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<title>14 August, 2022</title>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Multi-omic comparative analysis of COVID-19 and bacterial sepsis-induced ARDS</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a life-threatening condition characterized by hypoxemia and poor lung compliance, is associated with high mortality. ARDS induced by COVID-19 has similar clinical presentations and pathological manifestations as non-COVID-19 ARDS. However, COVID-19 ARDS is associated with a more protracted inflammatory respiratory failure compared to traditional ARDS. Therefore, a comprehensive molecular comparison of ARDS of different etiologies groups may pave the way for more specific clinical interventions. Methods and Findings: In this study, we compared COVID-19 ARDS (n=43) and bacterial sepsis-induced (non-COVID-19) ARDS (n=24) using multi-omic plasma profiles covering 663 metabolites, 1,051 lipids, and 266 proteins. To address both between- and within- ARDS group variabilities we followed two approaches. First, we identified 706 molecules differently abundant between the two ARDS etiologies, revealing more than 40 biological processes differently regulated between the two groups. From these processes, we assembled a cascade of therapeutically relevant pathways downstream of sphingosine metabolism. The analysis suggests a possible overactivation of arginine metabolism involved in long-term sequelae of ARDS and highlights the potential of JAK inhibitors to improve outcomes in bacterial sepsis-induced ARDS. The second part of our study involved the comparison of the two ARDS groups with respect to clinical manifestations. Using a data-driven multi-omic network, we identified signatures of acute kidney injury (AKI) and thrombocytosis within each ARDS group. The AKI-associated network implicated mitochondrial dysregulation which might lead to post-ARDS renal-sequalae. The thrombocytosis-associated network hinted at a synergy between prothrombotic processes, namely IL-17, MAPK, TNF signaling pathways, and cell adhesion molecules. Thus, we speculate that combination therapy targeting two or more of these processes may ameliorate thrombocytosis-mediated hypercoagulation. Conclusion: We present a first comprehensive molecular characterization of differences between two ARDS etiologies: COVID-19 and bacterial sepsis. Further investigation into the identified pathways will lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiological processes, potentially enabling novel therapeutic interventions.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.22274587v2" target="_blank">Multi-omic comparative analysis of COVID-19 and bacterial sepsis-induced ARDS</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SPARSEMODr: Rapid simulations of spatially explicit and stochastic models of infectious disease, including COVID-19</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Building realistically complex models of infectious disease transmission that are relevant for informing public health is conceptually challenging and requires knowledge of coding architecture that can implement key modeling conventions. For example, many of the models built to understand COVID-19 dynamics have included stochasticity, transmission dynamics that change throughout the epidemic due to changes in host behavior or public health interventions, and spatial structures that account for important spatio-temporal heterogeneities. Here we introduce an R package, SPARSEMODr, that allows users to simulate disease models that are stochastic and spatially explicit, including a model for COVID-19 that was useful in the early phases of the epidemic. SPARSEMOD stands for <b>SPA</b>tial <b>R</b>esolution-<b>SE</b>nsitive <b>M</b>odels of <b>O</b>utbreak <b>D</b>ynamics, and our goal is to demonstrate particular conventions for rapidly simulating the dynamics of more complex, spatial models of infectious disease. In this report, we outline the features and workflows of our software package that allow for user-customized simulations. We believe the example models provided in our package will be useful in educational settings, as the coding conventions are adaptable, and will help new modelers to better understand important assumptions that were built into sophisticated COVID-19 models.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.21256216v2" target="_blank">SPARSEMODr: Rapid simulations of spatially explicit and stochastic models of infectious disease, including COVID-19</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Comparison of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants in Australian children</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
There is limited understanding of antibody responses in children across different SARS-CoV-2 variants. As part of an ongoing household cohort study, we assessed the antibody response among unvaccinated children infected with Wuhan, Delta or Omicron variants, as well as vaccinated children with breakthrough Omicron infection, using a SARS-CoV-2 S1-specific IgG assay and surrogate virus neutralisation test (sVNT). Most children infected with Delta (100%, 35/35) or Omicron (81.3%, 13/16) variants seroconverted by one month following infection. In contrast, 37.5% (21/56) children infected with Wuhan seroconverted, as previously reported. However, Omicron-infected children (GMC 46.4 BAU/ml; sVNT % inhibition: 16.3%) mounted a significantly lower antibody response than Delta (435.5 BAU/mL, sVNT=76.9%) or Wuhan (359.0 BAU/mL, sVNT=74.0%). Vaccinated children with breakthrough Omicron infection mounted the highest antibody response (2856 BAU/mL, sVNT=96.5%). Our findings suggest that despite a high seroconversion rate, Omicron infection in children results in lower antibody levels and function compared with Wuhan or Delta infection or with vaccinated children with breakthrough Omicron infection. Our data have important implications for public health measures and vaccination strategies to protect children.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.22278705v1" target="_blank">Comparison of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants in Australian children</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Longitudinal analysis of serum neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5 in patients receiving monoclonal antibodies</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The emergence of novel Omicron lineages, such as BA.5, may impact the therapeutic efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Here, we evaluated the neutralization and ADCC activity of 6 therapeutic mAbs against Delta, BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5 isolates. The Omicron sub-variants escaped most of the antibodies but remained sensitive to Bebtelovimab and Cilgavimab. Consistent with their shared spike sequence, BA.4 and BA.5 displayed identical neutralization profiles. Sotrovimab was the most efficient at eliciting ADCC. We also analyzed 121 sera from 40 immunocompromised individuals up to 6 months after infusion of 1200 mg of Ronapreve (Imdevimab + Casirivimab), and 300 or 600 mg of Evusheld (Cilgavimab + Tixagevimab). Sera from Ronapreve-treated individuals did not neutralize Omicron subvariants. Evusheld-treated individuals neutralized BA.2 and BA.5, but titers were reduced by 41- and 130-fold, respectively, compared to Delta. A longitudinal evaluation of sera from Evusheld-treated patients revealed a slow decay of mAb levels and neutralization. The decline was more rapid against BA.5. Our data shed light on the antiviral activities of therapeutic mAbs and the duration of effectiveness of Evusheld pre-exposure prophylaxis.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.22278699v1" target="_blank">Longitudinal analysis of serum neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5 in patients receiving monoclonal antibodies</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 specific plasma cells acquire the phenotype of long-lived plasma cells in the human bone marrow</strong> -
<div>
Establishment of long-lived plasma cells (PC) in the bone marrow (BM) is important for the development of long-term specific humoral immunity. While SARS-CoV-2-specific, resting, affinity-matured, IgG-secreting plasma cells were described in human bone marrow approx. 6-7 months after infection or vaccination, the long-term durability of these PC remains unclear. We here show that approximately 20% of SARS-CoV-2-specific human BM plasma cells, including RBD-specific PC accommodate the phenotype of long-lived plasma cells, characterized by the lack of CD19 and/or CD45. This result provides evidence in support of the emergence of persistent SARS-CoV-2 specific plasma cells in humans sustaining the durable production of specific serum IgG protecting against severe courses of COVID-19.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503574v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 specific plasma cells acquire the phenotype of long-lived plasma cells in the human bone marrow</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Memory B cell responses to Omicron subvariants after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA breakthrough infection</strong> -
<div>
Individuals that receive a 3rd mRNA vaccine dose show enhanced protection against severe COVID19 but little is known about the impact of breakthrough infections on memory responses. Here, we examine the memory antibodies that develop after a 3rd or 4th antigenic exposure by Delta or Omicron BA.1 infection, respectively. A 3rd exposure to antigen by Delta breakthrough increases the number of memory B cells that produce antibodies with comparable potency and breadth to a 3rd mRNA vaccine dose. A 4th antigenic exposure with Omicron BA.1 infection increased variant specific plasma antibody and memory B cell responses. However, the 4th exposure did not increase the overall frequency of memory B cells or their general potency or breadth compared to a 3rd mRNA vaccine dose. In conclusion, a 3rd antigenic exposure by Delta infection elicits strain-specific memory responses and increases in the overall potency and breadth of the memory B cells. In contrast, the effects of a 4th antigenic exposure with Omicron BA.1 is limited to increased strain specific memory with little effect on the potency or breadth of memory B cell antibodies. The results suggest that the effect of strain-specific boosting on memory B cell compartment may be limited.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503601v1" target="_blank">Memory B cell responses to Omicron subvariants after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA breakthrough infection</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) related public-health measures on training behaviours of individuals previously participating in resistance training: A cross-sectional survey study</strong> -
<div>
Introduction: Understanding the impact of lockdown upon RT, and how people adapted their RT behaviours, is expected to have implications for strategies to maintain engagement in positive health behaviours such as this during- restrictive pandemic-related public health measures. Further, doing so will provide a baseline for investigation of the long-term effects of these measures upon behaviours and perceptions and facilitate future follow-up study. Objectives: To determine how the onset of coronavirus (COVID-19), and the associated ‘lockdown’, affected resistance training (RT) behaviours, in addition to motivation, perceived effectiveness, enjoyment, and intent to continue, in those who regularly performed resistance training RT prior to the pandemic. Methods: We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study using online surveys in multiple languages (English, Danish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Slovakian, Swedish, and Japanese) distributed across social media platforms and through authors professional and personal networks. Adults (n = 5389 after data cleaning; median age = 31 years [interquartile range (IQR) = 25, 38]), who were previously engaged in RT prior to lockdown (median prior RT experience = 7 years [IQR = 4, 12]) participated. Outcomes were self-reported RT behaviours including: continuation of RT during lockdown, location of RT, purchase of specific equipment for RT, method of training (e.g. alone, supervision etc.), full-body or split routine, types of training, repetition ranges, exercise number, set volumes (per exercise and muscle group), weekly frequency of training, perception of effort, whether training was planned/recorded, time of day, and training goals. Secondary outcomes included motivation, perceived effectiveness, enjoyment, and intent to continue RT. Results: A majority of individuals (82.8%) maintained participation in some form of RT during- lockdown. Marginal probabilities from generalised linear models and generalised estimating equations of engaging in certain RT behaviours were largely similar from pre- to during- lockdown (particularly numbers of exercises, sets per exercise or muscle group, and weekly frequencies). There was reduced probability of training in privately owned gyms (~59% to ~7%) and increased probability of training at home (~18% to ~89%); greater probability of training using a full-body routine (~38% to ~51%); reduced probability of resistance machines (~66% to ~13%) and free weight use (~96% to ~81%), and increased probability of bodyweight training (~62% to ~82%); reduced probability of moderate repetition ranges (~62-82% to ~55-66%) and greater probability of higher repetition ranges (~27% to ~49%); and moderate reduction in the perception of effort experienced during- training (r = 0.31). Further, individuals were slightly less likely to plan or record training during- lockdown and many changed their training goals as a result of lockdown. Additionally, perceived effectiveness, enjoyment, and likelihood of continuing current training were all lower during- lockdown. Conclusions: Those engaged in RT prior to lockdown appeared mostly able to maintain these behaviours with only slight adaptations in both the location and types of training performed. However, people employed less effort, had lower motivation, and perceived training as less effective and enjoyable, reporting that their likelihood of continuing current training was similar or lower than pre- lockdown. These results have implications for strategies to maintain engagement in positive health behaviours such as RT during- restrictive pandemic-related public health measures.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/sportrxiv/b8s7e/" target="_blank">The impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) related public-health measures on training behaviours of individuals previously participating in resistance training: A cross-sectional survey study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The emergence of high-fitness variants accelerates the decay of genome heterogeneity in the coronavirus</strong> -
