1" target="_blank">Hybrid use of Raman spectroscopy and artificial neural networks to discriminate Mycobacterium bovis BCG and members of the order Mycobacteriales</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Mortality among people hospitalised with covid-19 in Switzerland: a nationwide population-based analysis</strong> -
<div>
Objectives: To investigate mortality among people hospitalised with covid-19 in Switzerland according to epidemic wave, age, sex, comorbid conditions and intensive care unit (ICU) occupancy. Design: Population-based, national study. Setting: Mandatory surveillance reports from all hospitals in Switzerland. Participants: All 22,648 people who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection and were hospitalised between February 24, 2020 and March 01, 2021 in Switzerland with complete information about age, sex, and comorbidities. Main outcome measures: Survival after positive SARS-CoV-2 test among people hospitalised with covid-19 by epidemic wave, age, sex, comorbid conditions and ICU occupancy, expressed as adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) of death and probability of survival over time and at 40 days, all with 95% credible intervals (CrI). Results: Of 22,648 people hospitalised with covid-19, 4,785 (21.1%) died. Bayesian survival models adjusted for age, sex, and the presence of comorbidity showed that survival was lower during the first epidemic wave than the second (standardised predicted survival probability at 40 days 76.1% versus 80.5%; aHR of death 1.38, 95% CrI 1.28 to 1.48). During the second epidemic wave, occupancy among all available ICU beds (certified beds and add-on beds) in Switzerland varied between 51.7% and 78.8%. Modelling the association between survival and ICU occupancy with restricted cubic splines indicated stable survival when ICU occupancy was below 70%, but worse survival when ICU occupancy exceeded 70%. This threshold of 70% occupancy among total available ICU beds corresponded to around 85% occupancy among certified beds. Survival was decreased for men, older people, and patients with comorbid conditions. Comorbid conditions reduced survival more in younger people than in older people. As single comorbid condition, hypertension was not associated with poorer survival, but appeared to increase the risk of death in combination with a cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: Survival after hospitalisation with covid-19 has improved over time, consistent with improved management of severe covid-19. The decreased survival starting at approximately 70% ICU occupancy in Switzerland supports the need to introduce measures for prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the population far before ICUs are full.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/37gaz/" target="_blank">Mortality among people hospitalised with covid-19 in Switzerland: a nationwide population-based analysis</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Societal feedback induces complex and chaotic dynamics in endemic infectious diseases</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Classically, endemic diseases are expected to display relatively stable, predictable infection dynamics. Indeed, diseases like influenza show yearly recurring infection waves that can be anticipated accurately enough to develop and distribute new vaccines. In contrast, newly-emerging diseases may cause more complex, unpredictable dynamics, like COVID-19 has demonstrated. Here we show that complex infection dynamics can also occur in the endemic state of seasonal diseases when including human behaviour. We implement human behaviour as a feedback between incidence and disease mitigation and study the system as an epidemiological oscillator driven by seasonality. When behaviour and seasonality have a comparable impact, we find a rich structure in parameter and state space with Arnold tongues, co-existing attractors, and chaos. Moreover, we demonstrate that if a disease requires active mitigation, balancing costs of mitigation and infections can lead societies right into this complex regime. We observe indications of this when comparing past COVID-19 and influenza data to model simulations. Our results challenge the intuition that endemicity implies predictability and seasonal waves, and show that complex dynamics can dominate even in the endemic phase.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.23290509v1" target="_blank">Societal feedback induces complex and chaotic dynamics in endemic infectious diseases</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Antiviral activities of sotrovimab against BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in sera of treated patients</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
<b>Background</b> Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the spike of SARS-CoV-2 prevent severe COVID-19. Omicron subvariants BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 evade neutralization of therapeutic mAbs, leading to recommendations against their use. Yet, the antiviral activities of mAbs in treated patients remain ill-defined. <b>Methods</b> We investigated neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of D614G, BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in 320 sera from 80 immunocompromised patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 prospectively treated with mAbs (sotrovimab, n=29; imdevimab/casirivimab, n=34; cilgavimab/tixagevimab, n=4) or anti-protease (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, n=13). We measured live-virus neutralization titers and quantified ADCC with a reporter assay. <b>Findings</b> Only Sotrovimab elicits serum neutralization and ADCC against BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5. As compared to D614G, sotrovimab neutralization titers of BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 are reduced (71- and 58-fold, respectively), but ADCC levels are only slightly decreased (1.4- and 1-fold, for BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5, respectively). <b>Interpretation</b> Our results show that sotrovimab is active against BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in treated individuals, suggesting that it may be a valuable therapeutic option.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.23290512v1" target="_blank">Antiviral activities of sotrovimab against BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in sera of treated patients</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Infection by SARS-CoV-2 with alternate frequencies of mRNA vaccine boosting for patients undergoing antineoplastic treatment for cancer</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Patients undergoing antineoplastic therapies often exhibit reduced immune response to COVID-19 vaccination, necessitating assessment of alternate boosting frequencies for these patients. However, data on reinfection risks to guide clinical decision-making is limited. We quantified reinfection risks of SARS-CoV-2 at different mRNA boosting frequencies of patients on antineoplastic therapies. Antibody levels following Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccination were analyzed for patients without cancer, with cancer undergoing various treatments, and treated with different antineoplastic therapeutics. Using long-term antibody data from other coronaviruses in an evolutionary framework, we estimated infection probabilities based on antibody levels and projected waning. We calculated cumulative probabilities of breakthrough infection for alternate booster schedules over two years. Annual boosting reduced risks for targeted or hormonal treatments, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy-immunotherapy combinations similarly to the general population. Patients receiving no treatment or chemotherapy exhibited higher risks, suggesting that accelerated vaccination schedules should be considered. Patients treated with rituximab therapy posed the highest infection risk, suggesting that a combination of frequent boosting and additional interventions may be warranted for mitigating SARS-CoV-2 infection in these patients.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.23290402v1" target="_blank">Infection by SARS-CoV-2 with alternate frequencies of mRNA vaccine boosting for patients undergoing antineoplastic treatment for cancer</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated risk factors among staff and residents at homeless shelters in King County, Washington: an active surveillance study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Homeless shelter residents and staff may be at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, SARS-CoV-2 infection estimates in this population have been reliant on cross-sectional or outbreak investigation data. We conducted routine surveillance and outbreak testing in 23 homeless shelters in King County, Washington to estimate the occurrence of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk factors during 1/1/2020-5/31/2021. Symptom surveys and nasal swabs were collected for SARS-CoV-2 testing by RT-PCR for residents aged 3 months and older and staff. We collected 12,915 specimens from 2,930 unique participants. We identified 4.74 (95% CI 4.00-5.58) SARS-CoV-2 infections per 100 individuals (residents: 4.96, 95% CI 4.12-5.91; staff: 3.86, 95% CI 2.43-5.79). Most infections were asymptomatic at time of detection (74%) and detected during routine surveillance (73%). Outbreak testing yielded higher test positivity compared to routine surveillance (2.7% vs. 0.9%). Among those infected, residents were less likely to report symptoms than staff. Participants who were vaccinated against seasonal influenza and were current smokers had lower odds of having an infection detected. Active surveillance that includes SARS-CoV-2 testing of all persons is essential in ascertaining the true burden of SARS-CoV-2 infections among residents and staff of congregate settings.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.23290471v1" target="_blank">Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated risk factors among staff and residents at homeless shelters in King County, Washington: an active surveillance study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Point-of-Care Biomarker Assay for Rapid Multiplexed Detection of CRP and IP-10</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Rapid and accurate measurements of immune protein markers are essential for diagnosis and treatment in all clinical settings. The recent pandemic has revealed a stark need for developing new tools and assays that could be rapidly used in diverse settings and provide useful information to clinicians. Here, we describe the development and test application of a novel one-step CRP/IP-10 duplex assay for the LightDeck platform capable of delivering reproducible and accurate measurements in under eight minutes. We used the optimized assay to measure CRP and IP-10 levels in human blood and serum samples from healthy, COVID-19-positive, and influenza-like illness (ILI) presenting patients. Our results agreed with previously published analyte levels and enabled us to make statistically significant comparisons relevant to multiple clinical parameters. Our duplex assay is a simple and powerful tool for aiding diagnostic decisions in diverse settings.