Covid-19 Sentry

Contents

• From Preprints
• From Clinical Trials
• From PubMed
• From Patent Search

From Preprints

• Evolving antibody evasion and receptor affinity of the Omicron BA.2.75 sublineage of SARS-CoV-2 -
  SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75 has diversified into multiple subvariants with additional spike mutations, and several are expanding in prevalence, particularly CH.1.1 and BN.1. Here, we investigated the viral receptor affinities and neutralization evasion properties of major BA.2.75 subvariants actively circulating in different regions worldwide. We found two distinct evolutionary pathways and three newly identified mutations that shaped the virological features of these subvariants. One phenotypic group exhibited a discernible decrease in viral receptor affinities, but a noteworthy increase in resistance to antibody neutralization, as exemplified by CH.1.1, which is apparently as resistant as XBB.1.5. In contrast, a second group demonstrated a substantial increase in viral receptor affinity but only a moderate increase in antibody evasion, as exemplified by BN.1. We also observed that all prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants in the circulation presently, except for BN.1, exhibit profound levels of antibody evasion, suggesting this is the dominant determinant of virus transmissibility today.
  🖺 Full Text HTML: Evolving antibody evasion and receptor affinity of the Omicron BA.2.75 sublineage of SARS-CoV-2
• How influenza vaccination changed over the COVID-19 pandemic? -

  Background: Vaccination for seasonal influenzas is particularly important during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the influenza vaccination coverage in the U.S. was far lower than the targeted rate. Objective: To examine how people9s actual uptake of the influenza vaccine and the disparity of the vaccination changed during the pandemic. Methods: A survey was conducted online in November 2022. Respondents were asked for influenza vaccination during each of the three latest seasons, prior influenza vaccination history, and COVID-19 vaccination. A linear regression model was used to estimate how the respondents9 change in influenza vaccination was associated with their demographics, COVID-19 vaccination status, and other related variables. Results: Nearly 70% of US adults had influenza vaccine each season during past the three seasons of the COVID-19 pandemic. The prevalence of influenza vaccination varied markedly across demographics. Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and people with low educational attainment were more likely to see relatively negative changes in their level of influenza vaccination. Respondents who uptook their COVID-19 vaccine in 2022 increased their level of influenza vaccine more than those who uptook the vaccine in 2021. Conclusions: Our study indicated that influenza vaccination increased during the pandemic compared with before the pandemic. The disparity of influenza vaccination by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status may enlarge during the pandemic. Tailored interventions were needed to target some groups to promote their vaccination uptake.

  🖺 Full Text HTML: How influenza vaccination changed over the COVID-19 pandemic?
• Neck pain, dry eye and Sjogren’s syndrome in Latin American students during the first wave of COVID-19: Frequencies and associated factors -

  Introduction: Virtual classes brought many changes to the lives of students, not only the fact of being more exposed to screens, but also because of the repercussions. Aim: To determine the factors associated with suffering from neck pain, dry eye and Sjogren9s syndrome in students in Latin America during the first wave of COVID-19. Methodology: Analytical cross-sectional study, using the COM and DEQ-5 scales, neck pain and dry eye/Sjogren9s syndrome, respectively, were measured; socio-educational variables were associated with them. Discussion: Of the 3939 students, those who lived in Panama, Chile and Bolivia were the ones who suffered the most from these pathologies. These pathologies were associated with the greater number of hours of computer use (all values p<0,001) and sex (all values p<0,002), medical students had more frequent dry eye and Sjogren9s syndrome (both p<0,031), Graduate students had more neck pain (p<0.001), but college students had less dry eye (p=0.025) and those at private universities had more neck pain (p=0.024). Discussion: Important results of these three pathologies were found, this serves so that students can be evaluated in depth in each university, for a specialized diagnosis and try to avoid medium and long-term consequences for the constant use of electronic devices. Conclusion: Neck pain, dry eye and Sjogren9s syndrome in students were associated with more hours of computer use and female sex, medical students had more frequent dry eye and Sjpogren9s syndrome, graduate students had more neck pain, university students had less dry eye and those from private universities had more neck pain.

  🖺 Full Text HTML: Neck pain, dry eye and Sjogren’s syndrome in Latin American students during the first wave of COVID-19: Frequencies and associated factors
• Gut microbiome predicts atopic diseases in an infant cohort with reduced bacterial exposure due to social distancing -

  Several hypotheses link altered microbial exposure in affluent societies to increased prevalence of allergies, but none have been experimentally tested in humans. Here we capitalize on the opportunity to study a cohort of infants (CORAL) raised during COVID-19 associated social distancing measures to test the interactions between bacterial exposure and fecal microbiome composition with atopic outcomes. We show that fecal Clostridia levels were significantly lower in CORAL infants and correlated with a microbial exposure index. Microbiota composition was the most significant component of regression models predicting risk of atopic dermatitis (AUC 0.86) or food allergen sensitization (AUC 0.98) and mediated the effects of multiple environment factors on disease risk. Although diet had a larger effect on microbiota composition than environmental factors linked to dispersal, most effects were mediated through the microbiota. This study provides critical information to refine existing hypothesis on the importance of the gut microbiota to immune development.

