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190 lines
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<title>01 November, 2022</title>
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<title>Covid-19 Sentry</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
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</ul>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
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<li><strong>The global polarisation of remote work</strong> -
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<div>
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The Covid-19 pandemic has led to the rise of digitally enabled remote work with consequences for the global division of labour. Remote work could connect labour markets, but it might also increase spatial polarisation. However, our understanding of the geographies of remote work is limited. Specifically, in how far could remote work connect employers and workers in different countries? Does it bring jobs to rural areas because of lower living costs, or does it concentrate in large cities? And how do skill requirements affect competition for employment and wages? We use data from a fully remote labour market - an online labour platform - to show that remote platform work is polarised along three dimensions. First, countries are globally divided: North American, European, and South Asian remote platform workers attract most jobs, while many Global South countries participate only marginally. Secondly, remote jobs are pulled to large cities; rural areas fall behind. Thirdly, remote work is polarised along the skill axis: workers with in-demand skills attract profitable jobs, while others face intense competition and obtain low wages. The findings suggest that agglomerative forces linked to the unequal spatial distribution of skills, human capital, and opportunities shape the global geography of remote work. These forces pull remote work to places with institutions that foster specialisation and complex economic activities, i.e. metropolitan areas focused on information and communication technologies. Locations without access to these enabling institutions - in many cases, rural areas - fall behind. To make remote work an effective tool for economic and rural development, it would need to be complemented by local skill-building, infrastructure investment, and labour market programmes.
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/q8a96/" target="_blank">The global polarisation of remote work</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Disassociating conformity driven and self-interest driven dishonest behaviors</strong> -
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<div>
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Learning from others’ dishonesty usually encompasses various motivations, for example, the destination to pursue self-interest and the tendency to conform to the group norm. However, these different processes were rarely dissociated previously, which impedes the understanding of how the individual dishonest behavior propagates and becomes popular in the community. We built a comprehensive model based on the reinforcement learning framework to depict both the processes of rational self-interest propensity and dishonesty conformity and examined their roles during the social learning of dishonesty. With an agent-based simulation and empirical studies in samples of diverse cultural backgrounds, we found rational self-interest propensity was the primary factor that drives dishonest acts of self-interest, whereas the effect of dishonesty conformity was conditional and context-dependent. With an fMRI experiment, we found the brain implemented dishonesty conformity differently when it serves distinct goals. Besides, these two processes of dishonesty were encoded by non-overlapping dynamic interactions between the brain regions. In the background of the COVID-19 pandemic where public coordination is highly demanded but at a cost of self-interest, we found that these two processes of dishonesty exerted discrepant effects on residents’ attitudes towards the local epidemic control and impacted the prevalence of pathogens unevenly.
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/w2kn3/" target="_blank">Disassociating conformity driven and self-interest driven dishonest behaviors</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Related factors of depressive symptoms vary among adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
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<div>
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Depression represents a public health problem, especially in the adolescent and young adult populations. Studies have shown that during the COVID-19 outbreak, depressive symptoms were associated with economic instability, among other aspects related to isolation. The present study seeks to identify sociodemographic characteristics and situations associated with the presence of depressive symptoms in young people (N = 2058) in an Andean city at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak. Logistic regression analysis reveals that the factors predicting depressive symptoms vary between adolescents and young adults. The results show that perceived health status, satisfaction with virtuality, and being a woman are related to depressive symptoms. Likewise, it was found that, in young adults, but not in adolescents, the level of economic income and taking virtual classes were related to symptomatology. Receiving economic income turned out to have a differentiated effect according to age group since this factor increases the probability of developing depressive symptomatology in adolescents, while it reduces this probability in the older age group. Finally, the findings of this study are discussed by evidence from other studies in different countries.
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/ztqsk/" target="_blank">Related factors of depressive symptoms vary among adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Association between the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Mental Health Outcomes among Patients Enrolled in a Supported Digital Health Intervention</strong> -
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<div>
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Objective: This study compared mental health outcomes among people enrolled in an evidence-based digital mental health intervention before and during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Growth curve modeling was used to evaluate changes in biweekly depression and anxiety scores from 131 adults who participated pre- (2019; n=51) versus during- (2020; n=80) pandemic onset. Results: Individuals who completed the intervention during the pandemic (2020) had less steep declines in depression symptoms than those who participated pre-pandemic (2019). Despite an initial relative increase in anxiety and depression scores at the onset of the pandemic, differences in overall change in outcomes between the two cohorts were not evident by program completion. Conclusions: Participation in an evidence-based, digital mental health intervention during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with similar magnitudes of symptom improvement as participation before the pandemic.