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.23290476v1" target="_blank">Point-of-Care Biomarker Assay for Rapid Multiplexed Detection of CRP and IP-10</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A distinct cross-reactive autoimmune response in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe, post-infectious sequela of SARS-CoV-2 infection, yet the pathophysiological mechanism connecting the infection to the broad inflammatory syndrome remains unknown. Here we leveraged a large set of MIS-C patient samples (n=199) to identify a distinct set of host proteins that are differentially targeted by patient autoantibodies relative to matched controls. We identified an autoreactive epitope within SNX8, a protein expressed primarily in immune cells which regulates an antiviral pathway associated with MIS-C pathogenesis. In parallel, we also probed the SARS-CoV-2 proteome-wide MIS-C patient antibody response and found it to be differentially reactive to a distinct domain of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein relative to controls. This viral N region and the mapped SNX8 epitope bear remarkable biochemical similarity. Furthermore, we find that many children with anti-SNX8 autoantibodies also have T-cells cross-reactive to both SNX8 and this distinct domain of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein. Together, these findings suggest that MIS-C patients develop a distinct immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 N protein that is associated with cross reactivity to the self-protein SNX8, demonstrating a link from the infection to the inflammatory syndrome.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.23290373v1" target="_blank">A distinct cross-reactive autoimmune response in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Investigation of the Effect on Cognitive Skills of COVID-19 Survivors</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: green walking and intelligence gam<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Bayburt University;   Karadeniz Technical University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effect of Special Discharge Training in the COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pneumonia<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: COVID-19 Discharge Education<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Kilis 7 Aralik University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of Safety, Tolerability, Reactogenicity, Immunogenicity of Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 2 as a Booster for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19 Vaccine;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: 50 μg Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 2;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Baiya Phytopharm Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Physiotherapy in Mutated COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Physiotherapy<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Giresun University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Studying the Efficiency of the Natural Preparation Rutan in Children in the Treatment of COVID-19, ARVI</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Respiratory Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Rutan 25 mg;   Other: Control group<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Research Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>To Explore the Regulatory Effect of Combined Capsule FMT on the Levels of Inflammatory Factors in Peripheral Blood of Patients With COVID-19 During Treatment.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Fecal Microbiota Transplantation;   COVID-19 Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Procedure: Fecal microbiota transplantation<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Use of a Hypochlorous Acid Spray Solution in the Treatment of COVID-19 Patients : COVICONTROL Study .</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   SARS CoV 2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Spray with Hypochlorous Acid Group;   Other: Spray with Placebo Group<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Monastir<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Telerehabilitation Program and Detraining in Patients With Post-COVID-19 Sequelae</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Telerehabilitation program<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Campus docent Sant Joan de Déu-Universitat de Barcelona<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Amongst Underserved Populations in East London</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Influenza;   Vaccination Refusal<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: Patient Engagement tool<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Queen Mary University of London;   Social Action for Health<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 3 Study of Novavax Vaccine(s) as Booster Dose After mRNA Vaccines</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: NVX-CoV2373;   Biological: SARS-CoV-2 rS antigen/Matrix-M Adjuvant<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Novavax<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies for Long COVID (COVID-19)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Long COVID;   Post-Acute Sequela of COVID-19;   Post-Acute COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: AER002;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Michael Peluso, MD;   Aerium Therapeutics<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study to Assess Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of the repRNA(QTP104) Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2(COVID-19)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   SARS-CoV-2<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: QTP104 1ug;   Biological: QTP104 5ug;   Biological: QTP104 25ug<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Quratis Inc.<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dose Exploration Intramuscular/Intravenous Prophylaxis Pharmacokinetic Exposure Response Study</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: AZD3152;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   AstraZeneca<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effects of Individual Tailored Physical Exercise in Patients With POTS After COVID-19 - a Randomized Controlled Study</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome;   COVID-19;   Post COVID-19 Condition;   Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Individual tailored exercise<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Karolinska Institutet;   Karolinska University Hospital<br/><b>Enrolling by invitation</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Fluvoxamine for Long COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Long COVID<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Fluvoxamine<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Washington University School of Medicine;   Balvi COVID Fund<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of peptidomimetic benzothiazolyl ketones as 3CL<sup>pro</sup> inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2</strong> - A series of peptidomimetic compounds containing benzothiazolyl ketone and [2.2.1] azabicyclic ring was designed, synthesized and evaluated in the hope of obtaining potent oral 3CL^(pro) inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Among the target compounds, 11b had the best enzymatic potency (IC(50) = 0.110 μM) and 11e had the best microsomal stability (t(1/2) &gt; 120 min) and good enzyme activity (IC(50) = 0.868 μM). Therefore, compounds 11b and 11e were chosen for further evaluation of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>An HR2-Mimicking Sulfonyl-γ-AApeptide Is a Potent Pan-coronavirus Fusion Inhibitor with Strong Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability, Long Half-Life, and Promising Oral Bioavailability</strong> - Neutralizing antibodies and fusion inhibitory peptides have the potential required to combat the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. However, the lack of oral bioavailability and enzymatic susceptibility limited their application, necessitating the development of novel pan-CoV fusion inhibitors. Herein we report a series of helical peptidomimetics, d-sulfonyl-γ-AApeptides, which effectively mimic the key residues of heptad repeat 2 and interact with heptad repeat 1 in the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Insights into targeting SARS-CoV-2: design, synthesis, <em>in silico</em> studies and antiviral evaluation of new dimethylxanthine derivatives</strong> - Aiming to achieve efficient activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the expansion of the structure- and ligand-based drug design approaches was adopted, which has been recently reported by our research group. Purine ring is a corner stone in the development of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M(pro)) inhibitors. The privileged purine scaffold was elaborated to achieve additional affinity based on hybridization and fragment-based approaches. Thus, the characteristic…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 BNT162b2 booster vaccine in end-stage kidney disease patients receiving haemodialysis in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a cohort prospective study</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: The majority of ESKD patients on haemodialysis mounted a good antibody response to the BNT162b2 booster vaccination with tolerable adverse events.