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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Pathology and Anticatalysis treatment of exacerbated COVID-19</strong> -
<div>
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces various systemic coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19). Its pathophysiologies involve 1 the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, 2 Neuropilins (NRPs) Pathway, 3 The sterile alpha motif (SAM) and histi-dine-aspartate domain (HD)-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) tetramerization pathway 4 Inflammasome ac-tivation pathways, 5 Cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) (cGAS–STING) signaling pathway, 6 Spike protein pathway, and 7 Immunological memory en-gram pathway. COVID-19 exacerbates immune-mediated diseases whose metabolisms use 1. ACE2, TLR4 in the brain, 2. SAMHD1 tetramerization and cGAS–STING-NLRP3 signaling, 3. inflammasome–spike protein–genetic activation, and 4. innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) with NRPs. Immune triad: Aspirin, Dapsone, and Dexamethasone to treat COVID-19 have worked harmoniously with modulating ILCs. Therefore, it is necessary to prescribe this triad to alleviate and block the pathologic course due to diverse and subsequent SARS-CoV-2 variants.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/t9wjz/" target="_blank">Pathology and Anticatalysis treatment of exacerbated COVID-19</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Protective non-neutralizing mAbs targets conserved opsonic epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 variants</strong> -
<div>
Antibodies play a central role in the immune defense against SARS-CoV-2. Strong evidence has shown that non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) are important for anti-SARS-Cov-2 immunity through Fc-mediated effector functions. These nnAbs bind to epitopes that could be less subjected to mutations in the emerging variants. When protective, such nnAbs would constitute a more promising alternative to neutralizing mAbs (nAbs). Here, we show that six nnAbs retain binding to Omicron, while two nAbs do not. Furthermore, two of our nnAbs, which are protective in vivo, retained binding to XBB, XBB.1.5, and BQ.1.1. They appear to bind to conserved epitopes on the N-terminal and receptor binding domain (RBD), respectively. As a proof of concept, we show that these protective non-neutralizing antibodies retain potent Fc-mediated opsonic function against BQ.1.1 and XBB. We also show that the Fc-mediated function is further enhanced by expressing the antibodies in the IgG3 subclass and combining them into a dual antibody cocktail. Our work suggests that opsonizing nnAbs could be a viable strategy for anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAb therapies against current and future SARS-CoV-2 variants.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560084v1" target="_blank">Protective non-neutralizing mAbs targets conserved opsonic epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 variants</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Contributions of hyperactive mutations in Mpro from SARS-CoV-2 to drug resistance</strong> -
<div>
The appearance and spread of mutations that cause drug resistance in rapidly evolving diseases, including infections by SARS-CoV-2 virus, are major concerns for human health. Many drugs target enzymes, and resistant mutations impact inhibitor binding and/or enzyme activity. The most widely used inhibitors currently used to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections, including nirmatrelvir, target the main protease (Mpro) preventing it from processing viral polyproteins into active subunits. Previous work has systematically analyzed resistance mutations in Mpro that reduce binding to inhibitors, and here we investigate mutations that affect enzyme function. Hyperactive mutations that increase Mpro activity can contribute to drug resistance both directly by requiring elevated inhibitor concentrations to reduce function to critical levels and indirectly by increasing tolerance to mutations that reduce both substrate turnover and inhibitor binding. We comprehensively assessed how all possible individual mutations in Mpro affect enzyme function using a mutational scanning approach with a FRET-based yeast readout. We identified hundreds of mutations that significantly increased Mpro activity. Hyperactive mutations occurred both proximal and distal to the active site, consistent with protein stability and/or dynamics impacting activity. Hyperactive mutations were observed three times more than mutations that reduced apparent binding to nirmatrelvir in laboratory grown viruses selected for drug resistance and were also about three times more prevalent than nirmatrelvir binding mutations in sequenced isolates from circulating SARS-CoV-2. Our findings indicate that hyperactive mutations are likely to contribute to the natural evolution of drug resistance in Mpro and provide a comprehensive list for future surveillance efforts.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.560010v1" target="_blank">Contributions of hyperactive mutations in Mpro from SARS-CoV-2 to drug resistance</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Discovery of First-in-Class PROTAC Degraders of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease</strong> -
<div>