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/t79qa/" target="_blank">Association between the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Mental Health Outcomes among Patients Enrolled in a Supported Digital Health Intervention</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>A novel hospital-at-home model for patients with COVID-19 built by a team of local primary care clinics and clinical outcomes: A multi-center retrospective cohort study</strong> -
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Background Hospital-at-home (HaH) care has been proposed as an alternative to inpatient care for patients with COVID-19. Previous reports were hospital-led and involved patients triaged at the hospitals. To reduce the burden on hospitals, we constructed a novel HaH care model organised by a team of local primary care clinics. Methods We conducted a multi-center retrospective cohort study of the COVID-19 patients who received our HaH care from Jan 1st to Mar 31st, 2022. Patients who were not able to be triaged for the need for hospitalization by the Health Center solely responsible for the management of COVID-19 patients in Osaka City were included. The primary outcome was receiving medical care beyond the HaH care defined as a composite outcome of any medical consultation, hospitalization, or death within 30 days from the initial treatment. Results Of 382 eligible patients, 34 (9%) were triaged for hospitalization immediately after the initial visit. Of the remaining 348 patients followed up, 37 (11%) developed the primary outcome, while none died. Obesity, fever, and gastrointestinal symptoms at baseline were independently associated with an increased risk of needing medical care beyond the HaH care. A further 129 (37%) patients were managed online alone without home visit, and 170 (50%) required only one home visit in addition to online treatment. Conclusions The HaH care model with a team of primary care clinics was able to triage patients with COVID-19 who needed immediate hospitalization without involving hospitals, and treated most of the remaining patients at home.
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</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.22281588v1" target="_blank">A novel hospital-at-home model for patients with COVID-19 built by a team of local primary care clinics and clinical outcomes: A multi-center retrospective cohort study</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Eleven key measures for monitoring general practice clinical activity during COVID-19 using federated analytics on 48 million adults’ primary care records through OpenSAFELY</strong> -
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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on delivery of NHS care. We have developed the OpenSAFELY Service Restoration Observatory (SRO) to describe this impact on primary care activity and monitor its recovery. Objectives To develop key measures of primary care activity and describe the trends in these measures throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods With the approval of NHS England we developed an open source software framework for data management and analysis to describe trends and variation in clinical activity across primary care electronic health record (EHR) data on 48 million adults. We developed SNOMED-CT codelists for key measures of primary care clinical activity selected by a expert clinical advisory group and conducted a population cohort-based study to describe trends and variation in these measures January 2019-December 2021, and pragmatically classified their level of recovery one year into the pandemic using the percentage change in the median practice level rate. Results We produced 11 measures reflective of clinical activity in general practice. A substantial drop in activity was observed in all measures at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic. By April 2021, the median rate had recovered to within 15% of the median rate in April 2019 in six measures. The remaining measures showed a sustained drop, ranging from a 18.5% reduction in medication reviews to a 42.0% reduction in blood pressure monitoring. Three measures continued to show a sustained drop by December 2021. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a substantial change in primary care activity across the measures we developed, with recovery in most measures. We delivered an open source software framework to describe trends and variation in clinical activity across an unprecedented scale of primary care data. We will continue to expand the set of key measures to be routinely monitored using our publicly available NHS OpenSAFELY SRO dashboards with near real-time data.
