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<title>30 May, 2023</title>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Hybrid use of Raman spectroscopy and artificial neural networks to discriminate Mycobacterium bovis BCG and members of the order Mycobacteriales</strong> -
<div>
Even in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health problem and the 2nd biggest infectious cause of death worldwide. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop effective TB diagnostic methods, which are cheap, portable, sensitive and specific. Raman spectroscopy is a potential spectroscopic technique for this purpose, however, so far, research efforts have focused primarily on the characterisation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other Mycobacteria, neglecting bacteria within the microbiome and thus, failing to consider the bigger picture. It is paramount to characterise relevant Mycobacteriales and develop suitable analytical tools to discriminate them from each other. Herein, through the combined use of Raman spectroscopy and the self-optimising Kohonen index network and further multivariate tools, we have successfully undertaken the spectral analysis of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Corynebacterium glutamicum and Rhodoccocus erythropolis. This has led to development of a useful tool set, which can readily discern spectral differences between these three closely related bacteria as well as generate a unique spectral barcode for each species. Further optimisation and refinement of the developed method will enable its application to other bacteria. inhabiting the microbiome and ultimately lead to advanced diagnostic technologies, which can save many lives.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542797v1" target="_blank">Hybrid use of Raman spectroscopy and artificial neural networks to discriminate Mycobacterium bovis BCG and members of the order Mycobacteriales</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Mortality among people hospitalised with covid-19 in Switzerland: a nationwide population-based analysis</strong> -
<div>
Objectives: To investigate mortality among people hospitalised with covid-19 in Switzerland according to epidemic wave, age, sex, comorbid conditions and intensive care unit (ICU) occupancy. Design: Population-based, national study. Setting: Mandatory surveillance reports from all hospitals in Switzerland. Participants: All 22,648 people who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection and were hospitalised between February 24, 2020 and March 01, 2021 in Switzerland with complete information about age, sex, and comorbidities. Main outcome measures: Survival after positive SARS-CoV-2 test among people hospitalised with covid-19 by epidemic wave, age, sex, comorbid conditions and ICU occupancy, expressed as adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) of death and probability of survival over time and at 40 days, all with 95% credible intervals (CrI). Results: Of 22,648 people hospitalised with covid-19, 4,785 (21.1%) died. Bayesian survival models adjusted for age, sex, and the presence of comorbidity showed that survival was lower during the first epidemic wave than the second (standardised predicted survival probability at 40 days 76.1% versus 80.5%; aHR of death 1.38, 95% CrI 1.28 to 1.48). During the second epidemic wave, occupancy among all available ICU beds (certified beds and add-on beds) in Switzerland varied between 51.7% and 78.8%. Modelling the association between survival and ICU occupancy with restricted cubic splines indicated stable survival when ICU occupancy was below 70%, but worse survival when ICU occupancy exceeded 70%. This threshold of 70% occupancy among total available ICU beds corresponded to around 85% occupancy among certified beds. Survival was decreased for men, older people, and patients with comorbid conditions. Comorbid conditions reduced survival more in younger people than in older people. As single comorbid condition, hypertension was not associated with poorer survival, but appeared to increase the risk of death in combination with a cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: Survival after hospitalisation with covid-19 has improved over time, consistent with improved management of severe covid-19. The decreased survival starting at approximately 70% ICU occupancy in Switzerland supports the need to introduce measures for prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the population far before ICUs are full.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/37gaz/" target="_blank">Mortality among people hospitalised with covid-19 in Switzerland: a nationwide population-based analysis</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Distinct and overlapping immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis identified by single-cell RNA-seq of co-infected whole blood</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Introduction: COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB) exhibit similar symptomatic presentation and clinical parameters. Common underlying immunological mechanisms also highlight potential routes of immunopathogenic interaction between these diseases during co-infection. To explore immunological similarities, differences and interactions, single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) was performed on whole blood infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), SARS-CoV-2, or both pathogens. Methods: Whole blood from four healthy adults, were subjected to ex vivo infection with Mtb and/or SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain, or were maintained in an uninfected state, for 24 or 96 hours. At each timepoint, for each condition, the four biological replicates were captured, fixed and cryopreserved to be processed for scRNA-seq as a single batch. Following quality control filtering, genotype-based demultiplexing was performed to obtain data from each biological replicate for pseudobulk differential expression analysis. Results: Thirteen distinct clusters of cells were identified based on marker gene expression. Profound differences in the proportions of monocytes, T cells and neutrophils were observed between infection conditions and timepoints. The greatest divergence between pathogen responses occurred within myeloid cells at early timepoints of infection. Co-infection had the greatest synergistic effect 24 hours post-infection with 238 immunological pathways uniquely enriched, including IFN-γ and TNF production, whilst by 96 hours post-infection there was a large overlap of 182 shared pathways between Mtb, SARS-CoV-2 and co-infection. SARS-CoV-2-only infection resulted in widespread cell death by 96 hours post-infection, while Mtb-only and co-infected samples remained enriched for monocyte, T cell and NK cell signatures, sharing negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signalling. Distinct from Mtb, SARS-Co-V-2 had unique regulating of αβ T cell activation and differentiation at both time points. Conclusion: These data provide a high-resolution characterisation of distinct and overlapping immunological responses generated by SARS-CoV-2 and Mtb when a single infection or co-infection occurs. This sheds light on the potential effects of novel or existing host-directed therapies that target these pathways, which is particularly crucial for settings where dual presentation is common.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.23290499v1" target="_blank">Distinct and overlapping immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis identified by single-cell RNA-seq of co-infected whole blood</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Development of a SARS-COV-2 monoclonal antibody panel and its applicability as a reagent in high-throughput fluorescence reduction neutralization and immunohistochemistry assays</strong> -
<div>
Since its emergence in late 2019, infection by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 disease) has quickly spread worldwide, leading to a pandemic that has caused millions of deaths and huge socio-economic losses. Although vaccination against COVID-19 has significantly reduced disease mortality, it has been shown that protection wanes over time, and that circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants may escape vaccine-derived immunity. Therefore, serological studies are still necessary to assess protection in the population and better guide vaccine booster programs. A common measure of protective immunity is the presence of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). However, the gold standard method for measuring nAbs (plaque reduction neutralization test, or PRNT) is laborious and time-consuming, limiting its large-scale applicability. In this study, we developed a high-throughput fluorescence reduction neutralization assay (FRNA) to detect SARS-CoV-2 nAbs. Because the assay relies on immunostaining, we also developed and characterized in-house monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to lower assay costs and reduce the vulnerability of the test to reagent shortages. Using samples collected before the pandemic and from individuals vaccinated against COVID-19, we showed that the results of the FRNA we developed using commercial and in-house mAbs strongly correlated with those of the standard PRNT method while providing results in 70% less time. In addition to providing a fast, reliable, and high-throughput alternative for measuring nAbs, the FRNA can be easily customized to assess other SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). We also demonstrated the applicability of the mAbs produced in immunohistochemistry assays.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542720v1" target="_blank">Development of a SARS-COV-2 monoclonal antibody panel and its applicability as a reagent in high-throughput fluorescence reduction neutralization and immunohistochemistry assays</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Wastewater surveillance suggests unreported Mpox cases in a low-prevalence area</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Wastewater surveillance has emerged as a valuable tool for monitoring infectious disease agents including SARS-CoV-2 and Mpox virus. However, detecting the Mpox virus in wastewater is particularly challenging due to its relatively low prevalence in the community. In this study, we detected Mpox virus in wastewater from a US-Mexico border city with a low prevalence of Mpox disease during February and March 2023 using real-time PCR assays targeting the C22L, F3L, and F8L genes. An increasing trend of viral concentration was observed 1~2 weeks earlier than when the Mpox case was reported. Further sequencing and epidemiological analysis provided supporting evidence for unreported Mpox infections in the city. This study showcases a combined approach with multiple molecular assays for efficient detection of the Mpox virus in wastewater in a low-prevalence area. The findings emphasize the value of wastewater surveillance as a timely identification tool for infectious diseases in low-prevalence areas, and the need for heightened vigilance to control the spread of infectious diseases in such settings.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.23290658v1" target="_blank">Wastewater surveillance suggests unreported Mpox cases in a low-prevalence area</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Identification of targets for drug repurposing to treat COVID-19 using a Deep Learning Neural Network</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a global public health crisis requiring immediate acute therapeutic solutions. To address this challenge, we developed a useful tool deep learning model using the graph-embedding convolution network (GECN) algorithm. Our approach identified COVID-19-related genes and potential druggable targets, including tyrosine kinase ABL1/2, pro-inflammatory cytokine CSF2, and pro-fibrotic cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. These target genes are implicated in critical processes related to COVID-19 pathogenesis, including endosomal membrane fusion, cytokine storm, and tissue fibrosis. Our analysis revealed that ABL kinase inhibitors, lenzilumab (anti-CSF2), and dupilumab (anti-IL4Rα) represent promising therapeutic solutions that can effectively block virus-host membrane fusion or attenuate hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients. Compared to the traditional drug screening process, our GECN algorithm enables rapid analysis of disease-related human protein interaction networks and prediction of candidate drug targets from a large-scale knowledge graph in a cost-effective and efficient manner. Overall, Overall, our results suggest that the model has the potential to facilitate drug repurposing and aid in the fight against COVID-19.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.23290403v1" target="_blank">Identification of targets for drug repurposing to treat COVID-19 using a Deep Learning Neural Network</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A Framework for Moving Beyond Computational Reproducibility: Lessons from Three Reproductions of Geographical Analyses of COVID-19</strong> -
<div>
Despite recent calls to make geographical analyses more reproducible, formal attempts to reproduce or replicate published work remain largely absent from the geographic literature. The reproductions of geographic research that do exist typically focus on computational reproducibility - whether results can be recreated using data and code provided by the authors - rather than on evaluating the conclusion and internal validity and evidential value of the original analysis. However, knowing if a study is computationally reproducible is insufficient if the goal of a reproduction is to identify and correct errors in our knowledge. We argue that reproductions of geographic work should focus on assessing whether the findings and claims made in existing empirical studies are well supported by the evidence presented. We present three model reproductions of geographical analyses of COVID-19 that demonstrate how to achieve this goal. Each reproduction is based on a common, open access template and is published as an open access repository, complete with pre-analysis plan, data, code, and final report. We find each study to be partially reproducible, but moving past computational reproducibility, our assessments reveal conceptual and methodological concerns that raise questions about the predictive value and the magnitude of the associations presented in each study. Collectively, these reproductions and our template materials offer a practical framework others can use to reproduce and replicate empirical spatial analyses and ultimately facilitate the identification and correction of errors in the geographic literature.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/metaarxiv/7jqtv/" target="_blank">A Framework for Moving Beyond Computational Reproducibility: Lessons from Three Reproductions of Geographical Analyses of COVID-19</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>POLICY BRIEF THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON WORK, PRODUCTIVITY, AND INNOVATION IN FRANCE</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically affected workplaces, productivity, and innovation across France. As society continues to navigate this unprecedented crisis, understanding these impacts is paramount for policy formulation, aimed at fostering economic recovery and future resilience. This policy brief examines the implications of the pandemic on these areas, drawing from literature such as Abi Younes et al. (2020), Furman et al. (2020), OECD (2020), and Sanofi (2022).