  🖺 Full Text HTML: Gut microbiome predicts atopic diseases in an infant cohort with reduced bacterial exposure due to social distancing
• Inter-rater reliability of the Infectious Disease Modeling Reproducibility Checklist (IDMRC) as applied to COVID-19 computational modeling research -

  Background: Infectious disease computational modeling studies have been widely published during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, yet they have limited reproducibility. Developed through an iterative testing process with multiple reviewers, the Infectious Disease Modeling Reproducibility Checklist (IDMRC) enumerates the minimal elements necessary to support reproducible infectious disease computational modeling publications. The primary objective of this study was to assess the reliability of the IDMRC and to identify which reproducibility elements were unreported in a sample of COVID-19 computational modeling publications. Methods: Four reviewers used the IDMRC to assess 46 preprint and peer reviewed COVID-19 modeling studies published between March 13th, 2020, and July 31st, 2020. The inter-rater reliability was evaluated by mean percent agreement and Fleiss9 kappa coefficients. Papers were ranked based on the average number of reported reproducibility elements, and average proportion of papers that reported each checklist item were tabulated. Results: Questions related to the computational environment (mean = 0.90, range = 0.90–0.90), analytical software (mean = 0.74, range = 0.68–0.82), model description (mean = 0.71, range = 0.58–0.84), model implementation (mean = 0.68, range = 0.39–0.86), and experimental protocol (mean = 0.63, range = 0.58–0.69) had moderate or greater (kappa > 0.41) inter-rater reliability. Questions related to data had the lowest values (mean = 0.37, range = 0.23–0.59). Reviewers ranked similar papers in the upper and lower quartiles based on the proportion of reproducibility elements each paper reported. While over 70% of the publications provided data used in their models, less than 30% provided the model implementation. Conclusions: The IDMRC is the first comprehensive, quality-assessed tool for guiding researchers in reporting reproducible infectious disease computational modeling studies. The inter-rater reliability assessment found that most scores were characterized by moderate or greater agreement. These results suggests that the IDMRC might be used to provide reliable assessments of the potential for reproducibility of published infectious disease modeling publications. Results of this evaluation identified opportunities for improvement to the model implementation and data questions that can further improve the reliability of the checklist.

  🖺 Full Text HTML: Inter-rater reliability of the Infectious Disease Modeling Reproducibility Checklist (IDMRC) as applied to COVID-19 computational modeling research
• COVID-19 Genome Surveillance: A Geographical Landscape and Mutational Mapping of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Central India over Two Years -

  Reading the viral genome through whole genome sequencing enables the detection of changes in the viral genome. The rapid changes in the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome may cause immune escape leading to an increase in the pathogenicity or infectivity. Monitoring mutations through genomic surveillance helps understand the amino acid changes resulting from the mutation. These amino acid changes, especially in the spike glycoprotein, may have implications on the pathogenicity of the virus by rendering it immune-escape. The region of Vidarbha in Maharashtra represents 31.6% of the total area and 21.3% of the total population of the state. In total, 7457 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples belonging to 16 Indian States were included in the study, out of which 3002 samples passed the sequencing quality control criteria. The metadata of 7457 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples included in the study was sourced from the Integrated Health Information Platform. The metadata of 3002 sequenced samples, including the FASTA sequence, was submitted to the Global initiative on sharing Avian Influenza Data and the Indian biological data centre. This study identified 104 different SARS-CoV-2 pango-lineages classified into 19 clades. We have also analysed the mutation profiles of the variants found in the study, which showed eight mutations of interest, including L18F, K417N, K417T, L452R, S477N, N501Y, P681H, P681R, and mutation of concern E484K in the spike glycoprotein region. The study was from November 2020 to December 2022, making this study the most comprehensive genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 conducted for the region.