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</p>
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.22281058v2" target="_blank">Eleven key measures for monitoring general practice clinical activity during COVID-19 using federated analytics on 48 million adults’ primary care records through OpenSAFELY</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>The impact of age and psychosocial factors on cognitive and auditory outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
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<div>
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Objectives. Hearing loss is the leading potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia. A potential mediator in the relationship between hearing loss and increased dementia risk is the psychosocial pathway, which suggests that increased social isolation and mental health factors associated with hearing loss causes increased dementia risk and exacerbates dementia symptoms. In March 2020, the UK government announced social restriction measures to reduce the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19, with older adults who were considered clinically vulnerable needing to isolate. This study aimed to determine the impact of psychosocial factors, including loneliness, depression, and engagement in various recreational lifestyle activities, on hearing and cognitive function in younger and older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was hypothesised that auditory and cognitive function would be significantly predicted by age, psychosocial factors, and time since the start of the first UK COVID-19 lockdown. Additionally, auditory function was hypothesised to be associated with cognitive functioning. Design. Participants included 112 older adults (62 female) aged 60-83 (M = 70.75, SD = 5.88), and 121 younger adults (85 female) aged 18-30 (M = 21.04, SD = 2.75). Participants took part online from June 2020 - February 2021 and completed a series of questionnaires assessing loneliness, depression, auditory and lifestyle engagement, and subjective hearing ability. They also completed a series of behavioural tasks assessing speech perception, short-term and working memory, processing speed, and executive function, providing composite measures of global cognitive functioning and auditory functioning. Results. Multiple regression analyses found that, of the variables examined, age significantly predicted both global cognitive and auditory function, with older adults displaying poorer auditory and cognitive performance. While age was the only significant predictor in the model predicting cognitive performance, in the model predicting auditory function increased depressive symptoms were a significant predicter alongside age. Further, auditory function did not significantly predict cognitive function. Conclusions. These data suggest that that loneliness and socialisation do not contribute to reductions in cognitive or auditory functioning, nor did time since the start of the first UK lockdown. Thus, suggesting that hearing and cognition may not have been adversely affected by social restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. This provides important implications for understanding whether the relationship between hearing loss and cognitive decline is mediated by the psychosocial pathway. However, the study represents only cross-sectional data collected from a potentially biased sample of higher socio-economic position. Future work should seek to address if these conclusions are also valid in populations with different socio-economic characteristics.
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/rqfjy/" target="_blank">The impact of age and psychosocial factors on cognitive and auditory outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
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<li><strong>The Impact of COVID-19 on Life Expectancy among Asian American Subgroups</strong> -
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Despite recognition of the diversity of the Asian American population, the mortality impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been limited to estimates for non-Hispanic Asian Americans in aggregate. This study provides estimates of life expectancy at birth before (2019) and during the pandemic, along with a broad set of demographic, health-related, and socioeconomic risk factors for COVID-19, for the six largest Asian American subgroups: Asian Indians, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese. Our study places these estimates in the context of the broader U.S. population by including the corresponding estimates for non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Native Americans. We use data on age-specific all-cause mortality from CDC WONDER and population estimates from the 2015-2019 American Community Survey to construct life tables for each Asian subgroup by year. While losses in life expectancy during the second year of the pandemic diminished significantly among all racial/ethnic and Asian subgroups, these improvements do not compensate for the large increases in death rates in 2020. All major Asian subgroups except Japanese experienced greater losses of life in 2019-2020 as well as cumulatively (2019-2021) than Whites, with Vietnamese, Filipinos, and other South/Southeast Asians having suffered the largest declines in life expectancy among non-Hispanic Asians. Vietnamese and other Southeast Asians experienced the greatest cumulative losses across all racial/ethnic groups except Native Americans. Our findings underscore the heterogeneity of loss in life expectancy within the Asian American population while identifying some of the risk factors that likely underlie this large variation.
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</p>
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.22281612v1" target="_blank">The Impact of COVID-19 on Life Expectancy among Asian American Subgroups</a>
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<li><strong>Evaluation of real and perceived risk to health care workers caring for patients with the Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in surgery and obstetrics</strong> -
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Introduction The Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is described as more contagious than previous variants. We sought to assess risk to healthcare workers (HCWs) caring for patients with COVID-19 in surgical/obstetrical settings, and the perception of risk amongst this group. Methods From January to April, 2022, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in patient, environmental (floor, equipment, passive air) samples, and HCWs masks (inside surface) during urgent surgery or obstetrical delivery for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The primary outcome was the proportion of HCWs masks testing positive. Results were compared with our previous cross-sectional study involving obstetrical/surgical patients with earlier variants (2020/21). HCWs completed a risk perception electronic questionnaire. Results 11 patients were included: 3 vaginal births and 8 surgeries. 5/108 samples (5%) tested positive (SARS-CoV-2 Omicron) viral RNA: 2/5 endotracheal tubes, 1/22 floor samples, 1/4 patient masks and 1 nasal probe. No samples from the HCWs masks (0/35), surgical equipment (0/10) and air samples (0/11) tested positive. No significant differences were found between the Omicron and 2020/21 patient groups positivity rates (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.838) or the level of viral load from the naso-pharyngeal swabs (p = 0.405). Nurses had a higher risk perception than physicians (p = 0.0377). Conclusion No significant difference in contamination rates were found between SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and previous variants in surgical/obstetrical settings. This is reassuring as no HCW mask was positive and no HCW tested positive for COVID-19 post-exposure.