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://thesiscommons.org/wdxuk/" target="_blank">POLICY BRIEF THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON WORK, PRODUCTIVITY, AND INNOVATION IN FRANCE</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine third doses and previous infection in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infections during the Delta and Omicron variant waves; the UK SIREN cohort study September 2021 to February 2022</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Third doses of COVID-19 vaccines were widely deployed following primary vaccine course waning and emergence of the Omicron-variant. We investigated protection from third-dose vaccines and previous infection against SARS-CoV-2 infection during Delta-variant and Omicron-variant (BA.1 &amp; BA.2) waves in our frequently PCR-tested cohort of healthcare-workers. Relative effectiveness of BNT162b2 third doses and infection-acquired immunity was assessed by comparing the time to PCR-confirmed infection in boosted participants with those with waned dose-2 protection (≥254 days after dose-2). Follow-up time was divided by dominant circulating variant: Delta 07 September 2021 to 30 November 2021, Omicron 13 December 2021 to 28 February 2022. We used a Cox regression model with adjustment/stratification for demographic characteristics and staff-type. We explored protection associated with vaccination, infection and both. We included 19,614 participants, 29% previously infected. There were 278 primary infections (4 per 10,000 person-days of follow-up) and 85 reinfections (0.8/10,000 person-days) during the Delta period and 2467 primary infections (43/10,000 person-days) and 881 reinfections (33/10,000) during the Omicron period. Relative Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) 0-2 months post-3rd dose (V3) (3-doses BNT162b2) in the previously uninfected cohort against Delta infections was 63% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 40%-77%) and was lower (35%) against Omicron infection (95% CI 21%-47%). For primary course ChAdOX1 recipients, BNT162b2 heterologous third doses were especially effective, with VE 0-2 months post-V3 over ≥68% higher for both variants. Third-dose protection waned rapidly against Omicron, with no significant difference between two and three BNT162b2 doses observed after 4-months. Previous infection continued to provide additional protection against Omicron (67% (CI 56%-75%) 3-6 months post-infection), but this waned to about 25% after 9-months, approximately three times lower than against Delta. Infection rates surged with Omicron emergence. Third doses of BNT162b2 vaccine provided short-term protection, with rapid waning against Omicron infections. Protection associated with infections incurred before Omicron was markedly diminished against the Omicron wave. Our findings demonstrate the complexity of an evolving pandemic with potential emergence of immune-escape variants and the importance of continued monitoring.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.23290197v1" target="_blank">Effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine third doses and previous infection in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infections during the Delta and Omicron variant waves; the UK SIREN cohort study September 2021 to February 2022</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Reflections on academia in the COVID-19 era: Implications for policy, ethics, and democracy</strong> -
<div>
This chapter reviews COVID-19 policy responses in academia, drawing from our research - on expert narratives on vaccine uptake and hesitancy, on the medicalization of dissent within the Canadian academy, on actual COVID policies in selected Canadian universities, and on postsecondary Canadian students’ experience of COVID policies - as well as our personal experience as long-standing and active members of academic communities. We also elaborate on the implications of these responses for policy, ethics, and the normative academic commitments to protect free intellectual inquiry, promote critical thinking among the young, and support democratic governance, in the hope of shedding light on better ways moving forward.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/hvxpc/" target="_blank">Reflections on academia in the COVID-19 era: Implications for policy, ethics, and democracy</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Large and unequal life expectancy declines associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in India in 2020</strong> -
<div>
The toll of the COVID-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is uncertain. We are the first to use high-quality empirical data from India, which has a large population and where pandemic surveillance was particularly poor, to examine changes in life expectancy and estimate excess deaths during the pandemic. We analyze data from the households interviewed in 2021 in India’s fifth Demographic and Health Survey, a subsample representative of about one-quarter of India’s population. In this subsample, life expectancy at birth declined by 2.6 years between 2019 and 2020, a reduction that is larger than the loss in life expectancy observed in any high-income country (HIC) in the same period. Mortality was 17.0% higher in the pandemic months of 2020 compared to 2019. Applied nationally, this level of excess mortality implies 1.18 million excess deaths in 2020. Compared to HICs, mortality increases in younger ages in India contributed more to the decrease in life expectancy than older ages. Furthermore, the pandemic exacerbated gender and social inequalities. In contrast to global patterns, females in India experienced larger life expectancy losses than males. As compared to a life expectancy loss of 1.5 years for high caste Hindus, who are privileged in Indian society, Muslims lost 5.9 years, Scheduled Tribes lost 4.4 years, and Scheduled Castes lost 2.6 years. These findings uncover large and unequal mortality shocks during the pandemic in the world’s most populous country.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/8juds/" target="_blank">Large and unequal life expectancy declines associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in India in 2020</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Structural characterization of a pathogenic antibody underlying vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT)</strong> -
<div>
Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare but extremely dangerous side effect that has been reported for several adenoviral (Ad)-vectored COVID-19 vaccines. VITT pathology had been linked to production of antibodies that recognize platelet factor 4 (PF4), an endogenous chemokine. In this work we characterize anti-PF4 antibodies obtained from a VITT patient's blood. Intact-mass MS measurements indicate that a significant fraction of this ensemble is comprised of antibodies representing a limited number of clones. MS analysis of large antibody fragments (the light chain, as well as the Fc/2 and Fd fragments of the heavy chain) confirms the monoclonal nature of this component of the anti-PF4 antibodies repertoire, and reveals the presence of a fully mature complex biantennary N-glycan within its Fd segment. Peptide mapping using two complementary proteases and LC-MS/MS analysis were used to determine the amino acid sequence of the entire light chain and over 98% of the heavy chain (excluding a short N-terminal segment). The sequence analysis allows the monoclonal antibody to be assigned to IgG2 subclass and verify that the light chain belongs to the {lambda}-type. Incorporation of enzymatic de-N-glycosylation into the peptide mapping routine allows the N-glycan in the Fab region of the antibody to be localized to the framework 3 region of the VH domain. This novel N-glycosylation site (absent in the germline sequence) is a result of a single mutation giving rise to an NDT motif in the antibody sequence. Peptide mapping also provides a wealth of information on lower-abundance proteolytic fragments derived from the polyclonal component of the anti-PF4 antibody ensemble, revealing the presence of all four subclasses (IgG1 through IgG4) and both types of the light chain ({lambda} and {kappa}). The structural information reported in this work will be indispensable for understanding the molecular mechanism of VITT pathogenesis.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542636v1" target="_blank">Structural characterization of a pathogenic antibody underlying vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT)</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Nurses’ perceptions of videoconferencing telenursing: comparing frontal learning vs. online learning before and after the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a digital transformation led to an expansion in telenursing practices and a shift in training to online learning. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of behavioral-related factors, based on both TAM and TPB variables, on the intention to use telenursing through videoconferencing and to compare the effect of frontal (before COVID-19) vs. online (during and after COVID-19) training in post-basic nursing courses on nursing attitudes to telenursing. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in December 2022 among nurses working mainly at hospitals in Israel who underwent post-basic education training between January 2017 and December 2022. A multivariate ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis was used to investigate determinants of intention to use telenursing through videoconferencing Results: Nurses have a positive attitude towards telenursing technology via videoconferencing for remote patient care, regardless of whether they learned about it through face-to-face or online training. The ease of use and the perception of the technology9s importance by colleagues and supervisors were found to have the most significant impact on the attitude of both research groups towards the use of telelearning. Discussion: Successful implementation of new technology in healthcare requires organizational and collegial support. Therefore, managers should encourage the use of telenursing by providing appropriate training for nurses and the necessary resources and support.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.23290291v1" target="_blank">Nurses’ perceptions of videoconferencing telenursing: comparing frontal learning vs. online learning before and after the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Multiplex PCR amplicon sequencing revealed community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 lineages on the campus of Sichuan University during the outbreak of infection in Chinese Mainland at the end of 2022</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