<div>
Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus accumulated an important amount of genome compositional heterogeneity through mutation and recombination, which can be summarized by means of a measure of Sequence Compositional Complexity (SCC). To test evolutionary trends that could inform us on the adaptive process of the virus to its human host, we compute SCC in high-quality coronavirus genomes from across the globe, covering the full span of the pandemic. By using phylogenetic ridge regression, we find trends for SCC in the short time-span of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic expansion. In early samples, we find no statistical support for any trend in SCC values over time, although the virus genome appears to evolve faster than Brownian Motion expectation. However, in samples taken after the emergence of Variants of Concern with higher transmissibility, and controlling for phylogenetic and sampling effects, we detect a declining trend for SCC and an increasing one for its absolute evolutionary rate. This means that the decay in SCC itself accelerated over time, and that increasing fitness of variant genomes lead to a reduction of their genome sequence heterogeneity. Therefore, our work shows that phylogenetic trends, typical of macroevolutionary time scales, can be also revealed on the shorter time spans typical of viral genomes.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.06.467547v2" target="_blank">The emergence of high-fitness variants accelerates the decay of genome heterogeneity in the coronavirus</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Measuring and validating spatial accessibility to Covid-19 vaccination sites: a case study in England</strong> -
<div>
The global Covid-19 pandemic has caused numerous deaths and illnesses and posed unprecedented social and economic challenges to many countries. One of the key strategies to contain the pandemic is mass vaccination. While it is essential to ensure safe and easy accessibility to Covid-19 vaccines for all communities, limited research has been carried out to understand and validate the spatial accessibility of these vaccines. This study addresses this gap by measuring and validating the spatial accessibility to Covid-19 vaccines with a particular focus on England, United Kingdom. More specifically, we compare three floating catchment area (FCA) methods with differing parameters for measuring the small-scale spatial accessibility to vaccination services. Then, we calibrate these accessibility measurements using a beta regression model and the reported vaccination uptake rates. The results show that the three-step FCA method with a distance parameter of 30 miles is the optimal model for measuring the spatial accessibility to Covid-19 vaccines. The findings provide an improved understanding of the spatial inequality of vaccine services. Further, the framework of calibrating spatial accessibility to vaccine services is generalisable to other types of healthcare services.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/xvnps/" target="_blank">Measuring and validating spatial accessibility to Covid-19 vaccination sites: a case study in England</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Resuming Social Contact After Months of Contact Restrictions: Social Traits Moderate Associations Between Changes in Social Contact and Well-Being</strong> -
<div>
Humans possess a need for social contact. Satisfaction of this need benefits well-being, whereas deprivation is detrimental. However, how much contact people desire is not universal, and evidence is mixed on individual differences in the association between contact and well-being. This preregistered longitudinal study (N = 190) examined changes in social contact and well-being (life satisfaction, depressivity/anxiety) in Germany during pervasive contact restrictions, which exceed lab-based social deprivation. We analyzed how changes in personal and indirect contact and well-being during the first COVID-19 lockdown varied with social traits (e.g., affiliation, extraversion). Results showed that affiliation motive, need to be alone, and social anxiety moderated the resumption of personal contact under loosened restrictions as well as associated changes in life satisfaction and depressivity/anxiety.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/rmq8e/" target="_blank">Resuming Social Contact After Months of Contact Restrictions: Social Traits Moderate Associations Between Changes in Social Contact and Well-Being</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>COVID-19 convalescent plasma for the treatment of immunocompromised patients: a systematic review.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Immunosuppressed patients have increased risk for morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 because they less frequently mount antibody responses to vaccines and often cannot tolerate small-molecule antivirals. The Omicron variant of concern of SARS-CoV-2 has progressively defeated anti-Spike mAbs authorized so far, paving the way to a return to COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) therapy. In this systematic review we performed a metanalysis of 8 controlled studies (totaling 469 treated patients and 1305 controls and including 3 randomized controlled trials), an individual patient data analysis of 125 case reports/series (totaling 265 patients), and a descriptive analysis of 13 uncontrolled large case series without individual patient data available (totaling 358 patients). The metanalysis of controlled studies showed a risk ratio for mortality of 0.63 (0.58 in randomized controlled trials) in treatment with CCP versus standard of care for immunosuppressed COVID-19 patients. On the basis of this evidence, we encourage initiation of high-titer CCP from vaccinees (hybrid plasma) in immunocompromised patients.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.22278359v3" target="_blank">COVID-19 convalescent plasma for the treatment of immunocompromised patients: a systematic review.</a>
</div></li>
<li>**HLA-A*01:01 allele vanishing in COVID-19 patients population associated with non-structural epitope abundance in CD8+ T-cell repertoire** -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
In mid-2021, the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant caused the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in several countries worldwide. The pivotal studies were aimed at studying changes in the efficiency of neutralizing antibodies to the spike protein. However, much less attention was paid to the T-cell response and the presentation of virus peptides by MHC-I molecules. In this study, we compared the features of the HLA-I genotype in symptomatic patients with COVID-19 in the first and third waves of the pandemic. As a result, we could identify the vanishing of carriers of the HLA-A<em>01:01 allele in the third wave and demonstrate the unique properties of this allele. Thus, HLA-A</em>01:01-binding immunodominant epitopes are mostly derived from ORF1ab. A set of epitopes from ORF1ab was tested, and their high immunogenicity was confirmed. Moreover, analysis of the results of single-cell phenotyping of T-cells in recovered patients showed that the predominant phenotype in HLA-A*01:01 carriers is central memory T-cells. The predominance of T-lymphocytes of this phenotype may contribute to forming long-term T-cell immunity in carriers of this allele. Our results can be the basis for highly effective vaccines based on ORF1ab peptides.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.05.22277214v2" target="_blank">HLA-A*01:01 allele vanishing in COVID-19 patients population associated with non-structural epitope abundance in CD8+ T-cell repertoire</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Population disruption: estimating changes in population distribution in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Mobility data have demonstrated major changes in human movement patterns in response to COVID-19 and associated interventions in many countries. This can involve sub-national redistribution, short-term relocations as well as international migration. In this paper, we combine detailed location data from Facebook measuring the location of approximately 6 million daily active Facebook users in 5km2 tiles in the UK with census-derived population estimates to measure population mobility and redistribution. We provide time-varying population estimates and assess spatial population changes with respect to population density and four key reference dates in 2020 (First lockdown, End of term, Beginning of term, Christmas). We also show how population estimates derived from the distribution of Facebook users vary compared to mid-2020 small area population estimates by the UK national statistics agencies. We estimate that between March 2020 and March 2021, the total population of the UK declined and we identify important spatial variations in this population change, showing that low-density areas have experienced lower population decreases than urban areas. We estimate that, for the top 10% highest population tiles, the population has decreased by 6.6%. Further, we provide evidence that geographic redistributions of population within the UK coincide with dates of non-pharmaceutical interventions including lockdowns and movement restrictions, as well as seasonal patterns of migration around holiday dates. The methods used in this study reveal significant changes in population distribution at high spatial and temporal resolutions that have not previously been quantified by available demographic surveys in the UK. We found early indicators of potential longer-term changes in the population distribution of the UK although it is not clear if these changes may persist after the COVID-19 pandemic.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.21259336v2" target="_blank">Population disruption: estimating changes in population distribution in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Investigating orthographic versus auditory cross-situational word learning with online and lab-based research</strong> -
<div>
In recent years, cross-situational word learning (CSWL) paradigms have shown that novel words can be learned through implicit statistical learning. So far, CSWL studies using adult populations have focused on the presentation of spoken words (auditory information), however, words can also be learned through their written form (orthographic information). This study compares auditory and orthographic presentation of novel words with different degrees of phonological overlap using the CSWL paradigm. Additionally, we also present a lab-based and online-based approach to testing behavioural experiments. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, lab testing was prematurely terminated, and testing was continued online using a newly created online testing protocol. Analyses first compared accuracy and response times across modalities, with our findings showing better and faster recognition performance for CSWL when novel words are presented through their written (orthographic condition) than through their spoken forms (auditory condition). As well, Bayesian modelling found that accuracy for the auditory condition was higher online compared to the lab-based experiment, whereas performance in the orthography condition was high in both experiments and generally outperformed the auditory condition. We discuss the implications of our findings for modality of presentation, as well as the benefits of our online testing protocol and its implementation for future research.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/tpn5e/" target="_blank">Investigating orthographic versus auditory cross-situational word learning with online and lab-based research</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Partisan Selectivity in Blame Attribution: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic</strong> -
<div>