  🖺 Full Text HTML: COVID-19 Genome Surveillance: A Geographical Landscape and Mutational Mapping of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Central India over Two Years
• Comparison of Vaccination and Booster Rates and Their Impact on Excess Mortality During the COVID-19 Pandemic in European Countries -

  Aim To evaluate the effect of vaccination/booster administration dynamics on the reduction of excess mortality during COVID-19 infection waves in European countries. Methods We selected twenty-nine countries from the OurWorldInData project database according to their population size of more than one million and the availability of information on dominant SARS-CoV-2 variants during COVID-19 infection waves. After selection, we categorized countries according to their ″faster″ or ″slower″ vaccination rates. The first category included countries that reached 60% of vaccinated residents by October 2021 and 70% by January 2022. The second or ″slower″ category included all other countries. In the first or ″faster″ category, two groups, ″boosters faster99 and ″boosters slower″ were created. Pearson correlation analysis, linear regression, and chi-square test for categorical data were used to identify the association between vaccination rate and excess mortality. We chose time intervals corresponding to the dominance of viral variants: Wuhan, Alpha, Delta, and Omicron BA.1/2. Results The ″faster″ countries, as opposed to the ″slower″ ones, did better in protecting their residents from mortality during all periods of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and even before vaccination. Perhaps higher GDP per capita contributed to their better performance throughout the pandemic. During mass vaccination, when the Delta variant prevailed, the contrast in mortality rates between the ″faster″ and ″slower″ categories was strongest. The average excess mortality in the ″slower″ countries was nearly 5 times higher than in the ″faster″ countries, and the odds ratio (OR) was 4.9 (95% CI 4.4 to 5.4). Slower booster rates were associated with significantly higher mortality during periods dominated by Omicron BA.1 and BA.2, with an OR of 2.6 (CI 95%. 2.1 to 3.3). Among the European countries we analyzed, Denmark, Norway, and Ireland did best, with a pandemic mortality rate of 0.1% of the population or less. By comparison, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Russia had a much higher mortality rate of up to 1% of the population. Thus, slow vaccination and booster administration was a major factor contributing to an order of magnitude higher excess mortality in ″slower″ European countries compared to more rapidly immunized countries.

  🖺 Full Text HTML: Comparison of Vaccination and Booster Rates and Their Impact on Excess Mortality During the COVID-19 Pandemic in European Countries
• Coverage of state-initiated contact-tracing during COVID-19 and factors influencing it: evidence from real-world data -

  Contact tracing has been one of the central non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented worldwide to control the spread of Sars-CoV-2, but its effectiveness strongly depends on its ability to capture contacts. To investigate this issue, we analysed an extensive operational database of SARS-CoV-2 tests in Geneva and used permutation statistics to estimate the number of secondary infectious contacts occurring at the same address. Our results show that manual contact tracing captured in average 41% of the secondary infections occurring at the address, with variation in time from 23% during epidemic peaks to 60% during low epidemic activity. Both socio-economic and structural factors influence the under-reporting of contacts. In particular, wealthy neighbourhoods are less likely to report contacts (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.6), while living in buildings increases under-reporting when compared to family houses, with an aOR of 1.08 to 3.14 depending on the variant of concern, the size of the building and if the building had shops. This under-reporting of contact in buildings decreased during periods of mandatory mask-wearing and restriction of private gatherings, indicating the importance of public measures in reducing unnoticed infections in shared spaces. A more effective contact tracing strategy should be partly digitalized to avoid saturation of contact tracing capacity during high activity of the pandemics, and public messages should focus on avoiding unnoticed infectious contacts in large buildings and target special populations, such as those in wealthy areas.

