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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Correlated substitutions reveal SARS-like coronaviruses recombine frequently with a diverse set of structured gene pools</strong> -
<div>
Quantifying SARS-like coronavirus (SL-CoV) evolution is critical to understanding the origins of SARS-CoV-2 and the molecular processes that could underlie future epidemic viruses. While genomic evidence implicates recombination as a factor in the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, few studies have quantified recombination rates among SL-CoVs. Here, we infer recombination rates of SL-CoVs from correlated substitutions in sequencing data using a coalescent model with recombination. Our computationally-efficient, non-phylogenetic method infers recombination parameters of both sampled sequences and the unsampled gene pools with which they recombine. We apply this approach to infer recombination parameters for a range of positive-sense RNA viruses. We then analyze a set of 191 SL-CoV sequences (including SARS-CoV-2) and find that ORF1ab and S genes frequently undergo recombination. We identify which SL-CoV sequence clusters have recombined with shared gene pools, and show that these pools have distinct structures and high recombination rates, with multiple recombination events occurring per synonymous substitution. We find that individual genes have recombined with different viral reservoirs. By decoupling contributions from mutation and recombination, we recover the phylogeny of non-recombined portions for many of these SL-CoVs, including the position of SARS-CoV-2 in this clonal phylogeny. Lastly, by analyzing 444,145 SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequences, we show current diversity levels are insufficient to infer the within-population recombination rate of the virus since the pandemic began. Our work offers new methods for inferring recombination rates in RNA viruses with implications for understanding recombination in SARS-CoV-2 evolution and the structure of clonal relationships and gene pools shaping its origins.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505425v1" target="_blank">Correlated substitutions reveal SARS-like coronaviruses recombine frequently with a diverse set of structured gene pools</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75 variant may be much more infective than preexisting variants</strong> -
<div>
ABSTRACT Objectives: In our previous research, we have reported mathematical model with molecular simulation analysis to predict the infectivity of seven SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this report, we aimed to predict the relative risk of the recent new variants of SARS-CoV-2 based on our previous research. Methods: We subjected Omicron BA.4/5 or BA.2.75 variant of SARS-CoV-2 to the analysis for the evolutionary distance of the spike protein gene (S gene) to appreciate the changes of the spike protein. We performed the molecular docking simulation analyses of the spike protein with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to understand the docking affinity in these variants. We then compared the evolutionary distance and the docking affinity of these variants with that of the seven variants which were analyzed in our previous research. Results: The evolutionary distance of the S gene in BA.4/5 or BA.2.75 from the Wuhan variant were longer than the other variants. The highest docking affinity of the spike protein with ACE2 (ratio per Wuhan variant) was observed in BA.2.75. Conclusion: It is important to note that BA.2.75 has both the highest docking affinity and the longest evolutionary distance of the S gene. These results suggest that the infection of BA.2.75 can be spread further than preexisting variants.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505217v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75 variant may be much more infective than preexisting variants</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Enhancer deregulation in TET2 Mutant Clonal Hematopoiesis is associated with increased COVID-19 related inflammation severity and mortality</strong> -
<div>
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, albeit with considerable heterogeneity among affected individuals. It remains unclear which factors determine severity of illness and long-term outcomes. Emerging evidence points towards an important role of preexisting host factors, such as a deregulated inflammatory response at the time of infection. Here, we demonstrate the negative impact of clonal hematopoiesis, a prevalent clonal disorder of ageing individuals, on COVID-19-related cytokine release severity and mortality. We show that mutations in the gene coding for the methylcytosine dioxygenase TET2 promotes amplification of classical and intermediate monocyte subsets. Using single cell multiomic sequencing approaches, we identify cell-specific gene expression changes associated with the loss of TET2 and significant epigenomic deregulation affecting enhancer accessibility of a subset of transcription factors involved in monocyte differentiation. We further identify EGR1 down-regulation secondary to TET2-mediated hypermethylation, resulting in overexpression of MALAT1, a lncRNA that plays a role in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation and monocyte lineage commitment. Together, these data provide a mechanistic insight to the poor prognostic value of clonal hematopoiesis in patients infected with Sars-COV2.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.505316v1" target="_blank">Enhancer deregulation in TET2 Mutant Clonal Hematopoiesis is associated with increased COVID-19 related inflammation severity and mortality</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Predicting the efficacy of variant-modified COVID-19 vaccine boosters</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
As a result of the emergence and circulation of antigenically distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants, a number of variant-modified COVID-19 vaccines have been developed. Here we perform a meta-analysis of the available data on neutralisation titres from clinical studies comparing booster vaccination with either the current ancestral-based vaccines or variant-modified vaccines. We then use this to predict the relative efficacies of these booster vaccines under different scenarios.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.22279237v1" target="_blank">Predicting the efficacy of variant-modified COVID-19 vaccine boosters</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Evaluation of Secondary Chemistry due to Disinfection of Indoor Air with Germicidal Ultraviolet Lamps</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The disinfection of air using Germicidal Ultraviolet light (GUV) is a long-standing technique, which has received intense attention during the COVID-19 pandemic. GUV generally uses UVC lamps as its light source, which are known to initiate photochemistry in air. However, the impact of GUV on indoor air quality and chemistry has not been investigated in detail, to our knowledge. In this study, we model the chemistry initiated by GUV at 254 or 222 nm (“GUV254” or “GUV222”) in a typical room with typical indoor pollutant levels, and for different ventilation levels. GUV254 is irritating for skin and eyes, has an occupational exposure limit, and thus these fixtures typically irradiate a smaller volume near the ceiling, or inside ventilation ducts. In contrast, GUV222 is described by some as harmless to skin or eyes due to rapid absorption in a very thin external layer. Our analysis showed that GUV254 is able to significantly photolyze O3, generating OH radicals, which initiates the oxidation of all indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs). While secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can be formed as a product of VOC oxidation, most of SOA in our case studies is produced through GUV-independent terpene ozonolysis. GUV254-induced SOA formation is of the order of 0.1-1 μg m-3. GUV222 with the same effective virus removal rate makes a smaller impact on indoor air quality, mainly because of the significantly lower UV irradiance needed and substantially less efficient O3 photolysis (for primary OH generation) than at 254 nm.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.22279238v1" target="_blank">Evaluation of Secondary Chemistry due to Disinfection of Indoor Air with Germicidal Ultraviolet Lamps</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>International Multicenter Study Comparing Cancer to Non-Cancer Patients with COVID-19: Impact of Risk Factors and Treatment Modalities on Survivorship</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: In this international multicenter study we aimed to determine the independent risk factors associated with increased 30-day mortality and the impact of novel treatment modalities in a large group of cancer and non-cancer patients with COVID-19 from multiple countries. Methods: We retrospectively collected de-identified data on a cohort of cancer and non-cancer patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between January and November 2020, from 16 international centers. Results: We analyzed 3966 COVID-19 confirmed patients, 1115 cancer and 2851 non-cancer patients. Cancer patients were more likely to be pancytopenic, and have a smoking history, pulmonary disorders, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and corticosteroid use in the preceding two weeks (p≤0.01). In addition, they were more likely to present with higher inflammatory biomarkers (D-dimer, ferritin and procalcitonin), but were less likely to present with clinical symptoms (p≤0.01). By multivariable logistic regression analysis, cancer was an independent risk factor for 30-day mortality (OR 1.46; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.07; p=0.035). Older age (≥65 years) was the strongest predictor of 30-day mortality in all patients (OR 4.55; 95% CI 3.34 to6.20; p&lt; 0.0001). Remdesivir was the only therapeutic agent independently associated with decreased 30-day mortality (OR 0.58; CI 0.39-0.88; p=0.009). Among patients on low-flow oxygen at admission, patients who received remdesivir had a lower 30-day mortality rate than those who did not (5.9% vs 17.6%; p=0.03). Conclusions: Cancer is an independent risk factor for increased 30-day all-cause mortality from COVID-19. Remdesivir, particularly in patients receiving low-flow oxygen, can reduce 30-day all-cause mortality.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.22279181v1" target="_blank">International Multicenter Study Comparing Cancer to Non-Cancer Patients with COVID-19: Impact of Risk Factors and Treatment Modalities on Survivorship</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Mortality Improvements in Adult Patients Hospitalised with Community Acquired COVID-19 in Wales From March 2020 to Decemeber 2021</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background A COVID-19 hospital guideline was implemented across all acute hospitals in Wales in March 2020, and data was collected across the first 3 Waves of the pandemic. We aimed to observe trends in mortality with a focus on ward-based outcomes. Methods Retrospective case-note review of data for adults admitted to hospital with community acquired COVID-19 between March 2020 and December 2021 Results 5887 cases were analysed. Overall mortality from COVID-19 fell from 31.5% in Wave 1 to 22.6% in Wave 2 to 18.8% in Wave 3 (p&lt;0.01). Ward mortality for patients on oxygen fell from 34.6% in Wave 1 to 19.5% in Wave 2 (p&lt;0.01) to 14.3% in Wave 3 (p=0.03). For those managed with CPAP/HFNO on wards, the mortality reduced from 58.9% in Wave 1 to 45.6% in Wave 2 (p=0.05) and further to 42.6% in Wave 3 (p=0.03). The mortality for patients managed with CPAP/HFNO on ICU reduced from 43.8% in Wave 1 to 24.7% in Wave 2 (p=0.12) and further to 20.4% in Wave 3 (p=0.03). Patients receiving CPAP/HFNO on the wards were on average 11 years older and more co-morbid than those on ICU. In Wave 3, 77% of hospital admissions with COVID-19 were unvaccinated with mortality rates of 20.5% compared to 4.8% mortality in those who had received three vaccines (p&lt;0.01). Conclusions There were successive reductions in mortality in inpatients over the 3 Waves reflecting new treatments and better management of complications. The impact of vaccines on outcomes of hospitalised patients was notable in Wave 3.