We have witnessed three coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks in the past two decades, including the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Main protease (MPro) is a highly conserved and essential protease that plays key roles in viral replication and pathogenesis among various CoVs, representing one of the most attractive drug targets for antiviral drug development. Traditional antiviral drug development strategies focus on the pursuit of high-affinity binding inhibitors against MPro. However, this approach often suffers from issues such as toxicity, drug resistance, and a lack of broad-spectrum efficacy. Targeted protein degradation represents a promising strategy for developing next-generation antiviral drugs to combat infectious diseases. Here we leverage the proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology to develop a new class of small-molecule antivirals that induce the degradation of SARS-CoV-2 MPro. Our previously developed MPro inhibitors MPI8 and MPI29 were used as MPro ligands to conjugate a CRBN E3 ligand, leading to compounds that can both inhibit and degrade SARS-CoV-2 MPro. Among them, MDP2 was demonstrated to effectively reduce MPro protein levels in 293T cells (DC50 = 296 nM), relying on a time-dependent, CRBN-mediated, and proteasome-driven mechanism. Furthermore, MPD2 exhibited remarkable efficacy in diminishing MPro protein levels in SARS-CoV-2-infected A549-ACE2 cells, concurrently demonstrating potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity (EC50 = 492 nM). This proof-of-concept study highlights the potential of PROTAC-mediated targeted protein degradation of MPro as an innovative and promising approach for COVID-19 drug discovery.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560163v1" target="_blank">Discovery of First-in-Class PROTAC Degraders of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The Role of ATP Hydrolysis and Product Release in the Translocation Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 NSP13</strong> -
<div>
In response to the emergence of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, there has been a growing interest in understanding the functional mechanisms of the viral proteins to aid in the development of new therapeutics. Non-structural protein 13 (Nsp13) helicase is an attractive target for antivirals because it is essential for viral replication and has a low mutation rate; yet, the structural mechanisms by which this enzyme binds and hydrolyzes ATP to cause unidirectional RNA translocation remain elusive. Using Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD), we generated a comprehensive conformational ensemble of all substrate states along the ATP-dependent cycle. ShapeGMM clustering of the protein yields four protein conformations that describe an opening and closing of both the ATP pocket and RNA cleft. This opening and closing is achieved through a combination of conformational selection and induction along the ATP cycle. Furthermore, three protein-RNA conformations are observed that implicate motifs Ia, IV, and V as playing a pivotal role in an ATP-dependent inchworm translocation mechanism. Finally, based on a linear discriminant analysis of protein conformations, we identify L405 as a pivotal residue for the opening and closing mechanism and propose a L405D mutation as a way of testing our proposed mechanism. This research enhances our understanding of nsp13's role in viral replication and could contribute to the development of antiviral strategies.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.560057v1" target="_blank">The Role of ATP Hydrolysis and Product Release in the Translocation Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 NSP13</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Network-based integrative multi-omics approach reveals biosignatures specific to COVID-19 disease phases.</strong> -
<div>
Background: COVID-19 disease is characterized by a spectrum of disease phases (mild, moderate, and severe). Each disease phase is marked by changes in omics profiles with corresponding changes in the expression of features (biosignatures). However, integrative analysis of multiple omics data from different experiments across studies to investigate biosignatures at various disease phases is limited. Exploring an integrative multi-omics profile analysis through a network approach could be used to determine biosignatures associated with specific disease phases and enable the examination of the relationships between the biosignatures. Aim: To identify and characterize biosignatures underlying various COVID-19 disease phases in an integrative multi-omics data analysis. Method: We leveraged the correlation network approach to integrate transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and lipidomics data. The World Health Organization (WHO) Ordinal Scale (WOS) was used as a disease severity reference to harmonize COVID-19 patient metadata across two studies with independent data. A unified COVID-19 knowledge graph was constructed by assembling a disease-specific interactome from the literature and databases. Disease-state omics-specific graphs were constructed by integrating multi-omics data with the unified COVID-19 knowledge graph. We expanded on the network layers of multiXrank, a random walk with restart on multilayer network algorithm, to explore disease state omics-specific graphs and perform enrichment analysis. Results: Network analysis revealed the biosignatures involved in inducing chemokines and inflammatory responses as hubs in the severe and moderate disease phases. We observed more shared biosignatures between severe and moderate disease phases as compared to mild-moderate and mild-severe disease phases. We further identified both biosignatures that discriminate between the disease states and interactions between biosignatures that are either common between or associated with COVID-19 disease phases. Interestingly, cross-layer interactions between different omics profiles increased with disease severity. Conclusion: This study identified both biosignatures of different omics types enriched in disease-related pathways and their associated interactions that are either common between or unique to mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19. These biosignatures include molecular features that underlie the observed clinical heterogeneity of COVID-19 and emphasize the need for disease-phase-specific treatment strategies. In addition, the approach implemented here can be used for other diseases.