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<title>28 November, 2023</title>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Generation and evaluation of protease inhibitor-resistant SARS-CoV-2 strains</strong> -
<div>
Since the start of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the search for antiviral therapies has been at the forefront of medical research. To date, the 3CLpro inhibitor nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) has shown the best results in clinical trials and the greatest robustness against variants. A second SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor, ensitrelvir (Xocova), has been developed. Ensitrelvir, currently in Phase 3, was approved in Japan under the emergency regulatory approval procedure in November 2022, and is available since March 31, 2023. One of the limitations for the use of antiviral monotherapies is the emergence of resistance mutations. Here, we experimentally generated mutants resistant to nirmatrelvir and ensitrelvir in vitro following repeating passages of SARS-CoV-2 in the presence of both antivirals. For both molecules, we demonstrated a loss of sensitivity for resistance mutants in vitro. Using a Syrian golden hamster infection model, we showed that the ensitrelvir M49L mutation confers a high level of in vivo resistance. Finally, we identified a recent increase in the prevalence of M49L-carrying sequences, which appears to be associated with multiple repeated emergence events in Japan and may be related to the use of Xocova in the country since November 2022. These results highlight the strategic importance of genetic monitoring of circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains to ensure that treatments administered retain their full effectiveness.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.22.568013v1" target="_blank">Generation and evaluation of protease inhibitor-resistant SARS-CoV-2 strains</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Identification of the host reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 and determining when it spilled over into humans</strong> -
<div>
Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan in 2019 its host reservoir has not been established. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on whole genome sequences (WGS) of 71 coronaviruses and a Breda virus. A subset comprising two SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan viruses and 8 of the most closely related coronavirus sequences were used for host reservoir analysis using Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees (BEAST). Within these genomes, 20 core genome fragments were combined into 2 groups each with similar clock rates (5.9x10 -3 and 1.1x10 -3 subs/site/year). Pooling the results from these fragment groups yielded a most recent common ancestor (MRCA) shared between SARS-COV-2 and the bat isolate RaTG13 around 2007 (95% HPD: 2003, 2011). Further, the host of the MRCA was most likely a bat (probability 0.64 - 0.87). Hence, the spillover into humans must have occurred at some point between 2007 and 2019 and bats may have been the most likely host reservoir.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.25.568670v1" target="_blank">Identification of the host reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 and determining when it spilled over into humans</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>XBB.1.5 monovalent mRNA vaccine booster elicits robust neutralizing antibodies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants</strong> -
<div>
COVID-19 vaccines have recently been updated with the spike protein of SARS-Co-V-2 XBB.1.5 subvariant alone, but their immunogenicity in humans has yet to be fully evaluated and reported, particularly against emergent viruses that are rapidly expanding. We now report that administration of an updated monovalent mRNA vaccine (XBB.1.5 MV) to uninfected individuals boosted serum virus-neutralization antibodies significantly against not only XBB.1.5 (27.0-fold) and the currently dominant EG.5.1 (27.6-fold) but also key emergent viruses like HV.1, HK.3, JD.1.1, and JN.1 (13.3-to-27.4-fold). In individuals previously infected by an Omicron subvariant, serum neutralizing titers were boosted to highest levels (1,764-to-22,978) against all viral variants tested. While immunological imprinting was still evident with the updated vaccines, it was not nearly as severe as the previously authorized bivalent BA.5 vaccine. Our findings strongly support the official recommendation to widely apply the updated COVID-19 vaccines to further protect the public.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.26.568730v1" target="_blank">XBB.1.5 monovalent mRNA vaccine booster elicits robust neutralizing antibodies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Variant- and Vaccination-Specific Alternative Splicing Profiles in SARS-CoV-2 Infections</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, and its subsequent variants has underscored the importance of understanding the host-viral molecular interactions to devise effective therapeutic strategies. A significant aspect of these interactions is the role of alternative splicing in modulating host responses and viral replication mechanisms. Our study sought to delineate the patterns of alternative splicing of RNAs from immune cells across different SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccination statuses, utilizing a robust dataset of 190 RNA-seq samples from our previous studies, encompassing an average of 212 million reads per sample. We identified a dynamic alteration in alternative splicing and genes related to RNA splicing were highly deactivated in COVID-19 patients and showed variant- and vaccination-specific expression profiles. Overall, Omicron-infected patients exhibited a gene expression profile akin to healthy controls, unlike the Alpha or Beta variants. However, significantly, we found identified a subset of infected individuals, most pronounced in vaccinated patients infected with Omicron variant, that exhibited a specific dynamic in their alternative splicing patterns that was not widely shared amongst the other groups. Our findings underscore the complex interplay between SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccination-induced immune responses, and alternative splicing, emphasizing the necessity for further investigations into these molecular cross-talks to foster deeper understanding and guide strategic therapeutic development.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.568603v1" target="_blank">Variant- and Vaccination-Specific Alternative Splicing Profiles in SARS-CoV-2 Infections</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Evolution-guided large language model is a predictor of virus mutation trends</strong> -
<div>
Emerging viral infections, especially the global pandemic COVID-19, have had catastrophic impacts on public health worldwide. The culprit of this pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, continues to evolve, giving rise to numerous sublineages with distinct characteristics. The traditional post-hoc wet-lab approach is lagging behind, and it cannot quickly predict the evolutionary trends of the virus while consuming high costs. Capturing the evolutionary drivers of virus and predicting potential high-risk mutations has become an urgent and critical problem to address. To tackle this challenge, we introduce ProtFound-V, an evolution-inspired deep-learning framework designed to explore the mutational trajectory of virus. Take SARS-CoV-2 as an example, ProtFound-V accurately identifies the evolutionary advantage of Omicron and proposes evolutionary trends consistent with wet-lab experiments through in silico deep mutational scanning. This showcases the potential of deep learning predictions to replace traditional wet-lab experimental measurements. With the evolution-guided large language model, ProtFound-V presents a new state-of-the-art performance in key property predictions. Despite the challenge posed by epistasis to model generalization, ProtFound-V remains robust when extrapolating to lineages with different genetic backgrounds. Overall, this work paves the way for rapid responses to emerging viral infections, allowing for a plug-and-play approach to understanding and predicting virus evolution.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568815v1" target="_blank">Evolution-guided large language model is a predictor of virus mutation trends</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Modulation of human kinase activity through direct interaction with SARS-CoV-2 proteins</strong> -
<div>
The dysregulation of cellular signaling upon SARS-CoV-2 infection is mediated via direct protein interactions, with the human protein kinases constituting the major impact nodes in the signaling networks. Here, we employed a targeted yeast two-hybrid matrix approach to identify direct SARS-CoV-2 protein interactions with an extensive set of human kinases. We discovered 51 interactions involving 14 SARS-CoV-2 proteins and 29 human kinases, including many of the CAMK and CMGC kinase family members, as well as non-receptor tyrosine kinases. By integrating the interactions identified in our screen with transcriptomics and phospho-proteomics data, we revealed connections between SARS-CoV-2 protein interactions, kinase activity changes, and the cellular phospho-response to infection and identified altered activity patterns in infected cells for AURKB, CDK2, CDK4, CDK7, ABL2, PIM2, PLK1, NEK2, TRIB3, RIPK2, MAPK13, and MAPK14. Finally, we demonstrated direct inhibition of the FER human tyrosine kinase by the SARS-CoV-2 auxiliary protein ORF6, hinting at pressures underlying ORF6 changes observed in recent SARS-CoV-2 strains. Our study expands the SARS-CoV-2 - host interaction knowledge, illuminating the critical role of dysregulated kinase signaling during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568816v1" target="_blank">Modulation of human kinase activity through direct interaction with SARS-CoV-2 proteins</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Antiviral innate immune memory in alveolar macrophages following SARS-CoV-2 infection.</strong> -
<div>
Pathogen encounter results in long-lasting epigenetic imprinting that shapes diseases caused by heterologous pathogens. The breadth of this innate immune memory is of particular interest in the context of respiratory pathogens with increased pandemic potential and wide-ranging impact on global health. Here, we investigated epigenetic imprinting across cell lineages in a disease relevant murine model of SARS-CoV-2 recovery. Past SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in increased chromatin accessibility of type I interferon (IFN-I) related transcription factors in airway-resident macrophages. Mechanistically, establishment of this innate immune memory required viral pattern recognition and canonical IFN-I signaling and augmented secondary antiviral responses. Past SARS-CoV-2 infection ameliorated disease caused by the heterologous respiratory pathogen influenza A virus. Insights into innate immune memory and how it affects subsequent infections with heterologous pathogens to influence disease pathology could facilitate the development of broadly effective therapeutic strategies.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.568354v1" target="_blank">Antiviral innate immune memory in alveolar macrophages following SARS-CoV-2 infection.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The antiviral potential of the antiandrogen enzalutamide and the viral-androgen interplay in seasonal coronaviruses</strong> -
<div>
The sex disparity in COVID-19 outcomes with males generally faring worse than females has been associated with the androgen-regulated expression of the protease TMPRSS2 and the cell receptor ACE2 in the lung and fueled interest in antiandrogens as potential antivirals. In this study, we explored enzalutamide, an antiandrogen used commonly against prostate cancer, as a potential antiviral against the human coronaviruses which cause seasonal respiratory infections (HCoV-NL63, -229E, and -OC43). Using lentivirus-pseudotyped and authentic HCoV, we report that enzalutamide reduced 229E and NL63 entry and replication in both TMPRSS2- and non-expressing immortalised cells, suggesting a TMPRSS2-independent mechanism. However, no effect was observed against OC43. To decipher this distinction, we performed RNA-sequencing analysis on 229E- and OC43-infected primary human airway cells. Our results show a significant induction of androgen-responsive genes by 229E compared to OC43 at 24 and 72h post-infection. The virus-mediated effect to AR signaling was further confirmed with a consensus androgen response element (ARE)-driven luciferase assay in androgen-depleted MRC-5 cells. Specifically, 229E induced luciferase reporter activity in the presence and absence of the synthetic androgen mibolerone, while OC43 inhibited induction. These findings highlight a complex interplay between viral infections and androgen signaling, offering insights for potential antiviral interventions.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.25.568685v1" target="_blank">The antiviral potential of the antiandrogen enzalutamide and the viral-androgen interplay in seasonal coronaviruses</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Hybrid Course Dynamics in Physical Education: Insights from a Leading Chinese Public University</strong> -
<div>
Against the backdrop of technological advances, educational reforms, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, hybrid courses have become increasingly popular in higher education in China. The study draws from existing theoretical knowledge and practical experiences to provide insights on the feasibility and potential benefits of using the hybrid course modality in physical education, aiming to investigate the applicability of the hybrid course modality in promoting undergraduate students’ engagement in physical education courses at a large public university in China. It also focuses on practical implications of the hybrid course modality to enhance physical education courses in Chinese higher education institutions, by exploring how this modality can serve as a useful tool in such courses.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/edarxiv/hcevw/" target="_blank">Hybrid Course Dynamics in Physical Education: Insights from a Leading Chinese Public University</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The Situation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Snapshot in Germany</strong> -
<div>