  🖺 Full Text HTML: Coverage of state-initiated contact-tracing during COVID-19 and factors influencing it: evidence from real-world data
• Balancing Functional Tradeoffs between Protein Stability and ACE2 Binding in the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.2.75 and XBB Lineages : Dynamics-Based Network Models Reveal Epistatic Effects Modulating Compensatory Dynamic and Energetic Changes -
  The evolutionary and functional studies suggested that the emergence of the Omicron variants can be determined by multiple fitness trade-offs including the immune escape, binding affinity for ACE2, conformational plasticity, protein stability and allosteric modulation. In this study, we systematically characterize conformational dynamics, protein stability and binding affinities of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Omicron complexes with the host receptor ACE2 for BA.2 , BA.2.75, XBB.1 and XBB.1.5 variants. We combined multiscale molecular simulations and dynamic analysis of allosteric interactions together with the ensemble-based mutational scanning of the protein residues and network modeling of epistatic interactions. This multifaceted computational study characterized molecular mechanisms and identified energetic hotspots that can mediate the predicted increased stability and the enhanced binding affinity of the BA.2.75 and XBB.1.5 complexes. The results suggested a mechanism driven by the stability hotspots and a spatially localized group of the Omicron binding affinity centers, while allowing for functionally beneficial neutral Omicron mutations in other binding interface positions. A network-based community model for the analysis of non-additive epistatic contributions in the Omicron complexes is proposed revealing the key role of the binding hotspots R498 and Y501 in mediating community-based epistatic couplings with other Omicron sites and allowing for compensatory dynamics and binding energetic changes. The results also showed that mutations in the convergent evolutionary hotspot F486 can modulate not only local interactions but also rewire the global network of local communities in this region allowing the F486P mutation to restore both the stability and binding affinity of the XBB.1.5 variant which may explain the growth advantages over the XBB.1 variant. The results of this study are consistent with a broad range of functional studies rationalizing functional roles of the Omicron mutation sites that form a coordinated network of hotspots enabling balance of multiple fitness tradeoffs and shaping up a complex functional landscape of virus transmissibility.
  🖺 Full Text HTML: Balancing Functional Tradeoffs between Protein Stability and ACE2 Binding in the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.2.75 and XBB Lineages : Dynamics-Based Network Models Reveal Epistatic Effects Modulating Compensatory Dynamic and Energetic Changes
• BCG administration promotes the long-term protection afforded by a single-dose intranasal adenovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine -
  Despite medical interventions and several approved vaccines, the COVID-19 pandemic is continuing into its third year. Recent publications have explored single-dose intranasal (i.n.) adenovirus-based vaccines as an effective strategy for curbing SARS-CoV-2 in naive animal models. However, the effects of prior immunizations and infections have yet to be considered within these models. Here, we investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Mycobacterium bovis BCG pre-immunization on a subsequent S-protein expressing i.n. Ad vaccination, termed Ad(Spike). We found that Ad(Spike) alone conferred long-term protection from severe SARS-CoV-2 pathology within a mouse model, yet it was unable to limit initial infection 6 months post-vaccination. While i.n. Ad(Spike) retains some protective effect after 6 months, a single administration of BCG-Danish prior to Ad(Spike) vaccination potentiates its ability to control viral replication of the B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variant within the respiratory tract. Though BCG-Danish had no effect on the ability of Ad(Spike) to generate and maintain humoral immunity, it promoted the generation of cytotoxic and Th1 responses over suppressive FoxP3+ TREG cells in the lungs of infected mice. These data demonstrate a novel vaccination strategy that may prove useful in limiting future viral pandemics by potentiating the long-term efficacy of next generation mucosal vaccines within the context of the safe and widely distributed BCG vaccine.
  🖺 Full Text HTML: BCG administration promotes the long-term protection afforded by a single-dose intranasal adenovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
• Spatiotemporal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection reveals an expansive wave of monocyte-derived macrophages associated with vascular damage and virus clearance in hamster lungs -
  Factors of the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs are pivotal for the ability of the host to deal with the infection. In humans, excessive macrophage infiltration is associated with disease severity. Using 3D spatiotemporal analysis of optically cleared hamster lung slices in combination with virological, immunohistochemical and RNA sequence analyses, we visualized the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through the lungs and the rapid anti-viral response in infected lung epithelial cells, followed by a wave of monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) infiltration and virus elimination from the tissue. These SARS-CoV-2 induced innate immune processes are closely related to the onset of necrotizing inflammatory and consecutive remodelling responses in the lungs, which manifests as extensive cell death, vascular damage, thrombosis, and cell proliferation. Here we show that MDM are directly linked to virus clearance, and appear in connection with tissue injury and blood vessel damage. Rapid initiation of prothrombotic factor upregulation, tissue repair and alveolar cell proliferation results in tissue remodelling, which is followed by fibrosis development despite a decrease in inflammatory and anti-viral activities. Thus, although the hamsters are able to resolve the infection following the MDM influx and repair lung tissue integrity, longer-term alterations of the lung tissues arise as a result of concurrent tissue damage and regeneration processes.
  🖺 Full Text HTML: Spatiotemporal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection reveals an expansive wave of monocyte-derived macrophages associated with vascular damage and virus clearance in hamster lungs
• Nasopharyngeal Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Expression as a Risk-Factor for SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in Concurrent Hospital Associated Outbreaks -

  Background: Widespread human-to-human transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus two (SARS-CoV-2) stems from a strong affinity for the cellular receptor angiotensin converting enzyme two (ACE2). We investigate the relationship between a patient9s nasopharyngeal ACE2 transcription and secondary transmission within a series of concurrent hospital associated SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in British Columbia, Canada. Methods: Epidemiological case data from the outbreak investigations was merged with public health laboratory records and viral lineage calls, from whole genome sequencing, to reconstruct the concurrent outbreaks using infection tracing transmission network analysis. ACE2 transcription and RNA viral load were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The transmission network was resolved to calculate the number of potential secondary cases. Bivariate and multivariable analyses using Poisson and Negative Binomial regression models was performed to estimate the association between ACE2 transcription the number of SARS-CoV-2 secondary cases. Results: The infection tracing transmission network provided n = 76 potential transmission events across n = 103 cases. Bivariate comparisons found that on average ACE2 transcription did not differ between patients and healthcare workers (P = 0.86). High ACE2 transcription was observed in 98.6% of transmission events, either the primary or secondary case had above average ACE2. Multivariable analysis found that the association between ACE2 transcription and the number of secondary transmission events differs between patients and healthcare workers. In health care workers Negative Binomial regression estimated that a one unit change in ACE2 transcription decreases the number of secondary cases (B = -0.132 (95%CI: -0.255 to -0.0181) adjusting for RNA viral load. Conversely, in patients a one unit change in ACE2 transcription increases the number of secondary cases (B = 0.187 (95% CI: 0.0101 to 0.370) adjusting for RNA viral load. Sensitivity analysis found no significant relationship between ACE2 and secondary transmission in health care workers and confirmed the positive association among patients. Conclusion: Our study suggests that ACE2 transcription has a positive association with SARS-CoV-2 secondary transmission in admitted inpatients, but not health care workers in concurrent hospital associated outbreaks, and it should be further investigated as a risk-factor for viral transmission.