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560110v1" target="_blank">Network-based integrative multi-omics approach reveals biosignatures specific to COVID-19 disease phases.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Childhood Adversity and COVID-19 Outcomes: Findings from the UK Biobank</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objectives. To investigate the association between childhood adversity and COVID-19-related hospitalization and COVID-19-related mortality in the UK Biobank. Design. Cohort study. Setting. United Kingdom. Participants. 151,200 participants in the UK Biobank cohort who had completed the Childhood Trauma Screen, were alive at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic (01-10-2021), and were still active in the UK Biobank when hospitalization and mortality data were most recently updated (11-2021). Main outcome measures. COVID-19-related hospitalization and COVID-19-related mortality. Results. Higher self-reports of childhood adversity were related to greater likelihood of COVID-19-related hospitalization in all statistical models. In models adjusted for age, ethnicity, and sex, childhood adversity was associated with an OR of 1.228 of hospitalization (95% CI=1.155 to 1.31, Childhood Adversity z=6.51, p&lt;0.005) and an OR of 1.25 of a COVID-19 related death (95% CI=1.11 to 1.425, Childhood Adversity z=3.53, p&lt;0.005). Adjustment for potential confounds attenuated these associations, although associations remained statistically significant. Conclusions. Childhood adversity was significantly associated with COVID-19-related hospitalization and COVID-19-related mortality after adjusting for sociodemographic and health confounders. Further research is needed to clarify the biological and psychosocial processes underlying these associations to inform public health intervention and prevention strategies to minimize COVID-19 disparities.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.23287479v2" target="_blank">Childhood Adversity and COVID-19 Outcomes: Findings from the UK Biobank</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Comparison of immunity induced by Omicron breakthrough infection versus monovalent SARS-CoV-2 intramuscular booster reveals differences in mucosal and systemic antibody responses</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Our understanding of the quality of cellular and humoral immunity conferred by COVID-19 vaccination alone versus vaccination plus SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough (BT) infection remains incomplete. While the current (2023) SARS-CoV-2 immune landscape of Canadians is complex, in late 2021 most Canadians had either just received a third dose of COVID-19 vaccine, or had received their two dose primary series and then experienced an Omicron BT. Herein we took advantage of this coincident timing to contrast cellular and humoral immunity conferred by three doses of vaccine versus two doses plus BT. Our results show that mild BT infection induces cell-mediated immune responses to variants comparable to an intramuscular vaccine booster dose. In contrast, BT subjects had higher salivary IgG and IgA levels against the Omicron Spike and enhanced reactivity to the ancestral Spike for the IgA isotype, which also reacted with SARS-CoV-1. Serum neutralizing antibody levels against the ancestral strain and the variants were also higher after BT infection. Our results support the need for mucosal vaccines to emulate the enhanced mucosal and humoral immunity induced by Omicron without exposing individuals to the risks associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.23295541v2" target="_blank">Comparison of immunity induced by Omicron breakthrough infection versus monovalent SARS-CoV-2 intramuscular booster reveals differences in mucosal and systemic antibody responses</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Measuring and increasing rates of self-isolation in the context of infectious diseases: A systematic review with narrative synthesis</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Self-isolation was used to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and will likely be used in future infectious disease outbreaks. Method: We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA and SWiM guidelines. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, PsyArXiv, medRxiv, and grey literature sources were searched (1 January 2020 to 13 December 2022) using terms related to COVID-19, isolation, and adherence. Studies were included if they contained original, quantitative data of self-isolation adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic. We extracted definitions of self-isolation, measures used to quantify adherence, adherence rates, and factors associated with adherence. The review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022377820). Findings: We included 45 studies. Self-isolation was inconsistently defined. Only four studies did not use self-report to measure adherence. Of 41 studies using self-report measures, only one reported reliability; another gave indirect evidence for a lack of validity of the measure. Rates of adherence to self-isolation ranged from 0% to 100%. There was little evidence that self-isolation adherence was associated with socio-demographic or psychological factors. Interpretation: There was no consensus in defining, operationalising, or measuring self-isolation. Only one study presented evidence of the psychometric properties of the measure highlighting the significant risk of bias in included studies. This, and the dearth of scientifically rigorous studies evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to increase self-isolation adherence, is a fundamental gap in the literature. Funding: This study was funded by Research England Policy Support Fund 2022-23; authors were supported by the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.23296339v1" target="_blank">Measuring and increasing rates of self-isolation in the context of infectious diseases: A systematic review with narrative synthesis</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The RAPID Survey Platform: A Tool for Child and Family-Centered Systems-Minded Design</strong> -