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.22279219v1" target="_blank">Mortality Improvements in Adult Patients Hospitalised with Community Acquired COVID-19 in Wales From March 2020 to Decemeber 2021</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Homologous and heterologous boosting with CoronaVac and BNT162b2: a randomized trial (the Cobovax study)</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: There are few trials comparing homologous and heterologous third doses of COVID-19 vaccination with inactivated vaccines and mRNA vaccines. Methods: We conducted an open-label randomized trial in adults &gt;=18 years of age who received two doses of inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac) or mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2) &gt;=6 months earlier, randomised in 1:1 ratio to receive a third dose of either vaccine. We compared the reactogenicity, immunogenicity and cell-mediated immune responses, and assessed vaccine efficacy against infections during follow-up. Results: We enrolled 219 adults who previously received two doses of CoronaVac and randomised to CoronaVac (“CC-C”, n=101) or BNT162b2 (“CC-B”, n=118) third dose; and 232 adults who previously received BNT162b2 and randomised to CoronaVac (“BB-C”, n=118) or BNT162b2 (“BB-B”, n=114). There were more frequent reports of mild reactions in recipients of third-dose BNT162b2, which generally subsided within 7 days. Third doses significantly increased neutralising PRNT50 antibody titers against ancestral virus and Omicron BA.1 variant in all four study arms, and against Omicron BA.2 in all arms except CC-C, with statistically significant improvements for recipients of a third dose of BNT162b2 over CoronaVac irrespective of prior vaccine type. Boosting of CD4+ T cells only occurred in CoronaVac-primed arms, but we did not identify overall differences between vaccine groups in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. When Omicron BA.2 was circulating, we identified 58 infections with cumulative incidence of 15.3% and 15.4% in the CC-C and CC-B (p=0.93), and 16.7% and 14.0% in the BB-C and BB-B arms, respectively (p=0.56). Conclusions: Similar levels of incidence of infection in each arm suggest all third dose combinations may provide similar degrees of protection against prevalent Omicron BA.2 infection, despite very weak antibody responses to BA.2 in the recipients of a CoronaVac third dose. Further research is warranted to identify appropriate correlates of protection for inactivated COVID-19 vaccines.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.22279158v1" target="_blank">Homologous and heterologous boosting with CoronaVac and BNT162b2: a randomized trial (the Cobovax study)</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Use of whole genome sequencing to estimate the contribution of immune evasion and waning immunity to decreasing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness during alpha and delta variant waves</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: The decline in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine effectiveness (VE) is well established, however the impact of variant-specific immune evasion and waning protection remains unclear. Here, we use whole-genome-sequencing (WGS) to tease apart the contribution of these factors on the decline observed following the introduction of the Delta variant. Further, we evaluate the utility of calendar-period-based variant classification as an alternative to WGS. Methods: We conducted a test-negative-case-control study among people who received SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing in the Yale New Haven Health System between April 1 and August 24, 2021. Variant classification was performed using WGS and secondarily by calendar-period. We estimated VE as one minus the ratio comparing the odds of infection among vaccinated and unvaccinated people. Results: Overall, 2,029 cases (RT-PCR positive, sequenced samples) and 343,985 controls (negative RT-PCRs) were included. VE 14-89 days after 2nd dose was significantly higher against WGS-classified Alpha infection (84.4%, 95% confidence interval: 75.6-90.0%) than Delta infection (68.9%, CI: 58.0-77.1%, p-value: 0.013). The odds of WGS-classified Delta infection were significantly higher 90-149 than 14-89 days after 2nd dose (Odds ratio: 1.6, CI: 1.2-2.3). While estimates of VE against calendar-period-classified infections approximated estimates against WGS-classified infections, calendar-period-based classification was subject to outcome misclassification (35% during Alpha period, 4% during Delta period). Conclusions: These findings suggest that both waning protection and variant-specific immune evasion contributed to the lower effectiveness. While estimates of VE against calendar-period-classified infections mirrored that against WGS-classified infections, our analysis highlights the need for WGS when variants are co-circulating and misclassification is likely.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.25.22278443v1" target="_blank">Use of whole genome sequencing to estimate the contribution of immune evasion and waning immunity to decreasing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness during alpha and delta variant waves</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Susceptibility and infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2 in children versus adults, by variant (wild-type, Alpha, Delta): a systematic review and meta-analysis of household contact studies</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Importance: Understanding the susceptibility and infectiousness of children and adolescents in comparison to adults is important to appreciate their role in the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To determine SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and infectiousness of children and adolescents with adults as comparator for three variants (wild-type, Alpha, Delta) in the household setting. We aimed to identify the effects independent of vaccination. Data Sources: We searched EMBASE, PubMed and medRxiv up to January 2022. Additional studies were identified through contacting subject experts. Study Selection: Two reviewers independently identified studies providing secondary attack rates (SAR) for SARS-CoV-2 infection in children (0-9 years), adolescents (10-19 years) or both compared with adults (20 years and older) derived from household data. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Two reviewers independently performed data extraction. We assessed risk of bias of included studies using a critical appraisal checklist and a random-effects meta-analysis model to pool association estimates. Main Outcomes and Measures: Odds ratio (OR) for SARS-CoV-2 infection comparing children and adolescents with adults stratified by wild-type, Alpha, and Delta variant, respectively. Susceptibility was defined as the secondary attack rate (SAR) among susceptible household contacts irrespective of the age of the index case. Infectiousness was defined as the SAR irrespective of the age of household contacts when children/adolescents/adults were the index case. Results: Twenty-eight studies (308,857 contacts) were included in the susceptibility analysis, for Delta only one (large) study was available. Compared to adults children and adolescents were less susceptible to the wild-type and Delta variant, but equally susceptible to the Alpha variant. In the infectiousness analysis, 21 studies (201,199 index cases) were included. Compared to adults, children and adolescents were less infectious when infected with the wild-type and Delta variant. Alpha variant-related infectiousness remained unclear, 0-9 year old children were at least as infectious as adults. SAR among household contacts was highest during circulation of the Alpha variant, lowest during wild-type circulation and intermediate during Delta circulation. Conclusions and Relevance: When considering the potential role of children and adolescents, for each variant susceptibility, infectiousness, age group and overall transmissibility need to be assessed to guide public health policy.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.22279248v1" target="_blank">Susceptibility and infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2 in children versus adults, by variant (wild-type, Alpha, Delta): a systematic review and meta-analysis of household contact studies</a>
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<li><strong>Two mathematical models for the waning of anti-RBD IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers after a two-dose BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objective. Serum antibody levels have been linked to immune protection in SARS-CoV-2 infection. After exposure to the virus and/or vaccination there is an increase in serum antibody titers followed by progressive non-linear waning of antibody levels. Our aim was to find out if this waning of antibody titers would adjust to a mathematical model. Methods. We studied serum anti-RBD (receptor binding domain) IgG antibody titers over a ten month period in a cohort of 54 health-care workers who were either never infected with SARS-CoV-2 (naive, nHCWs group, n = 27) or previously infected (experienced, eHCWs group, n = 27) with the virus after the second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. We have selected a risk threshold of 1000 UA/ml anti-RBD Ab titer for symptomatic infection based on the upper titer threshold for those volunteers who suffered infection prior to the omicron outbreak. Two mathematical models, exponential and potential, were used to quantify antibody waning kinetics and the relative quality of the goodness of fit to the data between both models was compared using the Akaike Information Criterion. Results. We found that the waning of anti-RBD IgG antibody levels adjusted significantly to both exponential and potential models in all participants from both the naive and experienced groups. Moreover, the waning slopes were significantly more pronounced for the naive when compared to the experienced health-care workers. In the nHCWs group, titers would descend below this 1000-units threshold at a median of 210.6 days (IQ range: 74,2). However, for the eHCWs group, the risk threshold would be reached at 440.0 days (IQ range: 135,2) post-vaccination. Conclusions. The goodness of the fit of the anti-RBD IgG antibody waning would allow us to predict when the antibody titers would fall below an established threshold in both naive and previously infected subjects.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.22278583v1" target="_blank">Two mathematical models for the waning of anti-RBD IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers after a two-dose BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination.</a>
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<li><strong>1,000 ancient genomes uncover 10,000 years of natural selection in Europe</strong> -
<div>
Ancient DNA has revolutionized our understanding of human population history. However, its potential to examine how rapid cultural evolution to new lifestyles may have driven biological adaptation has not been met, largely due to limited sample sizes. We assembled genome-wide data from 1,291 individuals from Europe over 10,000 years, providing a dataset that is large enough to resolve the timing of selection into the Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Historical periods. We identified 25 genetic loci with rapid changes in frequency during these periods, a majority of which were previously undetected. Signals specific to the Neolithic transition are associated with body weight, diet, and lipid metabolism-related phenotypes. They also include immune phenotypes, most notably a locus that confers immunity to Salmonella infection at a time when ancient Salmonella genomes have been shown to adapt to human hosts, thus providing a possible example of human-pathogen co-evolution. In the Bronze Age, selection signals are enriched near genes involved in pigmentation and immune-related traits, including at a key human protein interactor of SARS-CoV-2. Only in the Historical period do the selection candidates we detect largely mirror previously-reported signals, highlighting how the statistical power of previous studies was limited to the last few millennia. The Historical period also has multiple signals associated with vitamin D binding, providing evidence that lactase persistence may have been part of an oligogenic adaptation for efficient calcium uptake and challenging the theory that its adaptive value lies only in facilitating caloric supplementation during times of scarcity. Finally, we detect selection on complex traits in all three periods, including selection favoring variants that reduce body weight in the Neolithic. In the Historical period, we detect selection favoring variants that increase risk for cardiovascular disease plausibly reflecting selection for a more active inflammatory response that would have been adaptive in the face of increased infectious disease exposure. Our results provide an evolutionary rationale for the high prevalence of these deadly diseases in modern societies today and highlight the unique power of ancient DNA in elucidating biological change that accompanied the profound cultural transformations of recent human history.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505188v1" target="_blank">1,000 ancient genomes uncover 10,000 years of natural selection in Europe</a>