  🖺 Full Text HTML: Nasopharyngeal Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Expression as a Risk-Factor for SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in Concurrent Hospital Associated Outbreaks
• Serious harms of the COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review -

  BACKGROUND: Serious and severe harms of the COVID-19 vaccines have been downplayed or deliberately excluded by the study sponsors in high impact medical journals. METHODS: Systematic review of papers with data on serious adverse events (SAEs) associated with a COVID-19 vaccine. RESULTS: We included 18 systematic reviews, 14 randomised trials, and 34 other studies with a control group. Most studies were of poor quality. A systematic review of regulatory data on the two pivotal trials of the mRNA vaccines found significantly more SAEs of special interest with the vaccines compared to placebo, and the excess risk was considerably larger than the benefit, the risk of hospitalisation. The adenovirus vector vaccines increased the risk of venous thrombosis and thrombocytopenia, and the mRNA-based vaccines increased the risk of myocarditis, with a mortality of about 1-2 per 200 cases. We found evidence of serious neurological harms, including Bells palsy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenic disorder and stroke, which are likely due to an autoimmune reaction. Severe harms, i.e. those that prevent daily activities, were underreported in the randomised trials. These harms were very common in studies of booster doses after a full vaccination and in a study of vaccination of previously infected people. CONCLUSIONS: Further randomised trials are needed. Authorities have recommended population-wide COVID-19 vaccination and booster doses. They do not consider that the balance between benefits and harms becomes negative in low-risk groups such as children and people who have already recovered from COVID-19 infection.

  🖺 Full Text HTML: Serious harms of the COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review
• “You are not a horse”: Medicalization, social control, and academic discourse in the Covid-19 era -
  Since early 2020, public figures in government, medicine, public health, and academia have accused critics of official Covid-19 policy of subverting efforts to contain the crisis, by spreading “misinformation” leading to concerning levels of “vaccine hesitancy” or to the uptake of unproven, even dangerous, therapeutics. These accusations were compellingly captured in an August 2021 tweet from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), “You’re not a horse. You are not a cow. Seriously, y’all. Stop it”, warning anyone considering or already consuming the antiparasitic drug ivermectin to treat or prevent Covid-19 that the drug could be “dangerous and even lethal” if used outside of the scope of FDA guidelines. In this study I examine the role of academic popularizing discourse in Covid-19 debates. Drawing from theories and methods that share a concern with how medical language and frames are deployed to control social behaviour, I appraise articles from The Conversation, an outlet that disseminates academic knowledge to facilitate open exchange and democratic governance. My analysis challenges the outlet’s self-presentation, suggesting instead that, in the Covid-19 era, far from contributing to its ostensible goals, The Conversation’s stigmatizing and condemnatory messaging is largely undermining them, with dire implication for the normative academic principles of open inquiry, the free pursuit of knowledge, and the promotion of critical thinking among younger generations.
  🖺 Full Text HTML: “You are not a horse”: Medicalization, social control, and academic discourse in the Covid-19 era
• Persons Diagnosed with COVID in England in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD): A Cohort Description -