During government-implemented restrictions in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, people’s everyday lives changed profoundly. However, there is to date little research chronicling how people perceived their changed everyday lives and which consequences this had. In a two-wave study, we examined the psychological characteristics of people’s situations and their correlates during shutdown in a large German sample (NT1 = 1,353; NT2 = 446). First, we compared characteristics during government-issued restrictions with retrospective accounts from before and with a follow-up assessment 6 to 7 months later when many restrictions had been lifted. We found that mean levels were lower and variances were higher for most characteristics during the shutdown. Second, the experience of certain situation characteristics was associated in meaningful and theoretically expected ways with people’s traits, appraisals of the COVID-19 crisis, and subjective well-being. Lastly, situation characteristics often substantially explained the associations of traits with appraisals and well-being. Our findings highlight the importance of considering perceived situations as these contribute to people’s functioning during crises.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/49chx/" target="_blank">The Situation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Snapshot in Germany</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Who is impacted? Personality predicts individual differences in psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to changes in people’s private and public lives that are unprecedented in modern history. However, little is known about the differential psychological consequences of restrictions that have been imposed to fight the pandemic. In a large and diverse German sample (N = 1,320), we examined how individual differences in psychological consequences of the pandemic (perceived restrictiveness of government-supported measures; global pandemic-related appraisals; subjective well-being) were associated with a broad set of faceted personality traits (Big Five, Honesty-Humility, Dark Triad). Facets of Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Openness were among the strongest and most important predictors of psychological outcomes, even after controlling for basic socio-demographic variables (gender, age). These findings suggest that psychological consequences of the pandemic depend on personality and thus add to the growing literature on the importance of considering individual differences in crisis situations.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/s65ux/" target="_blank">Who is impacted? Personality predicts individual differences in psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A Mixed-Effects Model to Predict COVID-19 Hospitalizations Using Wastewater Surveillance</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries and regions investigated the potential use of wastewater-based disease surveillance as an early warning system. Initially, methods were created to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater. Investigators have since conducted extensive studies to examine the link between viral concentration in wastewater and COVID-19 cases in areas served by sewage treatment plants over time. However, only a few reports have attempted to create predictive models for hospitalizations at county-level based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater. This study implemented a linear mixed-effects model that observes the association between levels of virus in wastewater and county-level hospitalizations. The model was then utilized to predict short-term county-level hospitalization trends in 21 counties in California based on data from March 21, 2022, to May 21, 2023. The modeling framework proposed here permits repeated measurements as well as fixed and random effects. The model that assumed wastewater data as an input variable, instead of cases or test positivity rate, showed strong performance and successfully captured trends in hospitalizations. Additionally, the model allows for the prediction of SARS-CoV-2 hospitalizations two weeks ahead. Forecasts of COVID-19 hospitalizations could provide crucial information for hospitals to better allocate resources and prepare for potential surges in patient numbers.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.23293945v4" target="_blank">A Mixed-Effects Model to Predict COVID-19 Hospitalizations Using Wastewater Surveillance</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Projecting COVID-19 intensive care admissions in the Netherlands for policy advice: February 2020 to January 2021</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Introduction: Model projections of COVID-19 incidence into the future help policy makers about decisions to implement or lift control measures. During 2020, policy makers in the Netherlands were informed on a weekly basis with short-term projections of COVID-19 intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. Here we present the model and the procedure by which it was updated. Methods: the projections were produced using an age-structured transmission model. A consistent, incremental update procedure that integrated all new surveillance and hospital data was conducted weekly. First, up-to-date estimates for most parameter values were obtained through re-analysis of all data sources. Then, estimates were made for changes in the age-specific contact rates in response to policy changes. Finally, a piecewise constant transmission rate was estimated by fitting the model to reported daily ICU admissions, with a change point analysis guided by Akaike9s Information Criterion. Results: The model and update procedure allowed us to make mostly accurate weekly projections, accounting for recent and future policy changes, and to adapt the estimated effectiveness of the policy changes based only on the natural accumulation of incoming data. Discussion: The model incorporates basic epidemiological principles and most model parameters were estimated per data source. Therefore, it had potential to be adapted to a more complex epidemiological situation, as it would develop after 2020.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.23291989v3" target="_blank">Projecting COVID-19 intensive care admissions in the Netherlands for policy advice: February 2020 to January 2021</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Isogenic iPSC-derived proximal and distal lung-on-chip models: Tissue- and virus-specific immune responses in human lungs</strong> -
<div>
Micro-physiological systems (MPS) are set to play a vital role in preclinical studies, particularly in the context of future viral pandemics. Nonetheless, the development of MPS is often impeded by the scarcity of reliable cell sources, especially when seeking various organs or tissues from a single patient for comparative analysis of the host immune response. Herein, we developed human airway-on-chip and alveolus-on-chip models using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived isogenic lung progenitor cells. Both models demonstrated the replication of two different respiratory viruses, namely SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza, as well as related cellular damage and innate immune responses-on-chip. Our findings reveal distinct immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the proximal and distal lung-on-chip models. The airway chips exhibited a robust interferon (IFN)-dependent immune response, whereas the alveolus chips exhibited dysregulated IFN activation but a significantly upregulated chemokine pathway. In contrast, Influenza virus infection induced a more pronounced immune response and cellular damage in both chip models compared to SARS-CoV-2. Thus, iPSC-derived lung-on-chip models may aid in quickly gaining insights into viral pathology and screening potential drugs for future pandemics.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.568532v1" target="_blank">Isogenic iPSC-derived proximal and distal lung-on-chip models: Tissue- and virus-specific immune responses in human lungs</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>REPORT : Study on ‘Institutionalizing Science Advice to Governments</strong> -
<div>
The provision of appropriate science advice to governments is of national, regional, and global importance. However, many countries, especially in the developing world, lack effective framework to provide science advice to governments, which was laid bare during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, there is an urgent need to describe and analyse the structures and processes providing science advice to governments with a view to strengthening science advice. Science advice requires synthesizing and brokering valid, relevant, and reliable scientific evidence in respect of different policies. The National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka conducted a study on the status and processes of institutionalizing Science Advice to Governments in the Australasian region. The aims of the study were to a) propose and facilitate the development and strengthening of systematic science advice in member countries and its institutionalization b) Improve awareness among partners on a range of laws and regulations that exist legitimizing institutions and the processes used for government science advice c) develop capacities of participating academies in providing science advice d) enable academies to play a role and be part of the science advice process The methodology included administration of a structured questionnaire to gather data for the Situation Analysis with respect to science advice in partner countries. The questionnaire responses were categorized under several headings identified as the ‘Colombo Framework’: Selection of advisors, organizational structures to provide advice, the process followed to collate and synthesize advice, the process of communication, and evaluation of the process and impact of advice. The results showed a diversity of responses indicating a range of structures and processes: • The structures and types of advisors included, chief science advisor or advisors, a science advisory office or agency, science advisory boards, science advisory councils and ad-hoc arrangements during emergencies or crises, such as task forces. • Selection of advisors varied from appointments by an executive authority to nominations by science organizations or selection processes based on academic credentials. • The initial framing of questions requiring science advice were by policymakers, parliament committee or the President and advisory council. • Collation and synthesizing evidence: The methods used included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, through surveys, consultative meetings, expert opinion, foresight tools and workshops and/meetings of the experts where the evidence was reviewed. • The process of communicating science advice included reports issued by the science advisors, or advice directed to the Presidential Office, to Cabinet office, or submitted through Secretary of the Ministry of Science and Technology to the Head of State, or reports to the relevant minister and presidential secretariat. • The impact of science advice on policy was rarely evaluated. • Case Studies for individual countries supplemented the situation analysis for that country. • A SWOT analyses was compiled based on each country responses to reflect the totality of responses and for guidance in drafting a framework for Roadmaps for each country. As part of the project a three-day workshop was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka on ‘Institutionalizing Science Advice to Governments’ 6-8 July 2023. A descriptive ‘Colombo Declaration’ was released calling on governments to partner with scientists and demonstrate stronger commitment in strengthening action to institutionalize science advice to governments. The concluding session described future actions of developing Roadmaps and Case Studies by each partner country. The contextualized roadmaps will be developed through an iterative process and ‘work in progress’ submitted by most partner agencies were included in the report. The key outcomes of the Project were the following: 1. Documentation of Science Advice Systems in countries with situation analysis, reinforced with case studies and SWOT analyses and a framework for contextualized roadmaps that could form the foundation for further activities with support from the IAP and AASSA. 2. Developed and disseminated the ‘Colombo Declaration’ calling on governments to institutionalize science advice 3. Availability of validated questionnaire and framework (‘Colombo framework’) to replicate similar studies elsewhere. 4. Development of a process for promotion of institutionalization of science advice to governments that could be replicated in other countries or regions. 5. Promoted awareness among public, public administrators and policymakers and younger generation of scientists to be part of this transformative process, particularly to ensure continuity of efforts. 6. Contextualized Roadmaps design process has been initiated that is meant to trigger further discussions.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/ygp84/" target="_blank">REPORT : Study on ‘Institutionalizing Science Advice to Governments</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Randomized Trial Evaluating a mRNA VLP Vaccine’s Immunogenicity and Safety for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 Infection <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: AZD9838; Biological: Licensed mRNA vaccine <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: AstraZeneca <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect of Metformin in Reducing Fatigue in Long COVID in Adolescents</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Metformin; Other: Placebo <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Trust for Vaccines and Immunization, Pakistan <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>“The Effect of Aerobic Exercise and Strength Training on Physical Activity Level, Quality of Life and Anxiety-Stress Disorder in Young Adults With and Without Covid-19”</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Aerobic Exercise and Strength Training <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Pamukkale University <br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Vale+Tú Salud: Corner-Based Randomized Trial to Test a Latino Day Laborer Program Adapted to Prevent COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: COVID-19 Group Problem Solving; Behavioral: Standard of Care; Behavioral: Booster session <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety Study of SLV213 for the Treatment of COVID-19.