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“There are an array of fees that consumers get charged that we may look at and think, ‘I shouldn’t be charged for that,’ but don’t know it’s excessive or downright wrong to charge people to manage their own money,” said Elyse Hicks, consumer policy counsel at Americans for Financial Reform.

The FDIC lists out the different types of fees banks can place on checking accounts, and the list is long. They can charge monthly service fees, also called maintenance fees, ATM fees, check printing fees, and stop payment fees, among others. They also can charge insufficient funds fees and overdraft fees, which happen when people don’t have enough money in their checking accounts to cover a transaction. In the case of insufficient funds, the transaction gets denied; on overdrafts, it clears even though it’s surpassed the amount of money in someone’s account.

According to a study of checking account fees and ATM fees from Bankrate in 2021, about half of noninterest checking accounts, meaning accounts where the bank just holds your money, are free. The same is true for just 8 percent of interest checking accounts, where people earn interest on their money but can also come with relatively high costs that make the endeavor a wash. The cost of interest checking accounts averaged $16.35 per month, a record high. Monthly fees on noninterest checking accounts were $5.08, marking a decline. For interest checking accounts, consumers had to have on average nearly $10,000 in the accounts to avoid maintenance fees. Noninterest accounts required about $500, which is obviously quite a bit less but still a good amount.

Insufficient funds fees also increased in 2021, to $33.58. While out-of-network ATM fees fell slightly, the average total cost was still $4.59. By comparison, in 1998, insufficient funds fees averaged $21.57, and out-of-network ATM fees $1.97, according to Bankrate.

Insufficient funds fees and overdraft fees have been in the news lately, thanks in part to some high-profile banks deciding to scrap them. Ally Bank, Capital One, and other banks have eliminated the practice of charging overdraft fees. But as Tatiana Walk-Morris recently outlined for Vox, plenty of banks still charge them, and they can add up. Bank overdraft fees, which can average about $35, are often higher than the transactions that trigger them. While some banks offer a cushion on them, many don’t. And they can be a cash cow: According to the CFPB, bank revenue from overdraft and insufficient fund fees hit $15 billion in 2019. For some small banks, overdraft fees make up a huge amount of their profit.

People hit hardest by fees on checking accounts and other random bank fees are often more vulnerable. According to Bankrate, Black consumers pay double the bank fees white consumers do, and Hispanic consumers triple. Bank fees are often hardest to navigate for people with the least means, who can’t keep enough in their accounts to avoid maintenance fees or from time to time accidentally spend a little more than they have. Flat out-of-network ATM fees mean someone who is only able to take out $40 at a time is paying a higher rate to do that than someone who can take out $400.

“We have this distorted cross-subsidy where the biggest revenue on checking accounts is coming from the people with the least money, and they’re subsidizing the checking accounts of those with more money,” said Mike Calhoun, president of the Center for Responsible Lending.

The situation is often worse for people without a bank at all — being unbanked in America is very expensive.

When banks have you, they have you

The way you’re supposed to avoid fees and make sure you’re getting the best deals is to do your research and switch to better offers. And there are options available for consumers to find banks and accounts with lower fees. Some institutions reimburse out-of-network ATM fees, or they offer free checking accounts or waive overdraft fees. Or people can just go to ATMs that are in their networks (some ATM fees from your own bank are a way to get you to do this and try to keep you loyal).

But sometimes, when you need money, you’re not in a spot to seek out a specific ATM. They’re money-makers for businesses that have them, and they can push you toward them, too. You’ve probably found yourself in a bar or restaurant that only accepts cash — and just happens to have a high-fee ATM on the premises.

Banks also know that once they have you as a customer, it’s not super easy to just hop over to the better deal.

“Bank accounts are what would be known in the trade as sticky — it’s relatively hard to transfer bank accounts. It’s a lot of work, and if you don’t have a cash float, it’s a challenge, because you have to leave cash in your old account in case anything clears through there and you have to have cash in your new account,” Calhoun said.

On average, checking account holders stay with their financial institutions for over 17 years. People in many parts of the country live in “banking deserts,” where they just don’t have access to many — or any — banking options.

Some experts warn that bank mergers have also done harm by creating more banking deserts and reducing competition, allowing banks to, among other things, increase costs. Some studies show that increased fees make customers say they’re likelier to switch banks, but that’s only if they’ve got other options or if they’re clear on what hidden fees are there in the first place. Certain banks getting rid of overdraft fees now could pressure others to follow suit. At the same time, overdraft fees began in part because one bank started doing it and then others did too.