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Capture and neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus by algae-derived lectins with high-mannose and core fucose specificities</strong> - We first investigated the interactions between several algae-derived lectins and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). We created lectin columns using high-mannose (HM)-type glycan-specific lectins OAA and KAA-1 or core fucose-specific lectin hypninA-2 and conducted binding experiments with SARS-CoV-2. The results showed that these lectins were capable of binding to the virus. Furthermore, when examining the neutralization ability of nine different lectins, it was found…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inflammation inhibitory activity of green tea, soybean, and guava extracts during Sars-Cov-2 infection through TNF protein in cytokine storm</strong> - Coronavirus disease is caused by the pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) known as COVID-19. COVID-19 has caused the deaths of 6,541,936 people worldwide as of September 27th, 2022. SARS-CoV-2 severity is determined by a cytokine storm condition, in which the innate immune system creates an unregulated and excessive production of pro-inflammatory such IL-1, IL-6, NF Kappa B, and TNF alpha signaling molecules known as cytokines. The patient died due to respiratory…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Long Time Scale Ensemble Methods in Molecular Dynamics: Ligand-Protein Interactions and Allostery in SARS-CoV-2 Targets</strong> - We subject a series of five protein-ligand systems which contain important SARS-CoV-2 targets, 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLPro), papain-like protease, and adenosine ribose phosphatase, to long time scale and adaptive sampling molecular dynamics simulations. By performing ensembles of ten or twelve 10 μs simulations for each system, we accurately and reproducibly determine ligand binding sites, both crystallographically resolved and otherwise, thereby discovering binding sites that can be…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a sensitizes cells to ferroptosis via Keap1-NRF2 axis</strong> - Viral infection-induced cell death has long been considered as a double-edged sword in the inhibition or exacerbation of viral infections. Patients with severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are characterized by multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and cytokine storm, which may result from SARS-CoV-2-induced cell death. Previous studies have observed enhanced ROS level and signs of ferroptosis in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells or specimens of patients with COVID-19, but the exact mechanism is not…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Utilization of Marine Seaweeds as a Promising Defense Against COVID-19: a Mini-review</strong> - COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which mainly affects the respiratory system. It has been declared as a “pandemic” in March 2020 by the World Health Organization due to the high spreading rate. SARS-CoV-2 binds with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on the cell surface which leads to the downregulation of ACE2 and upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) receptors. The elevated level of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Identification of Host Proteins Interacting with IBV S1 Based on Tracheal Organ Culture</strong> - Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) belongs to the gamma-coronavirus genus of Coronaviridae and causes serious infectious diseases in the poultry industry. However, only a few IBV strains can infect avian passage cell lines, seriously hindering the progress of basic research on IBV pathogenesis. Whereas IBV field strains can replicate in tracheal ring organ culture (TOC) without any previous adaptation in chicken embryos or primary cells. In this study, to investigate the potential use of TOC as…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Transcription Factor Driven Gene Regulation in COVID-19 Patients</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 and its many variants have caused a worldwide emergency. Host cells colonised by SARS-CoV-2 present a significantly different gene expression landscape. As expected, this is particularly true for genes that directly interact with virus proteins. Thus, understanding the role that transcription factors can play in driving differential regulation in patients affected by COVID-19 is a focal point to unveil virus infection. In this regard, we have identified 19 transcription factors which…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Genes Involved in miRNA Biogenesis Are Not Downregulated in SARS-CoV-2 Infection</strong> - miRNAs, small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, are involved in various pathological processes, including viral infections. Virus infections may interfere with the miRNA pathway through the inhibition of genes involved in miRNA biogenesis. A reduction in the number and the levels of miRNAs expressed in nasopharyngeal swabs of patients with severe COVID-19 was lately observed by us, pointing towards the potential of miRNAs as possible diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>In Silico and In Vitro Evaluation of Some Amidine Derivatives as Hit Compounds towards Development of Inhibitors against Coronavirus Diseases</strong> - Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and influenza A virus, require the host proteases to mediate viral entry into cells. Rather than targeting the continuously mutating viral proteins, targeting the conserved host-based entry mechanism could offer advantages. Nafamostat and camostat were discovered as covalent inhibitors of TMPRSS2 protease involved in viral entry. To circumvent their limitations, a reversible inhibitor might be required. Considering nafamostat structure and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Dimeric Peptide (KKYRYHLKPF)<sub>2</sub>K Shows Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity by Inhibiting Different Steps of Chikungunya and Zika Virus Infection</strong> - Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are important disease-causing agents worldwide. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs or vaccines approved to treat these viruses. However, peptides have shown great potential for new drug development. A recent study described (p-BthTX-I)(2)K [(KKYRYHLKPF)(2)K], a peptide derived from the Bothropstoxin-I toxin in the venom of the Bothrops jararacussu snake, showed antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we assessed the activity of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>GRP78 Inhibitor YUM70 Suppresses SARS-CoV-2 Viral Entry, Spike Protein Production and Ameliorates Lung Damage</strong> - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, has given rise to many new variants with increased transmissibility and the ability to evade vaccine protection. The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is a major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone that has been recently implicated as an essential host factor for SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of YUM70, a small molecule inhibitor of…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Rise of Latino White Supremacy</strong> - At a time of rising racial violence, Latinos are potential perpetrators and potential victims. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-rise-of-latino-white-supremacy">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>E. Jean Carroll Discusses Trump’s Comeuppance</strong> - Since losing a civil case to the journalist, who accused him of sexual abuse and defamation, Trump has doubled down on his attacks. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/e-jean-carroll-discusses-trumps-comeuppance">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>More Latino Americans Are Losing Their Religion</strong> - And, according to a new study, even those who aren’t are defying convention and stereotypes. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/more-latino-americans-are-losing-their-religion">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Turkish Elections Swung from Hope to Despair</strong> - The corrupt state that President Erdoğan built essentially guaranteed his reëlection. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-turkish-elections-swung-from-hope-to-despair">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Debt-Ceiling Deal Could Be a Lot Worse</strong> - If House Republicans were trying to create a draconian new fiscal framework that would dominate American politics for the next decade, they failed to achieve their goal. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-debt-ceiling-deal-could-be-a-lot-worse">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Is Apple’s weird headset the future?</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A drawing of a pair of goggle bearing an Apple logo." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/r6MWuemugyMX6UW50pBEupjqdUo=/160x0:1600x1080/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72327001/AppleARset_Vox.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Paige Vickers / Vox
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Apple’s new goggles aren’t for normals. Not yet, anyway. So why does Apple want to show them off?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cRWDzs">
Every big, new <a href="https://www.vox.com/apple">Apple</a> Product Launch follows a template, one the company pioneered and perfected with the iPhone and then the iPad.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XCItQC">
First,<strong> </strong>long-running rumors and speculation about a mystery device — a version of existing products made by competitors but presumably much better because Apple is making it — percolate among the Apple-obsessed tech set. Then a somewhat clearer picture emerges, courtesy of reporting by mainstream media outlets. The hype crests as Apple unveils The Product at A Big Deal launch event, and then customers flock to buy The Product by the millions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="g5gfvJ">
And that’s kind of what’s happening with the new “mixed-reality” headset the tech world expects Apple to unveil at its developer conference on June 5, in what would arguably be its most ambitious launch since the iPad in 2010. There has been reporting for years about Apple’s efforts to make the devices, and now outlets like the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/26/technology/apple-augmented-reality-dissent.html">New York Times</a> and <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-05-18/apple-s-mixed-reality-headset-may-define-tim-cook-s-legacy?sref=qYiz2hd0#xj4y7vzkg">Bloomberg</a> have given us a pretty good idea of what to expect.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gmXQzG">
But this one feels different<strong>. </strong>The coming headset reveal seems deflated and muddled, without anything like the anticipation that accompanied earlier products. There are also real questions about whether anyone will want to buy what Apple is reportedly selling: an ungainly piece of equipment that will cost around $3,000, make the wearer look extremely uncool, and with<strong> </strong>a utility that is completely theoretical.