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<li><strong>Applications of GIS and Geospatial analyses in COVID-19 research: A systematic review</strong> -
<div>
Geographic Information Science (GIS) had established itself as a distinct domain and incredibly useful whenever the research is related to geography, space, and other spatio-temporal dimensions. However, the scientific landscape on the integration of GIS in the COVID related studies is largely unknown. In this systematic review, we assessed the current evidence on the implementation of GIS and other geospatial tools and technologies in COVID-19 pandemic. We systematically retrieved and reviewed 79 research articles that either directly used GIS or other Geospatial tools as part of their analysis. We grouped the identified papers under six broader thematic groups based on the objectives and research questions of the study- environmental, socio-economic, and cultural, public health, spatial transmission, computer-aided modeling, and data mining. The interdisciplinary nature of how geographic and spatial analysis was used in COVID-19 research was noticeable among the reviewed papers. Although GIS has substantial potential in planning to slow down the spread, surveillance, contact tracing, and identify the trends and hotspots of breakdowns, it was not employed as much as it could have been. This review not only provided an overarching view on how GIS has been used in COVID-19 research so far but also concluded that this geospatial analysis and technologies could be used in future public health emergencies along with statistical and other socio-economic modeling techniques. Our systematic review also provides how both scientific communities and policymakers could leverage GIS to extract useful information to make an informed decision in the coming days.
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/zqmwa/" target="_blank">Applications of GIS and Geospatial analyses in COVID-19 research: A systematic review</a>
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<li><strong>Social capital and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
<div>
COVID-19 pandemic is affecting mental health and wellbeing across populations. The continued burden of psychosocial stressors in different contexts necessitates multipronged interventions that address mental health problems and associated disparities. Global evidence suggests that social capital plays a critical role in determining mental health outcomes in communities, which can be leveraged for improving mental health in COVID-19. As communities with better social capital is likely to have a lower burden of mental disorders, it is necessary to assess potential measures to use social capital for mental health promotion in vulnerable populations. The existing forms of social capital may provide social support within and between communities that are critically affected by COVID-19. Alongside faster recovery from socioeconomic challenges, social capital interventions may strengthen the social determinants of mental health and empower communities to alleviate the psychosocial consequences of this pandemic.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/zrkgh/" target="_blank">Social capital and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
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<li><strong>COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy, misinformation and conspiracy theories on social media: A content analysis of Twitter data</strong> -
<div>
Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a significant burden of mortality and morbidity. A vaccine will be the most effective global preventive strategy to end the pandemic. Studies have maintained that exposure to negative sentiments related to vaccination on social media increase vaccine hesitancy and refusal. Despite the influence social media has on vaccination behavior, there is a lack of studies exploring the public’s exposure to misinformation, conspiracy theories, and concerns on Twitter regarding a potential COVID-19 vaccination. Objective: The study aims to identify the major thematic areas about a potential COVID-19 vaccination based on the contents of Twitter data. Method: We retrieved 1,286,659 publicly available tweets posted within the timeline of July 19, 2020, to August 19, 2020, leveraging the Twint package. Following the extraction, we used Latent Dirichlet Allocation for topic modelling and identified 20 topics discussed in the tweets. We selected 4,868 tweets with the highest probability of belonging in the specific cluster and manually labeled as positive, negative, neutral, or irrelevant. The negative tweets were further assigned to a theme and subtheme based on the content Result: The negative tweets were further categorized into 7 major themes: “safety and effectiveness,” “misinformation,” “conspiracy theories,” “mistrust of scientists and governments,” “lack of intent to get a COVID-19 vaccine,” “freedom of choice,” and "religious beliefs. Negative tweets predominantly consisted of misleading statements (n=424) that immunization against coronavirus is unnecessary as the survival rate is high. The second most prevalent theme to emerge was tweets constituting safety and effectiveness related concerns (n=276) regarding the side effects of a potential vaccine developed at an unprecedented speed. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a need to formulate a large-scale vaccine communication plan that will address the safety concerns and debunk the misinformation and conspiracy theories spreading across social media platforms, increasing the public’s acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccination.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/vc9jb/" target="_blank">COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy, misinformation and conspiracy theories on social media: A content analysis of Twitter data</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of SIM0417 Orally Co-Administered With Ritonavir in Symptomatic Adult Participants With Mild to Moderate COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: SIM0417;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Self-management of Post COVID-19 Syndrome Using Wearable Biometric Technology</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Self-management of post COVID-19 respiratory outcomes<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Manitoba<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Clinical Study to Compare Efficacy and Safety of Casirivimab and Imdevimab Combination, Remdesivir and Favipravir in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Casirivimab and Imdevimab Drug Combination;   Drug: Remdesivir;   Drug: Favipiravir<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Mansoura University Hospital<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Role of BCG Vaccine in the Clinical Evolution of COVID-19 and in the Efficacy of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Oswaldo Cruz Foundation;   University of Sao Paulo;   Federal University of Juiz de Fora<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Performance Evaluation of LumiraDx COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Ag ULTRA Test (ASPIRE-2)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Diagnostic Test: Nasal Swab;   Diagnostic Test: Nasopharyngeal swab<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   LumiraDx UK Limited<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Social Network Diffusion of COVID-19 Prevention for Diverse Criminal Legal Involved Communities</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Education;   Other: Motivational<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Chicago<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 2a Trial to Evaluate Safety and Immunogenicity of COVID-19 Vaccine Strategies in HIV-infected/Uninfected Adults.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Ad26.COV2.S (VAC31518, JNJ-78436735) Vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 rS (CovovaxTM), BNT162b2 (Pfizer)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   The Aurum Institute NPC;   Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Allogeneic Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Patients With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Allogeneic umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells;   Biological: Controlled normal saline<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Ever Supreme Bio Technology Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effects of a Sublingual Sprayable Microemulsion of Vitamin D on Inflammatory Markers in COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Vitamin D Deficiency<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D 25 (OH) 12000 IU in the form of a sublingual sprayable microemulsion<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>UNAIR Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine Phase 3</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19 Pandemic;   COVID-19 Vaccines<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Vaksin Merah Putih - UA SARS-CoV-2 (Vero Cell Inactivated) 5 µg;   Biological: CoronaVac Biofarma COVID-19 Vaccine<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Dr. Soetomo General Hospital;   Indonesia-MoH;   Universitas Airlangga;   Biotis Pharmaceuticals, Indonesia<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hydrogen-Oxygen Generator With Nebulizer for Rehabilitation Treatment of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   AMS-H-03;   Hydrogen-oxygen Gas<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Device: Hydrogen-Oxygen Generator with Nebulizer, AMS-H-03;   Other: basic treatment<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID Protection After Transplant - Sanofi GSK (CPAT-SG) Study</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Kidney Transplant<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: Sanofi-GSK monovalent (B.1.351) CoV2 preS dTM-AS03 COVID-19 vaccine<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID);   PPD;   Johns Hopkins University;   Sanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi Company<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Huashi Baidu Granule in the Treatment of Pediatric Patients With Mild Coronavirus Disease 2019</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Coronavirus Disease 2019<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Huashi Baidu granule;   Drug: compound pholcodine oral solution<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shanghai Children’s Medical Center<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Canadian Adaptive Platform Trial for Long COVID</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Long COVID, Post COVID Condition, Post Acute Sequelae of COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Ibudilast;   Dietary Supplement: Whey Protein Isolate;   Drug: Pentoxifylline;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University Health Network, Toronto<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Clinical Trial of Jinzhen Oral Liquid in Treating Children With COVID-19 Infection</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Child, Only<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Jinzhen oral liquid or Jinhuaqinggan granules<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Are herbal-peptides effective as adjunctive therapy in Coronavirus disease COVID-19?