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Placebo for SLV213; Drug: SLV213 <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Collection of Additional Biological Samples From Potentially COVID-19 Patients for Monitoring of Biological Parameters Carried Out as Part of the Routine</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: SARS CoV 2 Infection <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Diagnostic Test: RIPH2 <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: CerbaXpert <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mitigating Mental and Social Health Outcomes of COVID-19: A Counseling Approach</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Social Determinants of Health; Mental Health Issue; COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Individual counseling; Behavioral: Group counseling; Other: Resources <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Idaho State University <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Promoting Engagement and COVID-19 Testing for Health</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: COVID-19 Test Reporting; Behavioral: Personalized Nudges via Text Messaging; Behavioral: Non-personalized Nudges via Text Messaging <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Emory University; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); Morehouse School of Medicine; Georgia Institute of Technology <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Development and Qualification of Methods for Analyzing the Mucosal Immune Response to COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Certain Disorders Involving the Immune Mechanism <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: Sampling; Biological: PCR (polymerase chain reaction) SARS-CoV-2 <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University Hospital, Tours <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Water-based Activity to Enhance Recovery in Long COVID</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: WATER+CT; Behavioral: Usual Care <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: VA Office of Research and Development <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy of Two Therapeutic Exercise Modalities for Patients With Persistent COVID</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Persistent COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: exercise programe <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Facultat de ciencies de la Salut Universitat Ramon Llull <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Performance Evaluation of the Lucira COVID-19 &amp; Flu Test</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Influenza <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: Lucira COVID-19 &amp; Flu Test <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Lucira Health Inc <br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cognitive Rehabilitation in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post-COVID-19 Syndrome <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: CO-OP Procedures; Behavioral: Inactive Control Group <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of Missouri-Columbia; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Robotic Assisted Hand Rehabilitation Outcomes in Adults After COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Robotic Exoskeleton; Post-acute Covid-19 Syndrome; Rehabilitation Outcome; Physical And Rehabilitation Medicine <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: Training with a Robotic Hand Exoskeleton <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of Valladolid; Centro Hospitalario Padre Benito Menni <br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 nsp15 endoribonuclease antagonizes dsRNA-induced antiviral signaling</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 has caused millions of deaths since emerging in 2019. Innate immune antagonism by lethal CoVs such as SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for optimal replication and pathogenesis. The conserved nonstructural protein 15 (nsp15) endoribonuclease (EndoU) limits activation of double-stranded (ds)RNA-induced pathways, including interferon (IFN) signaling, protein kinase R (PKR), and oligoadenylate synthetase/ribonuclease L (OAS/RNase L) during diverse CoV…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Application of machine learning models to identify serological predictors of COVID-19 severity and outcomes</strong> - Critically ill people with COVID-19 have greater antibody titers than those with mild to moderate illness, but their association with recovery or death from COVID-19 has not been characterized. In 178 COVID-19 patients, 73 non-hospitalized and 105 hospitalized patients, mucosal swabs and plasma samples were collected at hospital enrollment and up to 3 months post-enrollment (MPE) to measure virus RNA, cytokines/chemokines, binding antibodies, ACE2 binding inhibition, and Fc effector antibody…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>C1 esterase inhibitor-mediated immunosuppression in COVID-19: Friend or foe?</strong> - From asymptomatic to severe, SARS-CoV-2, causative agent of COVID-19, elicits varying disease severities. Moreover, understanding innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 is imperative since variants such as Omicron negatively impact adaptive antibody neutralization. Severe COVID-19 is, in part, associated with aberrant activation of complement and Factor XII (FXIIa), initiator of contact system activation. Paradoxically, a protein that inhibits the three known pathways of complement…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The association between BIS/BAS and fear of COVID-19 infection among women</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: The BIS weakly, but significantly correlated with women’s fear of their loved ones being infected by COVID-19. This study highlights the possible role of the BIS mechanism in women’s response to COVID-19-related fear, but only when the threat affects loved ones. Comparative studies between men and women are necessary.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Catalytic Antibodies May Contribute to Demyelination in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome</strong> - Here we report preliminary data demonstrating that some patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatiguesyndrome (ME/CFS) may have catalytic autoantibodies that cause the breakdown of myelin basic protein (MBP). We propose that these MBP-degradative antibodies are important to the pathophysiology of ME/CFS, particularly in the occurrence of white matter disease/demyelination. This is supported by magnetic resonance imagining studies that show these findings in patients with ME/CFS and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Achievement Emotions of Medical Students: Do They Predict Self-regulated Learning and Burnout in an Online Learning Environment?</strong> - BACKGROUND: Achievement emotions have been proven as important indicators of students’ academic performance in traditional classrooms and beyond. In the online learning contexts, previous studies have indicated that achievement emotions would affect students’ adoption of self-regulated learning strategies and further predict their learning outcomes. However, the pathway regarding how different positive and negative achievement emotions might affect students’ burnout through self-regulated…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Linoleic acid: a natural feed compound against porcine epidemic diarrhea disease</strong> - Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a pig coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea and high mortality in piglets, but as no effective drugs are available, this virus threatens the pig industry. Here, we found that the intestinal contents of specific pathogen-free pigs effectively blocked PEDV invasion. Through proteomic and metabolic analyses of the intestinal contents, we screened 10 metabolites to investigate their function and found that linoleic acid (LA) significantly inhibited PEDV…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Platelet factor 4(PF4) and its multiple roles in diseases</strong> - Platelet factor 4 (PF4) combines with heparin to form an antigen that could produce IgG antibodies and participate in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). PF4 has attracted wide attention due to its role in novel coronavirus vaccine-19 (COVID-9)-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) and cognitive impairments. The electrostatic interaction between PF4 and negatively charged molecules is vital in the progression of VITT, which is similar to HIT. Emerging evidence suggests its…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Design of MERS-CoV entry inhibitory short peptides based on helix-stabilizing strategies</strong> - Interaction between Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike (S) protein heptad repeat-1 domain (HR1) and heptad repeat-2 domain (HR2) is critical for the MERS-CoV fusion process. This interaction is mediated by the α-helical region from HR2 and the hydrophobic groove in a central HR1 trimeric coiled coil. We sought to develop a short peptidomimetic to act as a MERS-CoV fusion inhibitor by reproducing the key recognition features of HR2 helix. This was achieved by the use of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A phenothiazine urea derivative broadly inhibits coronavirus replication via viral protease inhibition</strong> - Coronavirus (CoV) replication requires efficient cleavage of viral polyproteins into an array of non-structural proteins involved in viral replication, organelle formation, viral RNA synthesis, and host shutoff. Human CoVs (HCoVs) encode two viral cysteine proteases, main protease (M^(pro)) and papain-like protease (PL^(pro)), that mediate polyprotein cleavage. Using a structure-guided approach, a phenothiazine urea derivative that inhibits both SARS-CoV-2 M^(pro) and PL^(pro) protease activity…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inhibition of furin-like enzymatic activities and SARS-CoV-2 infection by osthole and phenolic compounds with aryl side chains</strong> - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), spread as a pandemic and caused damage to people’s lives and countries’ economies. The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 contains a cleavage motif, Arg-X-X-Arg, for furin and furin-like enzymes at the boundary of the S1/S2 subunits. Given that cleavage plays a crucial role in S protein activation and viral entry, the cleavage motif was selected as the target. Our previous fluorogenic…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficient SARS-CoV-2 infection antagonization by rhACE2 ectodomain multimerized onto the Avidin-Nucleic-Acid-NanoASsembly</strong> - Nanodecoy systems based on analogues of viral cellular receptors assembled onto fluid lipid-based membranes of nano/extravescicles are potential new tools to complement classic therapeutic or preventive antiviral approaches. The need for lipid-based membranes for transmembrane receptor anchorage may pose technical challenges along industrial translation, calling for alternative geometries for receptor multimerization. Here we developed a semisynthetic self-assembling SARS-CoV-2 nanodecoy by…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Predictions based on inflammatory cytokine profiling of Egyptian COVID-19 with 2 potential therapeutic effects of certain marine-derived compounds</strong> - CONCLUSION: The investigated inflammatory biomarkers in Egyptian COVID-19 patients showed a strong correlation between IL6, TNF-α, NF-κB, CRB, DHL, and ferritin as COVID-19 biomarkers and determined the severity of the infection. Also, the oxidative /antioxidant showed good biomarkers for infection recovery and progression of the patients.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Circularized Nanodiscs for Multivalent Mosaic Display of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Antigens</strong> - The emergence of vaccine-evading SARS-CoV-2 variants urges the need for vaccines that elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Here, we assess covalently circularized nanodiscs decorated with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins from several variants for eliciting bnAbs with vaccination. Cobalt porphyrin-phospholipid (CoPoP) was incorporated into the nanodisc to allow for anchoring and functional orientation of spike trimers on the nanodisc surface through their His-tag….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Comparative Immune Response after Vaccination with SOBERANA<sup>®</sup> 02 and SOBERANA<sup>®</sup> plus Heterologous Scheme and Natural Infection in Young Children</strong> - (1) Background: In children, SARS-CoV-2 infection is mostly accompanied by mild COVID-19 symptoms. However, multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) and long-term sequelae are often severe complications. Therefore, the protection of the pediatric population against SARS-CoV-2 with effective vaccines is particularly important. Here, we compare the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited in children (n = 15, aged 5-11 years) vaccinated with the RBD-based vaccines SOBERANA^(®) 02 and…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>When Your Own Book Gets Caught Up in the Censorship Wars</strong> - I had envisioned book bans as modern morality plays—but the reality was far more complicated. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/essay/when-your-own-book-gets-caught-up-in-the-censorship-wars">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Death of a Relic Hunter</strong> - Bill Erquitt was an unforgettable character among Georgia’s many Civil War enthusiasts. After he died, his secrets came to light. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-death-of-a-relic-hunter">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Road to Dubai</strong> - The latest round of international climate negotiations is being held in a petrostate. What could go wrong? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-weekend-essay/the-road-to-dubai">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Should People Have the Right to Say Awful Things Without Facing Legal Consequences?</strong> - Those who want to curtail freedom of speech do not log the debits and credits of censorship, nor do they care about the balance of norms—they act when they have power. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/should-people-have-the-right-to-say-awful-things-without-facing-legal-consequences">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bradley Cooper: Conducting Is the “Scariest Thing I’ve Ever Done”</strong> - Bradley Cooper tells David Remnick that he has spent his life preparing for his role in “Maestro” as the iconic conductor Leonard Bernstein—and it shows. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/podcast/the-new-yorker-radio-hour/bradley-cooper-conducting-is-the-scariest-thing-ive-ever-done">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>The new Trump judge revolt against the Voting Rights Act, explained</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/TMxiR4fvQzUEfo__uKb2iorzSlc=/463x0:4174x2783/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72908535/515138398.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
President Ronald Reagan signs a 1982 law expanding the Voting Rights Act — back when Republicans still supported such things. | Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