Crises and disasters give voters an opportunity to observe the incumbent’s response and reward or punish them for successes and failures. Yet even when voters perceive events similarly, they tend to attribute responsibility selectively, disproportionately crediting their party for positive developments and blaming opponents for negative developments. We examine selective attribution during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, reporting three key findings. First, selective attribution rapidly emerged during the first weeks of the pandemic, a time in which Democrats and Republicans were otherwise updating their perceptions and behavior in parallel. Second, selective attribution is caused by individual-level changes in perceptions of the pandemic. Third, existing research has been too quick to explain selective attribution in terms of partisan-motivated reasoning. We find stronger evidence for an explanation rooted in beliefs about presidential competence. This recasts selective attribution’s implications for democratic accountability.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/t8xar/" target="_blank">Partisan Selectivity in Blame Attribution: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Measure the Amount of Study Medicine in Blood in Adult Participants With COVID-19 and Severe Kidney Disease</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: PF-07321332 (nirmatrelvir)/ritonavir<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Pfizer<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cognitive Rehabilitation in Post-COVID-19 Condition</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Goal Management Training (GMT)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital;   University of Oslo;   Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai;   University of Toronto;   UiT The Arctic University of Norway;   Oslo University Hospital<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study of Booster Immunization With COVID-19 Vaccine,Inactivated Co -Administration With Influenza Vaccine and Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Adult group in immunogenicity and safety study of combined immunization;   Biological: Elderly group in immunogenicity and safety study of combined immunization;   Biological: Adult group in safety observation study of combined immunization;   Biological: Elderly group in safety observation study of combined immunization<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>EFFECTS OF INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING IN POST-COVID-19 PATIENTS</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: TREATMENT GROUP (TG);   Other: CONTROL GROUP (CG)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University Vila Velha<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Long-term Effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the Central Nervous System and One-year Follow-up of “Long COVID-19” Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Long Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Diagnostic Test: Perfusion brain scintigraphy imaging<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Brugmann University Hospital<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Temelimab as a Disease Modifying Therapy in Patients With Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Post-COVID 19 or PASC Syndrome</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Temelimab 54mg/kg;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   GeNeuro SA<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Active Cycle Of Breathing Technique Verses Breathing Exercises In Post ICU COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post Covid-19 Patients<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Chest physiotherapy with breathing exercises and ACBT;   Other: Chest physiotherapy with breathing exercises<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Riphah International University<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy and Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among African American Young Adults in the South</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Vaccine Uptake<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Tough Talks COVID<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill;   University of Alabama at Birmingham;   National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD)<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>rSIFN-co Among Healthy Subjects and Subjects With Mild or Asymptomatic COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   SARS-CoV-2<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: rSIFN-co Nasal Spray;   Drug: Placebo Nasal Spray<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Sichuan Huiyang Life Science and Technology Corporation<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of Safety and Immunogenicity of the Recombinant ZR202-CoV and ZR202a-CoV Vaccines in Adults.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   SARS-CoV-2 Infection;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: ZR202-CoV;   Biological: ZR202a-CoV;   Biological: Comirnaty®<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co.,Ltd<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effect of Pilates on Biopsychosocial Characteristics in the Covid-19 Pandemic</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Healthy;   Sedentary;   Exercise;   Pilates<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Sedantary;   Behavioral: Exercise therapy<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Medipol University<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>This Trial is a Clinical Performance Validation Study That Will Evaluate the Clinical Agreement of the Sky Medical™ Rapid Antigen Test Comparing the Antigen Rapid Test to RT-PCR</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Sars-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Diagnostic Test: Sky Medical™ Rapid Antigen Test<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Sky Medical Supplies &amp; Equipments, LLC<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effect Of Distraction Methods On Fear And Anxiety In Children Before The Covid 19 Test</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Anxiety;   Fear<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: The Kaleidescope;   Behavioral: The visual illusion cards<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Ondokuz Mayıs University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cardiovascular Function and Physical Activity in COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Coronavirus 2019<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Active-at-home-HF<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Coventry University<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effect Of Tele-Exercise Program Applied To Children With Cystic Fibrosis on Quality of Life in Covid 19 Pandemic</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Cystic Fibrosis;   Exercise Addiction;   Nursing Caries;   Quality of Life;   Exercise Adherence<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Tele-Exercise Program;   Behavioral: Just observation<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Ondokuz Mayıs University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Proteomic analysis and identification reveal the anti-inflammatory mechanism of clofazimine on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice</strong> - CONCLUSION: This study can provide significant insight into the proteomics-guided pharmacological mechanism study of CFZ and suggest potential therapeutic strategies for infectious disease.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Modeling SARS-CoV-2 and influenza infections and antiviral treatments in human lung epithelial tissue equivalents</strong> - There is a critical need for physiologically relevant, robust, and ready-to-use in vitro cellular assay platforms to rapidly model the infectivity of emerging viruses and develop new antiviral treatments. Here we describe the cellular complexity of human alveolar and tracheobronchial air liquid interface (ALI) tissue models during SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Our results showed that both SARS-CoV-2 and IAV effectively infect these ALI tissues, with SARS-CoV-2 exhibiting a…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Structure-Based Identification of Naphthoquinones and Derivatives as Novel Inhibitors of Main Protease M<sup>pro</sup> and Papain-like Protease PL<sup>pro</sup> of SARS-CoV-2</strong> - The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 urgently demands novel direct antiviral treatments. The main protease (M^(pro)) and papain-like protease (PL^(pro)) are attractive drug targets among coronaviruses due to their essential role in processing the polyproteins translated from the viral RNA. In this study, we virtually screened 688 naphthoquinoidal compounds and derivatives against M^(pro) of SARS-CoV-2. Twenty-four derivatives were selected and evaluated in…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 infection and C1-esterase inhibitor: Camouflage pattern and new perspective</strong> - In Covid-19, the pathological effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection is arbitrated through direct viral toxicity, unusual immune response, endothelial dysfunction, deregulated renin-angiotensin system [RAS], and thrombo-inflammation leading to acute lung injury [ALI], with a succession of acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS] in critical conditions. C1 esterase inhibitor [C1INH] is a protease inhibitor that inhibits the spontaneous activation of complement and contact systems and kinin pathway,…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The effect of reparixin on survival in patients at high risk for in-hospital mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized trials</strong> - CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis of randomized trials suggests that short-term inhibition of CXCL8 activity improved survival in patients at high risk for in-hospital mortality without increasing the risk of infection.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phytochemical Discrimination, Biological Activity and Molecular Docking of Water-Soluble Inhibitors from <em>Saussurea costus</em> Herb against Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2</strong> - Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems in the world and is believed to have originated more than 10,000 years ago and is prevalent across ancient Tamil land. It is undeniable that inhibitor preferences rise with increasing solubility in water due to the considerations pertaining to the bioavailability and the ease of which unabsorbed residues can be disposed of. In this study, we showed the phytochemical discrimination of Saussurea costus extracted with water at room temperature as…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antiviral and Antibacterial Effect of Honey Enriched with <em>Rubus</em> spp. as a Functional Food with Enhanced Antioxidant Properties</strong> - The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of blackberry and raspberry fruits (1 and 4%) and leaves (0.5 and 1%) on the biological activities of rape honey. Honey and plant material extracts were analyzed regarding total phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin contents, HPTLC and HPLC polyphenol profiles, as well as antioxidant activity. The antiviral potential was analyzed against bacteriophage phi 6-a coronavirus surrogate-whereas antimicrobial was tested against S. aureus and E. coli….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Actions of Novel Angiotensin Receptor Blocking Drugs, Bisartans, Relevant for COVID-19 Therapy: Biased Agonism at Angiotensin Receptors and the Beneficial Effects of Neprilysin in the Renin Angiotensin System</strong> - Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) used in the treatment of hypertension and potentially in SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit inverse agonist effects at angiotensin AR1 receptors, suggesting the receptor may have evolved to accommodate naturally occurring angiotensin ‘antipeptides’. Screening of the human genome has identified a peptide (EGVYVHPV) encoded by mRNA, complementary to that encoding ANG II itself, which is an inverse agonist. Thus, opposite strands of DNA encode peptides with opposite…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Textiles Functionalized with Copper Oxides: A Sustainable Option for Prevention of COVID-19</strong> - COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) represent severe problems in health centers and public areas. Polyester/cotton (PES/CO) blend fabrics have been functionalized with copper oxides on an industrial scale. For functionalization, the impregnation dyeing technique was applied. The functionalized samples were tested virologically against SARS-CoV-2 and human coronavirus (229E) according to ISO 18184-2019 and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Isolation and In Silico Inhibitory Potential against SARS-CoV-2 RNA Polymerase of the Rare Kaempferol 3-<em>O</em>-(6″-<em>O</em>-acetyl)-Glucoside from <em>Calligonum tetrapterum</em></strong> - The phytochemical constituents of Calligonum tetrapterum Jaub. &amp; Spach (Family Polygonaceae) were studied for the first time. The study resulted in the isolation of the rare flavonol glycoside, kaempferol 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl)-glucoside,(K3G-A). The potential inhibitive activity of K3G-A toward SARS-CoV-2 was investigated utilizing several in silico approaches. First, molecular fingerprints and structural similarity experiments were carried out for K3G-A against nine co-crystallized ligands of nine…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Systematic Study on the Optimal Nucleotide Analogue Concentration and Rate Limiting Nucleotide of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase</strong> - The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the necessity of more efficient antiviral compounds. The antiviral efficacy of adenosine-based analogs, the main repurposed