Official COVID-19 mortality statistics are strongly influenced by the local diagnostic capacity, strength of the healthcare system, and the recording and reporting capacities on causes of death. This can result in significant undercounting of COVID-19 attributable deaths, making it challenging to understand the total mortality burden of the pandemic. Excess mortality, which is defined as the increase in observed death counts compared to a baseline expectation, provides an alternate measure of the mortality shock of the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we use data from civil death registers for 54 municipalities across the state of Gujarat, India, to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all-cause mortality. Using a model fit to monthly data from January 2019 to February 2020, we estimate excess mortality over the course of the pandemic from March 2020 to April 2021. We estimated 16,000 [95% CI: 14,000, 18,000] excess deaths across these municipalities since March 2020. The sharpest increase in deaths was observed in April 2021, with an estimated 480% [95% CI: 390%, 580%] increase in mortality from expected counts for the same period. Females and the 40 to 60 age groups experienced a greater increase from baseline mortality compared to other demographic groups. Our excess mortality estimate for these 54 municipalities, representing approximately 5% of the state population, exceeds the official COVID-19 death count for the entire state of Gujarat.
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) pandemic has ushered an unforeseen level of global health and economic burden. As a respiratory infection, Covid-19 is known to have a dominant airborne transmission modality, wherein fluid flow plays a central role. Quantification of complex non-intuitive dynamics and transport of pathogen laden respiratory particles in indoor flows has been of specific interest. Here we present a Lagrangian computational approach towards quantification of human-to-human exposure quantifiers, and identification of pathways by which flow organizes transmission. We develop a Lagrangian viral exposure index in a parametric form, accounting for key parameters such as building and layout, ventilation, occupancy, biological variables. We also employ a Lagrangian computation of the Finite Time Lyapunov Exponent field to identify hidden patterns of transport. A systematic parametric study comprising a set of 120 simulations, yielding a total of 1,320 different exposure index computations are presented. Results from these simulations enable: (a) understanding the otherwise hidden ways in which air flow organizes the long-range transport of such particles; and (b) translating the micro-particle transport data into a quantifier for understanding infection exposure risks.
Ongoing infection with, and associated viral reproduction of, SARS-CoV-2 provides opportunities for the virus to acquire advantageous mutations, which may alter viral transmissibility and disease severity, and allow escape from natural or vaccine-derived immunity. The number of countries reporting Variants of Concern (VOCs) with such mutations continues to rise. Here, we investigate two scenarios for third waves of the COVID pandemic: one driven by increased transmissibility, and another driven by immune escape. We do this using three mathematical models: a parsimonious susceptible-latent-infectious-recovered (SEIR) deterministic model with homogeneous mixing, an age-structured SARS-CoV-2 transmission model and a stochastic importation model. We calibrated our models to the situation in England in May 2021, although the insights will generalise to other contexts. We therefore accurately captured infection dynamics and vaccination rates, and also used these to explore the potential impact of a putative new VOC-targeted vaccine. Epidemiological trajectories for putative VOCs are wide-ranging and heavily dependent on their transmissibility, immune escape capability, and the time at which a postulated VOC-targeted vaccine may be introduced. We demonstrate that a VOC with either a substantial transmission advantage over resident variants, or the ability to evade vaccine-derived and prior immunity, is expected to generate a wave of infections and hospitalisations comparable to those seen in the winter 2020-21 wave. Moreover, a variant that is less transmissible, but shows partial immune-escape could provoke a wave of infection that would not be revealed until control measures are further relaxed.