At the very moment the Supreme Court appears to be moderating on voting rights, GOP judges are going after America’s most important voting rights law.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oYbk15">
The Supreme Court, after a <a href="https://www.vox.com/22575435/voting-rights-supreme-court-john-roberts-shelby-county-constitution-brnovich-elena-kagan">long period of hostility</a> toward any claim brought under the federal Voting Rights Act, recently signaled that this hostility has limits. Last June, the Court surprised nearly everyone who follows voting rights litigation by <a href="https://www.vox.com/scotus/2023/6/8/23753932/supreme-court-john-roberts-milligan-allen-voting-rights-act-alabama-racial-gerrymandering">declaring Alabama’s racially gerrymandered maps illegal</a> and ordering the state to draw a second majority-Black congressional district.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WB2m8w">
Yet if the Supreme Court’s June decision in <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/21-1086_1co6.pdf"><em>Allen v. Milligan</em></a> (2023) was supposed to be a signal that the justices intend to keep at least some safeguards against racism in elections in place, several Republican appointees to the lower courts missed the memo. Last week, as most Americans were thinking about their Thanksgiving dinners, a pair of federal appeals courts handed down some of the sharpest attacks on the Voting Rights Act — the landmark 1965 law prohibiting race discrimination in US elections — in the law’s history.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lCHMhg">
The first was an <a href="https://ecf.ca8.uscourts.gov/opndir/23/11/221395P.pdf">opinion</a> from a divided panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit that, if affirmed by the Supreme Court, would <a href="https://www.vox.com/22940875/voting-rights-act-supreme-court-trump-judge-lee-rudofsky-section-2-private-right-of-action">virtually destroy the Voting Rights Act</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2f6r1v">
The Eighth Circuit’s opinion in <a href="https://ecf.ca8.uscourts.gov/opndir/23/11/221395P.pdf"><em>Arkansas State Conference NAACP v. Arkansas Public Policy Panel</em></a>, written by Trump Judge David Stras, would strip private parties of their ability to file lawsuits enforcing the Voting Rights Act and establish that all such lawsuits must be brought by the Justice Department<strong>.</strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OwUSWg">
This decision is dead wrong, and it conflicts with decades of precedent.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="g70v0h">
As Judge Lavenski Smith notes in dissent, over the past 40 years litigants have brought 182 successful lawsuits under the Voting Rights Act. Only <a href="https://ecf.ca8.uscourts.gov/opndir/23/11/221395P.pdf">15 were brought solely by the DOJ</a>. So, if Stras’s unusual reading of the law were correct, nearly 92 percent of all of these victorious lawsuits should have ended in defeat for the plaintiffs.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4QJGV6">
Then, on the day after Thanksgiving, the 11th Circuit handed down its own decision attacking a core principle of the Voting Rights Act. Trump Judge Elizabeth Branch’s opinion in <a href="https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/202212593.pdf"><em>Rose v. Secretary</em></a> isn’t quite as aggressive as Stras’s wholesale attack on the landmark law — while Stras’s opinion could potentially neutralize the Voting Rights Act in its entirety, Branch’s opinion would only permit states to use one particular method that has historically been used to disenfranchise voters of color.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4g5PgE">
Specifically, <em>Rose </em>asks whether states may elect multi-member bodies such as a legislature using an “at-large” scheme where every member of the body is elected by the state as a whole. As the Supreme Court warned in <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/458/613/"><em>Rogers v. Lodge</em></a> (1982), “at-large voting schemes and multimember districts tend to minimize the voting strength of minority groups by permitting the political majority to elect all representatives of the district.” Thus, in a state like Georgia, where white people <a href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/GA/PST045222">make up nearly 60 percent of the population</a>, white voters can join together to prevent the Black minority from electing <em>anyone</em> to a state board if the state uses an at-large system to elect those board members.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EwuJCe">
Nevertheless, Branch’s decision in <em>Rose</em> would make it extraordinarily simple for states to use at-large systems that could not be challenged in court — even though both the Supreme Court and lower federal courts have repeatedly permitted challenges to at-large systems that lock racial minority groups out of power. Branch’s opinion even <a href="https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/202212593.pdf">lists nearly a dozen cases challenging such at-large systems</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IPXsFQ">
These decisions, both by Trump judges, should alarm anyone who cares about voting rights. While the Court’s decision in <em>Milligan</em> suggests that, at the very least, Stras’s attempt to nuke the Voting Rights Act is likely to be reversed by the current panel of justices, judges like Stras and Branch are hardly outliers among the <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/12/9/20962980/trump-supreme-court-federal-judges">right-wing advocates and Federalist Society stalwarts</a> that Trump appointed. If anything, their records suggest they are right in the heartland of modern-day Republican appointees to the federal bench.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4J7HKK">
And that means that, even if this Supreme Court resists these new efforts to destroy the one federal law that likely <a href="https://www.vox.com/22575435/voting-rights-supreme-court-john-roberts-shelby-county-constitution-brnovich-elena-kagan">did more than any other to end Jim Crow</a>, there is a serious risk that the entire law could fall if Republicans — such as Trump himself — get to appoint more judges to the Supreme Court.
</p>
<h3 id="V6o1b0">
Stras’s opinion is a trainwreck
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3jiqrZ">
The specific question in the <em>Arkansas</em> case is whether Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act, the provision that allows lawsuits challenging racially discriminatory voting practices by states, may be enforced by private parties or if these lawsuits may only be brought by the Justice Department. For decades, courts — including the Supreme Court — have allowed private parties to bring such suits.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NXyvBh">
And, as Judge Smith wrote in his dissent, 167 of these private plaintiffs have brought successful lawsuits under Section 2, including the plaintiffs in the <em>Milligan</em> case.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0i2fe6">
To understand why Stras’s opinion departing from this longstanding consensus is wrong, it’s helpful to understand the Supreme Court’s decisions governing what are known as “implied rights of action.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ouid80">
Sometimes, federal laws contain language explicitly stating that private parties have a “right of action” (meaning a right to sue) against certain defendants. Other times, a legal document may explicitly state that private parties may not file certain lawsuits. It is common, for example, for presidential executive orders to contain language stating that the order <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-11-01/pdf/2023-24283.pdf">does not “create any right or benefit” which can be enforced in federal court</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qUp5wk">
But what if a law does not state either way whether it permits private parties to bring lawsuits to enforce that law? In short, the answer to this question has changed over time. In <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11274363713776494210&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6,47&amp;as_vis=1"><em>J.I. Case v. Borak</em></a> (1964), decided the year before the Voting Rights Act became law, the Supreme Court held that courts should read federal statutes generously to allow the parties who benefit from those laws to bring federal lawsuits.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qTzMN7">
“It is the duty of the courts,” the Supreme Court held in <em>Borak</em>, “to be alert to provide such remedies as are necessary to make effective the congressional purpose.” The Supreme Court explained a few years later, in a Voting Rights Act case, that “a federal statute passed to protect a class of citizens, although not specifically authorizing members of the protected class to institute suit, <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/544/">nevertheless implied a private right of action</a>.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Oz9Ojv">
So under the rules that existed when the Voting Rights Act was written in 1965, it clearly should be read to permit private lawsuits.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YIsgIB">
That said, post-1965 decisions, handed down by more conservative courts, have held that the judiciary should be more reluctant to find implied rights of action within a federal statute than the Court was in <em>Borak</em>. The most significant of these decisions is probably <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6907411608837736130&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr"><em>Alexander v. Sandoval</em></a> (2001), which held that “statutes that focus on the person regulated rather than the individuals protected create ‘no implication of an intent to confer rights on a particular class of persons.’”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fRadUx">
So, under <em>Sandoval</em>, if a federal law uses language like “no state shall do X” instead of “all persons have a right to X,” courts typically should not permit private lawsuits under that statute.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GzAghF">
The thrust of Stras’s opinion in the <em>Arkansas</em> case is that <em>Sandoval</em> should be read retroactively to neutralize the right of private parties to sue under the Voting Rights Act. This decision is fundamentally unfair to Congress, as <em>Sandoval</em> was handed down nearly four decades after the Voting Rights Act became law. So Congress couldn’t possibly have known that it had to write the law in a particular way if it wanted to authorize private lawsuits.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="w8NKx5">
It’s also not entirely clear that <em>Sandoval </em>cuts off private suits under the Voting Rights Act, even if it is applied retroactively. Recall that the inquiry under <em>Sandoval</em> hinges on whether a statute refers to the entity it seeks to regulate, rather than the “individuals protected” by that statute. But the Voting Rights Act uses both kinds of language.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KlPDz3">
While the relevant provision starts with the phrase “no voting qualification or prerequisite to voting or standard, practice, or procedure <em>shall be imposed or applied by any State</em>,” it goes on to forbid any voting practice “which results in a denial or abridgement of <em>the right of any citizen of the United States</em> to vote.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="C8aWnI">
<em>Sandoval</em>, moreover, also states that “the judicial task is to interpret the statute Congress has passed to determine whether it displays an intent to create not just a private right but also a private remedy,” and that “statutory intent on this latter point is determinative.” And there is overwhelming evidence that Congress intended to create a private right of action when it wrote the Voting Rights Act.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eOFMGa">
Again, Congress wrote the law against the backdrop of decisions like <em>Borak</em>, which emphasized that private parties should generally be allowed to sue to enforce their legal rights. Federal courts have understood the law to permit private suits at least as far back as the 1960s. And Congress has <a href="https://www.vox.com/21211880/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-voting-rights-act-election-2020">amended the VRA multiple times</a>, but it’s never questioned the longstanding assumption that the law permits private lawsuits.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JemvKK">
Federal civil rights law also includes a catch-all statute, known as “<a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/1983">Section 1983</a>,” which permits state officials to be sued if they deprive someone of “any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0FNC7N">
The Voting Rights Act law secures a right to be free from race discrimination in elections. That means that, even if the Voting Rights Act itself doesn’t authorize a private cause of action, Section 1983 permits lawsuits seeking to enforce the rights created by the Voting Rights Act. Indeed, the Supreme Court just reaffirmed in <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/21-806_2dp3.pdf"><em>Health and Hospital Corporation v. Talevski</em></a> (2023) that Section 1983 gives private individuals <a href="https://www.vox.com/scotus/2023/6/8/23754267/supreme-court-ketanji-brown-jackson-medicaid-health-hospital-talevski">broad authority to sue to enforce their statutory rights</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LtPPKm">
Stras’s approach, in other words, isn’t simply wrong, it is obviously wrong. And his <em>Arkansas </em>opinion will lead to disastrous results if it is not reversed. As the Supreme Court warned in <a href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/393/544.html"><em>Allen v. State Board of Elections</em></a><em> </em>(1969), the Voting Rights Act “could be severely hampered … if each citizen were required to depend solely on litigation instituted at the discretion of the Attorney General.” Among other things, “the Attorney General has a limited staff and often might be unable to uncover quickly” new state policies that target voters of color.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hFAkFB">
In fact, Stras’s approach would likely shut down the Voting Rights Act almost in its entirety whenever Republicans control the White House. During the entire Trump administration, the Justice Department’s voting section <a href="https://www.justice.gov/crt/voting-section-litigation">brought only one lawsuit</a> alleging discrimination under the Voting Rights Act — and that was a <a href="https://www.justice.gov/crt/case-document/file/1286481/download">fairly minor suit</a> alleging that the method of electing school board members in a South Dakota school district “dilutes the voting strength of American Indian citizens.”