During the pandemic of COVID-19, wastewater-based epidemiology has become a powerful epidemic surveillance tool widely used around the world. However, the development and application of this technology in Chinese Mainland are relatively lagging. Herein, we report the first case of community circulation of SARS-CoV-2 lineages monitored by WBE in Chinese Mainland during the infection outbreak at the end of 2022 after the comprehensive relaxation of epidemic prevention policies. During the peak period of infection, six precious sewage samples were collected from the manhole in the student dormitory area of Wangjiang Campus of Sichuan University. According to the results RT-qPCR, the six sewage samples were all positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Based on multiplex PCR amplicon sequencing, the local transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants at that time was analyzed. The results show that the main virus lineages in sewage have clear evolutionary genetic correlations. Furthermore, the sampling time is very consistent with the timeline of concern for these virus lineages and consistent with the timeline for uploading the nucleic acid sequences of the corresponding lineages in Sichuan to the database. These results demonstrate the reliability of the sequencing results of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in wastewater. Multiplex PCR amplicon sequencing is by far the most powerful analytical tool of WBE, enabling quantitative monitoring of virus lineage prevalence at the community level.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.23290366v1" target="_blank">Multiplex PCR amplicon sequencing revealed community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 lineages on the campus of Sichuan University during the outbreak of infection in Chinese Mainland at the end of 2022</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The Brazilian vaccine divide: how some municipalities are being left behind in the Covid-19 vaccine coverage</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objectives: This study aims to assess the progress of geographic, socioeconomic, and demographic disparities in Covid-19 vaccination coverage in Brazil over the first two years of the vaccination campaign. Methods: Data from the National Immunization Program Information System were used to estimate covid-19 vaccine coverage. Brazilian municipalities were divided into two groups based on their vaccine coverage for the booster dose. The first group comprised 20% of municipalities with the lowest coverage, while the second group (80% of municipalities) had higher coverage. The analysis was conducted separately for four age groups: 5-11, 12-17, 18-59, and 60+. Exploratory variables included socioeconomic and health services indicators. Crude and adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate the probability of a municipality being among those with the worst vaccination coverage according to the categories of exploratory variables. Results: Between January/2021 and December/2022, Brazil administered 448.2 million doses of the covid-19 vaccine. The booster vaccination coverage varied from 24.8% among adolescents to 79.7% among the elderly. The difference between the group with the highest and lowest coverage increased during the national vaccination campaign. Municipalities with lower education levels, higher proportion of Black population, higher Gini index, and worse health service indicators had a greater likelihood of having lower vaccination coverage. Conclusions: High and increasing levels of inequality in Covid-19 vaccination were observed in Brazil across all age groups during the vaccination campaign in 2021-2022.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.23290401v1" target="_blank">The Brazilian vaccine divide: how some municipalities are being left behind in the Covid-19 vaccine coverage</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Investigation of the Effect on Cognitive Skills of COVID-19 Survivors</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: green walking and intelligence gam<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Bayburt University;   Karadeniz Technical University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Conducting Clinical Trials of the Medicine “Rutan Tablets 0.1g” No. 10 in the Complex Therapy of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Patients With COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: The drug “Rutan 0.1”.;   Other: Basic treatment<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Research Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of Safety, Tolerability, Reactogenicity, Immunogenicity of Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 2 as a Booster for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19 Vaccine;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: 50 μg Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 2;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Baiya Phytopharm Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effect of Special Discharge Training in the COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pneumonia<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: COVID-19 Discharge Education<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Kilis 7 Aralik University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Physiotherapy in Mutated COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Physiotherapy<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Giresun University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Studying the Efficiency of the Natural Preparation Rutan in Children in the Treatment of COVID-19, ARVI</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Respiratory Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Rutan 25 mg;   Other: Control group<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Research Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>To Explore the Regulatory Effect of Combined Capsule FMT on the Levels of Inflammatory Factors in Peripheral Blood of Patients With COVID-19 During Treatment.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Fecal Microbiota Transplantation;   COVID-19 Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Procedure: Fecal microbiota transplantation<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Use of a Hypochlorous Acid Spray Solution in the Treatment of COVID-19 Patients : COVICONTROL Study .</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   SARS CoV 2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Spray with Hypochlorous Acid Group;   Other: Spray with Placebo Group<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Monastir<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Telerehabilitation Program and Detraining in Patients With Post-COVID-19 Sequelae</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Telerehabilitation program<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Campus docent Sant Joan de Déu-Universitat de Barcelona<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 3 Study of Novavax Vaccine(s) as Booster Dose After mRNA Vaccines</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: NVX-CoV2373;   Biological: SARS-CoV-2 rS antigen/Matrix-M Adjuvant<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Novavax<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Amongst Underserved Populations in East London</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Influenza;   Vaccination Refusal<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: Patient Engagement tool<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Queen Mary University of London;   Social Action for Health<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies for Long COVID (COVID-19)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Long COVID;   Post-Acute Sequela of COVID-19;   Post-Acute COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: AER002;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Michael Peluso, MD;   Aerium Therapeutics<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dose Exploration Intramuscular/Intravenous Prophylaxis Pharmacokinetic Exposure Response Study</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: AZD3152;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   AstraZeneca<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study to Assess Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of the repRNA(QTP104) Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2(COVID-19)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   SARS-CoV-2<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: QTP104 1ug;   Biological: QTP104 5ug;   Biological: QTP104 25ug<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Quratis Inc.<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effects of Individual Tailored Physical Exercise in Patients With POTS After COVID-19 - a Randomized Controlled Study</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome;   COVID-19;   Post COVID-19 Condition;   Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Individual tailored exercise<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Karolinska Institutet;   Karolinska University Hospital<br/><b>Enrolling by invitation</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 BNT162b2 booster vaccine in end-stage kidney disease patients receiving haemodialysis in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a cohort prospective study</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: The majority of ESKD patients on haemodialysis mounted a good antibody response to the BNT162b2 booster vaccination with tolerable adverse events.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Capture and neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus by algae-derived lectins with high-mannose and core fucose specificities</strong> - We first investigated the interactions between several algae-derived lectins and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). We created lectin columns using high-mannose (HM)-type glycan-specific lectins OAA and KAA-1 or core fucose-specific lectin hypninA-2 and conducted binding experiments with SARS-CoV-2. The results showed that these lectins were capable of binding to the virus. Furthermore, when examining the neutralization ability of nine different lectins, it was found…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inflammation inhibitory activity of green tea, soybean, and guava extracts during Sars-Cov-2 infection through TNF protein in cytokine storm</strong> - Coronavirus disease is caused by the pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) known as COVID-19. COVID-19 has caused the deaths of 6,541,936 people worldwide as of September 27th, 2022. SARS-CoV-2 severity is determined by a cytokine storm condition, in which the innate immune system creates an unregulated and excessive production of pro-inflammatory such IL-1, IL-6, NF Kappa B, and TNF alpha signaling molecules known as cytokines. The patient died due to respiratory…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Long Time Scale Ensemble Methods in Molecular Dynamics: Ligand-Protein Interactions and Allostery in SARS-CoV-2 Targets</strong> - We subject a series of five protein-ligand systems which contain important SARS-CoV-2 targets, 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLPro), papain-like protease, and adenosine ribose phosphatase, to long time scale and adaptive sampling molecular dynamics simulations. By performing ensembles of ten or twelve 10 μs simulations for each system, we accurately and reproducibly determine ligand binding sites, both crystallographically resolved and otherwise, thereby discovering binding sites that can be…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a sensitizes cells to ferroptosis via Keap1-NRF2 axis</strong> - Viral infection-induced cell death has long been considered as a double-edged sword in the inhibition or exacerbation of viral infections. Patients with severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are characterized by multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and cytokine storm, which may result from SARS-CoV-2-induced cell death. Previous studies have observed enhanced ROS level and signs of ferroptosis in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells or specimens of patients with COVID-19, but the exact mechanism is not…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Utilization of Marine Seaweeds as a Promising Defense Against COVID-19: a Mini-review</strong> - COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which mainly affects the respiratory system. It has been declared as a “pandemic” in March 2020 by the World Health Organization due to the high spreading rate. SARS-CoV-2 binds with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on the cell surface which leads to the downregulation of ACE2 and upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) receptors. The elevated level of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Identification of Host Proteins Interacting with IBV S1 Based on Tracheal Organ Culture</strong> - Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) belongs to the gamma-coronavirus genus of Coronaviridae and causes serious infectious diseases in the poultry industry. However, only a few IBV strains can infect avian passage cell lines, seriously hindering the progress of basic research on IBV pathogenesis. Whereas IBV field strains can replicate in tracheal ring organ culture (TOC) without any previous adaptation in chicken embryos or primary cells. In this study, to investigate the potential use of TOC