</p>
<aside id="KGkP1Y">
<div>
</div>
</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uMHCIA">
It’s a weird place for Apple to be: It has put billions of dollars into this tech (its competitors are doing the same) in the hope that this will be a platform on the level of<strong> </strong>the next smartphone and that Apple’s headset will be the equivalent of the iPhone. But even headset boosters don’t think the device Apple will likely show off in June will be anything like the iPhone former CEO Steve Jobs unveiled in 2007.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uEcyRO">
In the best-case scenario, it’s an early version of tech that hints at the promise to come, when we get a better, cheaper, lighter version … someday down the road.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MHmmOQ">
So on the one hand, Apple is set to unveil a device that could say a lot about its future and the future of consumer tech. But it’s also a bit of a daydream, which will make it very hard to determine whether it’s a hit or a dud. And in the meantime, Apple will very much remain the company that sells iPhones, which is a <a href="https://appleinsider.com/articles/23/03/07/apples-iphone-dominated-2022-smartphone-sales">very good business to be in</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xKqFzN">
Okay. So what, exactly, should we expect from Apple’s headset? And, more importantly, what does Apple expect us to do once the company announces it?
</p>
<h3 id="PgaJkK">
What is Apple’s new headset actually going to do?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="h7C62y">
In private meetings this spring, Apple has been showing off the headset. The device looks familiar, since it resembles and functions the way earlier headsets created by rivals like <a href="https://www.vox.com/meta">Meta</a> and <a href="https://www.vox.com/microsoft">Microsoft</a> do. It’s also novel because it will do things other headsets don’t, for better and worse.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gbduTJ">
While Apple CEO <a href="https://www.vox.com/tim-cook">Tim Cook</a> has previously <a href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/apple-ceo-tim-cook-thinks-151949215.html">hinted</a> about creating a computerized version of glasses — lightweight and unobtrusive things that look like real-world objects many people already wear — the new Apple headset is not it. It’s a relatively bulky thing that straps onto your face and requires so much power that users will have to wear a battery pack on their waist or in their pocket.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Juzfp0">
The headset is supposed to have two different functions. One is a virtual reality mode, where users see a complete digital landscape — similar to the VR Oculus devices Meta has been making for years. There other is a so-called mixed reality mode — although there’s speculation Apple may use the term “extended reality” when it talks about this — where users can see the real world through the headset, but also see and even interact with digital objects projected onto the real world. That’s an idea that headset startup Magic Leap promised, when it showed off <a href="https://world.magicleap.com/en-us/details/magicleap.icon.whale">a video of a whale rising out of a school gym</a> nearly a decade ago, but never really delivered.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/jt4Tx2PzEE8CweuYvZLQyDOitmo=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24691545/whale.png"/> <cite>Magic Leap</cite>
<figcaption>
An image from marketing material headset-maker Magic Leap used to tease its technology.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Pft0Sm">
Apple is likely to add two tweaks it thinks will distinguish its headsets from the pack.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2eolXX">
The first is a “copresence” feature, which I’ve heard described in a couple different ways. In one, someone wearing a headset can share video of the thing they’re looking at with another person wearing a headset, and they can both experience the same thing at the same time. Say, you’re walking on the beach, and you want someone who’s across the country to virtually join you while you walk. The other version is closer to something we’ve seen before: You put on a headset and talk to a computer-generated avatar of another person appearing in your field of view.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gSH5y8">
And perhaps most confusingly, Apple is supposedly going to place exterior screens on the front of headsets, so people who aren’t wearing the headset can see a video display of the eyes of the person wearing the headset. Does that sound like a straight-up nightmare to you? Me too. But people who’ve heard Apple’s pitch say the company thinks it will make the device more social and less dystopian than the zombie-with-computer-on-face image that <a href="https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10102665126861201">Mark Zuckerberg proudly showed off in 2016</a> as part of a marketing push for his Oculus headsets.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/91h3Ru038HGA3TZOvfD9vimxDA4=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24691555/zombies_.jpeg"/> <cite>Facebook</cite>
<figcaption>
Mark Zuckerberg at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain, 2016.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SOXUHz">
What will you actually do with these things once they’re on your face? Good question. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-04-18/apple-vr-ar-headset-apps-sports-tv-fitness-gaming-wellness-ipad-features?sref=qYiz2hd0">Mark Gurman’s reporting</a> for Bloomberg has suggested that Apple intends to port lots of its existing iOS apps to the new device — but the likes of a calculator app certainly won’t convince anyone to use it, let alone buy it. Last year, the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/04/business/apple-virtual-reality-headset.html">New York Times</a> reported that Jon Favreau, the director behind <em>Elf</em> and <em>Iron Man</em>, as well as the creator of the <a href="https://www.vox.com/star-wars">Star Wars</a> series <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/21534638/the-mandalorian-disney-plus-explained-do-i-need-to-watch-star-wars-baby-yoda"><em>The Mandalorian</em></a> on <a href="https://www.vox.com/disney">Disney</a>+, was going to make content for the device. I’ve also heard, but haven’t confirmed, that Disney itself will be making stuff for the headset; a Disney rep declined to comment.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nRr2aQ">
All of which suggests that Apple is being quite literal about announcing the new device at its <em>developers</em> conference: It’s hoping that once it shows this thing off to the world, other people will think up fun or at least useful things to do with it, and build up apps to make that happen. That<strong> </strong>will make the headsets more popular, which will then encourage more developers to build cool apps, which will make them more popular. Repeat.