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</p>
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.30.22281627v1" target="_blank">Evaluation of real and perceived risk to health care workers caring for patients with the Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in surgery and obstetrics</a>
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<li><strong>Tracing the origin of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-like Spike sequences detected in wastewater</strong> -
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Importance: The origin of highly divergent “cryptic” SARS-CoV-2 Spike sequences, which appear in wastewater but not clinical samples, is unknown. These wastewater sequences have harbored many of the same variants that later emerged in Omicron. If these enigmatic sequences are human-derived and transmissible, they could both be a source of future variants and a valuable tool for forecasting sequences that should be incorporated into vaccines and therapeutics. Objective: To determine whether enigmatic SARS-CoV-2 lineages detected in wastewater have a human or non-human (i.e., animal) source. Design: On January 11, 2022, an unusual Spike sequence was detected in municipal wastewater from a metropolitan area. Over the next four months, more focused wastewater sampling resolved the source of this variant. Setting: This study was performed in Wisconsin, United States, which has a comprehensive program for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Participants: Composite wastewater samples were used for this study; therefore, no individuals participated. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): The primary outcome was to determine the host(s) responsible for shedding this variant in wastewater. Both human and non-human hosts were plausible candidates at the study9s outset. Results: The presence of the cryptic virus was narrowed from a municipal wastewater sample (catchment area >100,000 people) to an indoor wastewater sample from a single facility (catchment area ~30 people), indicating the human origin of this virus. Extraordinarily high concentrations of viral RNA (~520,000,000 genome copies / L and ~1,600,000,000 genome copies / L in June and August 2022, respectively) were detected in the indoor wastewater sample. The virus sequence harbored a combination of fixed nucleotide substitutions previously observed only in Pango lineage B.1.234, a variant that circulated at low levels in Wisconsin from October 2020 to February 2021. Conclusions and Relevance: High levels of persistent SARS-CoV-2 shedding from the gastrointestinal tract of an infected individual likely explain the presence of evolutionarily advanced, “cryptic variants” observed in some wastewater samples.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.22281553v1" target="_blank">Tracing the origin of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-like Spike sequences detected in wastewater</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Older Adults’ Attitudes Regarding COVID-19 and Associated Infection Control Measures in Shanghai, and Impact on Well-Being</strong> -
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This cross-sectional study investigated health management, well-being, and pandemic-related perspectives in Shanghainese adults ≥50 years during early and strict COVID-19 control measures. A self-report survey was administered via Wenjuanxing between March-April/2020. Items from the Somatic Symptom Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 were administered, as well as pandemic-specific questions. 1181 primarily married, retired females participated; Many had hypertension (n=521, 44.1%), coronary artery disease (CAD; n=201, 17.8%) and diabetes (n=171, 14.5%). While most respondents (n=868; 73.5%) were strictly following control measures (including limiting visits with children; n=390, 33.0%) and perceived they could tolerate that beyond 6 months (n=555;47.0%), they were optimistic about the future if control measures were continued (n=969;82.0%), and perceived impact would be temporary (n=646;64.7%). 52 of those with any condition (8.2%) and 19 of those without a condition (3.5%) reported the pandemic was impacting their health. Somatic symptoms were high (29.4+/-7.1/36), with Sleep & Cognitive symptoms highest. 24.4% and 18.9% of respondents had elevated depressive and anxious symptoms, respectively; greater distress was associated with lower income (p=0.018), having hypertension (p=0.001) and CAD (p<0.001), more negative perceptions of global COVID-19 control (p=0.004), COVID-19 spread (p≤0.001), impact on life and health (p<0.001), compliance with control measures (p<0.001), and shorter time control measures could be tolerated (p<0.001) in adjusted analyses. In the initial COVID-19 outbreak, most older adults were optimistic and resilient with regard to the epidemic and control measures. However, the distress of older adults is not trivial, particularly in those with health issues.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.22281511v1" target="_blank">Older Adults’ Attitudes Regarding COVID-19 and Associated Infection Control Measures in Shanghai, and Impact on Well-Being</a>
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<li><strong>The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the reporting of violence against children</strong> -
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Objective To verify the impact (effect) of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rates of reporting of interpersonal violence against children aged 0-11 years old in Salvador, Bahia, from 2020 to 2021. Methods The study used two epidemiological approaches: a) temporal aggregation and b) an individual cross section, based on cases of interpersonal violence against children reported in SINAN from 2009 to 2021. Annual rates of reporting of interpersonal violence against children (per 10,000) and percentages were calculated according to different strata of each variable of interest. The temporal trend was analyzed using the simple linear regression method (R2=0.6955) applied to the rates from 2014 to 2019, the period in which they showed the most consistency. Results The rates of reporting of violence against children showed a large variation, with a mean of 4.7/10,000. In 2021, the rate was 7/10,000 (a 45.8% increase on the previous year). Regression analysis indicated a mean reduction of 0.337/10,000 a year, and expected rates of 4.62 and 4.28/10,000, respectively, for 2020 and 2021. Conclusion The occurrence of COVID-19 and, particularly, the increase in the number of reported cases of interpersonal violence against children in the second year of the pandemic in Bahia suggest that these events may be directly or indirectly related. More robust studies are needed to confirm this relationship.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.30.22281600v1" target="_blank">The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the reporting of violence against children</a>