drugs for SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibition, is mainly assessed through in vitro or cell-free polymerization assays, under arbitrary conditions that do not reflect the physiological environment. We show that SARS-CoV-2 RdRp inhibition efficiency of remdesivir and cordycepin, two common adenosine analogs,…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Serum of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome Patients with or without ME/CFS Differentially Affects Endothelial Cell Function In Vitro</strong> - A proportion of COVID-19 reconvalescent patients develop post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) including a subgroup fulfilling diagnostic criteria of Myalgic encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (PCS/CFS). Recently, endothelial dysfunction (ED) has been demonstrated in these patients, but the mechanisms remain elusive. Therefore, we investigated the effects of patients’ sera on endothelia cells (ECs) in vitro. PCS (n = 17), PCS/CFS (n = 13), and healthy controls (HC, n = 14) were screened for serum…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Innate Immune Response and Inflammasome Activation During SARS-CoV-2 Infection</strong> - The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 outbreak, has become a pandemic threatening millions of lives worldwide. Recently, several vaccine candidates and drugs have shown promising effects in preventing or treating COVID-19, but due to the development of mutant strains through rapid viral evolution, urgent investigations are warranted in order to develop preventive measures and further improve current vaccine candidates. Positive-sense-single-stranded RNA viruses comprise…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antiviral activity of natural phenolic compounds in complex at an allosteric site of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) covers multiple functions. Beside the cysteine-protease activity, facilitating cleavage of the viral polypeptide chain, PLpro has the additional and vital function of removing ubiquitin and ISG15 (Interferon-stimulated gene 15) from host-cell proteins to support coronaviruses in evading the host’s innate immune responses. We identified three phenolic compounds bound to PLpro, preventing essential molecular interactions to ISG15 by screening a natural…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Consensus statement on blocking interleukin-6 receptor and interleukin-6 in inflammatory conditions: an update</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: The document provides a comprehensive consensus on the use of IL-6 inhibition to treat inflammatory disorders to inform healthcare professionals (including researchers), patients, administrators and payers.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What the F.B.I.’s Raid of Mar-a-Lago Could Mean for Trump</strong> - A former federal prosecutor and general counsel for the F.B.I. explains the process and implications of obtaining a search warrant on the home of a former President. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/what-the-fbis-raid-of-mar-a-lago-could-mean-for-trump">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Democrats Finally Deliver</strong> - The Senate’s passage of a sweeping, if imperfect, climate-change-and-health-care bill is a landmark moment in U.S. policymaking. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-democrats-finally-deliver">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How Hurricanes Get Their Names</strong> - In an age of more intense storms, forecasters explain their aims. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/how-hurricanes-get-their-names">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Salman Rushdie and the Power of Words</strong> - Efforts are bound to be made to somehow equalize or level the acts of Rushdie and his tormentors and would-be executioners. This is a despicable viewpoint. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/salman-rushdie-and-the-power-of-words">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Exhibit A of Trump’s Recklessness</strong> - The classified documents recovered by federal agents at the former President’s Mar-a-Lago estate add to the picture of his out-of-control behavior after he lost the 2020 election. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/exhibit-a-of-trumps-recklessness">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>How capitalism ensnared some of its radical critics</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="An illustration of a person in a business suit, sitting in a trashcan surrounded by crumpled up trash, gold bars, and a stack of paper. The head of the person is replaced by cascading hundred dollar bills." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/o5GWBb0IDP4ivrHibAUVuBIPjLk=/207x0:1558x1013/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71241815/pomo_lead_board_1b.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Christina Animashaun/Vox
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Postmodernism could’ve been revolutionary. But neoliberalism neutered it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zDww0h">
What the hell is postmodernism?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AVfIfB">
I’ve written a <a href="https://www.vox.com/features/2019/11/11/18273141/postmodernism-donald-trump-lyotard-baudrillard">feature essay</a> on postmodernism and I’m still not entirely sure I know what it is. I can paint a general picture, but even the great postmodern philosophers don’t all agree on what postmodernism means.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vgX3Hd">
Most of the time, when you hear the word “postmodernism” thrown around, it’s a kind of insult. It’s constantly blamed for our <a href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/573029/the-death-of-truth-by-michiko-kakutani/">“post-truth” era</a>. And it’s often considered a school of thought that abolished standards, denied objectivity, and celebrated a dangerous <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/allan-blooms-guide-to-college">moral relativism</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JQhVUh">
Most of this is just using the term as a lazy scapegoat, and yet there is at least some<em> </em>truth in these criticisms. The important thing to know in any case is that postmodernism — or what postmodernism is trying to say about our world — is relevant. Because whether we know it or not, we’re living in a postmodern world.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aUcq7q">
That’s why I was excited to see a new book by one of my favorite journalists: Stuart Jeffries. The book is called <a href="https://www.versobooks.com/books/3875-everything-all-the-time-everywhere"><em>Everything, All the Time, Everywhere: How We Became Postmodern</em></a> and it does more than offer a useful account of what postmodernism is; it also explores how it revolutionized our culture and politics in ways we hardly recognize.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jCAjKl">
So I invited Jeffries, who now works as a freelance writer for the Guardian and many other outlets, to join me for an episode of <a href="https://tools.applemediaservices.com/podcast/1081584611?country=us"><em>Vox Conversations</em></a>. We try to make some sense of postmodernism and he explains why he thinks it’s bound up with another boogeyman term: <a href="https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/7/18/15992226/neoliberalism-chait-austerity-democratic-party-sanders-clinton">neoliberalism</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SGFdjq">
Below is an excerpt, edited for length and clarity. As always, there’s much more in the full podcast, so listen and follow <em>Vox Conversations</em> on <a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/vox-conversations/id1215557536">Apple Podcasts</a>, <a href="https://podcasts.google.com/search/vox%20conversations">Google Podcasts</a>, <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/6NOJ6IkTb2GWMj1RpmtnxP">Spotify</a>, <a href="https://www.stitcher.com/show/vox-conversations">Stitcher</a>, or wherever you listen to podcasts.
</p>
<div id="c149QK">
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yfKtRI">
</p>
<hr class="p-entry-hr" id="mSoTOi"/>
<h4 id="LtjDBX">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zNL30Q">
I wanted to avoid the temptation to ask you to define postmodernism at the top, but I feel like we have to do it, right?
</p>
<h4 id="QIPSrd">
Stuart Jeffries
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bYiQhU">
Yeah, let’s try it. So the simple idea is that postmodernism is what comes after modernism. And modernism was a very earnest and serious commitment to progress, a commitment to overturning the frills and furbelows of Victorian culture and early 20th century decorative culture, in the arts and in architecture. It’s joyless, really.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4nkAYz">
And postmodernism is a rebellion against all <em>that</em>. It’s a rebellion against the idea that we should become leaner and fitter and meaner in our architecture and in our literature. It’s a rebellion against the idea that we’re on some path to improving ourselves as human beings, that we’re heading toward some kind of absolute perfection. Postmodernism disdains all that. It says that’s garbage. The postmodernists said we’re going to tear up the rule books to make buildings, to make art, and make it all about expression and fun.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SkipXp">
Now the weird thing about postmodernism is that when you put it like that, it sounds great! But my book is about how there’s another “ism” looming as postmodernism emerges and it’s called neoliberalism, which is a new form of capitalism and very much the world we’re living in now. We’re living in a neoliberal era and postmodernism has become a cultural handmaiden for that.
</p>
<h4 id="JdoWMN">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="M0g17G">
What do you mean?
</p>
<h4 id="eVHUFp">
Stuart Jeffries
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="i6a3uC">
I mean the culture of fun that postmodernism proposes ends up serving neoliberalism. That’s why I wrote this book, because I wanted to pull these two movements together and think about how they reinforce each other.
</p>
<h4 id="uUgyaa">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="40h1bN">
We’ll get to that, but you make an interesting observation that may help to set the stage here. You mark the beginning of the postmodern era as the moment President Nixon <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-08-15/nixon-broke-with-gold-50-years-ago-what-comes-next#:~:text=Then%20he%20administered%20what%20is,rate%20of%20%2435%20per%20ounce.">removed the US dollar from the gold standard</a>, which I think will strike a lot of people as very strange. What’s the connection?
</p>
<h4 id="kvcttk">
Stuart Jeffries
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0ikNGi">
You’d have thought that postmodernism would be born in something to do with the Vietnam War. Or Watergate. In other words, that you’d have this rebellion against a disastrous war or disastrous corruption. But actually I think it’s the moment in between those two things.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jLL4ID">
When Nixon effectively takes the world economy off the gold standard, it does something really interesting. It means that money is in free flow. It’s not pegged to anything real. You know, when countries like Britain were running short of money, we’d always think, “Well, we can always just get some gold. We can get rid of our dollar reserves, get gold from Fort Knox, and we’ll be okay.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PCg6af">
So we enter a terrifying world in which there are no real foundations. Credit cards have their era in the years after that. Credit explodes, borrowing explodes. We go completely mad for buying things we can’t afford. And all of these things are reflected in what’s happening in French postmodern theory.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0hyhB7">
We have these theorists like Roland Barthes arguing that the author is dead as a guarantor of the meaning of a sentence or the meaning of a work. Now we’re in a democracy where the reader has as much power to decide what something means as the author.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="157DgU">
So the idea that the author is dead is taking root around the same time the US is coming off the gold standard and it all reflects this deeper loss of foundations, a loss of meaning. And it’s also a moment in which capital goes nuts.
</p>
<h4 id="eB6Lz0">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FPlIJJ">
It’s kind of a metaphor for what happens with language and meaning around that time as well, where there are lots of arguments about separating the words we use from the reality they’re intended to describe, and you have all these thinkers basically arguing that it’s all made up.
</p>
<h4 id="vz5ZRh">
Stuart Jeffries
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eTIAvt">
Ultimately, that leads to where we are now, which is deep into the post-truth world. I’m not saying that Donald Trump or Boris Johnson read Foucault and Derrida and all these French theorists who deconstructed the notion of abstract truths and undermined the plausibility of objective science. But their incessant lying is made possible by the zeitgeist of a world in which truth no longer has the privileged status that it used to. And that meaning isn’t as fixed as it used to be. It’s not as tied to the real world as it used to be.