  Objective: To create case definitions for confirmed COVID diagnoses, COVID vaccination status, and three separate definitions of high risk of severe COVID, as well as to assess whether the implementation of these definitions in a cohort reflected the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of COVID epidemiology in England. Design: Retrospective cohort study Setting: Electronic healthcare records from primary care (Clinical Practice Research Datalink, or CPRD) linked to secondary care data (Hospital Episode Statistics, or HES) data covering 24% of the population in England Participants: 2,271,072 persons aged 1 year and older diagnosed with COVID in CPRD Aurum between August 1, 2020 through January 31, 2022. Main Outcome Measures: Age, sex, and regional distribution of COVID cases and COVID vaccine doses received prior to diagnosis were assessed separately for the cohorts of cases identified in primary care and those hospitalized for COVID (primary diagnosis code of ICD-10 U07.1 COVID-19). Smoking status, body mass index and Charlson Comorbidity Index were compared for the two cohorts, as well as for three separate definitions of high risk of severe disease used in the United Kingdom (NHS Highest Risk, PANORAMIC trial eligibility, UK Health Security Agency Clinical Risk prioritization for vaccination). Results: Compared to national estimates, CPRD case estimates underrepresented older adults in both the primary care (age 65-84: 6% in CPRD vs 9% nationally) and hospitalized (31% vs 40%) cohorts, and overrepresented people living in regions with the highest median wealth areas of England (20% primary care and 20% hospital admitted cases in South East, vs 15% nationally). The majority of non-hospitalized cases and all hospitalized cases had not completed primary series vaccination. In primary care, persons meeting high risk definitions were older, more often smokers, overweight or obese, and had higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score. Conclusions: CPRD primary care data is a robust real-world data source and can be used for some COVID research questions, however limitations of the data availability should be carefully considered. Included in this publication are supplemental files for a total of over 28,000 codes to define each of three definitions of high risk of severe disease.

  🖺 Full Text HTML: Persons Diagnosed with COVID in England in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD): A Cohort Description

From Clinical Trials

• Clinical Performance Evaluation of the CareSuperb™ COVID-19 Antigen Home Test - Condition:   COVID-19
  Intervention:   Device: CareSuperb COVID-19 Antigen Home Test Kit
  Sponsor:   AccessBio, Inc.
  Recruiting

• MP0420 for Inpatients With COVID-19 (An ACTIV-3/TICO Treatment Trial) - Condition:   COVID-19
  Interventions:   Drug: MP0420;   Drug: Placebo;   Biological: Remdesivir
  Sponsors:   University of Minnesota;   International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT);   University of Copenhagen;   Medical Research Council;   Kirby Institute;   Washington D.C. Veterans Affairs Medical Center;   AIDS Clinical Trials Group;   National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI);   US Department of Veterans Affairs;   Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury (PETAL);   Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network (CTSN);   Molecular Partners AG
  Active, not recruiting

• AZD7442 for Inpatients With COVID-19 (An ACTIV-3/TICO Treatment Trial) - Condition:   COVID-19
  Interventions:   Biological: AZD7442;   Biological: Placebo;   Biological: Remdesivir
  Sponsors:   University of Minnesota;   International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT);   University of Copenhagen;   Medical Research Council;   Kirby Institute;   Washington D.C. Veterans Affairs Medical Center;   AIDS Clinical Trials Group;   National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI);   US Department of Veterans Affairs;   Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury (PETAL);   Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network (CTSN);   AstraZeneca
  Active, not recruiting

• PF-07304814 for Inpatients With COVID-19 (An ACTIV-3/TICO Treatment Trial) - Condition:   COVID-19
  Interventions:   Drug: PF-07304814;   Drug: Placebo;   Biological: Remdesivir
  Sponsors:   University of Minnesota;   International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT);   University of Copenhagen;   Medical Research Council;   Kirby Institute;   Washington D.C. Veterans Affairs Medical Center;   AIDS Clinical Trials Group;   National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI);   US Department of Veterans Affairs;   Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury (PETAL);   Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network (CTSN);   Pfizer
  Suspended

• VIR-7831 for Inpatients With COVID-19 (An ACTIV-3/TICO Treatment Trial) - Condition:   COVID-19
  Interventions:   Biological: VIR-7831;   Biological: Placebo;   Biological: Remdesivir
  Sponsors:   University of Minnesota;   International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT);   University of Copenhagen;   Medical Research Council;   Kirby Institute;   Washington D.C. Veterans Affairs Medical Center;   AIDS Clinical Trials Group;   National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI);   US Department of Veterans Affairs;   Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury (PETAL);   Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network (CTSN);   Vir Biotechnology, Inc.;   GlaxoSmithKline
  Completed

• BRII-196/BRII-198 for Inpatients With COVID-19 (An ACTIV-3/TICO Treatment Trial) - Condition:   COVID-19
  Interventions:   Biological: BRII-196;   Biological: BRII-198;   Biological: Placebo;   Biological: Remdesivir
  Sponsors:   University of Minnesota;   International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT);   University of Copenhagen;   Medical Research Council;   Kirby Institute;   Washington D.C. Veterans Affairs Medical Center;   AIDS Clinical Trials Group;   National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI);   US Department of Veterans Affairs;   Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury (PETAL);   Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network (CTSN);   Brii Biosciences Limited
  Completed

• LY3819253 (LY-CoV555) for Inpatients With COVID-19 (An ACTIV-3/TICO Treatment Trial) - Condition:   COVID-19
  Interventions:   Biological: LY3819253;   Biological: Placebo;   Biological: Remdesivir
  Sponsors:   University of Minnesota;   International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT);   University of Copenhagen;   Medical Research Council;   Kirby Institute;   Washington D.C. Veterans Affairs Medical Center;   AIDS Clinical Trials Group;   National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI);   US Department of Veterans Affairs;   Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury (PETAL);   Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network (CTSN);   Eli Lilly and Company
  Completed