</p>
<h3 id="ycsR5e">
Branch’s opinion is also a trainwreck
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="F6OmFF">
The one good thing that can be said about Judge Branch’s opinion in <em>Rose</em> is that, unlike Stras’s <em>Arkansas</em> opinion, it doesn’t attempt to destroy the Voting Rights Act almost in its entirety. But the <em>Rose</em> opinion is still wrong, and it betrays a hostility toward federal voting rights that raises serious questions about whether the three judges who decided the <em>Rose</em> case have any familiarity with American civil rights history.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cgsDPT">
As noted above, courts fairly frequently hear, and sometimes strike down, at-large voting systems because of their impact on voters of color. While such systems are not always illegal, they run afoul of the Voting Rights Act when, in the <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/52/10301">words of the statute</a>, an at-large system “results in a denial or abridgement of the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IYJTiS">
Branch’s opinion, however, would likely greenlight such systems whenever they are used on a statewide basis, rather than by a county, municipality, or other, smaller governmental body. Though Branch acknowledges many decisions where courts have struck down at-large systems used by city councils, school boards, and the like, she claims that Voting Rights Act lawsuits have “never been used to invalidate a statewide election system on vote dilution grounds.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="e33nxi">
That may well be true, but it is a meaningless distinction. The Voting Rights Act’s text applies equally to “any State” as well as any “political subdivision” of a state. So the statute applies with equal force both to statewide practices that violate the law and to similar practices by city councils or other smaller bodies. Branch’s opinion is entirely at odds with the law’s text.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kcLd3x">
To this, Branch replies that “general principles of federalism” require her to uphold the state of Georgia’s practice of electing all five members of its Public Service Commission on an at-large basis — “federalism” refers to the idea that states retain some degree of sovereignty that cannot be taken from them by a federal law.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="l1fT5L">
But the concept of states rights, as anyone who has even the most basic understanding of American civil rights history will understand, has no place whatsoever in a Voting Rights Act lawsuit. The entire purpose of the Voting Rights Act was to prevent Jim Crow states, including Georgia, from running their elections in ways that depart from the federal commitment to racial equality.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lpHAG1">
The Constitution, moreover, is quite clear that Congress — and not the state of Georgia — has the final say on how elections will be conducted in that state, at least when race discrimination is an issue. The 15th Amendment prohibits states from denying or abridging the right to vote “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude,” and it provides that “<a href="https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/15th-amendment">Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation</a>.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JcMd6Y">
To justify her decision, Branch relies heavily on the 11th Circuit’s decision in <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12037821307549567069&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr"><em>Nipper v. Smith</em></a> (1994), a Voting Rights Act case that challenged Florida’s practice of having all of the voters within a given judicial circuit elect the judges in that circuit — that is, on an at-large basis. The plaintiffs in <em>Nipper</em> argued that these judicial circuits should be chopped up into sub-districts, with each sub-district electing a subset of the circuit’s judges.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="znPaDa">
But <em>Nipper</em> rejected this solution in no small part because it would have undermined the Voting Rights Act’s goal of fostering racial equality. If Florida judges were elected by sub-districts, the court warned, that would mean that judges in majority-Black sub-districts would be chosen by Black voters, but judges in majority-white sub-districts would be chosen by white voters. This system, the court feared, would be “<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12037821307549567069&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr">detrimental to … fair and impartial justice</a>” because all of these judges would continue to have jurisdiction over the entire circuit — and thus judges elected solely by white voters would continue to hold authority over Black litigants.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ey0CvA">
<em>Nipper</em>, in other words, rejected a cure that was worse than the disease. It held that federal courts should not break up an at-large system of electing judges if the solution would lead to more judges being elected by insular white majorities who may very well be hostile to the interests of Black voters. That’s a far cry from Branch’s claim that vague appeals to “federalism” justify weakening a statute whose entire purpose is to strip states of some of their authority over election administration.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SBVAF7">
Moreover, while Branch’s opinion, on its face, is limited to Voting Rights Act challenges to statewide at-large systems, her freewheeling appeal to “federalism” has serious implications for all kinds of voting rights lawsuits by suggesting that states have some ill-defined right to resist voting rights legislation that school boards or city councils do not.
</p>
<h3 id="JosxJj">
So what should we make of these two decisions?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1Cde57">
If <em>Arkansas</em> and <em>Rose</em> had been handed down a year ago, they would have seemed like an effort by lower courts to move in the same direction the Supreme Court has been moving for several years.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IYG8hp">
Prior to <em>Milligan</em>, the Roberts Court’s record in Voting Rights Act cases was <a href="https://www.vox.com/22575435/voting-rights-supreme-court-john-roberts-shelby-county-constitution-brnovich-elena-kagan">almost unrelentingly hostile</a>. In <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4053797526279899410&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr"><em>Shelby County v. Holder</em></a> (2013), the Court’s Republican appointees simply made up a doctrine — “the principle that all States enjoy equal sovereignty” — that is never once mentioned in the Constitution in order to justify striking down a key provision of the Voting Rights Act. In <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-1257_g204.pdf"><em>Brnovich v. DNC</em></a> (2021), the Supreme Court similarly made up a bunch of limits on the Voting Rights Act that cannot be found anywhere in any legal text, such as a strong presumption that voting restrictions that were in place in 1982 are lawful.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HncjLV">
Faced with these precedents — decisions that, in Justice Elena Kagan’s words, “mostly inhabit[ ] a law-free zone” — Stras’s and Branch’s disregard for longstanding law might be understandable. After all, the Roberts Court frequently hands down Voting Rights Act decisions that do not even attempt to ground their holding in constitutional or statutory text.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BuQzMt">
But <em>Milligan</em> suggests that the Supreme Court may be moving away from this hostility. Unlike <em>Shelby County</em> and <em>Brnovich</em>, <em>Milligan</em> hewed closely to longstanding law. As the Court said in <em>Milligan </em>when it affirmed a lower court decision striking down Alabama’s gerrymandered maps, that decision “faithfully applied our precedents.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KndG4j">
At the very least, Stras’s and Branch’s opinions are likely to force the Supreme Court to resolve this tension between <em>Milligan</em> and its previous, less justifiable decisions undercutting the Voting Rights Act. Neither lower court judge’s decision is persuasive. But they are entirely consistent with the law-free zone the Supreme Court seemed to erect around the Voting Rights Act in cases like <em>Shelby County</em> and <em>Brnovich</em>.
</p></li>
<li><strong>I give 10 percent of my income to charity. You should, too.</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A small boy carries a packaged bednet. " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/4Z1wE87A2tCSkOcvlFd7-nSmlSg=/161x0:2640x1859/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72908442/585855378.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Antsokia Woreda, a boy in Mekoy, Ethiopia, carries bednet packaging. Insecticidal bednets are one of the most cost-effective ways to save a human life. | Louise Gubb/Corbis via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Regular giving, even in small amounts, can save lives.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vyLiEj">
It’s <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/21727010/giving-tuesday-explained-charity-nonprofits">Giving Tuesday</a>, and it’s time for me to do what I do on Vox every Giving Tuesday: <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/21728843/best-charities-donate-giving-tuesday">encourage people to give more money to effective charities</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DLctFv">
Over years of doing this, I’ve gotten a long and familiar list of objections. I decided this Giving Tuesday to try my best to answer them.
</p>
<h3 id="PivVrP">
What are you asking me to do?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="745TqK">
I am asking you to give 10 percent of your pretax income to a charity that saves lives. I personally give my 10 percent to <a href="https://www.givewell.org/top-charities-fund">GiveWell’s top charities fund</a>, which redistributes it to highly effective global health charities like the <a href="https://www.givewell.org/charities/malaria-consortium">Malaria Consortium</a> and <a href="https://www.givewell.org/charities/helen-keller-international">Helen Keller International</a>. <a href="https://www.givewell.org/sources/blog-post/giving-recommendations-2023#1">GiveWell estimates</a> that for every $5,000 gift, these charities will save one human life.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3HWMjO">
I think of GiveWell as like the charity version of an index fund: It’s a rigorous, impartial recommender that you can donate to without having to pick and choose individual causes. It’s also, disclosure, an advertiser on Vox podcasts, though I’ve been using it since long before that was true.
</p>
<h3 id="b5WuSe">
10 percent seems like a lot.
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NIKSYC">
It’s significant. For the average American household, which has an <a href="https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2023/demo/p60-279.html#:~:text=Highlights,and%20Table%20A%2D1).">income of roughly $75,000</a>, it’s a $7,500 commitment. That’s a real bite, but it’s also more than enough to save a life.
</p>
<h3 id="MmzR1y">
I don’t know if I can afford 10 percent …
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2Qzbo4">
That’s fair! Can you do 5 percent?
</p>
<h3 id="z0VAgh">
Maybe …
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WxeTCY">
I would go as low as 1 percent!
</p>
<h3 id="NPlUyg">
But then that’s only $750 a year, and that can’t save a life.
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0bteJ7">
Well, every five years you would. And if you want to do more good, we can always go back to 10 percent!
</p>
<h3 id="fgVVB1">
Okay, okay, 10 percent. Isn’t that <a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/msg/deuteronomy/passage/?q=deuteronomy+14:22-26">kind of religious</a>?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rFTWM1">
For sure: The practice of tithing in many world religions is a key inspiration here. The twist is that I’m suggesting tithing not to religious institutions but to highly effective charities (which could be religious or not — it’s not their beliefs that matter, but their effectiveness).
</p>
<h3 id="aJluyz">
So why these particular charities?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="I5Hu6k">
Because there’s a huge, huge difference between what the most and least effective charities can accomplish with donations. You might think that charities are like brands of dish soap…
</p>
<h3 id="opZBe9">
I’ve never once thought that.