Banking fees are associated with access to the payments system and all of the products and services that come along with that. Aaron Klein, a senior fellow in economics studies at the Brookings Institution, said that it is expensive for banks to deal with anti-money-laundering compliance laws, and ATMs can come at a cost to maintain. “I don’t have much sympathy to the industry in terms of the cost of deposit insurance or the cost of some of these other things, but I do have sympathy on the money laundering,” he said. “The overdraft fees are almost pure profit. There’s very little default; for the bank to let your account go negative isn’t really necessarily costly for them.”

Given technological advancements that are surely making transactions more efficient for banks, it’s also hard not to wonder why those savings aren’t trickling down to consumers. Banks aren’t spending $30 to deal with a bounced check.

“At the same time that technology should have and has decreased the cost of certain interactions, the fees purporting to compensate for those interactions have been increasing,” Shearer, from the CFPB, said.

Some people in the banking industry say that measures such as overdraft fees are meant to deter customers from overspending. In the past, banks have used overdraft protections (and fees) in their marketing to try to entice customers.

Shearer questioned whether banks should be in the business of trying to penalize people’s behavior. “It’s problematic to think about fees as some kind of penalty or fine. These are businesses, not governments, and it’s not clear that banks should be in the business of trying to police behaviors through fees. It’s one thing to compensate a cost, but it’s another thing to use it as a profit source or to sort of take on the role of an authority that penalizes the public,” he said.

And again, all of this makes the situation even worse for people without a bank account at all. They wind up having to pay to cash a check. It might cost a flat fee, like $4 or $8, to cash a check, or the institution will take out a certain percentage.

“In this day and age, to participate in commerce, you have to have some sort of digital wallet, digital account. And in order to use any digital account, as in not cash, you have to go through a bank,” said Mehrsa Baradaran, a law professor at the University of California Irvine. “And banks do not have to have all the customers.”

The bank, but at the post office?

On an individual level, there are ways for people to try to avoid bank fees where they can. If you’re in the market for a new checking account or debit card, choose one where there are many ATMs in your area, or find one that offers reimbursements for out-of-network fees. You can also opt for accounts without overdraft fees or with overdraft cushions. And it’s always a good idea to read the fine print about what other little costs you might get hit with behind the scenes.

Still, there’s only so much people can personally do. The point of banks is to make money and to increase profits, and if fees are a way to do that, they’re going to.

“It’s not the fault of the banks. It’s like being mad at a tiger for doing the thing that a tiger does, it’s a predator,” Baradaran said. This all lines up with their incentive structures. “We, by policy, have allowed them to be the size that they are, to have the amount of market power that they have, to merge their deposit bank services with their stock market speculation. So we have these megabanks that do everything, and they do have a lot of control and power. And it’s not their fault. Why should they lose money?”

Baradaran is among experts who have advocated for postal banking, which would essentially turn the US Postal Service into a place that would also offer basic banking services like checking accounts, savings accounts, and payments. The idea is that it would reach and serve as an option for the unbanked and offer lower-cost options for transactions than private banks, such as low-fee ATMs and check cashing. Postal banking has been proposed on Capitol Hill, but thus far, it hasn’t gotten very far legislatively.

In the meantime, many consumers are just going to be a little bit stuck navigating the fee environment on their own.

We live in a world that’s constantly trying to sucker us and trick us, where we’re always surrounded by scams big and small. It can feel impossible to navigate. Every two weeks, join Emily Stewart to look at all the little ways our economic systems control and manipulate the average person. Welcome to The Big Squeeze.

Have ideas for a future column? Email emily.stewart@vox.com.

  1. The volatility of the market reflects a huge range of uncertainties surrounding the fate of Russian oil.

    Oil from Russia makes up 11 percent of the global oil supply and is a large portion of the oil economy. The rising prices reflect the growing risk that Russian oil may in one way or another be off the market in coming months. Russian President Vladimir Putin could respond to Western sanctions by withholding oil; there could be a physical disruption to European pipelines from war; or Russia may struggle to find buyers for its oil.