• Use of E-health Based Exercise Intervention After COVID-19 - Condition:   COVID-19
  Intervention:   Behavioral: Exercise training using an e-health tool
  Sponsors:   Norwegian University of Science and Technology;   University of Oslo
  Recruiting

• Effect Of Calcitriol On Neutrophil To Lymphocytes Ratio And High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Covid-19 Patients - Condition:   COVID-19
  Interventions:   Drug: Calcitriol;   Other: Placebo
  Sponsor:   Universitas Sebelas Maret
  Completed

• Clinical Study for the Efficacy and Safety of Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b in Moderate COVID19. - Condition:   COVID-19
  Interventions:   Drug: P1101 (Ropeginterferon alfa-2b);   Procedure: SOC
  Sponsor:   National Taiwan University Hospital
  Active, not recruiting

• Phase I Clinical Trial of Recombinant Variant COVID-19 Vaccine (Sf9 Cell) (WSK-V102) - Condition:   COVID-19
  Intervention:   Biological: Recombinant variant COVID-19 vaccine(Sf9 cell)
  Sponsor:   WestVac Biopharma Co., Ltd.
  Not yet recruiting

• A Phase II Clinical Trial of Recombinant Variant COVID-19 Vaccine (Sf9 Cell) (WSK-V102) - Condition:   COVID-19
  Interventions:   Biological: Recombinant variant COVID-19 vaccine (Sf9 cell);   Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (CHO cell);   Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (Sf9 cell)
  Sponsor:   WestVac Biopharma Co., Ltd.
  Not yet recruiting

• Short-term Effects of Transdermal Estradiol on Female COVID-19 Patients - Conditions:   COVID-19;   Hormone Replacement Therapy
  Interventions:   Drug: Climara 0.1Mg/24Hr Transdermal System;   Other: Hydrogel patch
  Sponsors:   Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa (IUC);   Turkish Menopause and Osteoporosis Society;   Karakoy Rotary Club;   Rebul Pharmacy
  Completed

• Effect of Kinesio Tape Versus Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise In Post COVID-19 - Condition:   Post COVID-19 Condition
  Interventions:   Other: Pursed lip breathing;   Other: Cognitive Behavior Therapy;   Other: Diaphragmatic breathing exercise;   Other: Kinesio tape
  Sponsor:   Cairo University
  Not yet recruiting

• Teletechnology-assisted Home-based Exercise Program for Severe COVID-19 - Conditions:   COVID-19;   Telerehabilitation
  Intervention:   Behavioral: Teletechnology-assisted home-based pulmonary rehabilitation
  Sponsor:   National Taiwan University Hospital
  Not yet recruiting

From PubMed

• The Comprehensive Effects of Carassius auratus Complex Formula against Lipid Accumulation, Hepatocarcinogenesis, and COVID-19 Pathogenesis via Stabilized G-Quadruplex and Reduced Cell Senescence - Carassius auratus complex formula (CACF) is a traditional Chinese medicine known for its antidiabetic effects. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and there are currently no effective therapies for advanced HCC. This study explores the comprehensive effects and possible mechanisms of CACF on HCC. The results show that CACF reduces the viability of hepatoma cells in vitro, while benefiting normal hepatocytes. In addition, CACF inhibits hepatoma cell…

• Durability and Surface Oxidation States of Antiviral Nano-Columnar Copper Thin Films - Antiviral coatings that inactivate a broad spectrum of viruses are important in combating the evolution and emergence of viruses. In this study, nano-columnar Cu thin films have been proposed, inspired by cicada wings (which exhibit mechano-bactericidal activity). Nano-columnar thin films of Cu and its oxides were fabricated by the sputtering method, and their antiviral activities were evaluated against envelope-type bacteriophage Φ6 and non-envelope-type bacteriophage Qβ. Among all of the…

• Evaluation of Broad Anti-Coronavirus Activity of Autophagy-Related Compounds Using Human Airway Organoids - To deal with the broad spectrum of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that threaten human health, it is essential to not only drugs develop that target viral proteins but also consider drugs that target host proteins/cellular processes to protect them from being hijacked for viral infection and replication. To this end, it has been reported that autophagy is deeply involved in coronavirus infection. In this study, we used airway organoids to…

• Myocarditis: causes, mechanisms, and evolving therapies - INTRODUCTION: Myocarditis is a severe lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory disorder of the heart, mostly caused by viruses and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Recently, myocarditis as a rare adverse event of mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 has caused global attention. The clinical consequences of myocarditis can be very severe, but specific treatment options are lacking or not yet clinically proven.