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<li><strong>Forecasting Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) during the COVID-19 Pandemic</strong> -
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Near-term probabilistic forecasts for infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and influenza play an important role in public health communication and policymaking. From 2013-2019, the FluSight challenge run by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention invited researchers to develop and submit forecasts using influenza-like illness (ILI) as a measure of influenza burden. Here we examine how several statistical models and an autoregressive neural network model perform for forecasting ILI during the COVID-19 pandemic, where historical patterns of ILI were highly disrupted. We find that the autoregressive neural network model which forecasted ILI well pre-COVID still performs well for some locations and forecast horizons, but its performance is highly variable, and performs poorly in many cases. We found that a simple exponential smoothing statistical model is in the top half of ranked models we evaluated nearly 75% of the time. Our results suggest that even simple statistical models may perform as well as or better than more complex machine learning models for forecasting ILI during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also created an ensemble model from the limited set of time series forecast models we created here. The limited ensemble model was rarely the best or the worst performing model compared to the rest of the models assessed, confirming previous observations from other infectious disease forecasting efforts on the less variable and generally favorable performance of ensemble forecasts. Our results support previous findings that no single modeling approach outperforms all other models across all locations, time points, and forecast horizons, and that ensemble forecasting consortia such as the COVID-19 Forecast Hub and FluSight continue to serve valuable roles in collecting, aggregating, and ensembling forecasts using fundamentally disparate modeling strategies.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.22281617v1" target="_blank">Forecasting Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) during the COVID-19 Pandemic</a>
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<li><strong>Outcomes with and without outpatient SARS-CoV-2 treatment for patients with COVID-19 and systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: A retrospective cohort study</strong> -
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Objective: To investigate temporal trends, severe outcomes, and rebound among systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease (SARD) patients according to outpatient SARS-CoV-2 treatment. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study investigating outpatient SARS-CoV-2 treatments among SARD patients at Mass General Brigham (23/Jan/2022-30/May/2022). We identified SARS-CoV-2 infection by positive PCR or antigen test (index date=first positive test) and SARDs using diagnosis codes and immunomodulator prescription. Outpatient treatments were confirmed by medical record review. The primary outcome was hospitalization or death within 30 days following the index date. COVID-19 rebound was defined as documentation of negative then newly-positive SARS-CoV-2 tests. The association of any vs. no outpatient treatment with hospitalization/death was assessed using multivariable logistic regression. Results: We analyzed 704 SARD patients with COVID-19 (mean age 58.4 years, 76% female, 49% with rheumatoid arthritis). Treatment as outpatient increased over calendar time (p<0.001). A total of 426(61%) received outpatient treatment: 307(44%) with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, 105(15%) with monoclonal antibodies, 5(0.7%) with molnupiravir, 3(0.4%) with outpatient remdesivir, and 6(0.9%) with combinations. There were 9/426 (2.1%) hospitalizations/deaths among those treated as outpatient compared to 49/278 (17.6%) among those with no outpatient treatment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.12, 0.05 to 0.25). 25/318 (8%) of patients who received oral outpatient treatment had documented COVID-19 rebound. Conclusion: Outpatient treatment was strongly associated with lower odds of severe COVID-19 compared to no outpatient treatment. At least 8% of SARD patients experienced COVID-19 rebound. These findings highlight the importance of outpatient COVID-19 treatment for SARD patients and the need for further research on rebound.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.22281629v1" target="_blank">Outcomes with and without outpatient SARS-CoV-2 treatment for patients with COVID-19 and systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: A retrospective cohort study</a>
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<li><strong>Application of a Multiplicative Cascade Model to Detect the Early Signs of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Using Heart Rate Data</strong> -