</p>
<h3 id="Ih5oGJ">
But … why?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XB4Kbz">
This is where things get very strained if you’re trying to imagine Apple creating another dent-in-the-universe product like the iPhone — or even just a thing that many people buy, like the iPad, and later on the Apple Watch (<a href="https://www.aboveavalon.com/notes/2021/2/11/apple-watch-is-now-worn-on-100-million-wrists">more than 100 million sold</a>) and AirPods (<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-09-22/apple-airpods-sales-bode-well-for-vr-headset?sref=qYiz2hd0">hundreds of millions sold</a>).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fvhgfe">
That’s because, despite the collective efforts of <a href="https://www.vox.com/google">Google</a>, Meta, Microsoft, and other tech companies, no one has been able to convince very large numbers of people that virtual reality headsets or augmented headsets or any kind of headsets are things they want to use. That’s different, by the way, from selling headsets; they have been able to do that over the years. Tech research shop CCS insights predicts that <a href="https://www.ccsinsight.com/company-news/extended-reality-pace-slowed-by-economic-woes/">consumers will buy 11 million headsets in 2023 alone</a> — a tally it describes as a “slow year.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Y7l27D">
But they have never really taken off beyond a gaming novelty or an industrial tool <a href="https://mixed-news.com/en/ups-relies-on-vr-training-for-more-safety-on-the-road/">some workers are obliged to use</a>. You can see the disappointment in the behavior of the companies that launched them. Google, which kicked off <a href="https://www.vox.com/big-tech">Big Tech</a>’s augmented and virtual reality phase with its Glass device in 2012, eventually conceded that they were too weird for normals to wear and tried turning them into devices for industrial use; it is <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/15/google-discontinues-google-glass-enterprise-end-to-early-ar-project.html">formally pulling the plug on the gadgets this fall</a>. Microsoft launched its HoloLens <a href="https://www.vox.com/augmented-reality">AR</a> headset in 2016 but never broke through; the company has recently been reduced to <a href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/mixed-reality-blog/microsoft-committed-to-hololens-2-and-mixed-reality/ba-p/3732405">issuing blog posts insisting that it still cares about the device</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dLpBYq">
Meta, meanwhile, has <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2023/02/03/metas-reality-labs-lost-13-7-billion-on-vr-and-ar-last-year/">poured billions</a> into goggles of all kinds and insists it will do so for years to come. But earlier this year, a Meta executive conceded that consumers don’t love the devices Meta is selling them: “<a href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/28/23619730/meta-vr-oculus-ar-glasses-smartwatch-plans">We need to be better at growth and retention and resurrection</a>,” Mark Rabkin, the company’s vice president for VR, said in February.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ByXgRJ">
So how is Tim Cook going to convince consumers that this time is different? It’s going to be tough. For starters, while Cook has been a highly successful CEO — under his tenure, Apple’s <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/24/tim-cook-10-years-at-apple-in-charts.html">stock has soared</a>, and the company is once again <a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/AAPL/key-statistics/">approaching $3 trillion in total value</a> — he is not a charismatic salesman in the Steve Jobs mode.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="63g03m">
And even Steve Jobs would struggle to sell the benefits of AR or VR goggles. That’s because, by their very nature, you can only see what they do when you wear them yourself. And if you stand on a stage telling people how great they are, you’ll just look like someone onstage with a computer strapped to your face.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9GCzjx">
“I call it the ‘TV on the radio’ problem,” says Magic Leap founder Rony Abovitz: It’s hard to describe a “television” to an audience that has never seen one and is listening to you talk about it on the radio. Abovitz thinks Apple will solve this by sending devices out for hands-on demonstrations at its hundreds of retail stores.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cWZYtr">
Meanwhile, Cook, who initially dismissed the idea of goggles in favor of glasses, now says he was wrong, and that, theoretically<em>, </em>goggles could be awesome. Here’s his test run for his pitch, which he floated to <a href="https://www.gq.com/story/tim-cook-global-creativity-awards-cover-2023">GQ magazine</a> earlier this year:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jgMEON">
It could empower people to achieve things they couldn’t achieve before. We might be able to collaborate on something much easier if we were sitting here brainstorming about it and all of a sudden we could pull up something digitally and both see it and begin to collaborate on it and create with it. And so it’s the idea that there is this environment that may be even better than just the real world—to overlay the virtual world on top of it might be an even better world. And so this is exciting. If it could accelerate creativity, if it could just help you do things that you do all day long and you didn’t really think about doing them in a different way.
</p>
</blockquote>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9ZtXqu">
I mean, maybe? I’m in favor of collaboration. But I’ve spent three years being forced to collaborate with people using technology, and my strong preference right now is to collaborate with them in person whenever I can. And when I do have to call or Zoom or Google Meet with people, I already<strong> </strong>have tech that lets me do it. Like a phone, or a computer.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="s2wyzm">
Asking me to wear a device to do it better — and asking someone else to do the same — means that it has to be way, way better than what we have now.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OISRYE">
And maybe Apple’s headsets will be way, way better at this. (At various points, people who worked at Meta have tried to tell me that the company’s devices are actually pretty good for collaboration, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsztO5eLg5k">just like their boss says they are</a>. But their hearts have <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2022/10/6/23391895/meta-facebook-horizon-worlds-vr-social-network-too-buggy-leaked-memo">never seemed into it.</a>)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OCGuAG">
Reports suggest that <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/26/technology/apple-augmented-reality-dissent.html">even Apple executives aren’t fully on board for this launch</a> — and that’s not anything we’ve ever heard before as Apple prepares one of these things. (To be fair, that could also indicate that Apple in 2023 is a different company than it used to be, where very little of the company’s inner workings ever showed up in print — to say nothing of dissent.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iUEPvB">
The most logical argument is that Apple doesn’t really think it will sell tens of millions of these things, in this form, at $3,000 a pop. Rather, it thinks the initial buyers will be developers, hobbyists, and Apple super fans. And Apple believes it will learn a lot about the device’s potential once they’re out in the wild, with real people testing them and providing feedback. And that years down the road, when costs come down and the tech improves and there are multiple killer apps for this stuff, Apple’s headset will take off.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FetTew">
Industry experts say Apple may have no choice but to put out AR/VR tech that’s not completely refined because it needs to see how the things perform in the real world and to see how developers and consumers react to them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O5vjwf">
“There’s nothing to replace being in the field, being in the dirt, just grinding it out,” says Abovitz. “I think they’ve been on the sidelines way too long. At some point, you have to go into the wild.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qvJ3CK">
That is decidedly not how Apple has done things in the past: Normally, Apple announces a product, then tells you you can buy it very soon, and sales go up and to the right.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6qCaC3">
Apple boosters will note that the original iPhone wasn’t a gangbusters hit from the get-go: It took a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/07/technology/07apple.html">price cut</a> and the eventual introduction of the App Store to really get things going. The Apple Watch also took a while to find its footing: Apple initially positioned it as a fashion item, but most people ended up using it as a high-tech pedometer, so now Apple markets it as a “fitness” product.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FBHOxC">
But the phone, the watch, the earbuds — and going very far back, the iPod — these were all things that had real-world analogs and real-world use cases, and didn’t require people to make word salad to pitch them. Maybe the goggles simply require a different timetable before they’re really, truly ready, and Apple is starting now because it has to eventually. But I’d feel more confident about the prospects for this tech at show time if I thought the show was ready.