• Dietary fish intake increased the concentration of soluble ACE2 in rats. Can fish consumption reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection through interception of SARS-CoV-2 by soluble ACE2? - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the cells after binding to the membrane-bound receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), but this may be prevented through interception by soluble ACE2 (sACE2) or by inhibition of the ACE2 receptor, thus obstructing cell entry and replication. The main objective of this study was to investigate if fish intake affected the concentration of sACE2 in rats. The secondary aim was to evaluate the in vitro ACE2 inhibiting…

• Pseudoknot-targeting Cas13b combats SARS-CoV-2 infection by suppressing viral replication - CRISPR-Cas13-mediated viral genome targeting is a novel strategy for defending against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. Here, we generated mRNA-encoded Cas13b targeting the open reading frame 1b (ORF1b) region to effectively degrade the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene. Of the 12 designed CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs), those targeting the pseudoknot site upstream of ORF1b were found to be the most effective in suppressing SARS-CoV-2 propagation. Pseudoknot-targeting…

• Using data mining techniques deep analysis and theoretical investigation of COVID-19 pandemic - This study uses K-Means Clustering to analyze Corona-Virus Diseases (Covid-19). Data mining in medicine has generated novel approaches to examine diseases. Coronavirus is difficult to treat because of its intricate structure, shape, and texture. Due to data mining improvements, the K-Means approach has been developed for evaluating covid-19. Observe the outbreak’s evolution, including its peak, and containment measures. A basic K-Means model is used to simulate Coronavirus’s prevalence in Iraq….

• Ceftazidime exhibits a broad inhibition to the infection of SARS-CoV-2 prototype and Omicron variant in vitro by blocking spike protein-ACE2 interaction - No abstract

• FXR inhibition: an innovative prophylactic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection - No abstract

• New bi-phosphonate derivative: Synthesis, characterization, antioxidant activity in vitro and via cyclic voltammetry mode and evaluation of its inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease - In this study, we have synthesized a new molecule labeled HBPA. Its molecular structure was determined by spectroscopic methods such as: FT-IR, NMR (¹H, ^(13)C and ^(31)P); our compound is subjected to two antioxidant activities assays: DPPH scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); in the results, HBPA was expanded remarkable inhibition when compared especially to standard BHT with values of 14.936±0.808 and 7.1486±0.0645 μg/ml, respectively; in addition to the scavenging test of…

• Co-pyrolysis of medical protective clothing and oil palm wastes for biofuel: Experimental, techno-economic, and environmental analyses - The ongoing global pandemic of COVID-19 has devastatingly influenced the environment, society, and economy around the world. Numerous medical resources are used to inhibit the infectious transmission of the virus, resulting in massive medical waste. This study proposes a sustainable and environment-friendly method to convert hazardous medical waste into valuable fuel products through pyrolysis. Medical protective clothing (MPC), a typical medical waste from COVID-19, was utilized for…

• An in-solution snapshot of SARS-COV-2 main protease maturation process and inhibition - The main protease from SARS-CoV-2 (M^(pro)) is responsible for cleavage of the viral polyprotein. M^(pro) self-processing is called maturation, and it is crucial for enzyme dimerization and activity. Here we use C145S M^(pro) to study the structure and dynamics of N-terminal cleavage in solution. Native mass spectroscopy analysis shows that mixed oligomeric states are composed of cleaved and uncleaved particles, indicating that N-terminal processing is not critical for dimerization. A 3.5 Å…

• Bioactive Compositions of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) Extracts and Their Capacities in Suppressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Binding to ACE2, Inhibiting ACE2, and Scavenging Free Radicals - Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) bark and its extracts are popular ingredients added to food and supplement products. It has various health effects, including potentially reducing the risk of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). In our study, the bioactives in cinnamon water and ethanol extracts were chemically identified, and their potential in suppressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding, reducing ACE2 availability, and scavenging free radicals was…

• Structure-based design of a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-specific inhibitor - The Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) introduced a relatively large number of mutations, including three mutations in the highly conserved heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region of the spike glycoprotein (S) critical for its membrane fusion activity. We show that one of these mutations, N969K induces a substantial displacement in the structure of the heptad repeat 2 (HR2) backbone in the HR1HR2 postfusion bundle. Due to this mutation, fusion-entry peptide…

• Omicron-induced interferon signalling prevents influenza A H1N1 and H5N1 virus infection - Recent findings in permanent cell lines suggested that SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 induces a stronger interferon response than Delta. Here, we show that BA.1 and BA.5 but not Delta induce an antiviral state in air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells and primary human monocytes. Both Omicron subvariants caused the production of biologically active type I (α/β) and III (λ) interferons and protected cells from super-infection with influenza A viruses….

From Patent Search