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lwbNpH">
It’s an analogy, give me a second. The absolute best dish soap is probably, at most, a tiny bit better than the average brand, right? I mean it’s just soap. Even <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-dish-soap/">Wirecutter</a> says “you probably can’t go wrong with most name-brand dish detergents.”
</p>
<h3 id="2BtQP3">
Fair enough, soap is soap.
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eP4efa">
But really, charities are more like chef’s knives. The difference between the best and worst knife is <em>enormous</em> and affects the entire process of cooking, or so it has been explained to me by superior cooks. It’s the difference between an enjoyable time in the kitchen versus pure drudgery (and a heightened chance you inadvertently chop off your fingertip).
</p>
<h3 id="0GYx8o">
So what does this have to do with charity?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5DqBAl">
What it has to do with charity is that the vast majority of nonprofits have no evidence of positive impact <em>at all</em>, and even charities brave enough to agree to rigorous tests of their impact see widely variable effectiveness. In global development, <a href="https://80000hours.org/articles/effective-social-program/#estimates-within-international-development-and-meta-analyses-vs-rcts">something like 60 to 70 percent of interventions</a> tested show no results at all, which effectively means the money donated could have just been thrown down a hole.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EeQbd6">
And among those that <em>do</em> show results, the size of the impact varies drastically. The researcher Benjamin Todd has looked into these questions a lot, <a href="https://80000hours.org/2023/02/how-much-do-solutions-differ-in-effectiveness">examining nine different databases of program impact</a>, and found that in every context, from US social policy to global health to the UK’s National Health Service to estimates of climate policies, the results are “fat-tailed.” That’s statistics talk for the conclusion that the best interventions are much, much better than the average interventions.
</p>
<h3 id="7hKz4Z">
How much better are these super-interventions?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6yaZ6H">
It depends, but here are a couple of examples: The most cost-effective treatments examined by Britain’s National Health Service were 120 times more effective than the median treatment. A World Bank study found the most effective interventions in global health were 38 times more effective than the median ones.
</p>
<h3 id="jm2HTJ">
And why should I care about giving my money to the 38-times-more-effective place?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gV5TaK">
Because it lets you do a lot more good. Suppose you’re giving $7,500 a year. If you gave that to an average global health program, you’d be providing 30 more total years of healthy life to a few people, per the World Bank data.
</p>
<h3 id="yauHqM">
30 years of life! That’s pretty good, right?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2WcNZa">
It’s great. But If you put that money toward one of the 2.5 percent most cost-effective interventions, you’d save about 1,275 years of life.
</p>
<h3 id="FhyO3a">
Holy shit, I can provide a millennium of extra life?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CASdcP">
Quite possibly! These are necessarily rough numbers and you shouldn’t take them too literally. You might <em>merely</em> save hundreds of years of life. But the magnitudes here strongly suggest that you should be careful about choosing where to donate, because the difference between the best and the merely okay is huge.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hyz7ti">
There’s a reason the philosopher Toby Ord, who originated the “10 percent of income to effective charities” pledge idea, has argued that <a href="https://www.givingwhatwecan.org/en-US/research/the-moral-imperative-towards-cost-effectiveness">cost-effectiveness is a moral imperative</a>, on par with the moral imperative to give money at all.
</p>
<h3 id="ffbVnZ">
So I looked at the GiveWell list of top charities … why aren’t there any working in the US?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ghtWDY">
Good question. The short answer is the US is a rich country, which means everything tends to cost more than it does abroad — including the cost of helping people in need. The US still has <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/6/5/18650492/2019-poverty-2-dollar-a-day-edin-shaefer-meyer">extreme poverty</a>, in the global, living-on-$2-a-day standard, but it’s comparatively rare and hard to target effectively. The poorest Americans also have access to health care and education systems that, while obviously inferior compared to those enjoyed by rich Americans, are still superior to those of very poor countries.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TdKQKs">
To be blunt: People in the US simply are not dying for want of a <a href="https://www.givewell.org/charities/malaria-consortium">$1.50 anti-malaria pill</a>. (For one thing, the US <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/16/health/malaria-mosquito-control-scn/index.html">managed to essentially eradicate</a> malaria transmission from within its borders.) That means it is much, much more cost-effective to help people abroad.
</p>
<h3 id="LZxYnG">
How much more cost-effective?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JQxaxl">
Here’s one example. Years ago, GiveWell actually looked into a number of US charities, like the <a href="http://www.givewell.org/united-states/charities/nfp">Nurse-Family Partnership</a> program for infants, the <a href="http://www.givewell.org/united-states/charities/kipp">KIPP chain of charter schools</a>, and the <a href="http://www.givewell.org/united-states/charities/HOPE-Program">HOPE job-training program</a>. It found that all were highly effective but were also<strong> </strong>far more cost-intensive than the best foreign charities. KIPP and the Nurse-Family Partnership cost <a href="http://www.givewell.org/giving101/Your-dollar-goes-further-overseas">more than $9,000 per child served</a>, while a program like the Malaria Consortium’s prevention efforts costs <a href="https://www.givewell.org/giving101/Your-dollar-goes-further-overseas">around $4,500 per <em>life saved</em></a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="d1vrAc">
There’s been less work on evaluating US charities in recent years than would be ideal, and I’d love to hear about charities that can save lives here very cost-effectively. But right now, the evidence suggests to me that it’s much more expensive to save lives in the US than abroad.
</p>
<h3 id="5ov9hr">
But … I still want to help people closer to me.
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3fR5IV">
That’s a commendable impulse! I get it, really, and if the most I can convince you to do here is give 10 percent of your income to fight poverty in the US, then you should do that and I’ll take the win.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="udDOAr">
But I would also ask you to consider the idea that people in other, much poorer countries have equal moral weight to those who live in your country. Their lives matter just as much. And if you can help, say, 100 of them for the cost of helping one American, and you choose to do the latter, you’re making an implicit choice to value Americans much more than non-Americans. I think there might be valid reasons to make that choice — but it’s not one I want to make, so that’s not how I donate.
</p>
<h3 id="KEMmx2">
What about animals? This all sounds very human-centric. Animals count, too!
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="u6wkPE">
Indeed they do. I think the <a href="https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/btTeBHKGkmRyD5sFK/open-phil-should-allocate-most-neartermist-funding-to-animal">best critique</a> of GiveWell’s list — well, less a critique than an argument not to use it exclusively — is that you can do even more good, even more efficiently if you try to help animals, especially farm animals bred and raised in extreme suffering just so they can be slaughtered. There are billions of them, and very little is spent trying to help them. If you want to help them, <a href="https://animalcharityevaluators.org/">Animal Charity Evaluators</a> has some good suggestions of where to give. I’m partial to the <a href="https://animalcharityevaluators.org/charity-review/the-humane-league/">Humane League</a>, which pressures corporations to improve their treatment of farmed animals.
</p>
<h3 id="OEKGNL">
This all … sounds like effective altruism.
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6ZwYot">
It does because it is. Todd and Ord were among the founders of effective altruism, and generally the community and people in it have developed a lot of the ideas you see above, from the focus on cost-effectiveness to the “give 10 percent” idea to taking animals seriously.
</p>
<h3 id="2Dktaq">
Didn’t effective altruists do a bunch of crimes lately?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cJEs8B">
A bunch of EAs definitely did a bunch of crimes very recently. <a href="https://www.vox.com/the-gray-area/2023/10/17/23914617/sam-bankman-fried-michael-lewis-going-infinite-the-gray-area-crypto-ftx-caroline-ellison">Sam Bankman-Fried</a> and several of his colleagues at FTX and Alameda Research identified as EAs and stated that they were only becoming billionaires to donate the proceeds to effective charities. Of course, they turned out to be stealing lots of money in the process and Bankman-Fried has since been <a href="https://www.vox.com/23944399/sam-bankman-fried-sbf-ftx-trial-fraud-guilty">convicted</a> in federal court. (Disclosure: In 2022, Bankman-Fried’s philanthropic family foundation, Building a Stronger Future, awarded Vox’s <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect">Future Perfect</a> a <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/1/7/21020439/support-future-perfect">grant</a> for a 2023 reporting project. That project is now on pause.)
</p>
<h3 id="iyudaR">
So he did crimes because of these ideas?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9pEGkP">
I don’t think we know, but <a href="https://www.spencergreenberg.com/2023/11/who-is-sam-bankman-fried-sbf-really-and-how-could-he-have-done-what-he-did-three-theories-and-a-lot-of-evidence/">there are some theories</a>. One theory is that Bankman-Fried took the idea that you should make as much money as possible and donate it as efficiently as possible, and ran <em>waaaaaay </em>too far with it, to the point where committing outright fraud to make money to donate made sense to him, on the apparent grounds that the potential good that could be done with it was worth the risk to himself and many others. Other theories hold that he was just lying the whole time, never cared about doing the right thing, and used EA as a cover for his own greed. Either way, it reflects very badly on EA.
</p>
<h3 id="e4Nh2D">
So why are you asking me to take these effective altruist ideas seriously?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RecCIE">
Because they’re good ideas and they’re in danger of being totally discredited because of some effective altruists who didn’t even take the “donate a lot of your income to normal charities that save lives” part of the philosophy seriously. Look at SBF: He distributed a bunch of money to causes he valued, but they were explicitly <em>not</em> causes involving giving people lifesaving medication right now. They were <a href="https://donations.vipulnaik.com/donor.php?donor=FTX+Future+Fund">more speculative “longtermist” causes</a> — things like AI safety and preventing global catastrophic risks. Whatever you think of that behavior, it’s precisely <em>not</em> what I’m asking you to do right now.
</p>
<h3 id="jWG2Mp">
If they didn’t take these ideas seriously, why should I?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mRGjBh">
Because you have the opportunity to save lives, right now, and you should take it.
</p>
<h3 id="fZJ8Ir">
This whole thing where you think I’m, like, <em>obligated</em> to give this much is weird.
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dW8lR6">
I don’t think you’re “obligated.” I just think it’s a good thing to do and that you should consider it. If everyone did it, <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/9/15/23874111/charity-philanthropy-americans-global-rich">we could end global poverty</a> and then some. And I don’t even think it’s purely an <em>altruistic</em> good thing. I think it’ll be good for you as a person, too.
</p>
<h3 id="p79LD6">
Oh, really? I should <em>selfishly</em> give away 10 percent of my income?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3ZdpvN">
That’s honestly a big part of why I do it.