</p></li>
<li><strong>What’s in the debt ceiling deal, and why it matters, explained</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Kevin McCarthy surrounded by reporters" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MXRoj545wSgDklQ_k2pbY2Yk790=/454x0:7739x5464/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72325470/1258295128.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
US House Speaker Kevin McCarthy speaks to members of the media at the US Capitol in Washington, DC, on May 30, 2023. Republican and Democratic leaders scrambled on May 29 to secure congressional support for a bill aimed at avoiding a US debt default. | Mandel Ngan/AFP via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
How the legislation to avert an economic crisis would affect student loans, food aid, the IRS, and more.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="meuEO2">
House Republicans took the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/5/9/23715753/debt-ceiling-limit-default-deal-crisis">debt ceiling</a> hostage — but now Speaker Kevin McCarthy has agreed to set the hostage free for a relatively small ransom payment.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pUAwIk">
The deal struck by negotiators for <a href="https://www.vox.com/joe-biden">President Biden</a> and McCarthy on Saturday night is no major overhaul of American public policy. The White House managed to avert sweeping cuts to domestic spending, which will instead effectively be held at something close to the status quo (though a cut when accounting for inflation). And on a set of other policy issues where Republicans <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/4/19/23690167/debt-ceiling-bill-house-republicans">made big demands</a>, Democrats granted only some limited concessions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UN3iiG">
The deal certainly includes some policy changes progressives do not like — they’d prefer domestic spending not be cut at all, and they dislike new work requirements for food stamp beneficiaries ages 50 to 54, among other things.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mchc2Z">
But if you keep in mind that Democrats and Republicans were always going to have to negotiate over spending levels at some point this year (to avert a government shutdown this fall), it’s not clear that Republicans’ use of the debt ceiling as a bargaining chip even got them anything they wouldn’t have won later anyway.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vnBDRg">
Rather than an extremist GOP’s attempt to force Democrats into unthinkable concessions or else trigger an economic crisis, the outcome here looks a whole lot like an ordinary congressional deal reached with the help of an imminent deadline.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="st26EY">
Can such a deal pass the GOP-controlled House? There has been <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/29/mccarthy-debt-deal-biden-00099175">some grumbling from the right</a>, though few are talking about <a href="https://www.politico.com/newsletters/playbook/2023/05/30/why-mccarthys-gavel-is-safe-for-now-00099203">an outright revolt</a> against McCarthy. The bill could face a challenge in getting to the House floor because of the House Rules Committee, where McCarthy <a href="https://www.axios.com/2023/01/24/house-rules-committee-roy-normal-massie">granted some seats</a> to the far right.<strong> </strong>But there are <a href="https://twitter.com/ringwiss/status/1663494400167624704">ways around that</a>, and if the bill does make it to the House floor, it will likely pass with a combination of Democratic and Republican votes, and Senate passage is a sure thing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="domCGk">
If House Republicans can get to yes, it will signify a shift in the party compared to the last major debt ceiling showdown in 2011. Back then, the GOP majority brought to power in the Tea Party wave sought extreme spending cuts, including big changes to Medicare and Social Security. That GOP conference also proved chaotic and nearly ungovernable by its leaders.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gxvXTs">
Yet true-believing anti-spending ideologues have seen their influence dwindle in the Trump and post-Trump eras. GOP leaders decided early on not to demand any Medicare and Social Security cuts in these talks, and the eventual deal leaves Medicaid untouched, too.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vXDKNS">
Most in the party would still like to be <em>seen</em> as spending cutters, but in practice the energy is around culture war fights. That made the current deal — which uses various gimmicks and accounting tricks that will let Republicans claim they made substantial cuts to domestic spending, while letting Democrats avert many of the actual consequences of those cuts — possible.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sWQ617">
The Biden White House, meanwhile, deflated liberal commentators’ and activists’ pleas that the president <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2023/1/10/23542845/joe-biden-debt-ceiling-kevin-mccarthy">use executive authority</a> in some way to effectively raise the debt ceiling on his own. Officials <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/05/08/debt-ceiling-14th-amendment-biden/">saw</a> <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/janet-yellen-dismisses-minting-1-trillion-coin-to-avoid-default-11674417541">various</a> practical, legal, and political drawbacks that made them very reluctant to go down that road. Instead — after climbing down from an initial stance that they wouldn’t negotiate at all — Biden’s team engaged with Republicans in hopes they could get a reasonable deal. And they think they’ve succeeded.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9iRhSq">
Here’s what’s in the deal. —<em>Andrew Prokop</em>
</p>
<h3 id="zKGyVT">
How big are the budget cuts?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BwHuAL">
The deal negotiated by the Biden White House and House Republicans cuts some domestic programs in 2024 and limits spending growth to 1 percent in fiscal year 2025. That will still amount to a cut, after accounting for inflation.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IBDU90">
Almost two-thirds of the $6 trillion federal budget is mandatory spending on programs like Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid that will happen without any action by <a href="https://www.vox.com/congress">Congress</a>. The rest is determined by Congress, and that is the bucket that will be affected by the debt limit deal.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="s4hQje">
The cuts are going to land disproportionately on programs that help the poor and on administration, which also affects the people who rely on government programs. Some discretionary spending — on the military and for veterans — is actually going to increase. But the rest, including funding for <a href="https://www.vox.com/child-care">child care</a>, low-income housing, the national parks, and more, will be subject to a cut for the next two years.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yjIbcM">
The exact cuts are supposed to be set by legislation that Congress will pass later this year. Should lawmakers fail to pass those spending bills, automatic spending cuts of 1 percent across the board would occur instead. (The incentive for Congress to pass the spending bills is that these automatic cuts would include the military, which all parties involved want to exempt.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OXxkW9">
<a href="https://twitter.com/LisaDNews/status/1663233962783789056">Assorted accounting tricks </a>could also reduce the actual spending cuts and hold federal spending effectively flat — though in a time of inflation, flat spending is really a cut when considering the purchasing power of each dollar.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Cz8VaX">
This might sound familiar: In 2011, an earlier debt limit crisis led to the Budget Control Act of 2011, which set spending caps for the rest of the decade. In this case, the spending limits apply only for two years.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JUHYsL">
And while this cut is shallower than the automatic cuts of the last decade, it applies to programs that already have been feeling the squeeze: According to <a href="https://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-budget/congress-should-reject-proposals-to-cut-non-defense-program-funding">the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities</a>, spending for discretionary domestic programs (excluding veterans’ <a href="https://www.vox.com/health-care">health care</a>) is 10 percent below 2010 levels when adjusted for inflation and increases in the US population.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0SNDUs">
The long-running neglect has led to <a href="https://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-budget/unmet-needs-and-the-squeeze-on-appropriations">shortages in the services they provide</a>. Child care assistance has fallen for the better part of two decades. The primary grant program served 373,000 more children in 2006, even though now there are an additional 1 million American children living <a href="https://www.vox.com/poverty">in poverty</a>. Likewise, 3 out of 4 US families that should be eligible for federal housing assistance don’t actually receive any aid because there is no funding available. Cuts to the Social Security Administration have been going on for years, while wait times for assistance have been increasing. Investments in water infrastructure have been stagnant, even after clean water crises in Flint, Michigan, and Jackson, Mississippi.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GW6sF6">
Cuts were inevitable — even to <a href="https://www.vox.com/social-programs">social programs</a> that were already underfunded — once Republicans took control of the House and therefore the appropriations process. The question was always how much of the major programs Democrats could protect given Republican threats to hold the debt ceiling hostage. <em>—Dylan Scott</em>
</p>
<h3 id="mfCXqm">
What are the new work requirements, and what are they likely to do?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TdrNo9">
The debt ceiling deal includes increased work requirements for the Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP, commonly known as food stamps) and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF, or cash welfare), both of which already include substantial work requirements.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Z2qyKl">
One thing notably missing? Work requirements for Medicaid, which had been a <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy/2023/5/12/23712447/medicaid-work-requirements-us-debt-ceiling">key demand of House Republicans</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2IhyFl">