Background: Results of a randomised trial showed the safety and efficacy of Gam-COVID-Vac against COVID-19. However, compared to other vaccines used across the globe, the real-world data on the effectiveness of Gam-COVID-Vac, especially against the disease caused by Delta variant of concern, was not available. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of vaccination mainly conducted with Gam-COVID-Vac in St. Petersburg, Russia. Methods: We designed a case- control study to assess the vaccine effectiveness (VE) against lung injury and referral to hospital. Self-reported vaccination status was collected for individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were referred for initial low- dose computed tomography triage in two outpatient centres in July 3 – August 9, 2021 in St. Petersburg, Russia. We used logistic regression models to estimate the adjusted (for age, and triage centre) VE for complete (>14 days after the second dose) and partial vaccination (>14 days after the first dose). We estimated the VE against referral for hospital admission, COVID-19-related lung injury assessed with LDCT, and decline in oxygen saturation. Results: In the final analysis, 13,894 patients were included, 1,291 (9.3%) of patients met our criteria for complete vaccination status, and 495 (3.6%) were referred to hospital. In the primary analysis, the adjusted VE against referral to hospital was 81% (95% CI: 68-88) for complete vaccination. The effect of the partial vaccination was not statistically significant. The VE against referral to hospital was more pronounced in women (84%, 95% CI: 66-92) compared to men (76%, 95% CI: 51-88). Vaccine protective effect increased with increasing lung injury categories, from 54% (95% CI: 48-60) against any sign of lung injury to 76% (95% CI: 59-86) against more than 50% lung involvement. A sharp increase was observed in the probability of hospital admission with age for non-vaccinated patients in relation to an almost flat relationship for the completely vaccinated group. Conclusions: COVID-19 vaccination was effective against referral to hospital in patients with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in St. Petersburg, Russia. This protection is probably mediated through VE against lung injury associated with COVID-19.
Importance: SARS-CoV-2 enters the nasopharynx to replicate; mechanical debridement with nasal irrigation soon after diagnosis could reduce morbidity and mortality. Objective: To determine whether initiating nasal irrigation after COVID-19 diagnosis reduces hospitalizations and death, and whether irrigant composition impacts severity. Design: Unblinded randomized clinical trial of two nasal irrigation protocols in outpatients PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2, nested in a prospective case:cohort using laboratory-confirmed cases in the CDC COVID-19 Case Surveillance dataset. Setting: Single-lab community testing facility associated with the emergency department (ED) in Augusta, GA. Participants: A consecutive sample of outpatients 55 years and older were contacted from daily COVID-19+ lab reports between September 24 and December 21 of 2020. Patients without supplemental oxygen use or cognitive barriers agreeing to same- day irrigation initiation were remotely consented. Among 826 screened, 321 were unable to be reached, 132 were ineligible, 294 refused participation, and 79 participants were enrolled. Interventions: Participants were randomly assigned adding 2.5 mL povidone-iodine 10% or 2.5 mL sodium bicarbonate to 240ml of isotonic nasal irrigation twice daily for 14 days. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was hospitalization or death from COVID-19 within 28 days of enrollment by daily self-report confirmed with phone calls and hospital records, compared to the CDC Surveillance Dataset covering the same time. Secondary outcomes compared symptom resolution by irrigant additive. Results: Seventy-nine participants were enrolled (mean [SD] age, 64 [8] years; 36 [46%] women; 71% Non-Hispanic White). Analyzed by intention-to-treat, by day 28, COVID-19 symptoms resulted in 1/42 hospitalizations in those irrigating with alkalinization, 0/37 in the povidone-iodine group, (1.27%) and no deaths. Of nearly three million CDC cases, 9.14% were known to be hospitalized, with an additional 1.5% mortality in those without hospitalization data. The total risk of hospitalization or death (10.6%) was 8.4 times that of enrolled patients (SE=2.74; P=.006). 62 completed daily surveys (78%), averaging 1.8 irrigations/day. Eleven had irrigation complaints, and four discontinued. There were no significant differences by additive. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2+ participants initiating nasal irrigation were over 8 times less likely to be hospitalized than the national rate.