as…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Transcription Factor Driven Gene Regulation in COVID-19 Patients</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 and its many variants have caused a worldwide emergency. Host cells colonised by SARS-CoV-2 present a significantly different gene expression landscape. As expected, this is particularly true for genes that directly interact with virus proteins. Thus, understanding the role that transcription factors can play in driving differential regulation in patients affected by COVID-19 is a focal point to unveil virus infection. In this regard, we have identified 19 transcription factors which…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Genes Involved in miRNA Biogenesis Are Not Downregulated in SARS-CoV-2 Infection</strong> - miRNAs, small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, are involved in various pathological processes, including viral infections. Virus infections may interfere with the miRNA pathway through the inhibition of genes involved in miRNA biogenesis. A reduction in the number and the levels of miRNAs expressed in nasopharyngeal swabs of patients with severe COVID-19 was lately observed by us, pointing towards the potential of miRNAs as possible diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>In Silico and In Vitro Evaluation of Some Amidine Derivatives as Hit Compounds towards Development of Inhibitors against Coronavirus Diseases</strong> - Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and influenza A virus, require the host proteases to mediate viral entry into cells. Rather than targeting the continuously mutating viral proteins, targeting the conserved host-based entry mechanism could offer advantages. Nafamostat and camostat were discovered as covalent inhibitors of TMPRSS2 protease involved in viral entry. To circumvent their limitations, a reversible inhibitor might be required. Considering nafamostat structure and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Dimeric Peptide (KKYRYHLKPF)<sub>2</sub>K Shows Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity by Inhibiting Different Steps of Chikungunya and Zika Virus Infection</strong> - Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are important disease-causing agents worldwide. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs or vaccines approved to treat these viruses. However, peptides have shown great potential for new drug development. A recent study described (p-BthTX-I)(2)K [(KKYRYHLKPF)(2)K], a peptide derived from the Bothropstoxin-I toxin in the venom of the Bothrops jararacussu snake, showed antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we assessed the activity of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>GRP78 Inhibitor YUM70 Suppresses SARS-CoV-2 Viral Entry, Spike Protein Production and Ameliorates Lung Damage</strong> - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, has given rise to many new variants with increased transmissibility and the ability to evade vaccine protection. The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is a major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone that has been recently implicated as an essential host factor for SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of YUM70, a small molecule inhibitor of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IgG4 Antibodies Induced by Repeated Vaccination May Generate Immune Tolerance to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein</strong> - Less than a year after the global emergence of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, a novel vaccine platform based on mRNA technology was introduced to the market. Globally, around 13.38 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses of diverse platforms have been administered. To date, 72.3% of the total population has been injected at least once with a COVID-19 vaccine. As the immunity provided by these vaccines rapidly wanes, their ability to prevent hospitalization and severe disease in individuals with…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Long COVID and Hybrid Immunity among Children and Adolescents Post-Delta Variant Infection in Thailand</strong> - This study aimed to assess long COVID, and describe immunogenicity against Omicron variants following BNT162b2 vaccination. A prospective cohort study was conducted among children (aged 5-11) and adolescents (aged 12-17) who had SARS-CoV-2 infection from July to December 2021 (Delta predominant period). Long COVID symptoms were assessed by questionnaires at 3 months after infection. Immunogenicity was evaluated by using a surrogate virus-neutralizing antibody test (sVNT) against the Omicron…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Natural Product-Based Screening for Lead Compounds Targeting SARS CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup></strong> - Drugs that cure COVID-19 have been marketed; however, this disease continues to ravage the world without becoming extinct, and thus, drug discoveries are still relevant. Since M^(pro) has known advantages as a drug target, such as the conserved nature of the active site and the absence of homologous proteins in the body, it receives the attention of many researchers. Meanwhile, the role of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the control of epidemics in China has also led to a focus on natural…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What Can Ron DeSantis Do Now?</strong> - It isn’t that the Florida governor is charmless—or it’s not only that. It’s that his career has been spent on a charmlessness offensive. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/06/05/what-can-ron-desantis-do-now">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>E. Jean Carroll Discusses Trump’s Comeuppance</strong> - Since losing a civil case to the journalist, who accused him of sexual abuse and defamation, Trump has doubled down on his attacks. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/e-jean-carroll-discusses-trumps-comeuppance">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What Is a Weed?</strong> - The names we call plants say more about us than they do about the greenery that surrounds us. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-local-correspondents/what-is-a-weed">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Rise of Latino White Supremacy</strong> - At a time of rising racial violence, Latinos are potential perpetrators and potential victims. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-rise-of-latino-white-supremacy">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>More Latino Americans Are Losing Their Religion</strong> - And, according to a new study, even those who aren’t are defying convention and stereotypes. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/more-latino-americans-are-losing-their-religion">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>One of the world’s most controversial philosophers explains himself</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Peter Singer seen from a low angle with trees in the background." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/d6SomSPdrDLRipx48p6U6LXTPWU=/134x0:2331x1648/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72323685/GettyImages_540008629.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Peter Singer, Princeton University professor of ethics. | Fairfax Media via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The moral philosopher Peter Singer on animal welfare, the ethics of euthanasia, and more.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EcwGST">
When I was in seventh grade, our social studies teacher had us make a poster describing a serious problem in the world. Most people chose poverty, or hunger, or HIV/AIDS. But one friend of mine chose “the philosophy of Peter Singer.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="COuQql">
At the time, I didn’t know that Singer was a big-time professor of bioethics at Princeton, and perhaps the most famous living philosopher in the world. I just saw that this 12-year-old put him on a poster as the most dangerous man in the world, with ideas about <a href="https://www.vox.com/abortion">abortion</a> and infanticide that posed threats to human life as we know it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CaTt0W">
And at age 12, I was kind of a dick, so naturally I responded by going to my nearest bookstore, picking up Singer’s book <a href="https://bookshop.org/p/books/writings-on-an-ethical-life-peter-singer/7873368?ean=9780060007447"><em>Writings on an Ethical Life</em></a>, and reading it performatively in front of my friend as often as possible.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3V1vb0">
To my great surprise, I found the book pretty compelling. I stopped eating meat because of <a href="https://tomwilk.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Down-on-the-Factory-Farm-Singer.pdf">Singer’s arguments against factory farming</a>. I was moved by his argument that people in rich countries like the US have <a href="https://personal.lse.ac.uk/robert49/teaching/mm/articles/Singer_1972Famine.pdf">a moral duty</a> to donate to poorer countries to prevent needless death. I was 12 and had no money, but I started donating when I did.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="j4Zdbq">
I wound up studying philosophy in college, and writing about these issues as a journalist, in no small part thanks to Peter Singer. And his ideas are no less controversial now than they were back in 2002 when I was trolling my buddy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8rHngJ">
Singer’s 1975 book <a href="https://bookshop.org/p/books/animal-liberation-the-definitive-classic-of-the-animal-movement/18887803"><em>Animal Liberation</em></a> has been credited as the start of the modern <a href="https://www.vox.com/animal-welfare">animal rights</a> movement. He just released a heavily revised new edition, titled <a href="https://www.harpercollins.com/products/animal-liberation-now-peter-singer?variant=40952213110818"><em>Animal Liberation Now</em></a><em>.</em> It covers the dramatic expansion of factory farming since the book’s initial publication, but also the growth in animal activism, plant-based foods, and resistance to “speciesism,” a term he coined. Singer is <a href="https://thinkinc.org.au/pages/an-evening-with-peter-singer">also on a “world tour” now giving talks</a> in the US, the UK, and Australia.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ztB9Em">
I wanted to talk to Singer about this book and its legacy, but I didn’t want to just talk about animals. I was also curious about Singer’s <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1999/09/11/a-professor-who-argues-for-infanticide/cce7dc81-3775-4ef6-bfea-74cd795fc43f/">writing on euthanasia, specifically of infants with severe disabilities</a>, which has led to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/22/nyregion/protest-over-princeton-s-new-ethics-professor.html">furious protests</a> from disability rights activists around the world. (Note that this transcript discusses Singer’s views on those topics, which may be disturbing to some readers.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WhiPXq">
You can hear the full conversation, including much more discussion about animals and a long talk about the disgraced Singer-inspired former billionaire <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23500014/effective-altruism-sam-bankman-fried-ftx-crypto">Sam Bankman-Fried</a>, on Vox’s podcast <a href="https://www.vox.com/the-gray-area"><em>The Gray Area</em></a>. Here are a few excerpts, edited for length and clarity.
</p>
<h4 id="ak8G3i">
Dylan Matthews
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="55GfKi">
Fifty years ago, you were laying out the ideological principles behind the animal welfare movement. Now we’re able to look back at the movement’s concrete attempts to help animals and see what worked and what didn’t.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MUgUwV">
How would you characterize the lessons you’ve learned from that track record? Were there some false starts, or some particularly promising actions from the vantage point of animal liberation?