</strong> - CONCLUSION: Herbal medicines with AVP, especially those with a long history of antiviral effects, might be a good choice in complement therapy against the COVID-19 virus.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The favorable impacts of silibinin polyphenols as adjunctive therapy in reducing the complications of COVID-19: A review of research evidence and underlying mechanisms</strong> - The proceeding pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 is the latest global challenge. Like most other infectious diseases, inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune system dysfunctions play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Furthermore, the quest of finding a potential pharmaceutical therapy for preventing and treating COVID-19 is still ongoing. Silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans extracted from the milk thistle, has exhibited numerous therapeutic benefits. We reviewed the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IMMUNE DYSREGULATION INDUCED BY SPIKE PROTEIN 1 OF SARS-COV-2 INCREASES ENDOTHELIAL CELL DYSFUNCTION VIA TYPE I AND TYPE III INTERFERON ACTIVATION PATHWAYS</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: In ECs, S1P, IFNα and IFNL3 increased ISG15 and IL-6, processes that involve ADAM17. Inflammation induced by S1P was amplified by IFNs. IFNs induce vascular dysfunction through ISG15-dependent mechanisms, with augmented effects in hypertension. Our findings demonstrate that S1P induces immune/inflammatory responses that may be important in endotheliitis associated with COVID-19. This is especially important in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>PREVENTIVE EFFECT OF STATINS AGAINST RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: The findings of our systematic review and meta-analysis do not support the hypothesis that statins reduce the risk of including RTIs.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Establishment of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 by the Screening with Exosomes Expressing the Viral Spike Protein</strong> - Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, are the important tools both for the diagnosis and therapeutics of this infectious disease. The high-performance antibody against spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is expected to inhibit the binding of viruses to their receptors on the surface of their target cells. In this study, we propose the novel screening method for mAbs against the pathogenic infectious virus using exosome….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IMPAIRED BETA-2ADRENERGIC ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT VASODILATION IS REVERSED BY PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITION IN PATIENTS PREVIOUSLY HOSPITALIZED WITH COVID-19</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: In subjects previously hospitalized with severe COVID-19, endothelial function is impaired for many months after hospital discharge and the impaired NO-cGMP mediated vasodilation may be reversed by sildenafil.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Advances in cell death mechanisms involved in viral myocarditis</strong> - Viral myocarditis is an acute inflammatory disease of the myocardium. Although many etiopathogenic factors exist, coxsackievirus B3 is a the leading cause of viral myocarditis. Abnormal cardiomyocyte death is the underlying problem for most cardiovascular diseases and fatalities. Various types of cell death occur and are regulated to varying degrees. In this review, we discuss the different cell death mechanisms in viral myocarditis and the potential interactions between them. We also explore…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dynamicity and persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 antibody response after double dose and the third dose with BBV-152 and AZD1222 vaccines: A prospective, longitudinal cohort study</strong> - CONCLUSION: This year-long follow-up study found a 7- and 5-fold antibody waning in Covaxin and Covishield recipients, respectively, without any breakthrough infection history. However, individuals with booster breakthrough had mild symptoms and did not require hospital admission. The data also indicate the possible escape of omicron variants despite the presence of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Exploring the Impact of ACE Inhibition in Immunity and Disease</strong> - Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-dependent dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase and is crucial in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) but also implicated in immune regulation. Intrinsic ACE has been detected in several immune cell populations, including macrophages and neutrophils, where its overexpression results in enhanced bactericidal and antitumour responses, independent of angiotensin II. With roles in antigen presentation and inflammation, the impact of ACE inhibitors must…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Structures of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and applications for novel drug development</strong> - COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has raised a health crisis worldwide. The high morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 and the lack of effective drugs or vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 emphasize the urgent need for standard treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the glycosylated spike protein (S protein) is capable of binding to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and initiating membrane fusion and virus entry. Hence, it is rational to inhibit the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Stromal Antigen 2 Deficiency Induces Interferon Responses and Restricts Porcine Deltacoronavirus Infection</strong> - Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a recently discovered enteropathogenic coronavirus and has caused significant economic impacts on the pork industry. Although studies have partly uncovered the molecular mechanism of PDCoV-host interaction, it requires further research. In this study, we explored the roles of Stromal Antigen 2 (STAG2) in PDCoV infection. We found that STAG2-deficient cells inhibited infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and PDCoV, whereas restoration of STAG2…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Porcine Enteric Coronavirus PEDV Induces the ROS-ATM and Caspase7-CAD-γH2AX Signaling Pathways to Foster Its Replication</strong> - DNA damage response (DDR) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism by which eukaryotic cells sense DNA lesions caused by intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, including virus infection. Although interactions between DNA viruses and DDR have been extensively studied, how RNA viruses, especially coronaviruses, regulate DDR remains unknown. A previous study showed that the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the Coronaviridae family, induces DDR in infected…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ionophore Antibiotics Inhibit Type II Feline Coronavirus Proliferation In Vitro</strong> - Feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) infect cats worldwide and cause severe systemic diseases, such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP has a high mortality rate, and drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration have been ineffective for the treatment of FIP. Investigating host factors and the functions required for FCoV replication is necessary to develop effective drugs for the treatment of FIP. FCoV utilizes an endosomal trafficking system for cellular entry after binding between the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of Novel Guanidino-Containing Isonipecotamide Inhibitors of Blood Coagulation Factors against SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection</strong> - Coagulation factor Xa (fXa) and thrombin (thr) are widely expressed in pulmonary tissues, where they may catalyze, together with the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), the coronaviruses spike protein (SP) cleavage and activation, thus enhancing the SP binding to ACE2 and cell infection. In this study, we evaluate in vitro the ability of approved (i.e., dabigatran and rivaroxaban) and newly synthesized isonipecotamide-based reversible inhibitors of fXa/thr (cmpds 1-3) to hinder the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anti-Spike and Neutralizing Antibodies after Two Doses of COVID-19 Sinopharm/BIBP Vaccine</strong> - Host response to COVID-19 vaccines is partially evaluated through the estimation of antibody response, specifically the binding anti-spike (anti-S) and the neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccine-induced humoral response affects decisions on the choice of vaccine type, vaccine acceptance, and the need for boosting. Identification of risk factors for poor antibody response helps to stratify individuals who might potentially require booster doses. The primary objective of this…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Heartbreak of Going Back to School in Uvalde</strong> - The summer after the mass shooting was fraught, fragile—and rife with fear for fall. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-southwest/the-heartbreak-of-back-to-school-in-uvalde">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Could Coal Waste Be Used to Make Sustainable Batteries?</strong> - Acid mine drainage has long been a scourge in Appalachia. Recent research suggests that we may be able to simultaneously clean up the pollution and extract the minerals and elements needed to power green technologies. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/us-journal/could-coal-waste-be-used-to-make-sustainable-batteries">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>When Private Equity Takes Over a Nursing Home</strong> - After an investment firm bought St. Joseph’s Home for the Aged, in Richmond, Virginia, the company reduced staff, removed amenities, and set the stage for a deadly outbreak of COVID-19. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/when-private-equity-takes-over-a-nursing-home">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Year After the Fall of Kabul</strong> - For the Biden Administration, supporting the Afghan people without empowering the Taliban is the foreign-policy case study from hell. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/a-year-after-the-fall-of-kabul">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How Mondragon Became the World’s Largest Co-Op</strong> - In Spain, an industrial-sized conglomerate owned by its workers suggests an alternative future for capitalism. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/how-mondragon-became-the-worlds-largest-co-op">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Renewable energy, explained (to kids)</strong> -
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<img alt="Sunrise in morning fog with wind turbines." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/WdsMCB4g9qlj9F0zIr-h65QFExk=/0x0:4687x3515/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71291431/1242535722.0.jpg"/>
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The sunrise shines through the morning fog over the landscape with wind turbines in Parstein, Brandenburg, Germany.  | Patrick Pleul/picture alliance via Getty Images
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Today, Explained to Kids explores the damage done by fossil fuels and why renewable energy might be the best way to power the future.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="erZb4c">
In each episode of the Vox podcast <a href="https://www.vox.com/today-explained-to-kids"><em>Today, Explained to Kids</em></a>, a group of friends takes a journey to the Island of Explained. Kids (and adults) come along to explore the magical island and meet its whimsical inhabitants, all while tackling some of the biggest questions in the world. This summer, we’re answering questions about how to make the future better through <a href="https://www.vox.com/23281310/vegan-plant-based-diet">the way we eat</a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/23207998/species-habitat-loss-biodiversity-today-explained">protect species’ habitats</a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/podcasts/23300410/listening-understanding-explained-kids">listen to each other</a>, and more.