<a href="https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/work-requirements">SNAP</a> has a set of general work requirements, and a narrower set of requirements for nondisabled adults without dependents. The changes in the new deal concern the latter. Currently, childless adults between the ages of 18 and 49 who do not have a physical or mental condition affecting their ability to work are generally required to work or volunteer for 80 hours a month. If they fail to, they face a time limit: They can only receive SNAP benefits for a maximum of three months over a three-year period. The debt ceiling deal <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/29/us/politics/debt-limit-deal-food-stamps.html">expands the age range</a> for these rules to apply to 50- to 54-year-olds.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8oN8XU">
While that change may not seem significant, it could have a <a href="https://donmoynihan.substack.com/p/new-snap-work-requirements-are-a">major impact on people applying for disability support</a> unable to work. People get sicker in their 50s, and <a href="https://izajolp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2193-9004-3-1#Tab4">SNAP has historically been a major source of support</a> for applicants during the long process of applying for disability benefits.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="08PcNi">
Possibly offsetting these changes are new exemptions from work requirements for houseless people, veterans, and former foster children. A <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/30/politics/whats-in-the-debt-ceiling-deal">White House official told CNN</a> that because of these exemptions, the total number of people subject to work requirements will be roughly the same after the bill. Advocates for SNAP counter that many houseless people and veterans should have <a href="https://www.cbpp.org/press/statements/debt-ceiling-agreement-reflects-improvements-over-house-bill-harmful-provisions">already been exempt from work requirements under current law</a>, which is being misapplied.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bycO9m">
TANF, meanwhile, was created by the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2016/6/20/11789988/clintons-welfare-reform">1996 welfare reform law</a>, replacing a program that offered guaranteed cash for low-income parents with a block grant giving <a href="https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL32760.pdf">$16.5 billion annually</a> to states to spend on anti-poverty programs (though in practice the money is used for <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/9/24/23368759/mississippi-welfare-fraud-scandal-brett-favre-reform">all manner of things</a>). Because its appropriation has never been adjusted for inflation over its 27 years of existence, the program has effectively been cut in half over time, and now <a href="https://www.cbpp.org/research/family-income-support/temporary-assistance-for-needy-families">only about 21 percent of poor families with children</a> get help from it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UPhqMH">
States getting money from TANF have to meet a work-participation standard, requiring that 50 percent of families and 90 percent of two-parent families receiving benefits are working. However, these percentages can be reduced if the state has seen its TANF caseload fall over time (or if the state reports spending more of its own funds than is required by federal law), which is known as a <a href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN12150">“caseload reduction credit.”</a> Thirty-two states have used these credits to <a href="https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ofa/wpr2021table01a.pdf">reduce the work participation percentage they have to hit on TANF to 0 percent</a>, as of fiscal year 2021.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="L41CVE">
Currently, these credits are calculated by seeing how much caseloads have fallen relative to fiscal year 2005, meaning states can get credit for nearly two decades of reductions. The debt ceiling deal <a href="https://twitter.com/meredithllee/status/1662659994414710784">changes this baseline to fiscal year 2015</a>, which is laxer than what Republicans wanted (fiscal year 2022).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aS8ozY">
While in theory this could incentivize states to push TANF recipients toward work, the last time a change like this was tried in 2005, it <a href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN12150#page=3">did not result in a higher share of recipients </a>due to states <a href="https://time.com/6282245/job-requirements-debt-ceiling/">exploiting other loopholes</a>. In other words, while the new policy undoubtedly tries to chip away at the welfare state, its actual impact may be a bit muted. <em>—Dylan Matthews</em>
</p>
<h3 id="Foe6FW">
What does the student loan provision mean for borrowers?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1685468596.727879">
Here’s the bottom line: You’re probably going to need to start paying back your <a href="https://www.vox.com/student-loan-debt">student loans</a> again at the end of this summer. The pause on loan payments, and the hold on interest accruing on that debt, is set to end after August 29, with interest on loans beginning to accrue again on August 30, if the current proposal becomes law. That’s 60 days after June 30 — the same deadline that the president and the Education Department had set for repayments to begin, if the <a href="https://www.vox.com/scotus">Supreme Court</a> had not made a final decision on the Biden administration’s student loan forgiveness plan by then.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Vpotg8">
The court still hasn’t made a pronouncement on that <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/9/18/23356614/midterms-2022-student-loan-forgiveness-polls-congressional-races">plan</a>, though a decision is expected in June — and it’s <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2023/2/13/23587751/supreme-court-student-loan-debt-forgiveness-joe-biden-nebraska-department-education-brown">not likely to be positive</a> for the nearly 43 million Americans who owe some kind of student debt. Should they rule against the plan, the debt ceiling deal would prevent the president from issuing a ninth extension of the payment pause, which began in March 2020. —<em>Christian Paz</em>
</p>
<h3 id="SP6cnL">
What actually changes about energy permitting?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XzNK51">
The biggest surprise of the deal might be its approval of the 300-mile <a href="https://www.mountainvalleypipeline.info/">Mountain Valley Pipeline</a>, which will carry <a href="https://www.vox.com/fossil-fuels">natural gas</a> from West Virginia to southern Virginia.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IAInHc">
The pipeline, held up for years by federal lawsuits, has long been a <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/9/27/23375059/joe-manchin-permitting-reform-progressives-republicans">top priority</a> for Sen. Joe Manchin. But the pipeline’s role in debt ceiling talks largely flew under the radar. The deal would give a green light to outstanding permits for the pipeline and shields its construction from court intervention, to the frustration of environmentalists worried about the pipeline’s impact on <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/28052023/environmentalists-in-virginia-and-west-virginia-regroup-to-stop-the-mountain-valley-pipeline-eyeing-a-white-house-protest/">rural and low-income areas </a>and the 1,000 streams and wetlands along its way.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kgUVUX">
There are a few other modest changes to permitting for energy projects in the deal, mostly affecting the bedrock 1970s-era environmental protection law, the <a href="https://ceq.doe.gov/#:~:text=President%20Nixon%20signed%20the%20National,)%2C%20and%20for%20other%20purposes.">National Environmental Policy Act</a>. It sets a one-year deadline for agencies to complete an environmental assessment, and a two-year deadline for the more thorough environmental impact statement, an expensive review requiring community input. (Progressives argue that, rather than time limits, <a href="https://prospect.org/environment/biggest-permitting-reform-would-be-more-money/">federal agencies need more staffing</a> to complete reviews quickly.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0v1EBs">
Neither Democrats nor Republicans are going to walk away from the debt ceiling compromise feeling satisfied. House Republicans didn’t get a majority of their demands, such as fast-tracking fossil fuel infrastructure and repealing <a href="https://www.vox.com/energy">clean energy</a> tax credits in the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/8/8/23296951/inflation-reduction-act-biden-democrats-climate-change">Inflation Reduction Act</a>. Democrats didn’t get any major wins in expanding transmission lines, an <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2022/09/manchin-permitting-reform-power-lines/671496/">important piece of infrastructure</a> for the clean energy grid. Instead, the deal agrees to a study on transmission, punting the bigger issues holding back transmission lines to another time. —<em>Rebecca Leber</em>
</p>
<h3 id="R0rRV6">
What’s up with unspent Covid aid?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4jqMS4">
Republicans have been fixated for a while on clawing back money that Congress authorized during the pandemic but that has not yet been spent. They secured a win in the debt-limit deal, with the White House agreeing to reclaim some of that funding in the name of reducing spending.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rXxd6W">
The deal exempts some of remaining Covid funding, including money set aside to fund a next generation of vaccine development as well as funding that pays for Covid vaccines and treatment for uninsured Americans. “It is really important that these were protected,” said Jennifer Kates, director of global health at KFF.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="n9kxXq">
Obviously, billions of dollars have been spent over the past three years on assistance to people and businesses, as well as funding for vaccines and other <a href="https://www.vox.com/public-health">public health</a> efforts. So what’s left? There has not been a thorough public accounting for what money is left for specific projects, according to Kates. But with the pandemic winding down and important funding streams unaffected, public health experts don’t sound too worried about this aspect of the deal. —<em>DS</em>
</p>
<h3 id="ydGM0m">
Are the IRS cuts symbolic or significant?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="flqzeo">
The scope of the IRS funding cuts in the debt ceiling deal was notable: Roughly $20 billion of $80 billion that Congress previously approved will be repurposed for other programs in 2024 and 2025. This will help Democrats offset some of the deal’s cuts to domestic spending.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="olbEKH">