</p>
<h4 id="OZsXLw">
Peter Singer
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4YYRRH">
The first lesson is, it’s harder than I thought. I thought that there was a really clear argument against the way we were treating animals. I had never considered myself an animal lover, and yet I was appalled to learn about the details of what we do to animals in factory farms and in labs.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yU4G7i">
I wasn’t certain of it by any means, but I thought there was a reasonable chance that this book would, as we would say today, go viral, that people would say, “Oh, this is terrible. I’m gonna stop eating factory-farmed products.” That would spread, they would tell their friends, and it would become sort of a taboo to eat an animal who had been reared in that way.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YOSPYV">
But eating habits turned out to be more deeply entrenched. Even people who were persuaded by the argument, some of them continued to eat meat, even factory-farmed meat. That’s <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2022/9/12/23339898/global-meat-production-forecast-factory-farming-animal-welfare-human-progress">still the case today</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="w0vsWC">
Another lesson learned is that the use of violence on behalf of animals doesn’t work. That was a period when some people took the lessons of animal liberation to say, “We have this exploited group, the exploitation is continuing, we are justified in using whatever means we can to stop it.” Although it was a tiny group of people, there <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7094900/"><em>were</em> letter bombs sent to experimenters</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EZ59Ob">
It really backfired quite badly, because it enabled our opponents to brand us as terrorists. I think the movement lost influence for a time and took some years to recover from that.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QtQ16x">
As to what works and what doesn’t, it depends where you are. In parliamentary democracies, like the United Kingdom and the <a href="https://www.vox.com/european-union">European Union</a>, it was possible to get change. I’m not talking about the kind of change <em>I</em> wanted, of course, but significant reforms and improvements in some of the conditions for animals. It was possible to get that through conventional political channels by showing that it mattered to voters what policy you had on animals.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Evwmtt">
In the United States, that hasn’t been true, except in those states that have the possibility of citizen-initiated referendums. <em>There,</em> it’s worked. California is the best example. California has twice passed propositions for farm animals, including <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23721488/prop-12-scotus-pork-pigs-factory-farming-california-bacon">Proposition 12</a>, which was just upheld by the <a href="https://www.vox.com/scotus">Supreme Court</a>. But otherwise, you have to go through trying to influence the big corporations, and that’s what the movement has done in the United States, targeting corporations <a href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/agribusiness-and-food/activist-icahn-takes-on-mcdonald-s-over-animal-welfare-1.4807948">from McDonald’s</a> to the supermarket chains, getting them to improve their treatment of animals.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IGknf6">
That’s made progress, but less progress than in the European Union. To give one example, if you take the cages that egg-laying hens are standardly kept in, those are <a href="https://www.poultryworld.net/poultry/layers/shift-to-cage-free-in-eu-continues/">now banned</a> across the United Kingdom and the European Union. The majority of laying hens in the United States are still kept that way, although, as I said, they’re not allowed in California and <a href="https://www.aspca.org/improving-laws-animals/public-policy/farm-animal-confinement-bans">several other states</a>. The same is true for keeping sows and veal calves in individual crates so narrow that they can’t turn around.
</p>
<h4 id="f3rhtn">
Dylan Matthews
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xFo4cs">
My sense is that some of your work on issues of life and death in humans, especially as relates to disability, came out partially out of your work on animals, out of an attempt on your part to try to think through what makes life for humans and animals valuable.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qNb50p">
Could you say a little bit about that and how that research project of yours came about?
</p>
<h4 id="Cvz5eK">
Peter Singer
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VElRLJ">
That’s partly correct. The aspect in which it’s not correct is that when I was a student at the University of Melbourne, which is obviously before I went to do my graduate work at Oxford, and therefore before I started thinking about animals, I was active in the abortion law reform movement.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sRIbTl">
But what is correct about what you said was that when I started thinking about the ethics of how we treat animals, I started asking questions about, well, is it only inflicting suffering on animals that is bad, preventing them from having enjoyable lives? Or is it the fact that we kill them?
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<aside id="8iJPqi">
<q>“So I thought about that and that made me think, well, okay, so maybe the humane killing of a non-human animal is not as bad as the humane killing of a normal human being. I still think that.”</q>
</aside>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nDCNOR">
That led me to think, well, what is it that makes killing wrong? And because I’m not religious, I was not going to say “because we have an immortal soul,” or “because God forbids it.” I started thinking, well, maybe it’s something to do with our intellect, the fact that we want to plan for the future and that if we are killed, we can’t.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AASyJZ">
So I thought about that and that made me think, well, okay, so maybe the humane killing of a non-human animal is not as bad as the humane killing of a normal human being. I still think that.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="V6EMnD">
But suppose that you have a human who lacks the cognitive capacities that enable normal humans to think about their future. That could be an infant. None of us were born with those capacities. Or it could be someone with a severe intellectual disability that was not treatable. For that matter, it could be somebody who didn’t really have much of a future to look forward to because they were terminally ill and they were expecting to die within weeks or months, and their quality of life had fallen to a level where they didn’t think it was worth going on.
</p>
<h4 id="6rPTec">
Dylan Matthews
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="i8iBCp">
These ideas are, of course, immensely controversial, and you’ve faced protests about them. It’s been an interesting thing for me personally — I admire your work a great deal. It has changed my life in important ways. But I also have friends in the disability rights movement who view your work as incredibly dangerous and as a threat to them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BD9vLl">
I’m curious what you have made of that pushback and if there are points where you’ve changed your mind. My sense is that you haven’t changed your mind on the overall framework, but are there empirical questions about what life is like for specific kinds of disabled people where you have?
</p>
<h4 id="451N4K">
Peter Singer
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Q79pVd">
You’re right to say that in terms of the underlying ethical arguments, that’s not changed. I still think there are cases where parents should have the option of ending the life of their severely disabled infant.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OXuEUQ">
Let me just say a couple of things why I think that’s not as radical as some people might think. It’s standard practice in neonatal intensive care units pretty much everywhere, that if a child is born with a very severe disability, doctors will ask parents whether they want to put the child on life support or not — or if the child is on life support when the disability is discovered, whether they wish to remove life support.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5UBpem">
If you have, let’s say, a premature infant who’s had a massive brain bleeding, a hemorrhage in the brain, which does happen with very premature infants, and the doctors say, “Would you like to take your child off life support? This is the prognosis. Your child will never be able to live independently, will never be able to recognize the child’s mother or father, will basically be needing complete care. Would you like to take this child off life support?” That’s a decision to ask: “Would you like the child to die?” There’s no other way of glossing that.
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<aside id="zt4e3I">
<q>“I continue to think there’s no real ethical difference between bringing about a child’s death by turning off life support than by giving the child a lethal injection”</q>
</aside>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="is1fvw">
That happens all the time. Parents very frequently say yes, and the child dies. So the difference between what I’m suggesting and what is happening is that, if the child is <em>not</em> on life support, when the disability is discovered, the brain hemorrhage or whatever it might be, and therefore you can’t end the child’s life by taking the child off life support, parents should still have the option of saying, we think that it’s better that the child should not live, and doctors should be able to make sure that happens, to give the child a drug so that the child dies without suffering.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MiI5GK">
I continue to think that it’s okay for doctors to offer to take the child off life support, and it’s okay for parents to accept that offer. And I continue to think there’s no real ethical difference between bringing about a child’s death by turning off life support than by giving the child a lethal injection.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hHhHcV">
I’m not sure which of those elements people think I should change, but I don’t think that I should change any of them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FFXmsh">
What is true is that on the range of disabilities where I think parents may properly say, “We want our child to live” … I’ve broadened my views somewhat on that.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2OIus0">
I’ve talked to people in the disability community, and I accept that there are all kinds of worthwhile lives. I used to say the parents should discuss it with the doctors, if there’s some uncertainty about the condition. I now say parents should discuss it with the doctors and with representatives of people who have the disability that their child has. Depending on the nature of the disability, that may be people with a disability themselves who’ve grown up and lived that life, or it may be the parents who are living with a child.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aa3FG8">
But I certainly accept the point that doctors themselves may have a prejudice against people with disabilities, and that therefore it’s good to get a wider range of advice.
</p>
<h4 id="L6Zgle">
Dylan Matthews
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9Gcvyq">
In preparing for this conversation, I went back and reread <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/16/magazine/unspeakable-conversations.html">a piece by your late friend and argumentative antagonist Harriet McBryde Johnson</a>, about your correspondence. [Johnson was a lawyer and disability rights activist who sharply criticized Singer and other bioethicists for devaluing disabled people’s lives.]
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BVKEnA">
Part of what I take her to be saying is that there’s a kind of speech harm in making these kinds of arguments about disabled people. You may be making a specific argument about a particular case in the NICU of some hospital involving parents facing a brutal situation. But when you’re making that argument, adult disabled people or adolescent disabled people who <em>did</em> live with similar disabilities are hearing it, and there’s something harmful to their status as equals in society about that.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OJ1Sfg">
You’re also involved with the <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/11/19/18101600/journal-of-controversial-ideas-censorship-politically-correct-academia"><em>Journal of Controversial Ideas</em></a> [an interdisciplinary academic outlet where scholars are allowed to present incendiary arguments and findings pseudonymously, without fear of damaging their reputation]. You’re a big defender of academic freedom. Part of what’s interesting about Johnson’s argument to me is that it’s somewhat utilitarian — it’s about consequences. It’s suggesting that we should judge actions by their consequences as opposed to their intent, or even their truth value.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="k8omCD">
I’m curious what you make of that idea that there are argumentative paths you don’t want to go down because of their potential to hurt groups of people.