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In <em>Today, Explained to Kids: It’s electric!, a</em> magical theme park ride on the Island of Explained demonstrates the damage done by fossil fuels and why renewable energy might be the best way to power the future.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bzHlgP">
<a href="https://link.chtbl.com/texkids">Listen to the episode</a> with the young people in your life — or just because — and then come back here to download our <a href="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23973242/082622_VOX_Episode4.pdf">educational activities</a> that build on what we learned in the episode. Thanks to early childhood education specialist Rachel Giannini for developing our learning materials!
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You can also read the <a href="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23968427/Today__Explained_to_Kids____S2_E4_It_s_electric_____Transcript.pdf">full transcript</a> of this episode below:
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And listen to more <a href="https://www.vox.com/today-explained-to-kids"><em>Today, Explained to Kids</em></a><em> </em>episodes:
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For season two, <em>Today, Explained to Kids</em> is teaming up with KiwiCo to bring four new episodes to life with <a href="https://www.kiwico.com/mlp/vox">fun and enriching home-based activities</a> to create a seamless listening and hands-on experience.
</p></li>
<li><strong>Public transit for nine bucks a month? Germany tried it.</strong> -
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<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/DfDGVF5ZyOkgpQxXjrodytJJgqo=/539x0:8102x5672/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71291359/1242242792.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Participants and activists of the campaign organization Campact protest with banners, a Porsche, and an oversized mask depicting the likeness of Finance Minister Lindner in front of the Ministry of Finance for the preservation of the 9-euro ticket, on August 1 in Berlin, Germany.  | Kay Nietfeld/picture alliance via Getty Images
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Germany introduced a 9-Euro-Ticket to help ease the energy crisis. Now it’s trying to figure out what comes next.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="W2EoSv">
MUNICH, Germany —<strong> </strong>Maybe you buy the <a href="https://www.bahn.com/en/offers/regional/9-euro-ticket-en">9-Euro-Ticket</a> to travel from Saxony to Bavaria to go to the <a href="https://www.merkur.de/lokales/muenchen/stadt-muenchen/ztz-muenchen-helene-fischer-gigantische-show-messe-riem-kritik-91737510.html">Helene Fischer concert</a> in Munich. Maybe you buy it to go hiking, taking the train on summer weekends to villages outside Munich. Or maybe you buy it because you’re an American journalist, but also a little bit of a tourist, used to paying $2.75 to wait 15 minutes for a crowded Brooklyn Q train, like me.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vpcZfc">
Because, really, why <em>not </em>buy it? For 9 euros a month for June, July, August, passengers could buy one ticket to travel anywhere in Germany — on the U-Bahn throughout Berlin, or a regional train from Hamburg to towns along the North Sea.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DXpmYZ">
The German government created the 9-Euro-Ticket as one component of a <a href="https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/relief-faq-2065498">relief package</a> to mitigate inflation, <a href="https://www.destatis.de/EN/Press/2022/03/PE22_N016_61.html#:~:text=Imported%20energy%20cost%20129.5%25%20more,Federal%20Statistical%20Office%20(Destatis).">especially higher energy costs</a>, made worse by the war in <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/apr/26/ukraine-war-food-energy-prices-world-bank#:~:text=As%20a%20result%20of%20trade,than%2040%25%20compared%20with%202021.">Ukraine</a> and <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/7/20/23270078/europe-russia-gas-nord-stream-ukraine-war">Russia’s threats</a>. The ticket was largely subsidized by the federal government, at a cost of about <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-9-ticket-is-it-here-to-stay/a-62669414">2.5 billion euros</a>. It<strong> </strong>offered a financial break, with a climate-friendly incentive on the side. That is, maybe take this extremely affordable train instead of your car.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uf9S04">
As of August, about 38 million people bought Germany’s 9-Euro-Ticket, according to Deutsche Bahn (DB), Germany’s national railway. In many places, ridership rebounded to pre-Covid-19 levels. Experts and officials said many people used the ticket for leisure, including some passengers who took trips they otherwise might not have been able to afford. Research and surveys on the impacts of the ticket are still ongoing, but <a href="https://www.hfp.tum.de/hfp/tum-think-tank/mobilitaet-leben/">one in Munich</a> showed car congestion in the city <a href="https://www.hfp.tum.de/hfp/tum-think-tank/mobilitaet-leben/">decreased 3 percent from May to June</a>, and another, by the association for Germany’s transport companies, <a href="https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/verbraucher/9-euro-ticket-klimaschutz-verkehrsverlagerung-auto-oepnv-verkehr-stau-verkehrswende-101.html">found about 3 percent chose public transit over car</a>.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/D0eP-k9dzr4H6DLA94XDc-42IsY=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23967445/IMG_4112__1_.jpg"/> <cite>Jen Kirby for Vox</cite>
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An advertisement for the 9-Euro-Ticket at the Brudermühlstaße U-Bahn station in Munich in August 2022.
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</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="680TiR">
Those are modest shifts. And the ticket had its hiccups; especially in the early days, <a href="https://www.thelocal.de/20220607/e9-ticket-hundreds-of-german-trains-overcrowded-on-long-weekend/">routes were overcrowded and strained the rail systems</a>. But the affordability, and the simplicity of travel, all made the <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%239Euroticketbleibt&amp;src=trend_click&amp;vertical=trends">9-Euro-Ticket extremely popular</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VIaLgj">
“The ticket shows that people want to use public transport — when it’s easy to use and when it’s affordable,” said Lukas Iffländer, the vice chairman of Fahrgastverband Pro Bahn, a passenger association.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qGiVfW">
The problem is, the 9-Euro-Ticket is about to end.
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Right now, the government has no plan to immediately continue or replace it. Which means, starting in September, travelers will again pay regular fares, and maybe even more. Many transit companies are <a href="https://www.thelocal.de/20220818/will-german-transport-companies-hike-fares-after-e9-ticket/">expected to hike prices</a> because of energy costs.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QV5NCb">
All of that has left Germany trying to figure out what can, or should, replace the 9-Euro-Ticket. Thousands have <a href="https://9-euro-ticket-weiterfahren.de/">signed a petition</a> to keep it. On Twitter, the hashtag <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%239Euroticketbleibt&amp;src=trend_click&amp;vertical=trends">#9Euroticketbleibt</a> (basically, “the 9-Euro-Ticket stays”) is perpetually trending. Political parties, advocates, and industry groups have floated different proposals — <a href="https://www.golem.de/news/oepnv-nach-dem-9-euro-ticket-soll-das-69-euro-ticket-kommen-2207-166890.html">a 69 euro monthly ticket</a>, a <a href="https://www.iamexpat.de/expat-info/german-expat-news/left-calls-nationwide-365-euro-ticket-follow-9-euro-ticket-2023">365 euro yearly ticket</a>, and <a href="https://www.vcd.org/artikel/vcd-fordert-laender-plustickets-und-mobilitaetsgarantie">more</a>. German Chancellor Olaf Scholz called the 9-Euro-Ticket <a href="https://www.spiegel.de/auto/es-war-eine-der-besten-ideen-die-wir-hatten-a-9626990b-c149-4721-9398-521fa2495fec">“one of the best ideas we had</a>,” but the coalition government is also divided on its possible successor.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/-J10KpVitT5apfWb0SnWXZZ-Yb8=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23967442/IMG_4096__1_.jpg"/> <cite>Jen Kirby for Vox</cite>
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A rider sits on the U-Bahn in Munich, beneath an advertisement for the 9-Euro-Ticket.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pJjvR8">
The 9-Euro-Ticket was supposed to give Germans a break on rising energy expenses. It helped do that, but it brought Germany to reckon with what public transport can and should look like, especially in the age of an energy and climate crisis. This three-month experiment could help reshape the country’s transportation infrastructure.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="K0XKpI">
Although it probably will never be quite this cheap again.
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<h3 id="cCbJAY">
What Germany learned from its 9-Euro-Ticket experiment
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="A9dSiY">
This spring, the German coalition government <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/germany-unveils-energy-relief-package-2022-03-24/">agreed on a series of measures </a>to help ease <a href="https://www.vox.com/russia-invasion-ukraine">the financial fallout</a> from the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The deal included ways to make travel and transport a little cheaper, including a reduction on gas and diesel tax starting in June. It also created this 9-Euro-Ticket, which would last for three months and allocate money to compensate local and regional transit companies for the lost revenues.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0yLcx4reeFfqeewUBlIrQ49dIik=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23967436/IMG_4128.PNG"/> <cite>Jen Kirby for Vox</cite>
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A 9-Euro-Ticket, purchased through Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe.
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</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hi340l">
The 9-Euro-Ticket was cheap, obviously. A monthly ticket in Berlin <a href="https://www.bvg.de/en/tickets-tariffs/all-tickets/time-tickets/monthly-ticket">can ordinarily cost 86 euros</a> or more; in Munich, it depends on which zones you’re traveling to, but can be <a href="https://www.mvv-muenchen.de/en/tickets-and-fares/frequent-travellers/index.html">upward of 150 euros each month</a>.
</p>
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The 9-Euro-Ticket uncomplicated travel within cities and between them. “The best thing about the ticket that people said was just the simplicity of it,” said Isabel Cademartori, an SPD member of the Bundestag from Mannheim, serving on the Committee on Transport.