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Background: Wrist-worn devices can keep track of a persons daily health status, including those likely to become infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Technological solutions using mobile devices are being developed to predict the time course of COVID-19. Objective: In this proof-of-concept study, we use heart rate data to detect the first sign of infection in people who have been diagnosed with COVID-19 and to monitor the time-course of the illness. Methods: The heart-rate data were analysed using a multiplicative cascade driven by a Gaussian process. This provides two parameters, mean and standard deviation, which when combined with similar parameters estimated from control series, provide a Health Index. Results: For 90% of 31 cases, the Health Index tracked COVID-19 infection with the virus and subsequent recovery. The first sign of COVID-19 was detected on average nine days before symptoms were reported. Conclusions: Early detection of COVID-19 may lead to a reduction in the spread of the virus. The Heath Indexs potential use for the early detection of complications arising from Long COVID would be an important innovation.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.22281632v1" target="_blank">Application of a Multiplicative Cascade Model to Detect the Early Signs of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Using Heart Rate Data</a>
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</div></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety and Efficacy of Medications COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Severe Covid-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Drug: Oral bedtime melatonin<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Hospital San Carlos, Madrid<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Use of Multiple Doses of Convalescent Plasma in Mechanically Intubated Patients With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Biological: Multiple doses of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent Plasma<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Hospital Regional Dr. Rafael Estévez; Complejo Hospitalario Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid; Hospital Santo Tomas; Hospital Punta Pacífica, Pacífica Salud; Insituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios para la Salud; Sociedad Panameña de Hematología; Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services (INDICASAT AIP); University of Panama; Sistema Nacional de Investigación de Panamá<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Open Multicenter Study for Assessment of Efficacy and Safety of Molnupiravir in Adult Patients With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Molnupiravir (Esperavir); Drug: Standard of care<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Promomed, LLC<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Open Multicentre Study of the Safety and Efficacy Against COVID-19 of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in the Adult Population</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: nirmatrelvir/ritonavir; Drug: Standard of care<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Promomed, LLC; Sponsor GmbH<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effects of Respiratory Muscle Training in Individuals With Long-term Post-COVID-19 Symptoms</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Covid19; Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Inspiratory + expiratory muscle training group; Other: Inspiratory + expiratory muscle training sham group; Other: Exercise training program<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Colegio Profesional de Fisioterapeutas de la Comunidad de Madrid<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (CHO Cell, NVSI-06-09) Phase III Clinical Trial</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: LIBP-Rec-Vaccine; Biological: BIBP-Rec-Vaccine; Biological: placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China; China National Biotec Group Company Limited; Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd; Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Boost Intentions and Facilitate Action to Promote COVID-19 Booster Take-up</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Vaccines<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Eligibility reminder; Behavioral: Link to a narrow set of vaccine venues; Behavioral: Link to a broad set of vaccine venues; Behavioral: Doctors’ recommendation and value of vaccine<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: University of California, Los Angeles<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effects of Prompt to Bundle COVID-19 Booster and Flu Shot</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Vaccines<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Reminder to boost protection against COVID-19; Behavioral: Flu Tag Along; Behavioral: COVID-19 Booster & Flu Bundle<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: University of California, Los Angeles<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Information Provision and Consistency Framing to Increase COVID-19 Booster Uptake</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Vaccines<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Reminder that facilitates action; Behavioral: Consistency framing; Behavioral: Information provision about the uniqueness of the bivalent booster; Behavioral: Information provision about bivalent booster eligibility; Behavioral: Information provision about the severity of COVID-19 symptoms<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: University of California, Los Angeles<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>OPtimisation of Antiviral Therapy in Immunocompromised COVID-19 Patients: a Randomized Factorial Controlled Strategy Trial</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Immunodeficiency<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Paxlovid 5 days; Drug: Paxlovid 10 days; Drug: Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: ANRS, Emerging Infectious Diseases; University Hospital, Geneva<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of Combined Modified RNA Vaccine Candidates Against COVID-19 and Influenza</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Influenza, Human; COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: bivalent BNT162b2 (original/Omi BA.4/BA.5); Biological: qIRV (22/23); Biological: QIV<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: BioNTech SE; Pfizer<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of ASC10 in Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: SARS CoV 2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: ASC10; Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Ascletis Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 MP Biomedicals SARS-CoV-2 Ag OTC: Clinical Evaluation</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: SARS-CoV2 Infection; COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: iCura COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Home Test; Device: RT-PCR Test<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: MP Biomedicals, LLC; EDP Biotech<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 MP Biomedicals Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test Usability</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Sars-CoV-2 Infection; COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Device: Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: MP Biomedicals, LLC; EDP Biotech<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nitric Oxide Nasal Spray (NONS) To Treat and Prevent the Exacerbation of Infection in Individuals With Mild COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: SARS-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Drug: Nitric Oxide<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Sanotize Research and Development corp.; Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd. India<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
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</ul>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
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<ul>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antiviral drug design based on structural insights into the N-terminal domain and C-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein</strong> - Nucleocapsid (N) protein plays crucial roles in the life cycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), including the formation of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex with the viral RNA. Here we reported the crystal structures of the N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD) of the N protein and an NTD-RNA complex. Our structures reveal a unique tetramer organization of NTD and identify a distinct RNA binding mode in the NTD-RNA complex, which could contribute to…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 drives NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human microglia through spike protein</strong> - Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is primarily a respiratory disease, however, an increasing number of reports indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection can also cause severe neurological manifestations, including precipitating cases of probable Parkinson’s disease. As microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation is a major driver of neurodegeneration, here we interrogated whether SARS-CoV-2 can promote microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Using SARS-CoV-2 infection of transgenic mice expressing…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>BC-11 is a covalent TMPRSS2 fragment inhibitor that impedes SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry</strong> - Host cell entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is facilitated via priming of its spike glycoprotein by the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Although camostat and nafamostat are two highly potent covalent TMPRSS2 inhibitors, they nevertheless did not hold promise in COVID-19 clinical trials, presumably due to their short plasma half-lives. Herein, we report an integrative chemogenomics approach based on computational modeling and in vitro enzymatic…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>High-Throughput Assay for Identifying Diverse Antagonists of the Binding Interaction between the ACE2 Receptor and the Dynamic Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV-2</strong> - SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus strain that started a worldwide pandemic in early 2020, attaches to human cells by binding its spike (S) glycoprotein to a host receptor protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Blocking the interaction between the S protein and ACE2 has emerged as an important strategy for preventing viral infection. We systematically developed and optimized an AlphaLISA assay to investigate binding events between ACE2 and the ectodomain of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein (S-614G:…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>25-Hydroxycholesterol Mediates Cholesterol Metabolism to Restrict Porcine Deltacoronavirus Infection via Suppression of Transforming Growth Factor β1</strong> - Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus in pigs, is one of the major pathogens for lethal watery diarrhea in piglets and poses a threat to public health because of its potential for interspecies transmission to humans. 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a derivative of cholesterol, exhibits multiple potential modulating host responses to pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, as well as pathogen-induced inflammation, while its antiviral effect on PDCoV and how…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Generation of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/Transmembrane Protease Serine 2-Double-Positive Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Spheroids for Anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Drug Evaluation</strong> - We newly generated two human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived spheroid lines, termed Spheroids_(4M)^(ACE2-TMPRSS2) and Spheroids_(15M63)^(ACE2-TMPRSS2), both of which express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), which are critical for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Both spheroids were highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and two representative anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents, remdesivir and 5h…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Enhanced Inactivation of Pseudoparticles Containing SARS-CoV-2 S Protein Using Magnetic Nanoparticles and an Alternating Magnetic