</p>
<h3 id="LOJcet">
Really? For yourself?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="u5QBmH">
Sure. Look, I think it’s important to do good for other people, in and of itself. That’s a major motivator, definitely.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nIVdcQ">
But … you ever wonder if your life has meaning? If it makes any kind of difference to the world? Personally, I want to live a life that means something, that leaves things ever so slightly better than I found them. I want to be pursuing goals that aren’t just material. I don’t want to mark the progression of my life solely through raises and promotions, or fall victim to the subtle pressures that push me to spend more and more of my money on gadgets and furniture that make me progressively less happy.
</p>
<h3 id="pnISxZ">
What on earth are you even talking about?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1lm5g1">
I’m talking about a problem that, for me, giving 10 percent of my income away helps solve. One, it helps establish a baseline meaning or impact from my work — if nothing else,I know that the money I make through my job contributes to saving people’s lives. That has to count for something. That’s a source of real meaning and pride.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Cg1ZcN">
Two, it provides a powerful counterforce to the treadmill that comes as you age and make more money, a treadmill that pushes you to spend lots of it to keep up with your peers or feel like you’re living better. There are definitely times when I feel like I’m not taking as nice a vacation as my friends are, or where I feel kinda cheap for having mostly Wayfair furniture while my friends have a nice, solid wood dining table. Sometimes I blame the donations for these feelings.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Jve9Ik">
But mostly I am thankful for them. The idea that, after you reach a certain level of baseline comfort, additional consumer spending is going to make you dramatically happier is a <a href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/danielgilbert/files/if-money-doesnt-make-you-happy.nov-12-20101.pdf">seductive lie</a>. And one of the few weapons I have against it is the knowledge that I face a very real choice between, say, getting one of those amazing lie-flat business-class airplane seats for my next vacation and saving a human being’s life. That lets me resist the former, and live a life that feels just a tiny bit more meaningful.
</p>
<h3 id="GUWNMa">
Okay, fine, I’m in. Where do I sign up?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MB10fh">
The group Giving What We Can runs a pledge, which I and thousands of others have signed, for people who commit to donating 10 percent of their income to highly effective charities. You can sign if you want. But the main thing to do is <a href="https://secure.givewell.org/">just give</a>.
</p></li>
<li><strong>The Israel-Hamas prisoner deal was extended. What comes next?</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A Red Cross vehicle driving at night." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/sRp0lC_Xk2yZQo1TUagY2DKaWtU=/347x0:5894x4160/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72907627/1802994110.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Staff members of the Red Cross transfer released hostages to the Rafah crossing in the southern Gaza Strip, on November 25, 2023. | Rizek Abdeljawad/Xinhua via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Monday’s extension is good news for anyone concerned about the humanitarian situation, but the bigger questions about the future of the war remain.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7DWHUX">
<a href="https://www.vox.com/israel">Israel</a> and <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/10/10/23911661/hamas-israel-war-gaza-palestine-explainer">Hamas</a> agreed Monday to extend a temporary ceasefire under which dozens of Israeli hostages and <a href="https://www.vox.com/palestine">Palestinian</a> prisoners have been released from captivity.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2MH4R5">
The deal will continue the initial four-day humanitarian pause in fighting through this coming <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-27/ty-article/.premium/israel-hamas-cease-fire-hostage-for-prisoner-deal-extended-for-two-more-days/0000018c-120c-d2ae-afcf-37de94510000?lts=1701125218961">Thursday morning</a>, with the potential for further extensions. The Qatar-mediated agreement is the longest break in hostilities since Hamas attacked Israel on October 7, killing over 1,200 people, and the Israel Defense Forces launched an air and ground assault that has devastated large parts of northern <a href="https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080046/gaza-palestine-israel">Gaza</a> and <a href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/11/23/deaths-in-gaza-surpass-14000-according-to-its-authorities">killed more than 13,000 Palestinians</a>, according to Gaza’s health ministry. The pause has allowed Palestinian civilians to safely access humanitarian goods like food, water, medical supplies, and other basic necessities amid the critical lack caused by the war.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="e9lwsq">
Monday’s extension, then, is good news for anyone concerned about the humanitarian conditions and plight of prisoners and hostages. But the bigger questions about <a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/22/23971216/israel-hamas-hostage-deal-cease-fire">the war’s path</a> and <a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/21/23971841/israel-hamas-biden-qatar-hostage-deal-explained">the future of Gaza</a> remain as unclear as they were when this pause began.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mymTKR">
<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/24/middleeast/who-are-the-hostages-released-on-friday-intl/index.html">One Israeli American citizen</a>, a 4-year-old girl held hostage by Hamas in Gaza since October 7, was released into Israel Sunday as part of the 50 Israeli <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/biden-hopes-extension-israel-hamas-truce-enters-final-day-2023-11-27/">hostages released since Friday</a>. In return, <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/27/israel-hamas-truce-in-gaza-extended-by-two-days-says-mediator-qatar">150 Palestinian prisoners previously in Israeli jails</a> — <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/24/world/middleeast/israel-west-bank-prisoners-release.html">minors and women</a> — have been released from detention back to their families. As <a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/22/23972908/palestinian-prisoners-israel-administrative-detention">Vox’s Abdallah Fayyad explained</a>, Israel holds “thousands of Palestinians, including hundreds of children … on murky legal grounds.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YWSUGA">
Hamas and Palestine Islamic Jihad are still holding well over 100 hostages in Gaza. Most are Israeli or dual citizens, but a number of other nationalities are included in that group, including laborers from countries like Thailand and the Philippines. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67477240">More than a dozen</a> of those foreigners were released over the weekend. Over the next two days, both sides will release more hostages and prisoners; while no announcements about the extension specified how many on either side, an Egyptian official indicated Monday that Hamas <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/biden-hopes-extension-israel-hamas-truce-enters-final-day-2023-11-27/">might release 20 hostages while Israel frees 60 prisoners</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0lxMKo">
At this pace of exchange, the ceasefire could continue for days, given the number of hostages still in Gaza. But there is no agreed-upon framework for a long-term deal, and Israeli Prime Minister <a href="https://www.vox.com/23910085/netanyahu-israel-right-hamas-gaza-war-history">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> has insisted that the war will go on after the current ceasefire concludes. While the prisoner exchange could strengthen Hamas’s political position, further complicating Israel’s goal to eradicate the group, Israel appears undeterred.
</p>
<h3 id="fgGrdv">
The exchange and ceasefire agreements are complex and tenuous
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vqHgYb">
For weeks, news outlets had been reporting about an impending ceasefire and prisoner exchange, but Qatari and US politicians began speaking openly about such a deal and their role in it only last week as an agreement finally appeared near. (Because Israel and Hamas don’t have direct diplomatic channels, Qatar and Egypt, which maintain communication channels with Hamas, were pivotal in securing the ceasefire and exchange.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZhLAMO">
According to the <a href="https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-israel-hamas-war-hostage-qatar-0126c6443a9b3b32fe97032b81eaa515">Associated Press</a>, discussions about a prisoner and hostage exchange emerged as soon as October 12, with the first proposal suggesting all women and children held in Gaza be released in exchange for freeing all Palestinian women held in Israeli prison. That proposal morphed into the current deal over weeks of negotiations <a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/22/23972238/israel-hamas-deal-qatar-broker">brokered primarily by Qatar</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HMjGZp">
Israel’s parliament, the Knesset, voted in favor of the deal last Wednesday, with only the ultranationalist, far-right religious party of National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir voting against the proposal, according to the <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/cabinet-approves-deal-for-return-of-50-hostages-in-exchange-for-multi-day-ceasefire/">Times of Israel</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2n0iNV">
Though there will still be about 150 hostages in Gaza after this extension, that doesn’t mean Hamas can use them to prolong the ceasefire indefinitely; it can only continue another five days following the first extension. Hamas has also only agreed to release civilians; although the militant group that controls Gaza has taken some Israeli soldiers hostage, guaranteeing their release will require further negotiations, Raphael Cohen, director of the Rand Corporation’s Strategy and Doctrine Program, Rand Project Air Force, told Vox. “When the Israelis want to get the soldiers back, that will presumably be on different terms. It’s one thing if you’re trading Israeli civilians for a handful of, primarily, women and minors,” some of whom <a href="https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-israel-prisoner-exchange-hostage-92545883b1fef86fb9b34549b7deca58">are alleged to have committed serious crimes</a>, Cohen said. For Hamas to release the soldiers, they may ask for “people who Israel believes have actually committed murder and who are more senior Hamas operatives — that’s a very different political calculus.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="J8MrFn">
Though the ceasefire and prisoner exchange has gone through with minimal interruption, there was an <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/11/26/world/israel-hamas-hostages-gaza-war/an-earlier-delay-underscores-the-fragility-of-the-agreement?smid=url-share">hours-long delay in Saturday’s exchange</a> when Hamas threatened to call off the deal, saying that Israel had not abided by its part of the agreement. However, the planned exchange went ahead, and as of Monday, all parties had agreed to a continuation of the pause.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fU2rHZ">
Qatar has become a major player in global diplomacy and has been an important part of the current negotiations, in part because it’s one of two nations that maintains a direct relationship with Hamas. “It wants to be influential, diplomatically, and it does understand that, obviously, it’s not a regional superpower that can dictate things,” Bessma Momani, a political science professor at the University of Waterloo, <a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/22/23972238/israel-hamas-deal-qatar-broker">told Vox’s Jen Kirby</a>. That puts Qatar into a challenging balancing act:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="g7dlMe">
Yet maintaining these delicate ties — and working those connections — is a very good way for Qatar to advance its interests, and its security. That approach comes with some risks, but, at least right now, they don’t outweigh the upsides for Qatar.
</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="9zQPJ6">
What happens next?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pU1Gat">
Hamas has, in the past, taken hostages as a negotiating tool to get Palestinian prisoners released from <a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/22/23972908/palestinian-prisoners-israel-administrative-detention">detention in Israel</a>, and it has historically been effective — often asymmetrically so, as in the case of Gilad Shalit, an Israeli soldier who, after being held by Hamas for five years, was traded in 2011 for more than 1,000 Palestinian detainees.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YsJsb6">
The present exchange, though nowhere near that scale, still notches a political win for Hamas.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ifgrtj">
“It shows that not only is Hamas defying this notion that they’re going to be destroyed,” Khaled Elgindy, director of the Middle East Institute’s program on Palestine and Palestinian-Israeli affairs, told Vox. “Israel is still talking about eradicating Hamas, but they’re forcing Israel to negotiate with them and to release Palestinian prisoners, even in relatively small numbers.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nQYkTy">
As <a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/22/23972908/palestinian-prisoners-israel-administrative-detention">Fayyad wrote</a>, Israeli jails hold thousands of Palestinian prisoners, many of whom are held under administrative detention — meaning indefinitely and without being charged, for reasons as minor as a social media post or nonviolent protest — in the name of <a href="https://www.vox.com/defense-and-security">national security</a>. Those who do get a trial are tried in military courts, where the conviction rate is around 99 percent:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="J7Z96U">
Israel maintains that it detains people because of legitimate security concerns, such as potential participation in violent attacks. But while there is a thin veneer of due process … ‘Evidence has shown that [administrative detention] is a pretext to persecute and deprive people of their fundamental rights and freedoms because they challenge the Israeli military occupation,’ said [Elizabeth Rghebi, the Middle East and North Africa advocacy director at Amnesty International USA.]