</p>
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The 9-Euro-Ticket meant riders didn’t have to game out complicated fare schemes, figuring out how much to pay depending on how far the travel, or when. People could ride the U-Bahn, and then hop on the local train to a neighboring city, and take the bus around town, all with the same ticket. (High-speed trains weren’t included in the 9-Euro-Ticket.)
</p>
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That affordability and ease of travel outside of your town or city also meant that a lot of people used the ticket for leisure getaways, according to government officials, advocates, and researchers. Callum, a PhD student from Munich, said that he used it to go on hiking trips. In the small villages and towns he passed through, he said, “they were saying to us all: ‘You traveled out here because of the 9-Euro-Ticket, right?’ We were like, ‘Yeah, definitely.’ So it really seemed to be appreciated by everyone.”
</p>
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Markus Siewert, managing director of the TUM Think Tank and member of the research team conducting a mobility study in and around Munich, said that they often received emails from people, seniors, or lower-income people, who said that the 9-Euro-Ticket meant they could go on vacation for the first time, or were able to send their children on a school field trip.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6TfYqJ">
But those trips did, at times, test Germany’s transit infrastructure, especially on weekends and holidays. During one of the <a href="https://www.thelocal.de/20220607/e9-ticket-hundreds-of-german-trains-overcrowded-on-long-weekend/">first big holiday weekends of the ticket in June</a>, overcrowded trains slowed travel, platforms were full, and trains were at capacity. It also put pressure <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-9-euro-travel-ticket-success-or-failure/a-62329405">on train and station staff,</a> who had to handle the influx. Some of these problems eased over time, but it also revealed some strains on Germany’s infrastructure.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4fz3q0">
One of the secondary hopes for the ticket was that it might reduce gasoline consumption, as more people took these trips by train instead of using their cars.
</p>
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On that question, the results aren’t as clear. One survey, from the Association of German Transport Companies (VDV), found that about a quarter of <a href="https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/verbraucher/9-euro-ticket-klimaschutz-verkehrsverlagerung-auto-oepnv-verkehr-stau-verkehrswende-101.html">trips made with the 9-Euro-Ticket wouldn’t have been made</a> otherwise. When it came to using public transit instead of a car, the VDV found that only about 3 percent of people surveyed said they took transit instead of driving.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="omllLX">
Research from the Technical University of Munich (TUM) and the Munich School of Politics (HfP) think tank, in Munich, also had similar findings, and found a 3 percent decrease in car usage from May to June and the beginning of July.
</p>
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But those same researchers found that about 35 percent of people in their Munich sample traveled by bus or tram more. About 22 percent of people in that same study used public transit for the first time; about a quarter of them used it four or more days a week. Traffic data from Tomtom also showed that <a href="https://newsingermany.com/less-traffic-jams-with-a-9-euro-ticket-analysis-of-tomtom-data-economy/">traffic congestion decreased</a> in 23 of 26 cities during the time of the 9-Euro-Ticket.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Pkye6Q">
And that was just in three months. Car owners weren’t going to fully abandon their cars during that period, but it at least gave them an incentive to use public transit. One big question that no one yet has an answer to is whether those less used to taking public transit before the 9-Euro-Ticket might still opt to take it after the program ends. And the other big question is whether a more permanent version of the 9-Euro-Ticket could accelerate or entrench such a transition — but to do, so the investment may need to go beyond a transport subsidy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LeOx8o">
“On the long term, if you want to have a transport transition, you have to have not too expensive open transport, and, on the other hand, you should have more and better trains and buses,” said Alexander Kaas Elias, the spokesperson for railway policy for the Greens Faction in Berlin.
</p>
<h3 id="N9wP61">
A temporary measure that people want to make permanent. But how?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Vd7Lfg">
Luka Blazic was waiting for the S-Bahn in Munich last week<strong>,</strong> but, he said, he did not have the 9-Euro-Ticket.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7Zu9Xm">
The 25-year-old law student bought the 9-Euro-Ticket in June because he went to school and he had a lot of books, so it was hard to lug them all on his motorcycle. But when he really needed transit, say, after being out at night, it wasn’t readily available. It also wasn’t all that reliable. “If I would have had an important appointment, I wouldn’t want to depend on public transit,” he said. He didn’t buy the pass again in July or August. This August trip was a one-off thing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zNuZIb">
The complaints about Munich’s transit are a bit harder to sympathize with if you live, <a href="https://infrastructurereportcard.org/">well, in America</a>. But the 9-Euro-Ticket, in sending people back to public transit (or toward it for the the first time), did reveal some weaknesses in Germany’s transit system. It can be confusing, and it also has some big gaps, especially in connections between cities and smaller towns, and within smaller cities, towns, and rural areas.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iHCr1J">
Bernd Reuther, a Free Democrat Bundestag member from North-Rhine Westphalia, also on the Committee on Transport, said the 9-Euro-Ticket showed that Germany needs to simplify, but also expand and invest in infrastructure, to make it more reliable, so that people can use it in daily life. “If you have a good infrastructure then people will not use the car anymore. I mean, for my best example is the staff in my office. In my office [in Berlin], nobody has a car. In my home office, here in my voting district, everybody comes by car because they have no other chance to get there,” he said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="txwhrq">
Many also see that kind of investment as necessary if Germany wants to meet its climate goals in the longer term — beyond the immediate energy crisis. For this, it’s not just about investing in public transit, but also using some sticks to wean people off of cars. Frederic Rudolph, the head of T3 Transportation Think Tank, which advocates for sustainable mobility, especially around bike access, said the incentive to use the 9-Euro-Ticket was blunted somewhat because the German government also increased fuel subsidies around the same time — that is, drivers got a break, too. “It’s not sufficient if you only support alternatives to the car, but you have also to be more restrictive towards the car,” he said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OVOwTO">
But any effort to boost public transit ridership and infrastructure will cost money, and that is the big question looming around the 9-Euro-Ticket or its eventual successor. The government has estimated that it would cost 14 billion euros a year to continue the 9-Euro-Ticket, a sum that Finance Minister Christian Lindner, of the Free Democrats, said would take away from other necessary investments. “Nine euros per month isn’t free of charge — it means someone else pays,” <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-20/lindner-says-1-year-of-9-ticket-would-cost-germany-14-billion">Lindner said recently.</a> “Money that then isn’t available for education, for example.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JRnn7T">
Lindner’s comments are just one window into the divide on the 9-Euro-Ticket among Germany’s coalition partners, the center-left SPD, the business-friendly Free Democrats, and the pro-environment Greens. Volker Wissing, the minister for Transport, has convened a working group in coordination with Germany’s federal states, which typically run public transit, to come up with proposals, though that isn’t expected until later in the fall.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A pop-up window reads, in part, “Presale for September. The 9-Euro-Ticket expires at the end of this month.”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/TlPgl2qtwr6dDVUaZRAWHtgzp14=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23967557/IMG_4127.PNG"/> <cite>Jen Kirby for Vox</cite>
<figcaption>
A sad message.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tF80QY">
Some SPD officials <a href="https://www.zeit.de/news/2022-07/18/spd-abgeordneter-duerbrook-fuer-bundesweites-365-euro-ticket">have called</a> for a 365 euro annual ticket, which would basically put the cost of daily<strong> </strong>public transit at 1 euro. The Greens have put forward their own <a href="https://www.thelocal.de/20220805/how-the-greens-want-to-replace-germanys-e9-ticket-deal/">plan for a 29 euro regional monthly ticket</a>, which they argue make up the majority of trips anyway, and a <a href="https://www.thelocal.de/20220805/how-the-greens-want-to-replace-germanys-e9-ticket-deal/">49 euro monthly country-wide ticket</a>. Industry groups and advocates have also come up with similar proposals for a <a href="https://www.thelocal.de/20220704/germany-considers-klimaticket-to-replace-e9-public-transport-offer/">“Klimaticket”</a> as some have called it, including flex regions — so you don’t pay more if you pass over a border — and other monthly options.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="n1XjDL">
Most officials and even some advocates concede that 9 euros is probably a bit too cheap. But the goal is to find a price tag that feels accessible and worthwhile, no matter the income level or location. And above all else, keeping things simple and lowering the obstacles to access was maybe the most important lesson of the experiment. “The people want a German-wide ticket,” said Tim Alexandrin, spokesperson for the Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5k3dNJ">
The people want it, but it doesn’t look as though Germany will come up with a new plan before the 9-Euro-Ticket expires. The success of the ticket proved Germany’s public transit systems can be more accessible and affordable — but it also showed what it might take to get there.