Field</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2’s (SARS-CoV-2) rapid global spread has posed a significant threat to human health, and similar outbreaks could occur in the future. Developing effective virus inactivation technologies is critical to preventing and overcoming pandemics. The infection of SARS-CoV-2 depends on the binding of the spike glycoprotein (S) receptor binding domain (RBD) to the host cellular surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). If this interaction is…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inosine: a broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory against SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced acute lung injury via suppressing TBK1 phosphorylation</strong> - SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storms constitute the primary cause of COVID-19 progression, severity, criticality, and death. Glucocorticoid and anti-cytokine therapies have been frequently administered to treat COVID-19 but have had limited clinical efficacy in severe and critical cases. Nevertheless, the weaknesses of these treatment modalities have prompted the development of anti-inflammatory therapy against this infection. We found that the broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory agent inosine…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong><em>In vitro</em> effect of <em>Withania somnifera</em>, AYUSH-64, and remdesivir on the activity of CYP-450 enzymes: Implications for possible herb-drug interactions in the management of COVID-19</strong> - Ayurvedic medicines Withania somnifera Dunal (ashwagandha) and AYUSH-64 have been used for the prevention and management of COVID-19 in India. The present study explores the effect of Ashwagandha and AYUSH-64 on important human CYP enzymes (CYP3A4, CYP2C8, and CYP2D6) to assess their interaction with remdesivir, a drug used for COVID-19 management during the second wave. The study also implies possible herb-drug interactions as ashwagandha and AYUSH-64 are being used for managing various…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Use of natural cysteine protease inhibitors in limiting SARS-Co-2 fusion into human respiratory cells</strong> - Specific antibodies that humans acquire as a result of disease or after vaccination are needed to effectively suppress infection with a specific variant of SARS CoV-2 virus. The S protein of the D614G variant of coronavirus is used as an antigen in known vaccines to date. It is known that COVID-19 disease resulting from infection with this coronavirus can often be very dangerous to the health and lives of patients. In contrast, vaccines produce antibodies against an older version of the protein…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives as antibacterial agents: activity and mechanistic studies</strong> - The diverse and large-scale application of disinfectants posed potential health risks and caused ecological damage during the 2019-nCoV pandemic, thereby increasing the demands for the development of disinfectants based on natural products, with low health risks and low aquatic toxicity. In the present study, a few natural naphthoquinones and their derivatives bearing the 1,4-naphthoquinone skeleton were synthesized, and their antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains was…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect of stimulated platelets in COVID-19 thrombosis: Role of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor</strong> - Since early 2020, SARS-CoV-2-induced infection resulted in global pandemics with high morbidity, especially in the adult population. COVID-19 is a highly prothrombotic condition associated with subsequent multiorgan failure and lethal outcomes. The exact mechanism of the prothrombotic state is not well understood and might be multifactorial. Nevertheless, platelets are attributed to play a crucial role in COVID-19-associated thrombosis. To date, platelets’ role was defined primarily in…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Factors influencing the SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination induced immune response in rheumatoid arthritis</strong> - CONCLUSION: Our study showed that the SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels were substantially reduced in RA patients treated with TNF-α-inhibitors (N=51) and IL-6-inhibitor (N=15). In addition, anti-CD20 therapy (N=4) inhibited both SARS-CoV-2-induced humoral and cellular immune responses. Furthermore, the magnitude of humoral and cellular immune response was dependent on the age and decreased over time. The RNA vaccines and ChAdOx1s vaccine effectively increased the level of anti-S antibodies.</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Impairment of antiviral immune response and disruption of cellular functions by SARS-CoV-2 ORF7a and ORF7b</strong> - SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the present COVID-19 pandemic, possesses eleven accessory proteins encoded in its genome, and some have been implicated in facilitating infection and pathogenesis through their interaction with cellular components. Among these proteins, accessory protein ORF7a and ORF7b functions are poorly understood. In this study, A549 cells were transduced to express ORF7a and ORF7b, respectively, to explore more in depth the role of each accessory protein in the…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Common NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors and Covid-19: Divide and conquer</strong> - Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection causes systemic inflammation, cytokine storm, and hypercytokinemia due to activation of the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have been associated with case-fatality rate. The immune overreaction and cytokine storm in the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 may be linked to NLRP3 inflammasome activation which has supreme importance in human innate immune response mainly against viral infections. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, NLRP3 inflammasome activation results in the…</p></li>
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</ul>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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