Since 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has devastated human civilization throughout the earth. The pandemic is returning in different waves because of constant changes in the genetic components of the virus. Had we been able to predict the nature and timing of these waves earlier, numerous lives could, in essence, have been saved. It is evident that the situation has spiraled out of control in several countries for want of proper preventive measures. In this article, we described a comprehensive mathematical approach to understand the nature of the pandemic waves. Also, we determined the probable timing of the third wave that will help the concerned government(s) to take the necessary steps to better prepare for the unforeseen situation.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this analysis was to quantify the relative risk of childhood deaths across the whole of England during the first year of the COVID pandemic, compared to a similar period of 2019. DESIGN: This work is based on data collected by the National Child Mortality Database (NCMD) which collates data on all children who die in England. The number of deaths, and their characteristics, from 1st April 2020 until 31st of March 2021 (2020-21), were compared to those from the same period of 2019-20. Relative risk and excess mortality were derived for deaths in 2020-21 vs 2019-20. SETTING: All deaths reported to NCMD in England of children under 18 years of age, between April 2019 and March
Abstract Introduction: On August 13, 2021, India completed 30 weeks of vaccination against COVID-19 for its eligible citizens. While the vaccination has made progress, there has been no study analyzing the federal/union vaccine policy and its effect on vaccination coverage across Indian states. In this context, this study analyses the federal vaccination policy and its effect on interstate variation in vaccine coverage and the correlation of state economy with vaccination coverage. Methods: The study analyses vaccine policy documents, secondary data on vaccination coverage and state gross domestic product (GDP) available in public domain. ANOVA test has been used to assess the effect of vaccine policy on interstate vaccine coverage and correlation-regression analysis has been conducted to assess the type and strength of association between gross state domestic product and vaccination coverage. Results: Interstate variation in vaccination coverage in the first 15 weeks was the least (F=3.5), when vaccine procurement and supply was entirely provided by the union/federal government and vaccination was limited to priority groups. However, with the extension of vaccine policy to other groups and reduction in federal government involvement in vaccine procurement, the interstate variation in vaccination coverage increased significantly (F=10.74) by the end of 30 weeks. The highest interstate variation was observed in the period between 23-30 weeks (F=25.31). State GDP was positively and strongly correlated with state vaccination coverage with a high coefficient of correlation (R=0.94) and high coefficient of determination (Rsqaure= 0.88). Conclusions: The study finds that federal procurement and supply of vaccination among prioritized groups has been the best strategy till date to address the inequity in vaccination coverage across the states of India.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation Post-COVID-19 - Condition: COVID-19
Intervention: Other: Exercise program (virtual/remote)
Sponsors: University of Manitoba; Health Sciences Centre Foundation, Manitoba; Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba
Not yet recruiting
A Phase III Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Proxalutamide (GT0918) in Hospitalized Subjects With COVID-19 - Condition: Covid19
Interventions: Drug: GT0918; Drug: Standard of care; Drug: Matching placebo
Sponsor: Suzhou Kintor Pharmaceutical Inc,
Not yet recruiting
A Study of PF-07321332/Ritonavir in Non-hospitalized Low-Risk Adult Participants With COVID-19 - Condition: COVID-19
Interventions: Drug: PF-07321332; Drug: Ritonavir; Drug: Placebo
Sponsor: Pfizer
Not yet recruiting
Targeting de Novo Pyrimidine Biosynthesis by Leflunomide for the Treatment of COVID-19 Virus Disease - Condition: COVID-19
Intervention: Drug: leflunomide
Sponsor:
Ashford and St. Peter’s Hospitals NHS Trust
Active, not recruiting
Andrographis Paniculata vs Boesenbergia Rotunda vs Control in Asymptomatic COVID-19 - Condition: Covid19
Interventions: Drug: Andrographis Paniculata; Drug: Boesenbergia; Other: Standard supportive treatment
Sponsors: Mahidol University; Ministry of Health, Thailand
Not yet recruiting