</p></li>
<li><strong>NASA’s latest moon mission is the dawn of a new space age</strong> -
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<img alt="Photocollage of a rocket ship on a launchpad with planets and a spaceship surrounding and behind it. " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/sV2sBsyYkI17DuOKSby889z9zEc=/243x0:1594x1013/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71291263/artemis_launch_board_1b.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Christina Animashaun/Vox
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
NASA will launch the Orion spacecraft from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Monday morning.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kcYvHa">
A new NASA rocket is about to take off on a historic mission to the moon. The Artemis I mission won’t land on the lunar surface, but the trip itself will be the farthest <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/around-the-moon-with-nasa-s-first-launch-of-sls-with-orion">a vehicle designed for human astronauts</a> has ever traveled into space.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HXfnaE">
There won’t be any humans on NASA’s big trip, but there will be three astronauts: Helga, Zohar, and <a href="https://www.space.com/nasa-moonikin-artemis-1-mannequin-on-orion-capsule">Moonikin Campos</a>. They’re high-tech manikins — that’s the term for human models <a href="https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/opinion/story/2021-01-12/a-word-please-the-word-manakin-crosses-this-editors-eyes">used in scientific research</a> — filled with sensors that will test how the human body responds to space travel. Helga and Zohar are designed to measure the effects of radiation on women’s bodies in space, and Moonikin Campos will sit in the commander’s seat to track just how bumpy a voyage to the moon might be for future human crewmembers. While these manikins might not look particularly impressive on their own, they will play a critical role in NASA’s ambitions to build a new pathway to the moon and, eventually, send astronauts to Mars. They’re also just one of several science experiments aboard the mission meant to better our understanding of space travel.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SkiHhQ">
The Artemis I mission will begin at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Monday morning. NASA is currently targeting a takeoff window between 8:33 and 10:33 am ET. At that point, the Space Launch System (SLS), the <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nasa-moon-rocket-artemis-mission/">most powerful rocket</a> NASA has ever built, will lift off, carrying the Orion spacecraft on its nose. Once the vehicle leaves orbit, Orion will travel past the moon, and then <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/around-the-moon-with-nasa-s-first-launch-of-sls-with-orion">thousands of miles beyond it</a>, before turning around and heading back to Earth — a 1.3 million-mile journey that will last 42 days. You can watch the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMLD0Lp0JBg">launch here</a>, starting on Monday at 6:30 am ET.
</p>
<div id="sLLJ7R">
<div style="width: 100%; height: 0; padding-bottom: 56.25%;">
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“This is a good demonstration that the rocket works the way it’s supposed to,” Wendy Whitman Cobb, a professor at the US Air Force’s School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, told Recode. “It will give NASA a little bit more confidence for crewed missions coming up in the next couple of years.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lYEQDq">
Artemis is the next generation of moon missions. It’s part of NASA’s broader ambitions for lunar exploration, which include astronaut treks across the moon’s surface, a lunar human <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-outlines-lunar-surface-sustainability-concept">habitat</a>, and a new space station called <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/gateway">Gateway</a>. Artemis I also sets the groundwork for the next two missions in the Artemis program: Artemis 2 is scheduled to send humans on a similar trip around the moon in 2024, and Artemis 3 will make history by landing the first woman and the first person of color on the lunar surface sometime in 2025, at the earliest. All of the research happening on Artemis I — including Helga, Zohar, and Moonikin Campos — is meant to prepare for those later missions.
</p>
<h3 id="jPPm6n">
All aboard Artemis 1
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7dGuhg">
NASA’s ride to the moon, the SLS, was designed to carry an extremely heavy payload. The rocket is just a few meters taller than <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-the-space-launch-system-k4.html">the Statue of Liberty</a>, and it can generate <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/index.html">8.8 million pounds of thrust</a>. Like other launch systems, the SLS is made up of several different stages, each of which plays a role in overcoming Earth’s gravity, breaking through the atmosphere, and reaching outer space. To make that happen, the SLS includes <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/to-the-moon.html">twin solid rocket boosters</a>, as well as a <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/multimedia/infographics/corestage101.html">212-foot tall core stage</a> filled with <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/fs/sls.html">more than 700,000 gallons</a> of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. It’s <a href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/tag/core-stage/">the largest core stage</a> NASA has ever made.
</p>
<div class="c-wide-block">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5YwFte3XcjI1EJQjryVzgsuFOCc=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23973485/GettyImages_1239277165t.jpg"/> <cite>Joel Kowsky/NASA via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
A view of the the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion spacecraft aboard from the Rocco A. Petrone Launch Control Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XbJSi7">
After takeoff, the boosters will fire for <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/fired-up-engines-and-motors-put-artemis-mission-in-motion.html">about 2 minutes</a> before separating from the vehicle, falling back toward the ground, and landing in the Atlantic Ocean. Eight minutes in, the core stage will do the same. At that point, the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS) will take over and circle the Earth once. About 90 minutes into the flight, the ICPS will give Orion the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/around-the-moon-with-nasa-s-first-launch-of-sls-with-orion">“big push”</a> it needs to start flying in the direction of the moon, and then fall away.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="plbvmG">
While technically new, the SLS is based on older technology. Several of its components, including <a href="https://www.space.com/artemis-1-space-shuttle-hardware">its main engines</a>, are either from or based on systems used by the NASA Space Shuttle program, which ended in 2011. And while other space launches have started using reusable, or at least partially reusable, rocket boosters, the SLS launched on Monday will only fly once. This differentiates SLS from Starship, the super-heavy launch vehicle that SpaceX is designing for moon missions. SpaceX, which beat out Blue Origin for <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/16/science/spacex-moon-nasa.html#:~:text=Elon%20Musk's%20company%20bested%20Jeff,astronauts%20to%20the%20lunar%20surface.">a $2.9 billion contract</a> to build NASA’s lunar landing system, expects Starship’s first orbital test flight to take place sometime in <a href="https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-orbital-test-flight-launch-window#:~:text=The%20company%20is%20apparently%20targeting,1.&amp;text=The%20first%20orbital%20test%20flight,window%20that%20opens%20on%20Sept.">the next six months</a>. Congress’s decision to fund SLS is an ongoing <a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/08/former-nasa-official-on-trying-to-stop-sls-there-was-just-such-visible-hostility/">sore spot</a> within the space industry because the project went <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/11/nasas-sls-moon-rocket-is-2-years-behind-and-billions-over-budget-internal-report-finds/">billions over budget</a> and was delayed several times, and because private companies are now developing less expensive alternatives.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Vs4TpX">
“Congress has put up with the over-budget, behind schedule, because SLS has kept the money and jobs flowing to key congressional districts,” explains Whitman Cobb.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZWgPqY">
There is broad-based support for Orion, which NASA designed specifically for Artemis missions, as well as potential trips to nearby asteroids or <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/orion/about/index.html">Mars</a>. The spacecraft was built by Lockheed Martin and, from the outside, it looks like a giant turkey baster with wing-like panels coming out from its side. Orion is home to the Artemis crew module, which is where astronauts jettisoning to and from the moon will eventually spend their time. Once the spacecraft is vetted for human astronauts, the crew module is expected to offer various space travel amenities, including <a href="https://www.cnet.com/science/moon-bound-nasa-astronauts-get-nifty-sleeping-bags-for-snoozing-in-space/">sleeping bags</a>, an assortment of new NASA-recipe <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/space-food-bars-will-keep-orion-weight-off-and-crew-weight-on">space food bars</a>, and a revamped <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/boldly-go-nasa-s-new-space-toilet-offers-more-comfort-improved-efficiency-for-deep-space">space toilet</a> that’s designed for zero gravity and people of all genders.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="x9Tfwd">
On this mission, the primary passengers will be a collection of science experiments. One test involves the NASA manikins Zohar and Helga, which are made of <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Radiation_for_dummies">38 slices of plastic</a> that are meant to imitate human tissue, as well as more than <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/artemis-i-space-radiation-research-to-help-moon-mars-explorers/">5,600 sensors and 34 radiation</a> detectors. There’s a <a href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/5/14/18306893/apollo-50-nasa-spaceflight-human-body-twin-study">high level of radiation in space</a>, which is a source of ongoing concern that future astronauts could face heightened cancer risk, especially as space trips become longer and more ambitious. Both of these manikins were designed with breasts and uteri because women tend to be more sensitive to radiation. Zohar will also wear a specialized protective vest called AstroRed, which engineers are evaluating as a potential way to protect astronauts from radiation, including during <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/orion-passengers-on-artemis-i-to-test-radiation-vest-for-deep-space-missions">solar flares</a>. Helga won’t receive a vest, and will allow NASA to study how much the AstroRed actually helped.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="N4x86g">
Orion is also carrying <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-02293-8">an experiment</a> that’s meant to test how yeast responds to radiation. Researchers plan to store freeze-dried yeast underneath one of the Orion crew seats, and then expose the yeast to fluid over the course of three days in space. Once Orion lands back on Earth, scientists will analyze the yeast’s DNA to study how it fared. The experiment could yield insight into how humans might stay healthy in space during future trips.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="d9OcAr">
A version of Amazon’s Alexa voice assistant, which has been downloaded onto an iPad, is hitching a ride, too. NASA is testing Callisto, a virtual AI that Amazon, Cisco, and Lockheed Martin designed <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/callisto-technology-demonstration-to-fly-aboard-orion-for-artemis-i">to communicate with astronauts</a>. While the tech might sound a little like HAL from <em>2001: A Space Odyssey</em>, the engineers say the system is meant to provide assistance and companionship.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ricPQ4">
“Callisto is a standalone payload onboard the Orion spacecraft, and it does not have any control over flight control or other mission-critical systems,” says Justin Nikolaus, a lead Alexa experience designer at Amazon.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JNONbf">
Other aspects of Artemis I’s payload are more sentimental. A plush doll version of the Shaun the Sheep character from the Wallace and Gromit franchise will travel on Orion. So will a <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/snoopy-to-fly-on-nasas-artemis-i-moon-mission/">Snoopy doll</a> outfitted in an astronaut costume, along with a pen nib that Charles M. Schultz used to draw the Peanuts series, wrapped in a comic strip. Momentos from the <a href="http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-080322a-artemis-1-official-flight-kit-ofk.html">Apollo 11 mission</a>, which landed the first humans on the lunar surface in the 1960s, are also going, including a tiny sample of moon dust and a piece of an engine.