    The market may have been overreacting to Biden’s announcement of an oil import ban, helping explain the wild swings in prices. In the next few weeks, what will affect prices more is how Europe and other parts of the world, like China, respond. European countries on average get more of their oil from Russia, and account for more than half of Russian oil exports, mostly shipped by pipelines. Should European allies like France and Germany follow suit and ban imports of Russian oil, it would have a much larger effect on gas prices. So far, only the UK announced an import ban on Russian oil this week, and it’s unclear yet whether more countries will take this step.

    For now, the US is largely acting alone by sanctioning oil imports. But if Russian oil becomes unusable in more markets, one way or another, that will cause prices to climb. It throws a wrench into today’s supply chain for oil, from pipelines built to maximize shorter distances to refineries fine-tuned to process a specific grade of oil. “Everything is designed to be cheap,” explains Clark Williams-Derry, an energy analyst with the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis. But sanctioning Russian oil means “you’re replumbing the system. All of that costs money and takes time,” he added. “It’s more expensive because it’s less efficient.”

    There are additional factors that could change what happens to the oil supply. The US is also discussing striking deals with Saudi Arabia and relaxing sanctions on Iran to encourage more oil production. No one can tell how all these factors will come together to affect gas prices, but uncertainty usually drives up the price. “We’re in an era of hyper-volatility. That volatility alone is enough to lift prices,” Williams-Derry said.

    More oil infrastructure won’t help in the short term. The US can help consumers more in the long term by reducing oil demand.

    Republicans, and some Democrats, in Congress have pitched increasing domestic oil production as the quick solution to high energy prices.

    That won’t work, as I explained in a previous story. The oil market was already tight before the Russian crisis, because demand has risen faster than production since oil crashed early in the pandemic. This makes the short-term options pretty limited; boosting oil and gas production would require a massive influx of new infrastructure for fossil fuels.

    Building new fossil fuel infrastructure is just not a short-term fix. “In the short term, the options available are basically limited to existing assets in the world,” said Trevor Houser, a co-author on a recent Rhodium Group report on reducing US energy dependence on Russia. “You just can’t build that much new stuff in six months before the next heating season kicks in.”

    This hasn’t stopped lawmakers like Sen. Joe Manchin (D-WV) from calling for an “all of the above” energy strategy that boosts oil and gas as much as renewable energy. This kind of logic can boost US oil company profits, but doesn’t really help with any pain at the pump.

    The best long-term counterweight to Putin’s influence in the global economy is to reduce the world’s reliance on fossil fuels, not enhance it. This is where the US has the most control to help consumers deal with energy bills, by addressing demand. Europe is more reliant on oil for heating households than the US, which uses more natural gas.

    But the US can support efforts that encourage efficiency, like thermostat adjustments to conserve energy, and ramping up manufacturing for heat pumps to replace boilers. The US could also boost fuel efficiency standards, boost funding for electric cars and hybrids, and increase support for public transit to cut demand for oil. And energy efficiency upgrades for buildings, like installing more electric heat pumps, would help save money on heating bills for buildings that aren’t yet electrified.

    On Tuesday, Biden noted a few of the ways his administration may seek to expand clean energy policies to help consumers hurting from gasoline prices. “Loosening environmental regulations or pulling back clean energy investment won’t lower energy prices for families,” he said. “But transforming our economy to run on electric vehicles powered by clean energy with tax credits to help American families winterize their homes and use less energy, that will help.”

    All these policies are the most effective in the medium term, looking out to the next five to 10 years. That includes US investment in bringing newer technologies to scale, like clean hydrogen, sustainable aviation fuels, and long-duration electricity storage and advanced battery technology. “You have to start those investments now,” Rhodium’s Houser said. “While they’re effective in the medium term, they have to start now because it takes a while to build things.”

    Looking past the immediate crisis, the best answer for expensive gas at the pump is the same set of policies that target climate pollution.

    “If we do what we can, it will mean that no one has to worry about the price at the gas pump in the future,” Biden said Tuesday. “That’ll mean tyrants like Putin won’t be able to use fossil fuels as weapons against other nations.”

Marina Yatsko, left, runs behind her boyfriend Fedor, who is carrying her 18-month-old son Kirill into a Mariupol hospital on March 4.

 Evgeniy Maloletka/AP

Medical workers try to save 18-month-old Kirill.
    <img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-

cdn.com/thumbor/PfRy9dbusELidO2J7jFlUW9sgt4=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox- cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23300990/AP22064477947603.jpg" /> Evgeniy Maloletka/AP

Medical staff react after trying unsuccessfully to save Kirill’s life.