<div>
This article introduced how a novel survey tool - the RAPID survey platform - was conceived out of the COVID-19 pandemic as a way to document the strengths and challenges facing young children, their parents, and other adults in their lives. It is also a narrative about how this tool has subsequently evolved into an easy-to-use and effective method for eliciting community voices to be heard as a means to inform early childhood policy, practice, systems change, and science. In this article, we described the RAPID survey platform as a tool for such systematic examinations of pandemic influences on the “COVID generation” young children. We started by describing the overarching structure of RAPID. We then introduced the key design principles of this survey platform and discussed the insights gleaned from examining surveys from the RAPID national household and ECE provider workforce. Next, we shifted to describing how RAPID has evolved into a scalable tool that transcends the pandemic and documenting how local RAPID Community Voices surveys are being sought out by a growing number of communities and states in the US and elsewhere. These communities are determined to adopt data-driven approaches and leverage information on the strengths, needs, and aspirations of adults in the lives of young children to redesign or improve the existing ECD systems.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/zdb2p/" target="_blank">The RAPID Survey Platform: A Tool for Child and Family-Centered Systems-Minded Design</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Decision support system to evaluate VENTilation in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Rationale. The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) shows significant heterogeneity in responsiveness to changes in mechanical ventilation and lacks personalisation. Objectives. Investigate the clinical efficacy of a physiologic-based ventilatory decision support system (DSS) on ARDS patients. Methods. An international, multi-centre, randomized, open-label study enrolling patients with ARDS during the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary outcome was to detect a reduction in average driving pressure between groups. Secondary outcomes included several clinically relevant measures of respiratory physiology, ventilator free days; time from control mode to support mode; number of changes in ventilator settings per day; percentage of time in control and support mode ventilation; ventilation related and device related adverse events; and number of times the advice is followed. Measurements and Main Results. 95 patients were randomized to this study. The DSS showed was no effect in the average driving pressure between arms. Patients in the intervention arm had statistically improved oxygenation index when in support mode ventilation (-1.41, 95% CI: -2.76, -0.08; p=0.0370). Ventilatory ratio was also significantly improved in the intervention arm for patients in control mode ventilation (-0.63, 95% CI: -1.08, -0.17, p= 0.0068). The application of the DSS resulted in a significantly increased number of ventilator changes for pressure settings and respiratory frequency. Conclusions. The application of a physiological model-based decision support system for advice on mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 ARDS showed that application of about 60% of advice improved physiological state, despite no significant difference in driving pressure as a primary outcome measure.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.23295668v1" target="_blank">Decision support system to evaluate VENTilation in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Influence of age, sex, body habitus, vaccine type and anti-S serostatus on cellular and humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Vaccine development targeting SARS-CoV-2 in 2020 was of critical importance in reducing COVID-19 severity and mortality. In the U.K. during the initial roll-out most individuals either received two doses of Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) or the adenovirus-based vaccine from Oxford/AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-nCoV-19). There are conflicting data as to the impact of age, sex and body habitus on cellular and humoral responses to vaccination, and most studies in this area have focused on determinants of mRNA vaccine immunogenicity. Here we studied a cohort of participants in a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK) to determine the influence of age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and pre-vaccination anti-Spike (anti-S) antibody status on vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses to two doses of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx-n-CoV-19 vaccination. Younger age and pre-vaccination anti-S seropositivity were both associated with stronger antibody responses to vaccination. BNT162b2 generated higher neutralising and anti-S antibody titres to vaccination than ChAdOx1-nCoV-19, but cellular responses to the two vaccines were no different. Irrespective of vaccine type, increasing age was also associated with decreased frequency of cytokine double-positive CD4+ T cells. Increasing BMI was associated with reduced frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific TNF+ CD8% T cells for both vaccines. Together, our findings demonstrate that increasing age and BMI associate with attenuated cellular and humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Whilst both vaccines induced T cell responses, BNT162b2 induced significantly elevated humoral immune response as compared to ChAdOx-n-CoV-19.