</p>
<h4 id="6rhiH6">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BDSw93">
Postmodernism is tied to the liberation of the individual in lots of ways, and you’re tying that to this neoliberal turn where we start to become consumers above all else and the role of the state is to just get out of the way and let the market manage all of life. Why is that so significant in your reading of this history?
</p>
<h4 id="AfDrdF">
Stuart Jeffries
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PfsEnU">
I think it’s because of who I am and where I grew up. I just turned 60, so I’m a child of Margaret Thatcher, who was one of the first world leaders to put the ideas of neoliberalism into practice. And they involved cutting back on the welfare state, on the very idea that there was a community. Thatcher famously said there was <a href="https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106689">no such thing as society</a>, only individuals and families. And she meant it. She meant that all the communal sensibilities that Britain had had since World War II — a strong welfare state, a sense of the country coming out the war and trying to reestablish its identity, with a strong state with nationalized industries and all that — all that was torn down in my lifetime.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tnoXrB">
And we all know that Reagan quote about how the nine most terrible words you can hear are <a href="https://www.reaganfoundation.org/ronald-reagan/reagan-quotes-speeches/news-conference-1/">“I’m from the government and I’m here to help.”</a> That actually taps into a fear lots of people have about government and it’s not just in the US, it’s everywhere. But it’s particularly resonant in the States, where there’s a deep resentment toward taxation and any kind of state interference.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RME9uG">
But I guess I’d say I’ve always been focused on the political dimensions of big cultural changes.
</p>
<h4 id="cF7dVV">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aUNsXP">
I don’t think we realize how thoroughly postmodern neoliberalism is in the sense that it’s subversive, even nihilistic. It’s a total amoral capitulation to market society.
</p>
<h4 id="EsGEqz">
Stuart Jeffries
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Nal42N">
It’s the ultimate irony, isn’t it? And postmodernity’s steeped in irony. It almost became its go-to response for everything, which is in itself disastrous.
</p>
<h4 id="aSKqRm">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fLAlVM">
For me at least, the main symptom of postmodern politics is the idea that politics is a personal issue, that politics is a space for self-expression. And what else are we supposed to do when there are no grand ideologies to believe in anymore, no great historical projects to pursue? We’re just individual actors floating in space with no real connective tissue and capitalism fills the void, and everything, including politics, becomes an arena for affirming our status and individual identity.
</p>
<h4 id="8Nnh5T">
Stuart Jeffries
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5NX92j">
I definitely feel a nostalgia for a collective society that probably didn’t exist all that much in my lifetime, but I was sort of stamped with it. It always felt like the right goal, something we should be working toward. And that seems like an incredibly naive thing to say now.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CORdoa">
It’s much more likely today that we conceive of politics the same way we conceive of shopping. I don’t mean to sound trite about that, but I really do think we approach politics this way. It’s about personal desire and satisfaction and what this guy can do for me. It’s not about anything grander than ourselves, and that seems so petty and sad. Or maybe I’m just utterly nostalgic and naive. But I still think that collective vision is something worth holding onto.
</p>
<h4 id="IYTobX">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Fpfxpg">
Do you feel like the emancipatory potential of postmodernism was squandered? Like, there was a genuine subversiveness to it that could’ve been revolutionary, but in the end it gets commercialized and becomes another trick of capital.
</p>
<h4 id="9znl0r">
Stuart Jeffries
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eOfqi4">
Absolutely. If you read Francois Lyotard’s <em>The Postmodern Condition</em> [the book that coined the term “postmodernism” in 1979], or if you read Gilles Deleuze, both of them are quite radical thinkers. Both of them are born of the disappointment of the failure of the student rebellions in ’68 in Paris. Their ideas are filled with mourning over the lost revolution.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ULZ5KQ">
But they’re not Marxist revolutionaries anymore. And Deleuze, the great postmodern theorist, starts to think about desire as a liberator. So forget about socialist organizing, forget about trade unions and barricades — it’s all about desire. Desire is truly revolutionary.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qTsgeq">
And that just seems so incredibly naive to say now, because you think of how desire — sexual desire, the desire for products, the desire for material titillation — is utterly conformist. Our desires are constantly manufactured and then sold back to us. Desire is so obviously a tool for capitalism.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zeKk3r">
Lyotard actually wrote very subversively about scientific objectivity. He was pointing out that all the really interesting scientific advantages, particularly in the 20th century, came about as a result of war and a desire for conquest: They are the things that project us forward. So scientific endeavor isn’t necessarily an objective quest for truth — it’s often a money-based pursuit of something that’s gonna keep the shareholders happy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kXAZ2S">
What a subversive thought that was! I’m not sure it’s true, but it’s a pretty revolutionary thought.
</p>
<h4 id="KOpG3u">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="x8BCTo">
Is it possible that postmodernism was just a diagnosis of the world neoliberalism built?
</p>
<h4 id="8lvCCx">
Stuart Jeffries
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wrHlFc">
Neoliberalism seems to be building the stuff that neoliberalism wants. But I suppose you could think of postmodernism as an intellectual critique of neoliberalism in a way. Because neoliberalism’s foundational principle is that the individual is king or queen. What’s wrong is society. And if you read a lot of postmodern theory, it tells you that these notions of the individual, these notions of the self, can be easily exploded, that they’re artifacts of a kind of economic thinking. So postmodern theory could’ve been used to blow up neoliberalism, but that’s not what happened.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bdYwdD">
<em>To hear the rest of the conversation, </em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/16wWvbw32412GeIsLay8Lf?si=C_7qRrtDTpay1LIxURaGGA"><em>click here</em></a><em>, and be sure to subscribe to </em>Vox Conversations<em> on </em><a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/vox-conversations/id1215557536"><em>Apple Podcasts</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://podcasts.google.com/search/vox%20conversations"><em>Google Podcasts</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/6NOJ6IkTb2GWMj1RpmtnxP"><em>Spotify</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.stitcher.com/show/vox-conversations"><em>Stitcher</em></a><em>, or wherever you listen to podcasts.</em>
</p></li>
<li><strong>Why monkeypox is a repeat of the data mistakes made with Covid-19</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/o4sfCGsFrYD_luVrj9LvCfKsEsU=/162x0:4926x3573/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71241777/GettyImages_86183957.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
A nurse documents a surgical patient’s information on a computer. | Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Accurate data is critical for public health, and the US doesn’t have it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ll4jPk">
The US <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/us-officials-plan-declare-monkeypox-public-health-emergency-rcna40504?cid=ed_npd_bn_tw_bn">declared</a> monkeypox a public health emergency this month, but the decision may have come <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/white-house-scrambles-play-catch-monkeypox-response-rcna41305">too late</a>. Though states <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/27/cdc-monkeypox-reportable-condition-00048188">are now required</a> to report cases, and <a href="https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2022/06/22/hhs-expanding-monkeypox-testing-capacity-five-commercial-laboratory-companies.html">commercial labs</a> have an approved test, a <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/theres-a-monkeypox-testing-bottleneck/">testing bottleneck</a> persists, and cases — which passed 10,000 <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/response/2022/us-map.html">confirmed cases</a> this week — are likely still being underreported. Any <a href="https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2022/07/28/monkeypox-straining-already-overstretched-public-health-system">effective</a> public health response to an infectious disease is dependent on having accurate data. If the virus spreads to other <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/specific-settings/congregate.html">populations</a>, such as college <a href="https://www.boston25news.com/news/local/is-monkeypox-next-infectious-issue-college-campuses/VP5MEVWUU5FKDMJ7XBFSU7WD4M/">dorms</a> — where cases have <a href="https://cbsaustin.com/news/local/ut-austin-health-officials-confirm-positive-monkeypox-case-in-the-community">already</a> <a href="https://www.wnep.com/article/news/local/union-county/bucknell-confirms-first-monkeypox-case-university-union-county-lewisburg-virus-isolate-student-health/523-d2f0e4e8-e802-4390-86bd-5bd5756ad9de">been</a> <a href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2022/08/05/colleges-prepare-potential-monkeypox-outbreaks">reported</a> — the testing bottleneck could ultimately make it impossible to contain the spread. Reliable demographic information is key to making the right choices for allocating limited tests and vaccines.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Y9fw3K">
All of this feels like an uncanny echo of the early mishandling of Covid-19. Limited access <a href="https://www.modernhealthcare.com/technology/covid-19-testing-problems-started-early-us-still-playing-behind">to testing</a>, a hobbled <a href="https://covidtracking.com/analysis-updates/federal-covid-19-test-data-is-getting-better">federal infrastructure</a> to track cases, and the <a href="https://covidtracking.com/analysis-updates/counting-covid-19-tests">general lack</a> <a href="https://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/covid-state-responses.php">of communication</a> among different agencies and states <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/us-epidemiologists-say-data-secrecy-covid-19-cases-cripples-intervention-strategies">complicated</a> the federal government’s ability to make evidence-based public health decisions. Reporting lags on rising cases meant that <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/69650/timeline-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic-and-u-s-response/">lockdowns began</a> too late to save tens of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/20/us/coronavirus-distancing-deaths.html">thousands</a> of lives. Similarly, certain communities uniquely at risk, like Black and Hispanic people who lacked access to health care, were <a href="https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2022/04/racism-revealed-in-covid-19-outcomes-disparities-state-health-commissioner-says">suffering higher rates</a> of severe illness and death from Covid before policymakers had any way of knowing where to direct <a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/covid-19-amas-recent-and-ongoing-advocacy-efforts">public health</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8389831/">outreach</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3a9LLV">
But the roots of this deadly problem long predate monkeypox outbreaks or the Covid-19 pandemic. The US has always had a fragmented health care system, with widely disparate experiences for patients based on state, insurance company, or hospital chain. Without systems to reliably record and share population-level data between decision-makers, health care workers can’t focus on helping the patients who need it most. The consequences are worse for marginalized people — such as Indigenous people, people with disabilities, or youth at risk for teen pregnancy — who were already facing inadequate care before the pandemic.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iHZcC1">
It doesn’t have to be this way. The US has an opportunity to learn from the tough lessons of the last few years and build on work to improve transparency and data sharing. With monkeypox already a <a href="https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/23-07-2022-who-director-general-declares-the-ongoing-monkeypox-outbreak-a-public-health-event-of-international-concern">global public health emergency</a>, it’s vital for the data to be available, promptly and accurately, to coordinate an effective public health response. This is how we can get there.