Efficacy of PJS-539 for Adult Patients With COVID-19. - Conditions: Covid19; COVID-19 Pneumonia
Interventions: Drug: PJS-539 Dose 1; Drug: PJS-539 Dose 2; Drug: Placebo
Sponsors: Hospital do Coracao; Covicept
Not yet recruiting
Enhancing COVID Rehabilitation With Technology - Condition: Covid19
Interventions: Behavioral: NexJ Connected Wellness; Other: Usual Care
Sponsors: University of Ottawa; Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR); Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
Not yet recruiting
Phase I/II Clinical Trial of Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (Sf9 Cells) in Children and Adolescents - Condition: COVID-19
Interventions: Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (Sf9 cells); Other: Placebo control
Sponsors: WestVac Biopharma Co., Ltd.; West China Hospital
Not yet recruiting
COVID-19 Methylene Blue Antiviral Treatment - Condition: Covid19
Interventions: Drug: Methylene Blue; Drug: Saline nasal spray
Sponsors: Irkutsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Irkutsk State Medical University
Recruiting
Treatment of Covid-19 With a Herbal Compound, Xagrotin - Condition: Covid19
Intervention: Combination Product: Xagrotin
Sponsors:
Biomad AS; Directorate of health of Sulaimani, Iraq -KRG
Completed
Trial of Recombinant Novel Coronavirus Vaccine (Adenovirus Type 5 Vector, Ad5-nCoV) in Adults Living With HIV - Condition: Covid19
Intervention: Biological: Recombinant Novel Coronavirus Vaccine (Adenovirus Type 5 Vector) (Ad5-nCoV)
Sponsors: Fundación Huésped; Canadian Center for Vaccinology; CanSino Biologics Inc.; Hospital Fernandez
Recruiting
Philippine Trial to Determine Efficacy and Safety of Favipiravir for COVID-19 - Condition: Covid19
Interventions: Combination Product: Favipiravir + Standard of Care; Procedure: Standard of Care
Sponsors: University of the Philippines; Department of Health, Philippines
Recruiting
Evaluation of the Effects of Bradykinin Antagonists on Pulmonary Manifestations of COVID-19 Infections (AntagoBrad- Cov Study). - Condition: Covid19
Interventions: Drug: C1 Inhibitor Human; Drug: Icatibant Injection; Other: Placebo
Sponsor: GCS Ramsay Santé pour l’Enseignement et la Recherche
Completed
Combination of Dietary Supplements Curcumin, Quercetin and Vitamin D for Early Symptoms of COVID-19 - Condition: Covid19
Interventions: Drug: Standard of care; Dietary Supplement: combination of curcumin, quercetin and Vitamin D
Sponsor: Ayub Teaching Hospital
Not yet recruiting
Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled AQ001S in the Management of Acute COVID-19 Symptoms - Condition: Covid19
Intervention: Drug: Drug, inhalation
Sponsor:
Aquilon Pharmaceuticals S.A.
Not yet recruiting
Cancer Informatics for Cancer Centers: Scientific Drivers for Informatics, Data Science, and Care in Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer - Cancer Informatics for Cancer Centers (CI4CC) is a grassroots, nonprofit 501c3 organization intended to provide a focused national forum for engagement of senior cancer informatics leaders, primarily aimed at academic cancer centers anywhere in the world but with a special emphasis on the 70 National Cancer Institute-funded cancer centers. This consortium has regularly held topic-focused biannual face-to-face symposiums. These meetings are a place to review cancer informatics and data science…
Inhibitors of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins exhibit potent and broad-spectrum anti-mammarenavirus activity via cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase - Targeting host factors is a promising strategy to develop broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. Drugs targeting anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins that were originally developed as tumor suppressors have been reported to inhibit multiplication of different types of viruses. However, the mechanisms whereby Bcl-2 inhibitors exert their antiviral activity remain poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated the mechanisms by which obatoclax (OLX) and ABT-737 Bcl-2 inhibitors exhibited a potent…
The Impact of the Declaration of the State of Emergency on the Spread of COVID-19: A Modeling Analysis - When encountering the outbreak and early spreading of COVID-19, the Government of Japan imposed gradually upgraded restriction policies and declared the state of emergency in April 2020 for the first time. To evaluate the efficacy of the countering strategies in different periods, we constructed a SEIADR (susceptible-exposed-infected-asymptomatic- documented-recovered) model to simulate the cases and determined corresponding spreading coefficients. The effective reproduction number R (t) was…
Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulation to Identify Potential SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor Inhibitors from Natural Compound Database - The outbreak of respiratory disease, COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has now been spread globally and the number of new infections is rising every moment. There are no specific medications that are currently available to combat the disease. The spike receptor of SARS-CoV-2 facilitates the viral entry into a host cell and initiation of infection. Targeting the viral entry at the initial stage has a better advantage than inhibiting it in later stages of the viral life cycle. This study deals with…
DNA-encoded chemistry technology yields expedient access to SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) inhibitors - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has killed more than 4 million humans globally, but there is no bona fide Food and Drug Administration-approved drug-like molecule to impede the COVID-19 pandemic. The sluggish pace of traditional therapeutic discovery is poorly suited to producing targeted treatments against rapidly evolving viruses. Here, we used an affinity-based screen of 4 billion DNA-encoded molecules en masse to identify a potent class of virus-specific…
CuCl(2)-catalyzed inexpensive, faster and ligand/additive free synthesis of isoquinolin-1(2H)-one derivatives via the coupling-cyclization strategy: Evaluation of a new class of compounds as potential PDE4 inhibitors - In spite of possessing a wide range of pharmacological properties the anti-inflammatory activities of isoquinolin-1(2H)-ones were rarely known or explored earlier. PDE4 inhibitors on the other hand in addition to their usefulness in treating inflammatory diseases have been suggested to attenuate the cytokine storm in COVID-19 especially TNF-α. In our effort, a new class of isoquinolin-1(2H)-ones derivatives containing an aminosulfonyl moiety were designed and explored as potential inhibitors of…
Coronavirus disease-2019: A review on the disease exacerbation via cytokine storm and concurrent management - Setting up treatment strategies is the highest concern today to reduce the fatality of COVID-19. Due to a very new kind of virus attack, no specific treatment has been discovered to date. The most crucial way to dominate the disease severity is now the repurposing of drugs. In this review, we focused on the current treatment approaches targeting the crucial causative factors for the disease burden through cytokine storm or cytokine release syndrome. Several vaccines have been developed and have…
Persistent clotting protein pathology in Long COVID/Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is accompanied by increased levels of antiplasmin - CONCLUSIONS: Clotting pathologies in both acute COVID-19 infection and in Long COVID/PASC might benefit from following a regime of continued anticlotting therapy to support the fibrinolytic system function.
Paradoxical effects of cigarette smoke and COPD on SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease - CONCLUSIONS: ACE2 levels were decreased in both bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells from COPD patients versus controls, and from CS-exposed versus air-exposed mice. CS-pre-exposure potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. These findings urge to investigate further the controversial effects of CS and COPD on SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Brief report: Tempol, a novel antioxidant, inhibits both activated T cell and antigen presenting cell derived cytokines in-vitro from COVID-19 patients - COVID-19 is characterized by a dysregulation of inflammatory cytokines ultimately resulting a cytokine storm that can result in significant morbidity and mortality. We developed an in-vitro assay using activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CD3 + CD28 to examine secretion of cytokines from antigen presenting cells (APCs) and T cells, respectively, in donor patients with a history of COVID-19 (convalescent) and uninfected negative…
The early interferon catches the SARS-CoV-2 - Interferons establish innate antiviral immunity. Two recent papers in JEM by Lopez et al. (2021. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20211211) and Cheemarla et al. (2021. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20210583) show that an appropriate supply of antiviral interferon enables epithelial cells of the nasopharyngeal mucosa to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 growth and that interferon-induced mucosal genes serve as biomarkers of infection.