White House officials have <a href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/irs-funding-cut-wont-hurt-near-term-tax-collection-officials-say-2023-05-28/">told Reuters</a> that the short-term impact could actually be minimal, however, since the funding for the agency was approved over 10 years. Effectively, that means that the IRS might not feel these funding cuts in the near term, and that lawmakers could put in more requests for agency funding when needed in the future.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RmgIS1">
Making these cuts, though, allows Republicans to claim a win on the issue: They’ve long targeted the IRS and argued that its resources should be clawed back. <em>—Li Zhou</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1685461451.268249">
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3GzXlY">
</p></li>
<li><strong>What you need to know about the debt ceiling deal</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/fxmdb6uFwrXeB-eJZMtxGDLWNn4=/556x0:5000x3333/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72263229/AP23116579440513.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
A staffer with the Republican leadership holds a guide to Speaker Kevin McCarthy’s debt ceiling package during a news conference on April 26, 2023.  | J. Scott Applewhite/AP
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3CSODa">
The White House and congressional Republicans have reached a <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/5/28/23734460/debt-ceiling-deal-crisis-default-biden-mccarthy">deal in principle to raise the debt ceiling</a>,<strong> </strong>which caps the total amount of money that the US can borrow to fund the federal government. The tentative deal would also cap government spending for two years.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NyIxh0">
The full details of the bill have not emerged, but it defuses fears that the <a href="https://www.vox.com/money/2023/5/24/23736112/debt-ceiling-economy-default-treasury-janet-yellen-stock-market">US could default on its loans</a>,<strong> </strong>which would likely cause a massive economic crisis. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen previously warned that a default could happen as early as June 5.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5X2yzT">
A simple majority of 218 votes will be needed to pass debt ceiling legislation in the narrowly divided House, where Republicans hold a 222-person majority while Democrats control 213 seats. Some members from both parties are expected to defect, and <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/5/30/23742472/debt-ceiling-deal-agreement-biden-mccarthy-republicans-snap-student-loans">Republicans are currently divided over the bill</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="U8VcIo">
Follow here for all of Vox’s coverage on the debt ceiling crisis, including <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/5/8/23709530/debt-ceiling-limit-default">what a deal might look like</a>.
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Thailand Open badminton: Kiran stuns Shi Yuqi; Saina, Ashmita too win</strong> - Ashmita will next face Rio Olympics gold-medallist and Rio Olympic gold medallist fourth seed Carolina Marin, seeded fourth, while Saina is likely to meet He Bing Jiao of China</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Don’t take any step that would undermine sports: Sports Minister to protesting wrestlers</strong> - Sports Minister Anurag Thakur’s remarks come a day after the country’s top wrestlers reached Har ki Pauri to immerse their medals in the river Ganga</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Indian bowlers focus on building workload ahead of WTC final against Australia</strong> - The Indian team is expected to have a few practice sessions at the Arundel Castle Cricket Club in Sussex ahead of the big final</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Wrestlers’ protest | Naresh Tikait announces mahapanchayat in Muzaffarnagar on June 1</strong> - BKU leader Naresh Tikait said several representatives of different khaps will be participating in the mahapanchayat to decide the next course of action in the wrestlers’ protest</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Olympic sports leaders meet amid uncertainty over Russians competing at 2024 Paris Games</strong> - IOC President Bach addresses 32-sport Paris program governing bodies</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bengal finally decides to implement NEP, but drops introduction of centralised admission</strong> - The move has drawn mixed reactions from teachers — while one set questioned the delay in the announcement, the other said it was better late than never</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Trawling ban from June 10 at midnight</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ex gratia payment for families of Vandana, Renjith</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sign language expert to interpret speeches at government functions</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Kavitha supports women wrestlers’ cause</strong> - Wrestlers should not be defeated: MLC</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: The mothers going to get their children back from Russia</strong> - Russia is taking Ukrainian children. Their mothers are travelling into enemy territory to save them.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Moscow drone attack: Putin says Ukraine trying to frighten Russians</strong> - The Russian president says drone attacks on Moscow targeted civilians, as Ukraine denies direct involvement.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Russian air strikes target Kyiv for third night running</strong> - Ukraine’s air defences intercept more than 20 drones in the 17th attack on the capital this month.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Polish probe into ‘Russian influence’ angers EU</strong> - Opposition MPs say the new panel probing Russia links aims to bar its leader Donald Tusk from office.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Kosovo-Serbia row leaves Nato peacekeepers under attack</strong> - The leaders of Kosovo and Serbia trade accusations after Nato soldiers are hurt in fierce clashes.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Critical Barracuda 0-day was used to backdoor networks for 8 months</strong> - Attackers then went on to steal data from infected systems. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1943076">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>mRNA technology for vaccines and more: An Ars Frontiers recap</strong> - The tech has lots of applications beyond the one we’ve already been injected with. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1943062">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Beating the heat: These plant-based iridescent films stay cool in the sun</strong> - Cellulose is sustainable, biocompatible, and ideal for radiative cooling applications. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1927235">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What to expect at WWDC 2023: Reality Pro, iOS 17, and new MacBooks</strong> - Apple is set to announce its first new major platform in years. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1942968">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Arm announces the Cortex X4 for 2024, plus a 14-core M2-fighter</strong> - Will anyone build Arm’s 14-core mega chip? Will Arm have to do it itself? - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1942885">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>My friend said she couldn’t afford to pay her huge water bill</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
So I sent her a “get well soon” card.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/ElderCunningham"> /u/ElderCunningham </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13w8a0y/my_friend_said_she_couldnt_afford_to_pay_her_huge/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13w8a0y/my_friend_said_she_couldnt_afford_to_pay_her_huge/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Three friends were bragging about who has the most sex. The first guy starts, “Y’all ain’t got nothing on me! I can go to any bar and bring home a new woman every night! Not only that, but I drive a corvette and have an 8 inch penis! I’ve slept with more than 1,000 women!”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Second guy fires back, “Oh yeah? Well I’m a top gynecologist at the highest rated hospital in the world. I make $800,000 a year, have patients and nurses who have sex with me every hour I’m at work. All the women compliment me on my 12 inch penis and I’ve slept with well over 5,000 women.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Last guy chuckles, “I have you all beat. I fucked over all the Redditors who were expecting a punchline to this joke.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/OffendedDishwasher"> /u/OffendedDishwasher </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13w1kby/three_friends_were_bragging_about_who_has_the/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13w1kby/three_friends_were_bragging_about_who_has_the/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>My father believed that men learn by just doing things and figuring it out so when I was 3 my dad threw me into the ocean.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
To teach himself CPR.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/tkdart19"> /u/tkdart19 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13wg8h4/my_father_believed_that_men_learn_by_just_doing/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13wg8h4/my_father_believed_that_men_learn_by_just_doing/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Why did the Grim Reaper schedule an appointment with his eye doctor?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He was having issues with his death perception.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/vishuskitty"> /u/vishuskitty </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13whh7c/why_did_the_grim_reaper_schedule_an_appointment/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13whh7c/why_did_the_grim_reaper_schedule_an_appointment/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>I was fired from the keyboard factory.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
They said I wasn’t putting in enough shifts.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/sureshot9999"> /u/sureshot9999 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13vux55/i_was_fired_from_the_keyboard_factory/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13vux55/i_was_fired_from_the_keyboard_factory/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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