</p>
<h4 id="rhlVTC">
Peter Singer
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dUeZ9E">
I do consider the consequences of our actions as the way to determine which actions are right or wrong, and if I were persuaded that the harms are really so serious that it is better not to talk about these issues, then I wouldn’t talk about them. But I haven’t been persuaded by that. And, of course, we have to balance it against the consequences of parents thinking about the issue in a way that doesn’t leave them tortured with guilt for making what many people would think of as a morally wrong decision.
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<aside id="KjTwyA">
<q>“In general, I think that freedom of thought and expression is really important. I think that people have become, perhaps, overly sensitive in the last couple of decades about speech harm.”</q>
</aside>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="X5FwWv">
I’m interested in social reform. For example, I think switching to voluntary euthanasia or physician-assisted dying, that movement has made very significant progress in the last 40 years, and I think has greatly reduced the amount of unnecessary suffering. But some people with disabilities are opposed to that as well, because they think pressure will be put on people with disabilities to end their lives.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1mHUNI">
That would be a serious consideration if there were clear evidence that that’s the case. But I really haven’t seen the evidence, either about the speech harms that you’re referring to or about pressure on people with disabilities to end their lives. So I continue to advocate for physician-assisted dying.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gmgu2h">
In general, I think that freedom of thought and expression is really important. I think that people have become, perhaps, overly sensitive in the last couple of decades about speech harm. It’s often said but rarely backed up with firm evidence about how serious it is. So that’s why I haven’t stopped talking about these issues.
</p></li>
<li><strong>A big El Niño is looming. Here’s what it means for our weather.</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A farmer burns the grass after harvest in the rice paddy field during the ongoing Southwest Monsoon season in Selangor, Malaysia, on May 20, 2023." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/-86Ium9g-GOQyFixy_ppYpDp2W0=/206x0:3761x2666/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72323594/GettyImages_1256672776.0.jpeg"/>
<figcaption>
Heat waves have already baked parts of Asia this year, and a looming El Niño is poised to add to the heat, threatening crops in places like Malaysia. | Samsul Said/Bloomberg via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
How warm water in the Pacific shapes storms, droughts, and record heat around the world.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="l1Dsul">
El Niño is the warm phase of the Pacific Ocean’s temperature cycle, and <a href="https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.shtml">this year’s El Niño</a> is poised to be a big one, sending shock waves into weather patterns around the world. It’s likely to set <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/news/international-report-confirms-2016-was-warmest-year-on-record-for-globe">new heat records</a>, energize <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/87334/el-nino-fueled-rains-swamp-south-america">rainfall in South America</a>, fuel <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/el-ninos-trail-of-destruction-in-africa/a-19065657">drought in Africa</a>, and disrupt the global economy. It may already have helped fuel <a href="https://www.vox.com/climate/2023/4/14/23677907/spring-summer-heat-climate-change-india-bangladesh-thailand">early-season heat waves</a> in Asia this year.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LFkjSf">
“A warming El Niño is expected to develop in the coming months and this will combine with human-induced climate change to push global temperatures into uncharted territory,” said Petteri Taalas, secretary-general of the World Meteorological Organization, in a <a href="https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/global-temperatures-set-reach-new-records-next-five-years">statement earlier this month</a>. “This will have far-reaching repercussions for health, food security, water management and the environment. We need to be prepared.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O6IQS2">
We know the next El Niño won’t be cheap. The one in 1997-98, one of the most powerful in history, led to $5.7 trillion in income losses in countries around the world according to a study published earlier this month in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf2983"><em>Science</em></a>. That’s much higher than prior estimates of as much as <a href="https://press.un.org/en/2000/20001027.unep76.doc.html">$96 billion</a>. It was also blamed for contributing to <a href="https://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-floods-risks-18206">23,000 deaths</a> as storms and floods amped up in its wake.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Local youngsters swim and play in a flooded street of Chone, 240 Kilometers west of Quito, Ecuador, 20 April, following days of torrential rain." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/42n-RdoJE6Q-_9l5YbF7u_ItnXQ=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24685370/GettyImages_1248940148.jpeg"/> <cite>Agustin Diaz/AFP via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
The 1997-98 El Niño led to severe rain and flooding in countries like Ecuador, killing hundreds.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pWUsw4">
<a href="https://www.vox.com/climate/23724924/weird-strange-weather-dust-flood-fort-lauderdale-heat-climate">Rising average temperatures</a> are poised to amplify these effects further. Even if every country met its existing pledges to cut greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change, El Niño events could lead to $84 trillion in economic losses by the end of the century, according to the <em>Science</em> study.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kTGVKt">
“[T]hese findings together suggest that while climate mitigation is essential to reduce accumulating damages from warming, it is imperative to devote more resources to adapting to El Niño in the present day,” the authors wrote.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OnWiVf">
This might seem like a whole lot from a weather phenomenon driven by slightly warmer than average water in the Pacific. But it turns out that the planet’s largest ocean, covering about one-third of its surface, is a powerful engine for weather around the world. Seemingly small shifts in temperature, wind, and current in the parts of the Pacific Ocean near the equator can alter weather patterns for months.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JdBKlm">
Scientists have improved their ability to predict when these cycles will rise and how severe they will be. At the same time, humans are also changing the climate while building more ports, homes, and offices in <a href="https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/weather-related-disasters-increase-over-past-50-years-causing-more-damage-fewer">areas that are vulnerable to disasters</a> worsened by El Niño. That’s why such events can be so costly — but there are measures that can dampen some of their worst effects.
</p>
<h3 id="N183zM">
How does El Niño work?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oI4F4S">
Fishers off the coast of Ecuador and Peru <a href="https://www.almanac.com/fact/why-is-el-nino-named-for-the">coined the term El Niño</a> in the 19th century to describe a warm water current that regularly built up along the west coast of South America around Christmas (“El Niño” means “the boy,” a reference to the Christ child.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CMpQmE">
The warm water turned out to be part of a much larger complicated system connecting seas and skies all over the world. Scientists now know that the Pacific Ocean cycles between warm, neutral, and cool phases roughly every two to seven years, inducing changes in the ocean and in the atmosphere. This back-and-forth is called the El Niño Southern Oscillation, or ENSO. It’s “the strongest fluctuation of the climate system on the planet,” said <a href="https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/scientist/dr-michael-james-mcphaden">Michael McPhaden</a>, a senior scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (You can read a more detailed explanation of El Niño’s mechanics <a href="https://www.vox.com/2014/11/8/18088910/el-nino-2014">here</a>.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DUHLnj">
The key thing to understand is that the Pacific Ocean is huge. Huuuuge. Huuuuuuuuge. And that’s just the surface area; the Pacific averages <a href="https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/pacific-size.html">13,000 feet in depth</a> but can dip as low as 36,000 feet. Water isn’t just moving north, south, east, and west, but up and down. These currents are driven by wind as well as temperature and salt gradients.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mzKqKO">
Earth’s oceans also act as a giant thermal battery. They’ve absorbed <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/ocean-warming/">upward of 90 percent of the warming</a> humans have induced from burning fossil fuels, and the Pacific, at least, appears to be <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/higher-surface-temperatures-detectable-pacific-ocean-decades-earlier/story?id=93244915">warming particularly fast</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="egyVoh">
All this adds up to a world-changing amount of energy packed into one big ocean.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pQnQUQ">
During ENSO’s neutral phase, wind pushes warm water in the Pacific around the equator from east to west. This lets warm water pool near Indonesia and raises sea levels there by 1.5 feet (0.5 meters) above normal compared to the coast of South America. The warmer water near Asia evaporates more readily and fuels rainstorms there. And as surface waters get pushed away from South America, water from deeper in the ocean rises, bringing with it valuable nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen. This phenomenon is called <a href="https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/how-climate-works/ocean-upwelling">upwelling</a>, and it’s critical for nourishing sea life. About half the fish in the world are caught in upwelling zones.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="t9Cnqj">
When El Niño starts picking up, this engine shifts gears. The trade winds slow down and the warm water near Asia starts sloshing back eastward across the Pacific, reaching the coast of South America. The drift in warm water also moves evaporation and rain such that southeast Asia and Australia tend to get drier while Peru and Ecuador typically see more precipitation.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Maps showing Pacific Ocean temperatures during the 1988 La Nina and the 19997 El Nino. " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MC4THlKnv20NR7T869gjyu5uppA=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24685319/iconic_ENSO_610.jpeg"/> <cite><a class="ql-link" href="https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/what-el-ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93southern-oscillation-enso-nutshell" target="_blank">NOAA</a></cite>
<figcaption>
El Niño events lead to a band of warming water forming along the equator in the Pacific Ocean, while La Niña does the opposite.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GU8HIQ">
“It creates a lot of convection and a lot of thunderstorms in a part of the world that doesn’t always have that activity,” said <a href="https://psl.noaa.gov/people/dillon.amaya/">Dillon Amaya</a>, a research scientist at NOAA. “You release a lot of energy and a lot of heat into the atmosphere and this creates waves that propagate in the Northern Hemisphere and in the Southern Hemisphere symmetrically.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Vq2HlL">
These perturbations can then deflect weather patterns across the world. For instance, in the US, El Niño typically leads to less rainfall in the Pacific Northwest and more in the Southwest. But it’s one of several factors that influences the weather, making it tricky to anticipate just how it will play out in a given year. “It’s not always a one-to-one relationship,” Amaya said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b76Uyy">
The guidelines for declaring an El Niño are sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific that stay 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (0.5 Celsius) above the 30-year average for three months. Right now, with the seasons changing, it’s tricky to say for certain that the world is in an El Niño year, but researchers say they’ll have a better answer in the coming weeks. “Once you get on the other side of spring, our forecast skill goes way up,” Amaya said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="n0lKPu">
This engine can also shift into reverse. Tradewinds blowing east to west across the Pacific get stronger, cooling the region around the equator, a phenomenon known as a La Niña. This tends to have a cooling effect over the whole planet.