 Evgeniy Maloletka/AP

Marina and Fedor mourn over Kirill.

On Wednesday, five days later, a Russian strike destroyed a maternity hospital in Mariupol.

 Evgeniy Maloletka/AP

Ukrainian emergency workers and volunteers carry an injured pregnant woman away from a maternity hospital in Mariupol that was destroyed by shelling on March 9.

 Evgeniy Maloletka/AP

An injured pregnant woman walks down the stairs to make her way out of the destroyed hospital.

These scenes are repeated across Ukraine. In Kyiv, thousands are still trying to flee, as skirmishes and shelling continue on the outskirts of the city, in places like Irpin. In Kharkiv, heavy shelling has destroyed homes, and forced residents underground, into subways.

The full toll of the war so far is difficult to know, but the United Nations has estimated more than 1,300 civilian casualties, as of March 8. More than 470 civilians have died, the UN said, though the actual figure is likely much higher. Almost 2 million civilians have escaped to Poland, Moldova, and Romania in two weeks, making this Europe’s largest refugee crisis since World War II. Most are women and children, as the men stay in Ukraine to fight.

Becky Bakr Abdulla, an adviser to the Norwegian Refugee Council who is currently based in Poland, said that most refugees she has contacted told her they fled Ukraine without a plan. And yet, she added, “there was no sign of them thinking that they would be able to return anytime soon.” —Jen Kirby

 Chris McGrath/Getty Images

A member of a Territorial Defense unit guards a barricade close to the eastern frontline in Kyiv on March 5.

 Vadim Ghirda/AP

A Ukrainian serviceman takes a shooting position as he looks at approaching vehicles in Irpin, on the outskirts of Kyiv, on March 9.
 Sergei Supinsky/AFP via Getty Images
Members of the Ukrainian Territorial Defense Force stand guard next to anti-tank structures blocking the streets of central Kyiv on March 6.
    <img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-

cdn.com/thumbor/1qsFAleKVo8zLWbsICXR0rW39VU=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox- cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23300219/GettyImages_1383102314.jpg" /> Chris McGrath/Getty Images

  <figcaption>A woman shelters behind a building as smoke and flames rise from a chemical warehouse that was hit by
Russian shelling on the eastern front line near Kalynivka village in Kyiv on March 8.
    <img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-

cdn.com/thumbor/9PHr2ud2dVuIGzIhG8zZpx5fXhQ=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox- cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23299137/AP22067525347492.jpg" /> Evgeniy Maloletka/AP

A young girl sits in an improvised bomb shelter in Mariupol on March 7.

 Evgeniy Maloletka/AP

People queue up to receive a hot meal in a Mariupol bomb shelter on March 7.
 Dimitar Dilkoff/STF/AFP via Getty Images
A woman hugs her cat inside a subway wagon in a Kyiv underground metro station used as a bomb shelter on March 8.
 Laurent Van der Stockt for Le Monde/Getty Images
Two people help another evacuate from Irpin as the city comes under heavy shelling on March 6.
 Wolfgang Schwan/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images
Civilians walk past the burned-out shell of a car as they flee Irpin on March 8.
 Marcus Yam/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images
Irpin residents evacuate as Russian forces advance and continue to bombard the town with artillery on March 6.

 Chris McGrath/Getty Images

Irpin residents flee heavy fighting via a destroyed bridge as Russian forces enter the city on March 7.

 Vadim Ghirda/AP

A family runs over the tracks as they race to board a Lviv-bound train, in Kyiv on March 3.

 Emilio Morenatti/AP

Aleksander, 41, presses his palms against the window as he says goodbye to his 5-year-old daughter at the Kyiv train station on March 4.
 Bulent Kilic/AFP via Getty Images
A family on an evacuation train says goodbye to a young man staying behind at the central train station in Odesa on March 6.

 Vadim Ghirda/AP

Children look out of the window of an unheated Lviv-bound train, in Kyiv on March 3.

 Chris McGrath/Getty Images

A woman gestures as she looks out the window of a train carrying women and children fleeing fighting in Bucha and Irpin on March 4.

 Emilio Morenatti/AP

A crowd of people push to get on a train to Lviv at the Kyiv station in Ukraine on March 7.
 Adria Salido Zarco/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images
People crouch and comfort each other aboard a train in Lviv as they prepare to leave the country on March 7.

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