</p>
<h3 id="v1Wu9k">
Why does data matter?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="98pI4N">
Evidence-based medicine — the practice of using observation, studies, and randomized controlled trials to test which treatments work<em> —</em> has <a href="https://elliotphysicians.org/roundup-major-medical-advances-of-the-20th-century/">transformed</a> the <a href="https://gohighbrow.com/20th-century-medicine/">medical field</a> over the last century. But for that to work, as Covid showed, you need to have data to inform medical decisions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0oGz96">
The US has mandatory <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nndss/about/conduct.html">reporting</a> systems for some <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001665.htm">contagious diseases</a>, along with public health concerns like <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/default.htm">lead poisoning</a>. This usually means that hospitals, clinics, and laboratories are required to report the location, severity of the illness, and treatment provided for any confirmed case. They also must document demographic information, such as race and ethnicity.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CpYcLS">
But that reporting is hobbled by the fact that there is no single agency responsible for the US health care system. Data is collected by federal agencies such as the Department of Health and Human Services — which houses the CDC, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Indian Health Service — as well as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which focuses on supplies and infrastructure for disaster preparedness. But communication among these agencies, the state health departments that report to them, and the hospitals and organizations where data is collected <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/how-poor-communication-exacerbates-health-inequities-and-what-to-do-about-it/">is often challenging</a>, thanks to a fractured system made up of hundreds of different organizations.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1x3jcH">
Data comes in from <a href="https://www.definitivehc.com/blog/top-10-largest-health-systems#:~:text=How%20many%20health%20systems%20are,owned%20by%20a%20healthcare%20system.">over 900 health systems</a>, or chains of hospitals under shared management; the largest include about 200 hospitals. But that’s just a fraction of the <a href="https://www.aha.org/statistics/fast-facts-us-hospitals">over 6,000 hospitals</a> across the country. So when, for example, positive test results for Covid-19 or monkeypox, or cases of <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/pesticides/">workplace exposure</a> to pesticides, have to be reported to the state, <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/publichealthgateway/healthdirectories/healthdepartments.html">public health boards</a> in every state must coordinate with hundreds of different organizations and aggregate their data before they can share it with federal agencies. Except during an officially declared public health emergency — which, for monkeypox, is only a week old — the CDC has <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/surveillance/projects/dmi-initiative/where_does_our_data_come_from.html">limited legal power</a> to mandate reporting.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A 3D rendering of the spread of Covid-19" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/dyGqG0Q_Wx3lGWxcGOKx5boD_A4=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23941464/GettyImages_1216889088.jpg"/> <cite>Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
A 3D rendering of the global spread of Covid-19.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Nhk09G">
Data also isn’t collected the same way everywhere. There is <a href="https://www.definitivehc.com/blog/most-common-inpatient-ehr-systems">a large number</a> of different electronic health record systems currently in use in the US. They allow medical professionals to document a patient’s diagnosis and treatment, and in theory, share them more efficiently than in the days of paper-based records. But the software systems aren’t designed to be compatible with each other, so they <a href="https://www.himss.org/resources/interoperability-healthcare">cannot easily exchange data</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZFNfQE">
Even for a popular software platform like <a href="https://www.epic.com/">Epic</a>, which <a href="https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/ehrs/ehr-vendors-ranked-by-percentage-of-hospital-market-share.html#:~:text=Epic%20remains%20the%20vendor%20that,EMR%20Market%20Share%202021%22%20report.">covers about a third</a> of hospital systems in the US, categories like a patient’s diagnosis — or even something as simple as their height or weight — are often customized for a particular hospital or chain. This makes for a <a href="https://blueehr.com/blogs/the-positive-impact-of-customizing-your-ehr/">more efficient workflow</a> for the medical professionals on the ground, but it means that every hospital or chain is collecting slightly different information and organizing it differently. In order to piece the information together into a national picture that policymakers can actually use, each individual dataset has to be mapped onto a standardized format, a massive administrative burden that adds to delays.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="83m1PI">
For example, when I worked as a nurse in Canada, different hospitals in the same city used different recordkeeping software. Rather than digitally transferring data, other hospitals would fax a paper copy of their records, which had to be entered manually, leading to delay and data entry mistakes — and this was assuming that we knew the patient had been hospitalized there before. Getting the records of a patient’s medical history from primary care providers or clinics was even more challenging. It wasn’t uncommon for a single patient to end up with two or three duplicate charts, sometimes due to minor spelling errors in their name.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aj0fcS">
With hundreds of different organizations involved, it’s no wonder the US faces greater challenges in maintaining a complete and accurate national-level database than a country like the UK, with a <a href="https://www.england.nhs.uk/statistics/statistical-work-areas/covid-19-deaths/">centralized</a> single-payer <a href="https://www.expatica.com/uk/healthcare/healthcare-services/uk-hospitals-1095642/">health care</a> system. The sheer size and varied demographics of the US population add further challenges.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BgsSLs">
“The United States is incredibly diverse in many ways,” is how <a href="https://yourlocalepidemiologist.substack.com/p/covid-19-and-monkeypox-similarities">epidemiologist Katelyn Jetelina</a> puts it. “You know, race, ethnicity, age, health status, state-level policies, rural, urban. There are so many [of what we call] confounders in epidemiology, so many important factors that will influence health and disease. What we see in New York City isn’t necessarily going to be generalizable or translatable to, for example, rural Texas.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="C1n5xe">
Until the US <a href="https://www.npr.org/2022/07/25/1113282334/monkeypox-outbreak-covid-lessons-epidemiologists">started using</a> <a href="https://www.medtechdive.com/news/commercial-labs-monkeypox-testing/626351/">commercial labs</a> to ramp up testing capacity for monkeypox in late June, samples could only be processed at <a href="https://emergency.cdc.gov/lrn/">state public health labs</a>, with a <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-06-14/monkeypox-outbreak-us-repeated-its-mistakes-from-covid-response">cumbersome</a> process. Hot spots like New York were overstretched, while other states’ labs sat idle. The <a href="https://www.statnews.com/2022/06/07/testing-bottleneck-for-monkeypox-jeopardizes-containment-experts-warn/">delays</a> and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/18/nyregion/new-york-monkeypox-vaccine.html">poor coordination</a> between clinics and city health departments meant that contact tracing happened too late to contain the spread. If the spread had been caught earlier, patients would have been more likely to minimize their risk and seek out testing and treatment if they were exposed, and there would have been more advance warning on ordering a vaccine supply.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="K4BbVl">
Undertesting doesn’t just affect the case numbers reported, but hurts patients’ access to treatment. Tecovirimat, or TPOXX, an antiviral drug that is most effective for treating monkeypox if started early, can’t be prescribed until a test <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/Tecovirimat.html">comes back positive</a>, and since it’s not officially approved by the FDA for monkeypox treatment, doctors need to <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/07/15/monkeypox-response-vaccine-treatment-obstacles-adams/">jump through bureaucratic hoops</a> to prescribe it. This leaves many patients suffering from untreated painful lesions for days or weeks.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dOaWvA">
As Jetelina pointed out in a Substack post, monkeypox <a href="https://yourlocalepidemiologist.substack.com/p/covid-19-and-monkeypox-similarities">doesn’t need</a> to go the same way that Covid did; it’s a known disease, with a vaccine already developed, and spreads via close contact rather than being airborne. But the slow initial response, disorganized due to lack of information, means that the window of opportunity to contain monkeypox <a href="https://caitlinrivers.substack.com/p/we-need-simple-transparent-metrics?utm_source=%2Fprofile%2F99891602-caitlin-rivers-phd&amp;utm_medium=reader2">is closing</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="WKYRYJ">
Where do we go from here?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PSFXmt">
However difficult the growing pains, there has been real progress made on data collection since the first US Covid-19 cases in early 2020.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yPi39u">
The <a href="https://ncats.nih.gov/n3c">National Covid Cohort Collaborative</a>, a project run by the National Institutes of Health which gathers clinical data on Covid-19, was <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/06/21/1026590/us-covid-database-n3c-nih-privacy/">stood up</a> during the pandemic. Joni Rutter, the collaborative’s acting director, describes the challenges they faced when combining hundreds of disparate data sources around the pandemic: “Even when you’re talking about height, one site will send us data in inches. One site will send it in centimeters.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FxaWXc">
For more complicated questions, the process is even more fraught. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html#:~:text=Some%20people%20who%20have%20been,(PCC)%20or%20long%20COVID.">Long Covid</a>, for example, is linked to more than 200 distinct symptoms of varying severity, but <a href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1">screening tools</a> generally include only some of these, their definitions vary between different hospitals and clinics, and doctors often won’t document every symptom a patient experiences. As a result, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01702-2">estimates</a> on the risk of long Covid vary from as much as one in two Covid-19 cases to one in 20. It’s also particularly important for the Collaborative’s dataset to accurately reflect the diversity of the US population, a challenge their team has worked hard on. “It really helps us to get access to rural communities and more minority communities,” Rutter says.