</p>
<h3 id="Wx3hBt">
Beyond the moon
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JptOBv">
Some of Artemis I’s most important research projects won’t be returning to Earth. The mission includes plans to launch 10 miniature satellites, called CubeSats, into the moon’s orbit. These satellites will collect data that NASA, along with private companies, could eventually use to navigate on and around the moon.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="o3TQkq">
One satellite, <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=LUNIR">LunIR</a>, will study the safety of the lunar surface with infrared imaging, producing information that could influence where <a href="https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-1-moon-mission-cubesats">astronauts will eventually travel</a>. One satellite, called <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=L-ICECUBE">the Lunar IceCube</a>, will attempt to detect lunar sources of water, which NASA could eventually use as a resource. Another satellite, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/content/nea-scout">NEA Scout</a>, will head to a small, nearby asteroid, a side trip that could inform future crewed missions to other asteroids. The satellites will be launched by another component, called the Orion Stage Adapter, only after the spacecraft is <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/international-partners-provide-cubesats-for-sls-maiden-flight">a safe distance away</a>.
</p>
<div class="c-wide-block">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/tf52Yu4GCikCpBzImARFr31jIes=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23973523/49110959026_dd4ccef250_6kt.jpg"/> <cite>Courtesy of NASA</cite>
<figcaption>
The Orion spacecraft loaded into a NASA aircraft at the Space Florida-operated Launch and Landing Facility runway at the Kennedy Space Center on November 21, 2019.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qVExbh">
These satellites are a reminder that NASA is interested in far more than just visiting the moon. The Artemis program is laying the groundwork for an unprecedented level of activity on the lunar surface, including a human base camp, a series of nuclear reactors, and a mineral mining operation. NASA has expressly said that it wants to develop a lunar economy, and the space agency has also established the Artemis Accords, a set of principles for exploring the moon that <a href="https://www.space.com/artemis-accords-moon-space-exploration-importance">more than 20 countries</a> have now joined.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zRZSer">
Eventually, NASA plans to turn the moon into a pit stop on a much more ambitious journey: a human mission to Mars. Right now, it seems like that could happen sometime in the late 2030s. But while many of these plans are still far out, it’s clear that the Artemis program is far more than a repeat of the Apollo program.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Qc25gc">
“Apollo was a political act in the context of the Cold War to demonstrate US national power to the world. It was explicitly a race with the Soviet Union to be first to the moon. Once we were first to the moon, the reason for continuing went away,” explains John Logsdon, the founder of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University. “Artemis is intended as the first program in a long-term program of human exploration.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IgGcvY">
Of course, all of this hinges on the Artemis I mission running smoothly. NASA still needs to evaluate how well SLS and Orion work together during liftoff. The space agency also needs to study how well Orion survives its descent through the atmosphere, which we won’t know for quite some time. If all goes well, the Orion capsule, along with its motley payload of science experiments and galactic tchotchkes, will return to Earth and splash down in the Pacific Ocean on October 10.
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Vettel accuses F1 boss Domenicali of insensitive language on female drivers</strong> - Stefano Domenicali says he does not see a female driver in F1 in the next five years</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sinatra, Empress Eternal, Golden Marina and Demerara impress</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>AIFF apologises to Gokulam Kerala, owner says federation’s ‘inefficiency’ cost club lakhs</strong> - Gokulam Kerala, the reigning Indian Women's League champions, were the worst affected by the FIFA ban on the AIFF as the team could not compete in the top-tier AFC club competition in Uzbekistan</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>F1 2022: Dominant Verstappen sets Belgian GP pace, won’t ‘worry’ over grid penalty</strong> - Though Red Bull’s world champion and 2022 leader Max Verstappen clocked a best lap in 1 minute 45.507 seconds in first practice, he is set to start Sunday’s race from the back end of the grid after collecting grid penalties</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>U.S. Open | Defending champion Emma Raducanu highlights depth of women's field</strong> - Winning the 2021 U.S. Open, Emma Raducanu became the first qualifier to win a major title, and she believes that hers and Leylah Fernandez’s impressive runs to the final provided hope to players outside the top names of the sport</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dial 14500 to report illegal sale of sand, ganja, ID liquor</strong> - Special Enforcement Bureau launches a toll-free number</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tell nation what CBI has found against Sisodia so far: AAP leaders protest against BJP</strong> - People of Gujarat are fed up with the BJP and want change this time as the saffron party has done nothing but only “looted” the State, AAP alleged</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>KSRTC buses ply on Mysuru-Bengaluru road despite rain effect</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>CM's invite to Shah sparks political controversy</strong> - Vijayan's fear of legal jeopardy prompted the move: Satheesan</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>14 startups, innovators selected for NIDHI-PRAYAS grant</strong> - An allocation of ₹85 lakh sanctioned</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Russia blocks nuclear treaty agreement over Ukraine reference</strong> - A number of countries criticise Russia as it blocks a joint UN declaration on nuclear security.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sanna Marin: How much partying is too much for a leader?</strong> - Sanna Marin is facing tough criticism, but supporters say she is being treated unfairly.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>EuroPride 2022: Serbia will not host event, says president</strong> - President Alexandar Vucic cancels the parade - but organisers insist they will go ahead.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Oder mass fish deaths: Searching for clues to Polish-German border mystery</strong> - Scientists suspect a pollutant caused high salt levels, encouraging algae to flourish, suffocating fish.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Russia to build two nuclear reactors in Hungary</strong> - Hungary’s foreign minister says the deal will ensure the country’s energy security in the long term.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The number of companies caught up in the Twilio hack keeps growing</strong> - 2FA provider Authy, password manager LastPass, and DoorDash all experienced breaches. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1876496">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Some day we’ll be recycling wind turbine blades into yummy gummy bears</strong> - Recyclable polymer resin could also be used for car taillights, diapers, kitchen sinks. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1876374">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Poopy lettuce at Wendy’s still prime suspect in outbreak that just doubled</strong> - Wendy’s has already pulled the suspect lettuce from its burgers and sandwiches. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1876438">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Walmart lists a 30TB portable SSD for $39. It is, naturally, a scam</strong> - But the “30TB” disk does at least try to fool users in clever ways. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1876366">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID coalition over, Moderna sues Pfizer and BioNTech over vaccines</strong> - With vaccines widely available, Moderna wants to be paid for its earlier work. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1876381">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Having homosexual parents must be terrible</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Either you have double dosage of dad jokes or you are stuck in cycle of “go ask your mom”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/not-average-joe"> /u/not-average-joe </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wz0b50/having_homosexual_parents_must_be_terrible/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wz0b50/having_homosexual_parents_must_be_terrible/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Job interviewer: Where do you see yourself in 5 years?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Me: I would say my biggest weakness is listening.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/thesadshow"> /u/thesadshow </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wyqenr/job_interviewer_where_do_you_see_yourself_in_5/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wyqenr/job_interviewer_where_do_you_see_yourself_in_5/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Two scientists were walking around in Russia during winter</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Scientist one: It’s really cold outside, how many degrees?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Scientist two: it’s -40°
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Scientist one: Celsius or Fahrenheit?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Scientist two: Yes.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/MyMainIsbannedForCP"> /u/MyMainIsbannedForCP </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wyvwmg/two_scientists_were_walking_around_in_russia/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wyvwmg/two_scientists_were_walking_around_in_russia/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>A Frenchman, an American and an Australian are in a pub…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
And the Frenchman says, “When I make love to my wife she’s in such ecstasy her body rises centimetres off the bed.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The American, not to be outdone, replies, “When I have sex with my wife she’s having so much fun she rises inches off the bed.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
They both then look at the Australian and ask “what about you, what does your wife do when you have sex?” The Australian replies “Well, when I finish rooting my misses I wipe my cock on the curtains and she hits the fucking roof!”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/SprJenkins"> /u/SprJenkins </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wyws4p/a_frenchman_an_american_and_an_australian_are_in/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wyws4p/a_frenchman_an_american_and_an_australian_are_in/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>My daughter brought a friend from school and she said his great-great-great-great-grandfather was coming to pick him up later</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I was impressed and asked: “Does he know how his so many greats grandfather lived for so long?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
My daughter answered: “It’s because of my friend’s stutter.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/EndlessMorfeus"> /u/EndlessMorfeus </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wy8l3x/my_daughter_brought_a_friend_from_school_and_she/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wy8l3x/my_daughter_brought_a_friend_from_school_and_she/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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