</p>
</blockquote>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XyW10g">
Many Palestinians “have had loved ones who have been arrested, detained, tortured, [or had other] experiences in Israeli prisons,” Elgindy said. “The fact that Hamas can deliver that in the midst of the most ferocious bombing campaigns we have ever seen in the Gaza Strip is pretty remarkable.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zEzRw6">
The ceasefire will also allow Hamas to rearm, to a degree, although substantial regrouping and rearmament would take longer than the brief period allowed under the ceasefire deal, Cohen said. Israel’s defense minister Yoav Gallant promised that the pause in hostilities would be just that, “then we will continue operating with full military power,”<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-truce-is-short-pause-says-israeli-defence-minister-2023-11-24/"> Reuters </a>reported Friday.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fexuLQ">
“I can’t see the truce lasting more than a week,” Miri Eisin, managing director of the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/26/idf-messaging-suggests-gaza-truce-unlikely-to-last-much-beyond-tuesday">told the Guardian</a>. “The IDF wants to dismantle Hamas’s terror capability and military capability, and the only way to do that is through a systematic and careful ground operation.” However, the <a href="https://www.axios.com/2023/11/27/hamas-israel-hostage-fighting-pause-extended-gaza">Biden administration</a> signaled Monday that it hoped for a prolonged pause to release as many hostages as possible.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rXaiEm">
What Hamas is betting could change the dynamics of the conflict is that the longer the pause, the “more international pressure there will be to make this truce permanent,” Cohen told Vox. “I think it affects more the political calculus <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/22/world/middleeast/truce-israel-dispute-hamas.html">rather than the military calculus</a>.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7BNGk3">
The pause comes amid growing <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/26/politics/chris-murphy-aid-to-israel-conditions-gaza-cnntv/index.html">congressional calls</a> for <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/22/opinion/bernie-sanders-israel-gaza.html">conditions on military aid to Israel</a>, a concept <a href="https://www.vox.com/joe-biden">President Joe Biden</a>’s national security adviser <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/nsa-jake-sullivan-says-white-house-reason-believe-one-us-hostage-will-rcna126698">Jake Sullivan</a> didn’t explicitly dismiss during an interview on Sunday’s <em>Meet the Press.</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qBBIHc">
Despite that, there is no appetite within Israel to negotiate for a permanent ceasefire right now, Cohen said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="n978FP">
“At the end of the day, none of the structural dynamics here have actually changed — Hamas has been rooted out of more than half of the Gaza Strip, optimistically. It’s still in control of the southern half; many of the Hamas senior leaders … are still at large, which means that stopping now functionally just means that you’ve bought yourself a couple of years of peace, and you’re going to be in the same place again just in a matter of a couple of years.”
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>BAN vs NZ first Test | Phillips takes 4 wickets after Mahmudul Hasan’s good start</strong> - Phillips’ haul helped the visitors gain an edge after Bangladesh won the toss and opted to bat first on a pitch ideal for batting.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>When Kohli’s wicket fell, stadium felt quiet like library: Pat Cummins</strong> - Workload management might be in vogue in world cricket for past few years but Cummins believes that words like “rest” and “rotation” are loosely thrown around</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SC sets aside stay imposed by Punjab and Haryana HC on WFI elections</strong> - A bench of justices Abhay S Oka and Pankaj Mithal said it failed to understand how the entire process of the election could have been set at naught by high court.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Morning Digest | Hopes pinned on rat miners to rescue workers trapped in Uttarkashi tunnel; Israel-Hamas truce in Gaza extended by two days, and more</strong> - Here is a select list of stories to start the day</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Honda brings in Marini to replace Marquez in MotoGP</strong> -</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sonia Gandhi appeals to Telangana voters to bring change in the State</strong> - In her emotional appeal, former Congress chief thanks the people for honouring her as ‘Sonia amma’, says she will always be dedicated to them</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IIT Madras sets up integrated centre for career guidance</strong> - Unified platform will assist students in placement, internship and career development activities</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tiger census under way in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mangaluru Police arrest two youths in ‘moral policing’ case</strong> - This is the 12th ‘moral policing’ incident reported in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts during 2023</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Vigilance stepped up in Mandya and Mysuru following police investigation on female foeticide racket</strong> - Drive to ascertain bonafides of medical practitioners and weed out quacks</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine spy chief’s wife poisoned, local media report</strong> - Gen Kyrylo Budanov’s wife, Marianna, is now in hospital, Ukraine’s news websites say quoting sources.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Crépol murder: French pledge to tackle ultra-right after teen killing sparks protests</strong> - The interior minister wants to ban small extremist groups after a boy’s stabbing triggered riots.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Niger coup leaders repeal law against migrant smuggling</strong> - The legislation allowed police to take action against smugglers taking migrants to Europe.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Samuel Paty: Six French teenagers on trial over teacher’s murder</strong> - The suspects are accused of inciting the murder and pointing out the teacher to the killer.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Slovenia Covid: Thousands to get lockdown fine refunds</strong> - One man fined €400 (£350) for eating a burek pasty outdoors in 2020 will get his money back.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Google Play keeps banning the same web browser due to vague DMCA notices</strong> - Downloader app suspended by DMCA notice that didn’t list any copyrighted works. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1986644">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>“Mystery” pneumonia in China is mix of common respiratory germs, WHO says</strong> - Reports caused alarm, but experts say it looks like a post-COVID germ comeback. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1986656">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>New “Stable Video Diffusion” AI model can animate any still image</strong> - Given GPU and patience, SVD can turn any image into a 2-second video clip. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1986424">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>DOS_deck offers free, all-timer DOS games in a browser, with controller support</strong> - Playing <em>Warcraft</em> in a browser, using a controller, somehow feels… okay? - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1986461">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Amazon’s $195 thin clients are repurposed Fire TV Cubes</strong> - Amazon Workspaces Thin Client is a Fire TV Cube with different software. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1986468">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Son: “Daddy, I fell in love and want to date this awesome girl.”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Son: “Daddy, I fell in love and want to date this awesome girl.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Father: “That’s great, son! Who is she?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Son: “It’s Sandra, the neighbor’s daughter.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Father: “Ohhh, I wish you hadn’t said that. I have to tell you something, son, but you must promise not to tell your mother. Sandra is actually your sister.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The boy is naturally bummed out, but a couple of months later:
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Son: “Daddy, I fell in love again and she is even hotter!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Father: “That’s great, son! Who is she?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Son: “It’s Angela, the other neighbor’s daughter.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Father: “Ohhh, I wish you hadn’t said that. Angela is also your sister.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
This went on a few more times, and finally the son was so mad, he went straight to his mother crying.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Son: “Mom, I am so mad at dad! I fell in love with six girls and I can’t date any of them because dad is their father!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The mother hugs him affectionately and says, “You can date whoever you want. He isn’t your father!”
</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Dry_Career_2304"> /u/Dry_Career_2304 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/185pw5h/son_daddy_i_fell_in_love_and_want_to_date_this/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/185pw5h/son_daddy_i_fell_in_love_and_want_to_date_this/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Two older women were outside their nursing home, having a smoke, when it started to rain. One of the ladies pulled out a condom, cut off the end, put it over her cigarette, and continued smoking.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
. First Lady:Whats that? Second Lady: A condom. This way my cigarette doesnt get wet. First Lady: Where did you get it? Second Lady : You can get them at any drugstore. The next day, Lady 1 hobbles herself into the local drugstore and announces to the pharmacist that she wants a box of condoms. The guy, obviously embarrassed, looks at her strangely (she is, after all, over 80 years old), but very delicately asks what brand she prefers. Doesn’t matter son, as long as it fits a Camel.
</p>
</div>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/YZXFILE"> /u/YZXFILE </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/185d742/two_older_women_were_outside_their_nursing_home/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/185d742/two_older_women_were_outside_their_nursing_home/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>If you HAD to get rid of one race, which one would you get axe?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Personally for me it would be the 200m. It lacks the raw sprinting ability needed for the 100m, and the stamina needed for the 400m.
</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Indica_Joe"> /u/Indica_Joe </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/185n3r0/if_you_had_to_get_rid_of_one_race_which_one_would/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/185n3r0/if_you_had_to_get_rid_of_one_race_which_one_would/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>You don’t wanna mess with me</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A guy walks into a fancy club and right past the bouncer. When the bouncer tries to stop him, the guy says “let me through, I’m fucking rich.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The bouncer, eager for a tip, lets him through. The guy proceeds right to the VIP section, past the ropes, and sits down at the best table.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The bouncer tries to stop him again, but the guy says “I can sit wherever I want, I’m fucking rich.” Again, the bouncer decides to let the guy sit down, still hoping for a big tip.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The guy then walks behind the bar, grabs the most expensive top-shelf bottle, and takes it back to his table. The bouncer, realizing that the owner will fire him for letting a guest grab such an expensive bottle, stops the guy a third time and says “I don’t care how wealthy you are, you can’t have that bottle.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
All the sudden a huge man, dwarfing the bouncer, taps him on the shoulder and tells the bouncer to let the guy keep the bottle.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Indignant at the bold statement, the bouncer replies “and who the hell are you?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Rich.”
</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/yvrtrip"> /u/yvrtrip </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/185nuh1/you_dont_wanna_mess_with_me/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/185nuh1/you_dont_wanna_mess_with_me/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Village Idiot</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
One of the best marksmen in the FBI was passing through a small town. Everywhere he saw evidences of the most amazing shooting. On trees, on walls, and on fences there were numerous bull’s-eyes with the bullet hole in dead center. The FBI man asked one of the townsmen if he could meet the person responsible for this wonderful marksmanship. The man turned out to be the village idiot. “This is the best marksmanship I have ever seen,” said the FBI man. “How in the world do you do it?” “Nothing to it,” said the idiot. “I shoot first and draw the circles afterward.”
</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/kickypie"> /u/kickypie </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/185s3pr/village_idiot/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/185s3pr/village_idiot/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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