</p>
<aside id="8Nyv9n">
<div>
</div>
</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2ef1Zj">
The NIH’s efforts to build the Collaborative database in the right way were a major step forward, one that should be more widely adopted. More than 2,000 scientists are using the group’s centralized <a href="https://covid.cd2h.org/">database system</a> to ask critical questions about Covid, like rates of <a href="https://covid.cd2h.org/dashboard/public-health/reinfection/1">reinfection,</a> <a href="https://ncats.nih.gov/news/releases/2022/scientists-identify-characteristics-to-better-define-long-COVID">characteristics of long Covid</a>, and differences in outcomes between <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8644257/">urban and rural patients</a>. Meanwhile, the National Patient Safety Board, an advocacy group <a href="https://journals.lww.com/journalpatientsafety/Fulltext/2012/03000/An_NTSB_for_Health_Care___Learning_From.2.aspx">calling for a health care equivalent</a> of the National Transportation Safety Board, hopes to improve tracking of medical errors and use <a href="https://npsb.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/NPSB-Technology-Blueprint-1.pdf">machine learning</a> to find underlying causes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MnRsCr">
Other organizations are working on cleaning up the data at its source. The <a href="https://www.nih.gov/arpa-h">Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health,</a> officially authorized in March 2022, is another NIH program based on the Defense Department’s famous research center DARPA, with the goal of promoting innovation and new technology in health care. Its initial work may include revamping electronic health records and letting hospitals <a href="https://www.medicaleconomics.com/view/challenges-switching-ehrs">migrate their data</a> over to new and improved systems. In its 2022 <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/covidplan/">National Covid-19 Preparedness Plan</a>, the White House <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/27/memorandum-on-restoring-trust-in-government-through-scientific-integrity-and-evidence-based-policymaking/">committed</a> to improving data infrastructure by scaling up electronic case reporting systems to cover all states, in order to better track case counts and hospitalizations and link these to vaccination rates.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zRFqex">
That isn’t enough, though. According to Karen Feinstein, spokesperson for the National Patient Safety Board, the entire approach to health care needs to change. One example to emulate could be the aviation industry; thanks to decades of recommendations from their <a href="https://www.ntsb.gov/about/history/Pages/default.aspx#:~:text=%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B,it%20was%20created%20in%201940.">safety board</a>, which has scrupulously tracked airline data since 1967, accident and fatality rates in air travel <a href="https://www.bjtonline.com/business-jet-news/how-flight-safety-has-evolved">have fallen</a> <a href="https://thefearofflying.com/articles/why-commercial-flights-are-the-safest-way-to-travel/#:~:text=Advanced%20displays%2C%20global%20satellite%20positioning,once%20in%202%20million%20flights.">drastically</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JBLekN">
“We have all kinds of technology to keep our pilots and passengers safe on airlines and our astronauts safe as they go to and from the space station,” she said. “We know that the answer is to build a better airplane or to build a better spaceship, and to have the pilots and astronauts do the things for which they are trained and prepared. The problem we have in health care is that we haven’t yet built a better airplane.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AaqU77">
And building a “better airplane” for health care will involve reforming the current decentralized and fragmented recordkeeping. As Rutter sees it, “electronic health records need to evolve, and that’s going to be one of those things that I think we as a community, as consumers, need to help ensure does happen.” In the meantime, the National Covid Cohort Collaborative will continue with its current strategy of cleaning and combining the existing records, and is about to launch a section on monkeypox within its <a href="https://opendata.ncats.nih.gov/covid19/">open-access database</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SLX3Ra">
Jetelina believes that the federal agencies involved in public health responses need to be granted stronger legal authority to mandate standard reporting from states and hospital systems so they can come closer to the kind of constant surveillance the UK managed early on with Covid-19 <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/31/britain-urges-people-with-monkeypox-to-abstain-from-sex-as-cases-rise.html">and with</a> <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-27/what-the-uk-is-getting-right-in-the-fight-to-contain-monkeypox#xj4y7vzkg">monkeypox</a>. She thinks the key is to “take out a lot of this red tape and bureaucratic paperwork, at least during a public health emergency, [and] respond much, much quicker.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ubd40C">
With monkeypox, the US can lean on the systems and infrastructure built during the Covid-19 pandemic, but some programs, like those that <a href="https://data.cdc.gov/Administrative/Claims-Reimbursement-to-Health-Care-Providers-and-/rksx-33p3">reimburse providers</a> for treating uninsured patients or provide free Covid-19 tests, vaccines, and antiviral drugs to <a href="https://www.kff.org/policy-watch/community-health-centers-are-a-key-source-of-covid-19-rapid-at-home-self-tests-for-hard-to-reach-groups/">community health centers</a>, were already <a href="https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/implications-of-the-lapse-in-federal-covid-19-funding-on-access-to-covid-19-testing-treatment-and-vaccines/">scaled down</a> after funding was decreased. In order to pull together a national response, the US needs <a href="https://caitlinrivers.substack.com/p/we-need-simple-transparent-metrics">straightforward, transparent data reporting</a> that can be compared and combined on a national level.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Sq9mqO">
The final difficulty will be in keeping this momentum going. The declaration of a new public health emergency for monkeypox will help <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-04/us-declares-public-health-emergency-on-monkeypox-to-access-funds#xj4y7vzkg">keep federal funding</a> flowing toward projects like the OpenData portal, but the need for better health care infrastructure won’t end when the emergency does. In a <a href="https://www.tfah.org/report-details/publichealthfunding2020/">chronically underfunded</a> public health system, short-term efforts <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/03/15/fact-sheet-consequences-of-lack-of-funding-for-efforts-to-combat-covid-19-if-congress-does-not-act/">may not</a> be enough.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TUbojK">
As Feinstein puts it, “the challenge we always have is something new that distracts the efforts toward reform, because we’ve gotten close to this in the past.” But with the lessons learned during the pandemic and new threats potentially on the horizon, she believes that “now is the time.”
</p></li>
<li><strong>The Espionage Act and Trump’s documents, explained</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="US-POLITICS-INVESTIGATION-TRUMP" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/o-oiftHe33YyMNLOuDpP6jJvMOE=/238x0:3963x2794/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71240610/1242402622.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Photo by GIORGIO VIERA/AFP via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The FBI’s unsealed warrant tells us why they searched Mar-a-Lago — but not much about what they found
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qe6m3u">
After a week punctuated with reprimands of the Department of Justice by Republican lawmakers and their subsequent demands for accountability following an FBI search of former President Donald Trump’s Mar-a-Lago residence, the <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/8/12/23303363/trump-fbi-raid-warrant-receipt-mar-a-lago">search warrant</a> released Friday indicates the search was conducted in connection with, among other things<strong>, </strong>the Espionage Act.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="page_title">
The Espionage Act is actually a series of statutes under<a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2009-title18/pdf/USCODE-2009-title18-partI-chap37-sec793.pdf"> 18 US Code Chapter 37</a> related to the collection, retention, or dissemination of national defense or classified information. The Mar-a-Lago search warrant referred to Section 793 — “Gathering, transmitting or losing defense information,” which doesn’t just cover “spying” in the sense that many think of when they hear the term. Section 793 specifically states that people legally granted access to <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23303570/papers-nuclear-secrets-weapons-trump-taken">national defense documents</a> — people like the former president — are subject to punishment should they improperly retain that information.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cKuvFQ">
Under the Presidential Records Act, which relates to the retention of government documents by the National Archives and Records Administration, or NARA, official documents and other material or information a president and vice president may have obtained while in the office must go to NARA for preservation.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="z2hgyK">
The Presidential Records Act is a post-Watergate innovation which “changed the legal ownership of the official records of the President from private to public, and established a new statutory structure under which Presidents, and subsequently NARA, must manage the records of their Administrations,” <a href="https://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/laws/1978-act.html">according to the NARA</a> website. Under<strong> </strong>that statute, presidential records belong to the national archivist — and therefore the American people — when a president leaves office, unless that person has the permission of the archivist to dispose of records that are no longer useful.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KtsWfx">
That didn’t happen at the end of the Trump administration; instead, as Maggie Haberman reported on a recent episode of<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/10/podcasts/the-daily/fbi-donald-trump-classified-records-mar-a-lago.html"> the New York Times podcast The Daily</a>, Trump took 15 boxes of material with him when he departed for Mar-a-Lago as Biden took office. Those boxes contained, as Haberman recounts, items like a raincoat and golf balls. They also contained a number of documents that fell under the Presidential Records Act, and NARA spent the better part of 2021 negotiating with Trump’s team to obtain those records. When NARA finally received those documents earlier this year, Haberman reported, they found several marked “classified.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="s13hEc">
Violating the Presidential Records Act alone would be<strong> </strong>significant enough, but, as Haberman said, “The fact that there were documents marked ‘classified’ in these boxes raised all kinds of concerns from federal officials.” Even more concerning, Trump apparently didn’t return all of the records falling under the Presidential Records Act — prompting<strong> </strong>Monday’s Mar-a-Lago search. That yielded 11 tranches of documents, four of which are top-secret, three of which are labeled “secret,” three of which are labeled “confidential,” and one of which is labeled “Various classified/TS/SCI documents” meaning they’re meant to be read only in secure rooms by people with high levels of security clearance, <a href="https://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/search-warrant-1100-S-Ocean-Blvd-08-12-2022.pdf">according to the Justice Department’s property receipts</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="UwuRfD">
Who has previously been charge under this act, and for what?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jqcYpK">
High-profile Espionage Act cases often involve leaking classified government information to news sources. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/23/us/reality-winner-nsa-sentence.html">Reality Winner</a> was a contractor with the National Security Agency when she leaked a classified government report about Russian meddling in the 2016 presidential election to <a href="https://theintercept.com/2017/06/05/top-secret-nsa-report-details-russian-hacking-effort-days-before-2016-election/">The Intercept</a>. She was arrested shortly after the story published in June 2017 and sentenced to five years and three months in federal prison on one count of transmitting national defense information under the Espionage Act.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QosCQd">
That Winner’s single charge resulted in more than five years in prison is an indication of just how seriously the Espionage Act can be prosecuted; it’s also part of an almost consistent struggle between the free press and the US government across administrations. Winner and other whistleblowers have done what can arguably be called a public service — risking their freedom and livelihoods to provide the public with information about what the government is doing in their name, or other critical but classified information.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Z9L8YM">
<a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Ellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg,</a> for example, was tried in 1973 under the Espionage Act for leaking to the Washington Post and the New York Times the so-called Pentagon Papers — about 7,000 pages of documents covering<strong> </strong>US involvement in the Vietnam War that<strong> </strong>countered the government’s official narrative for that involvement. He faced up to 115 years in prison for leaking the report, but his case was dismissed due to the government’s malfeasance in gathering evidence about Ellsberg. The government also attempted to prevent the Post and the Times from publishing the Pentagon Papers, but the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the papers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HdT2Vo">
Both Winner and Ellsberg had legal access to the documents they leaked; their crime was in sharing it. Trump, too, had the legal right to access the documents and records the government just seized — but not after he left office, and not at Mar-a-Lago, under unclear security measures.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vSEJum">
According to Section 793, part d, it’s illegal to knowingly retain information that one believes could do damage to the US or aid another country and fail “to deliver it on demand to the officer or employee of the United States entitled to receive it.” On Sunday, it appeared that Trump may have crossed that line, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/13/us/politics/trump-classified-material-fbi.html?campaign_id=190&amp;emc=edit_ufn_20220813&amp;instance_id=69281&amp;nl=updates-from-the-newsroom&amp;regi_id=86548915&amp;segment_id=101354&amp;te=1&amp;user_id=2752c1141bc8e0b9cde34450ab88033b">according to a New York Times report</a>. One of Trump’s lawyers apparently signed a document in June stating that all classified material had been returned to the government; the DOJ’s unsealed receipts detailing all the items taken from Mar-a-Lago Monday indicate that statement wasn’t true.