</p>
<h3 id="5gUm7A">
What can we expect this year?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DkcPGu">
El Niño typically picks up over the summer and shows its strongest effects over the winter in the Northern Hemisphere. Right now, forecasts drawing on ocean buoys, sensors, satellite measurements, and computer models show that a strong one is brewing as the eastern Pacific Ocean steadily warms up just below its surface.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rqaQOz">
“The vast majority … are assuming that we’re going to have a big El Niño this winter,” said Amaya. “I think we’re definitely expecting to break global temperature records this year.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ScUyu9">
Part of what’s making this so jarring is that ENSO is coming out of an unusually long La Niña phase. They typically last one to two years, but the world has been in one since 2020. “There’s only been three triple-dip La Niñas in the last 50 years: One in 1973 to 76, one from 1998 to 2001, and then this one,” said McPhaden. That has allowed more heat energy to accumulate in the ocean and may have helped cushion some of the warming due to climate change. However, the World Meteorological Organization noted that the past <a href="https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/past-eight-years-confirmed-be-eight-warmest-record">eight years were still the hottest on record</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Nb0Tv2">
So the warming water detected in the equatorial Pacific and the rebound from La Niña point toward a strong El Niño. “All the ingredients are in place and the soup is cooking,” McPhaden said. “The ocean is uncorked. All that heat that was stored below the surface of the ocean is going to come out.”
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Cars drive over a road flooded by the San Diego River after heavy rains in San Diego, California, on January 7, 2016." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/s8LLOZJ2_-bizWZ6biQEMzeOw60=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24685390/GettyImages_503903978.jpeg"/> <cite>Bill Wechter/AFP via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
El Niño tends to bring heavier rain to regions like Southern California as it did in 2016, often leading to floods.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="y9OWWu">
The other big factor is that the planet itself is heating up. El Niño is part of a natural cycle. Human activity is amplifying some aspects of it, but not always in a straightforward way. Researchers expect that climate change will <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-023-00427-8">increase the chances of strong El Niño</a> and La Niña events, but are still chalking out how they will manifest. Exactly how that extra heat is distributed across the ocean and the atmosphere will alter which regions see more rain, which ones will suffer drought, and where the biggest storms will land.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="T7SmoO">
And while the rising El Niño this year will eventually cycle back to its cool phase, it won’t be enough to offset humanity’s consumption of fossil fuels. “What really matters from the long-term point of view is this relentless rise in greenhouse gas concentrations,” McPhaden said. “You cannot escape that there will be continued warming because of that.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="o13Tol">
These forecasts, however, buy precious time to prepare. While El Niño can push some disasters to greater extremes, tools like <a href="https://www.vox.com/23150467/natural-disaster-climate-change-early-warning-hurricane-wildfire">early warning systems</a>, disaster shelters, evacuations, and climate-resilient building codes can keep the human toll in check. It’s going to be a hot summer, but it doesn’t have to be a deadly one.
</p></li>
<li><strong>Reality, starring Sydney Sweeney, is unsettling, vital viewing</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A close-up of the face of a young white woman who looks frightened." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/DwKjCPEjpS2vaM6P1dIIPI6LU4c=/360x0:1403x782/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72321751/realitycover.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Sydney Sweeney as whistleblower Reality Winner in <em>Reality</em>. | HBO
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The HBO film adapts the FBI transcript from Reality Winner’s interrogation into a stunning thriller.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Pefg4t">
When the play that would one day become the extraordinary drama <em>Reality</em> premiered off-Broadway, its whistleblower protagonist was still in a federal prison.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GvCI6g">
Back then, in February 2019, the show was called <a href="https://www.vulture.com/2021/10/theater-review-is-this-a-room-on-broadway.html"><em>Is This a Room</em></a>, an enigmatic quote from the show itself. An FBI agent looks into the place — it’s definitely a room — where two of his colleagues are interrogating the diminutive 25-year-old woman who lives there, and he makes the inquiry. He seems to be asking if the space needs to be searched. But it’s a strange, off-kilter query, one nobody would really know how to answer. Of course this is a room; what else would it be? It’s like asking where “here” is. Or whether reality exists.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="j0xcwk">
There’s an ironic vigor to <em>Reality</em>’s narrative, a practically allegorical sense that it was constructed by a lightly ham-fisted author with something to prove. It’s a story about truth and twisted facts, about shadows and subterfuge, and the woman at its center is literally named Reality.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1qMxQC">
What makes it so strange, and so chilling, is that nobody wrote it at all.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RWV9yp">
The text of <em>Reality</em>, like the play it’s based on, is a verbatim replica, including redactions, of the FBI’s transcript of its interrogation of Air Force veteran and NSA translator Reality Winner on June 3, 2017. Playwright and director Tina Satter pulled the transcript onto the stage, and now she and co-screenwriter James Paul Dallas have moved it — to incredible effect — onto the screen, starring Sydney Sweeney as Winner and Josh Hamilton and Marchánt Davis as the agents interrogating her.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Two FBI agents and a young woman stand in an almost-empty room." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/2HzLfzSYkqILhue4VxS01gjT8WA=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24675629/reality2.jpg"/> <cite>HBO</cite>
<figcaption>
Sydney Sweeney, Josh Hamilton, and Marchánt Davis in <em>Reality.</em>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="48XXXT">
<em>Reality</em> is, quite literally, the kind of movie where people just talk the whole time. But that’s precisely why it works. The dialogue (unaltered, with a key exception, from the stage production and thus the FBI’s transcript) has that greatest of theatrical qualities: Nobody is ever saying quite what they mean, and you are riveted, trying to figure out what they’re thinking, the balance of power shifting back and forth. That it works so well on screen is a tremendous testimony to both Satter’s directorial chops and the actors’ performances.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="T6d8EL">
The real Reality Winner, you may recall <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/14/us/politics/reality-winner-is-released.html">from the headlines</a>, was accused and convicted of leaking an intelligence report regarding attempted Russian hacking of voter rolls during the 2016 election. “I wasn’t trying to be a Snowden or anything,” she told the agents. Later, she told the media that she felt the government was intentionally misleading its citizens about Russia’s attempts to upend the election, and so she printed out a file and mailed it to <a href="https://theintercept.com/">the Intercept</a>, which promised its sources anonymity.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9kZ4FU">
The government found out and arrived on her doorstep even before the Intercept published the reports. For the crime of “removing classified material from a government facility and mailing it to a news outlet,” she was sentenced to five years and three months in federal prison — the longest ever imposed for this crime. And, incredibly, she was repeatedly denied bail, ultimately remaining there for just shy of four years, even as Congress and other government officials spoke about what she’d revealed publicly. Though she was transferred to a transitional facility on June 2, 2021, Winner never saw the show about her when it opened on Broadway that October — because she was still under house arrest.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Vz8raj">
Translating play to screen results in subtle changes. When the show was still on stage, redactions in the transcripts were staged visually, the audience briefly plunged into blackness, a switch flipped that left you disoriented in the audience. As a medium, film has a little more to play with visually, so instead we see Sweeney’s image fuzz out and disappear, then reappear every time the redaction ends.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MkoqTD">
There’s also context-setting by way of news clips; at the start, we see Winner in her cubicle, Fox News coverage of FBI Director James Comey’s testimony before Congress blaring from a TV on the wall. (Later, she’ll tell the agents that she repeatedly asked for the TVs to be switched to anything other than Fox News — Al Jazeera, or just pictures of people’s pets — and it greatly upset her.) Sometimes events and dates about which the characters are speaking are cut together with the real Reality’s images or Instagram posts; once in a while we see a waveform of the tapes, or hear some static, or see the transcript being typed, a way to remind us that what we are watching is not fiction.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Jnhujb">
Or not exactly, anyhow.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A young white woman in a white button-down looks worried." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/WwUAkXtDGwz7s_U0XvLSuCbBnVk=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24684589/reality1.jpg"/> <cite>HBO</cite>
<figcaption>
Sydney Sweeney in <em>Reality.</em>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CATynr">
Most significantly, some of the redactions in the play have become un-redacted in the meantime. Many of them concerned the news outlet to which Winner leaked the document; the film eventually starts saying “the Intercept” out loud, and it’s a bit shocking at first. The reasoning seems clear. In November 2021, just after the Broadway show closed, Winner <a href="https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/reality-winner-interview-prison-nsa-1261844/">blasted</a> the Intercept for its handling of the documents, the handling of which <a href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/06/intercept-nsa-leaker-reality-winner.html">may have been responsible</a> for her identification by the FBI (and which became a huge problem <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-intercept-failed-to-shield-its-confidential-source-now-its-making-amends/2017/07/11/9d41284a-65d8-11e7-8eb5-cbccc2e7bfbf_story.html">for the publication</a>). Visually, <em>Reality</em> makes the case that the Intercept screwed up. Small wonder.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UOG58J">
The question at the center of <em>Reality</em> is complex. When it was a play, it was an inquiry into Winner’s motives. Why would a young woman who wants, as she repeatedly tells the agents, to be deployed — to get out of her dead-end position as a Farsi translator and actually use her extensive language skills — do something she knows is illegal? What “pushed her over the edge,” as one of the agents asks?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6M34jC">
But as a movie, with the attendant close-ups on faces the medium provides, the question grows. Emotional complexity, the manifold feelings her character is experiencing, and her well-trained attempts to stay cool, flash across Sweeney’s face. We start to really see what she’s thinking, and that leads to a bigger, more unnerving demonstration of the abject failure of the systems meant to protect us to do anything like that. Winner’s military record can’t save her. The fact that she speaks three languages spoken in the Middle East is called “impressive” many times by the agents, but each time the repetition is more loaded — it’s going to be used against her, we realize, to suggest her sympathies lie elsewhere (and so it was). The FBI isn’t on her side; they don’t even bother to read her Miranda rights. Well-worn gender dynamics suddenly become a factor, with Winner seemingly forced into joking about her cat being obese to pacify the men, sickeningly recognizable to women who’ve ever felt the need to play along for self-protection.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HndA2o">
After her arrest, media reports — stitched into the film, lest the journalistic outlets conveniently forget — include people saying that, for instance, Winner is “a person who had taken a key interest in the Middle East, with suspicious motives,” that she “claimed to hate America,” that she was a “quintessential example of an inside threat.” Even the news outlet that was supposed to protect her, that provided such careful instructions for leakers who wish to remain anonymous, screwed it all up, and <em>she</em> paid the price.