Analysis of the avian coronavirus spike protein reveals heterogeneity in the glycans present - Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an economically important coronavirus, causing damaging losses to the poultry industry worldwide as the causative agent of infectious bronchitis. The coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein is a large type I membrane protein protruding from the surface of the virion, which facilitates attachment and entry into host cells. The IBV S protein is cleaved into two subunits, S1 and S2, the latter of which has been identified as a determinant of cellular tropism. Recent…
Reviewing the physiology, pharmacology and therapeutic uses of ketamine - Ketamine is a synthetic drug with unique properties which started to be used therapeutically in humans in the 1970s and is now widely used in all fields of nursing. Ketamine acts on the central nervous system, primarily through inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. However, the precise understanding of its mechanisms of action remains elusive in many respects. Ketamine is frequently used as an anaesthetic in medical and surgical procedures and as an analgesic in children and adults. It is…
Drug Repurposing for the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-Like Protease - As the pathogen of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 encodes two essential cysteine proteases that process the pathogen’s two large polypeptide products pp1a and pp1ab in the human cell host to form 15 functionally important, mature nonstructural proteins. One of the two enzymes is papain-like protease or PL Pro . It possesses deubiquitination and deISGylation activities that suppress host innate immune responses toward SARS-CoV-2 infection. To repurpose drugs for PL Pro , we experimentally screened…
Experimental and CFD evaluation of Ozone Efficacy against Coronavirus and Enteric Virus Contamination on Public Transport Surfaces - The limited information about the routes of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within the ongoing pandemic scenario mobilized the administration, industry and academy to develop sanitation and disinfection systems for public and private spaces. Ozone has been proposed as an effective disinfection method against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including viruses with similar morphology to SARS-CoV-2. Due to this efficacy, numerous gaseous and aqueous phase ozone applications have emerged…
Anti-Sars-Cov-2 Neutralizing Antibodies - - link
Expression Vector for Anti-Sars-Cov-2 Neutralizing Antibodies - - link
DEVELOPMENT OF CNN SCHEME FOR COVID-19 DISEASE DETECTION USING CHEST RADIOGRAPH - - link
SARS-COV-2 BINDING PROTEINS - - link
A PROCESS FOR PREPARING MONTELUKAST SODIUM FOR TREATING COVID 19 PATIENTS - - link
IDENTIFICATION OF ANTI-COVID 19 AGENT SOMNIFERINE AS INHIBITOR OF MPRO & ACE2-RBD INTERACTION - - link
Deep Learning Based System For Detection of Covid-19 Disease of Patient At Infection Risk. - - link
자외선살균등 - 본 발명은 사람의 의복이나 사용한 마스크 등에 부착하여 있다 호흡기로 유입되어 감염을 유발할 수 있는 COVID-19와 같은 유해균류를 간편하게 살균하기 위한 휴대용 자와선살균등에 관한 것이다. 반감기가 길고 인체에 유해한 오존을 발생하지 않으면서 탁월한 살균능력이 있는 250~265nm(최적은 253.7nm) 파장의 자외선을 발광하는 자외선램프를 본 발명의 막대형의 자외선살균등 광원으로 사용하고 비광원부를 손으로 잡고 의복이나 사용한 마스크 등 유해균류가 부착되었을 것으로 의심되는 곳에 자외선을 조사하여 간편하게 유해균류를 살균하므로써 감염을 예방하기 위한 휴대용 자외선살균등에 관함 것이다. - link
Protein chip and kit for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 S antigen - - link
一种新冠病毒疫苗的表达载体及其构建方法、应用和疫苗 - 本发明适用于生物技术领域，提供了一种新冠病毒疫苗的表达载体及其构建方法、应用和疫苗，该表达载体的构建方法包括以下步骤：将表达新冠病毒S蛋白与NP蛋白的核苷酸序列使用2A肽进行连接，合成融合基因；在融合基因的两端分别包含两个酶切位点，并装载到质粒，得到重组质粒；对重组质粒进行双酶切，切胶回收目的基因片段；对原始的质粒进行双酶切，切胶回收载体片段；将目的基因片段和载体片段进行连接，得到所述表达载体。本发明实施例通过同时表达冠状病毒S蛋白受体结合区与NP蛋白，使该表达载体感染的细胞不但可以诱导抗体反应还能诱导T细胞反应，从而有效诱导体液免疫和细胞免疫，为受试者提供更强的免疫保护。 - link