</p>
<h3 id="yZH6pX">
What could be next for Trump
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0aFRZw">
Since the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/08/12/trump-warrant-release/">affidavit</a> outlining the DOJ’s reasons for believing that Trump had documents in his residence that could pertain to the Espionage Act has not been made public, we don’t know the evidence that justifies that possibility.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Gwa3l5">
“If the Justice Department wanted to pursue a criminal case, based on the available information known to the public to date, they appear to have a very strong case,” New York University law professor Ryan Goodman <a href="https://www.axios.com/2022/08/13/mar-a-lago-search-warrant-trump-fbi">told Axios</a>. The unsealed warrant also cites <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1519">Section 1519</a>, which refers to the destruction or manipulation of records (whether classified or not) related to a federal investigation or bankruptcy proceedings. As the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/12/us/politics/search-warrant-trump-investigation-documents.html?smid=url-share">New York Times’ Charlie Savage</a> reported Friday, it’s unclear whether the DOJ invoked Section 1519 regarding Trump’s resistance to giving documents to NARA, or to something else entirely. The warrant also refers to <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2071">Section 2071</a>, which makes it illegal to hide, remove from its proper location, destroy, or attempt to destroy a government document — <a href="https://www.axios.com/2022/02/10/maggie-haberman-book-trump-papers">something Trump reportedly did while in office</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XsrU5K">
Though Trump agreed to release the search warrant and receipts of what the DOJ took from Mar-a-Lago, he <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/8/12/23302835/trump-fbi-mar-a-lago-search-warrant">has offered several excuses</a> for having the documents in his possession, <a href="https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-obama-million-documents-929954890662?utm_campaign=SocialFlow&amp;utm_medium=APFactCheck&amp;utm_source=Twitter">falsely claiming</a> that former president Barack Obama also retained classified documents, floating the idea that evidence had been planted at Mar-a-Lago, and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/12/us/politics/declassified-documents-trump.html">saying that he declassified all the documents in his possession</a> which could be true — but wouldn’t save him from legal penalty, since there’s no record of such an action and some national security documents could carry heavy penalties for improper storage whether or not they’re technically classified.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZkTnaF">
Regardless, Republican politicians and Trump’s supporters have branded the DOJ’s search a witch hunt and accused Democrats of playing politics, as they did during Trump’s two impeachment trials and the investigation by Special Counsel Robert Mueller. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/08/09/trump-search-gop-reaction/">Sen. Rick Scott (R-FL)</a> compared the search to tactics used by “the Gestapo,” the Nazi secret police, and Trump’s supporters have threatened the FBI over the investigation, the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/08/12/fbi-threats-trump-search/">Washington Post</a> reported Friday.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GOdjS1">
Trump also took advantage of the search by painting it as “lawlessness, political persecution, and [a] Witch Hunt” in a fundraising email Tuesday, which “must be exposed and stopped,” <a href="https://www.reuters.com/legal/trump-seeks-raise-money-off-news-fbi-search-his-florida-home-2022-08-09/">Reuters reported.</a>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SB7FoV">
Although it’s certainly possible that Trump will be charged with crimes under the Espionage Act or another of the statutes in the DOJ’s warrant, it’s far from certain; there’s still much that is unknown at this point. And while<strong> </strong>Trump has behaved in some<a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/5/15/15644246/trump-russia-leak-lavrov-kislyak-treason"> truly alarming ways</a> before, with no repercussions; there’s no indication — yet — that this situation will be any different.
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Don't pay too much attention, Sunil Chhetri tells players on FIFA ban threat</strong> - FIFA had threatened to suspend the AIFF and strip off its right to host the women's U-17 World Cup in October</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nikhat gifts PM Modi boxing gloves, Hima gives traditional gamocha</strong> - PM deModi, on Saturday, hosted the Indian contingent at his residence to felicitate the players.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Morning Digest | India-China ties seeing a positive impetus, says Chinese Ambassador; Salman Rushdie’s attacker pleads not guilty, and more</strong> - Here’s a select list of stories to read before you start your day</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Iron Age, who is in great heart, should score over his rivals in Akkasaheb Maharaj Trophy</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Kapustin hopes Eldhose, Aboobacker can build on CWG success</strong> - India’s jumps coach sees potential but feels the path to further glory will not be easy</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Focus on technological advancements, students told</strong> - Internships will ensure good career opportunities, says AICTE official</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Swadeshi fete on at Gandhi Bhavan</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tamil Nadu police is inactive: Palaniswami</strong> - ‘The number of various offences in the State is on the rise’</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Shinde allocates portfolio to newly-appointed ministers</strong> - Mr. Fadnavis gets Home; Mr. Shinde to handle Urban Development</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Stop Chinese vessel from docking at Hambantota port: Vaiko</strong> - ‘It could monitor nuclear establishments at Kalpakkam and Kudankulam’</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Zelensky warns Russian soldiers at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant</strong> - President Zelensky says soldiers who shoot at the Zaporizhzhia plant will become “a special target”.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Walrus Freya who became attraction in Norway’s Oslo Fjord put down</strong> - Freya had to be euthanised because the public went too close to her, officials said.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Drought hits Germany’s Rhine River: ‘We have 30cm of water left’</strong> - The Rhine is a key shipping route for Germany and Europe - so what happens if it’s too shallow to use?</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Montenegro: Gunman kills 11 after family dispute</strong> - Three members of the same family were killed - the gunman was shot dead by a civilian.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Oder river: Mystery surrounds thousands of fish deaths</strong> - A toxic spill is suspected but testing is yet to reveal the cause of the incident on the Oder river.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The weekend’s best deals: Apple MacBook Air, Resident Evil bundle, and more</strong> - Dealmaster also has the Xbox Series S, Apple Watch Series 7, and Nvidia Shield TV. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1873456">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A little taste of everything that’s out there</strong> - The book <em>The Short Story of the Universe</em> really does have it all. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1872507">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How long will it take to understand long COVID?</strong> - Researchers have proposed a variety of theories to explain symptoms of COVID long-haulers. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1873313">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Poliovirus detected in NYC sewage; health officials urge vaccination</strong> - Meanwhile, officials in London reported finding poliovirus over 100 times in sewage. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1873536">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>LG plans to introduce 20-inch OLED panels this year</strong> - The smallest consumer OLED TV LG makes currently measures 42 inches. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1873435">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
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<li><strong>Everyone knows Alan Turing, who cracked Enigma codes.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
But nobody knows his sister Kate, who provided drinks, snacks and sandwiches for him and his colleagues during that time.
</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/RayInRed"> /u/RayInRed </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wnncgh/everyone_knows_alan_turing_who_cracked_enigma/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wnncgh/everyone_knows_alan_turing_who_cracked_enigma/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>My 12 year old son tried coffee for the first time today</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“It tastes like dirt!”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I told him it was just ground this morning.
</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Im_A_Freakin_Joke"> /u/Im_A_Freakin_Joke </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wo2epx/my_12_year_old_son_tried_coffee_for_the_first/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wo2epx/my_12_year_old_son_tried_coffee_for_the_first/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>A chicken farmer goes into a bar, takes a seat next to a woman, and orders a glass of champagne.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The woman perks up and says, “How about that? I just ordered a glass of champagne, too!”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He turns to her and says,
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“What a coincidence. This is a special day for me, I’m celebrating.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“This is a special day for me, too, and I’m also celebrating,” says the woman.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“What a coincidence,” says the man. They clink glasses and he asks, “What are you celebrating?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“My husband and I have been trying to have a child. Today, my gynecologist told me I’m pregnant!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“What a coincidence,” says the man. “I’m a chicken farmer. For years all my hens were infertile, but today they’re finally fertile.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“That’s great,” says the woman. “How did your chickens become fertile?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“I switched cocks,” he replies.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“What a coincidence,” she said.
</p>
</div>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/nikan69"> /u/nikan69 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wntfwh/a_chicken_farmer_goes_into_a_bar_takes_a_seat/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wntfwh/a_chicken_farmer_goes_into_a_bar_takes_a_seat/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>A premature ejaulator went to a dinner party.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He didn’t know what to wear, so he just came in his pants
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/8urfiat"> /u/8urfiat </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wnuht6/a_premature_ejaulator_went_to_a_dinner_party/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wnuht6/a_premature_ejaulator_went_to_a_dinner_party/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Why do Americans rarely tell jokes about mass shootings?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Because it’s always too soon….
</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/IDCWhoIam"> /u/IDCWhoIam </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wo3pz9/why_do_americans_rarely_tell_jokes_about_mass/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wo3pz9/why_do_americans_rarely_tell_jokes_about_mass/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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