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<aside id="KIh0mw">
<q><em>Reality </em>pulls out a sledgehammer</q>
</aside>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9NXZm1">
Watching <em>Reality</em> marks the third time I’ve seen Satter’s adaptation of Winner’s interrogation. Each time, I’m left angry and unsettled. Like many Americans, especially white middle-class women, I was raised to believe that my government messes up sometimes but is essentially on my side. That we are the good guys, a government by the people, for the people, and that we don’t imprison people here just to make sure nobody ever dares to do something like making sure we’re told the truth about our own elections. We lionize the brave person who speaks out. When we get older, and wiser, and maybe more skeptical, that bedrock belief remains: that the truth will protect us.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AItlZq">
To that, <em>Reality </em>pulls out a sledgehammer, and a host of institutions failing to fulfill their own lofty promises. Is anyone doing what they’re supposed to do? If the US government is willing to impose a harsh sentence on someone like Reality Winner, what are we supposed to think? What else is false? Is reality real?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jbaYRw">
Is this a room?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Bkq9hz">
Reality <em>premieres on HBO on May 29 at 10 pm ET and will stream on Max.</em>
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2023: Why Chennai Super Kings’ fans are overcome with emotion</strong> - Cricket-crazy Chennaiites recount their experiences at Ahmedabad to watch the IPL 2023 final</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mohammad Hussamuddin in a race against time to get fit</strong> - Hyderabad</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Champions Way, Eridani, Santorino, Mazal Tov, Ashwa Yudhvir and Synthesis excel</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2023 Final | Ravindra Jadeja proved fairy tales exist in sport, says Stephen Fleming</strong> - Jadeja smashed Mohit Sharma for a six and a four off the last two deliveries to literally snatch the Cup from Gujarat Titans’ Gujarat’s grasp</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Decoding Dhoni: Next season will be about figuring how to manage team from dugout</strong> - The love of Chennai fans has been unconditional and Chepauk has been his amphitheatre, and he has been the hero as well as the main protagonist for them.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Huge quantity of explosives seized from a house in Kasaragod</strong> - Excise seizes 2,800 gelignite sticks and 6,800 special ordinary detonators</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>₹2,000 currency notes | RBI doesn’t have power to withdraw banknotes, petitioner tells High Court; court reserves verdict</strong> - The petitioner submitted that the RBI has no independent power to direct non-issuance or discontinuance of banknotes and this power is vested only with the Centre under Section 24 (2) of the RBI Act, 1934</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Defence Minister Rajnath Singh interacts with Indian diaspora in Nigeria</strong> - The Defence Minister represented India at the swearing-in ceremony of Nigerian President Bola Ahmed Tinubu during an unprecedented three-day visit to the African nation.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mizoram seeks ₹5 crore central aid for relief to displaced people from violence-hit Manipur</strong> - People from Manipur, affected by ethnic conflict, continued to flock to Mizoram, and the number rose to 8,282 till Monday</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>State needs clarity on reduced borrowing limit: Balagopal</strong> - Chief Minister holds high-level meeting on the issue. Balagopal refutes Minister of State for External Affairs V. Muraleedharan’s contention</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Moscow drone attack: Russia accuses Ukraine of ‘terrorist’ strike</strong> - Ukraine has denied involvement but a presidential advisor predicted an increase in such attacks.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Russian air strikes target Kyiv for third night running</strong> - Ukraine’s air defences intercept more than 20 drones in the 17th attack on the capital this month.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Polish probe into ‘Russian influence’ angers EU</strong> - Opposition MPs say the new panel probing Russia links aims to bar its leader Donald Tusk from office.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Kosovo: Fresh clashes as Nato troops called in to northern towns</strong> - Serb protesters are angry at ethnic Albanian mayors being installed in Serb-majority areas.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The ‘exploding’ demand for giant heat pumps</strong> - Whole towns in Europe are being heated by huge, energy efficient heat pumps.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Street Fighter 6 is great fun for both casual and dedicated players</strong> - Capcom breathes new life into its classic fighting game franchise. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1942080">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Is cybersecurity an unsolvable problem?</strong> - Ars chats with law philosopher Scott Shapiro about his new book, <em>Fancy Bear Goes Phishing</em>. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1937362">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The lessons of a wildfire that destroyed a town and burned for 15 months</strong> - Until it hit, the local firefighters couldn’t conceive of something that ferocious. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1942536">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inner workings revealed for “Predator,” the Android malware that exploited 5 0-days</strong> - Spyware is sold to countries including Egypt, Indonesia, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Serbia. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1942660">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>No A/C? No problem, if buildings copy networked tunnels of termite mounds</strong> - “For the first time, it may be possible to design a true living, breathing building.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1942139">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>One Ukrainian Jew to another: “Would you share this imported bottle of Scotch with me?”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The other: “Of course I would. But we barely have money for food. Where did you get Scotch?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
First: “I traded some Russian caviar for it.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Second: “But how did you get Russian caviar?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
First: “I traded some calamari to them for it.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Second: “But we’re hundreds of kilometers from the nearest ocean, and it doesn’t have squid.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
First: “No, but it was a good month for circumcisions and Russian soldiers don’t know the difference.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/cyberentomology"> /u/cyberentomology </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13vatqz/one_ukrainian_jew_to_another_would_you_share_this/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13vatqz/one_ukrainian_jew_to_another_would_you_share_this/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Construction worker on the 5th floor of a building needed a handsaw.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
So he spots another worker on the ground floor and yells down to him, but he can’t hear him. So the worker on the 5th floor tries sign language.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He pointed to his eye meaning “I”, pointed to his knee meaning “need”, then moved his hand back and forth in a hand saw motion.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The man on the ground floor nods his head, pulls down his pants, whips out his cock, starts masturbating and points at it.
</p>
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The worker on 5th floor gets so pissed off he runs down to the ground floor and says, “What the fuck is your problem!!! I said I needed a hand saw!”.
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The other guy says, “I knew that! I was just trying to tell you - I’m coming!”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/iaintprobitches"> /u/iaintprobitches </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13vmqhy/construction_worker_on_the_5th_floor_of_a/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13vmqhy/construction_worker_on_the_5th_floor_of_a/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Let’s hear some car humor. I’ll start:</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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What’s the difference between a BMW and a porcupine?
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The porcupine’s pricks are on the outside.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Xkr2011"> /u/Xkr2011 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13vh80e/lets_hear_some_car_humor_ill_start/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13vh80e/lets_hear_some_car_humor_ill_start/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>According to Greek mythology, Chiron was a Half Horse and Half Human Doctor.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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That would make him the Centaur for Disease Control.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/SirMalcolmK"> /u/SirMalcolmK </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13vd6ux/according_to_greek_mythology_chiron_was_a_half/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13vd6ux/according_to_greek_mythology_chiron_was_a_half/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A dad was driving with his daughter.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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When suddenly a huge dick hit the windshield of the car. The daughter asks his dad “What was that?”. The dad not wanting to ruin his daughter’s innocence answers “Oh that was nothing, just a fly.” The daughter relieved, says “Whew. That fly sure had a big dick.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/ToYourMotherAskHer"> /u/ToYourMotherAskHer </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13vdh0n/a_dad_was_driving_with_his_daughter/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13vdh0n/a_dad_was_driving_with_his_daughter/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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