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.23296222v1" target="_blank">Influence of age, sex, body habitus, vaccine type and anti-S serostatus on cellular and humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>COVID-related Excess Missed HIV Diagnoses in the United States in 2021: Follow-up to 2020</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objective: COVID-19 and related disruptions led to a significant drop in HIV diagnoses in the US in 2020. Recent analyses found 18% fewer diagnoses than expected among persons with HIV (PWH) acquiring infection in 2019 or earlier, suggesting that the drop in diagnoses cannot be attributed solely to decreased transmission. This analysis evaluates the progress made towards closing the 2020 diagnosis deficit in 2021. Methods: We apply modified versions of previously developed methods analyzing 2021 diagnosis data from the National HIV Surveillance System to determine whether the 2021 diagnosis levels of PWH infected pre-2020 are above or below the projected pre-COVID trends. We apply these analyses on stratifications based on assigned sex at birth, transmission group, geographic region, and race/ethnicity. Results: In 2021, HIV diagnoses returned to pre-COVID levels among all PWH acquiring infection 2011-19. Among Hispanic/Latino PWH and males, diagnoses returned to pre-COVID levels. White PWH, men who have sex with men, and PWH living in the south and northeast showed higher-than-expected levels of diagnosis in 2021. For the remaining populations, there were fewer HIV diagnoses in 2021 than expected. Conclusions: While overall diagnoses returned to pre-COVID levels, the large diagnosis gap observed in 2020 remained unclosed at the end of 2021. Lower than expected diagnosis levels among certain populations indicates that COVID-19 related disruptions to HIV diagnosis trends were present in 2021. Although some groups showed higher-than-projected levels of diagnoses, such increases were smaller than the corresponding 2020 decreases. Expanded testing programs designed to close these gaps are essential.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.23296285v1" target="_blank">COVID-related Excess Missed HIV Diagnoses in the United States in 2021: Follow-up to 2020</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The more symptoms the better? Covid-19 vaccine side effects and long-term neutralizing antibody response</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Protection against SARS-CoV-2 wanes over time, and booster uptake has been low. This study explores the link between post-vaccination symptoms, biometric changes, and neutralizing antibodies (nAB) after mRNA vaccination. Data were collected from adults (n = 363) who received two doses of either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273, with serum nAB concentration measured at 1 and 6 months post-vaccination. Daily symptom surveys were completed for six days starting on the day of each dose. Concurrently, objective biometric measurements, including skin temperature, heart rate, heart rate variability, and respiratory rate, were collected. We found that certain symptoms (chills, tiredness, feeling unwell, and headache) after the second dose were associated with increases in nAB at 1 and 6 months post-vaccination, to roughly 140-160% the level of individuals without each symptom. Each additional symptom predicted a 1.1-fold nAB increase. Greater changes in skin temperature and heart rate after the second dose predicted higher nAB levels. Skin temperature had a stronger predictive relationship for 6-month than 1-month nAB level. In the context of low ongoing vaccine uptake, our findings suggest that public health messaging could seek to reframe systemic symptoms after vaccination as desirable.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.23296186v1" target="_blank">The more symptoms the better? Covid-19 vaccine side effects and long-term neutralizing antibody response</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 NSP14 governs mutational instability and assists in making new SARS-CoV-2 variants</strong> -
<div>
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the rapidly evolving RNA virus behind the COVID-19 pandemic, has spawned numerous variants since its 2019 emergence. The multifunctional NSP14 enzyme, possessing exonuclease and mRNA capping capabilities, serves as a key player. Notably, single and co-occurring mutations within NSP14 significantly influence replication fidelity and drive variant diversification. This study comprehensively examines 120 co-mutations, 68 unique mutations, and 160 conserved residues across NSP14 homologs, shedding light on their implications for phylogenetic patterns, pathogenicity, and residue interactions. Quantitative physicochemical analysis categorizes 3953 NSP14 variants into three clusters, revealing genetic diversity. This research underscores the dynamic nature of SARS-CoV-2 evolution, primarily governed by NSP14 mutations. Understanding these genetic dynamics provides valuable insights for therapeutic and vaccine development.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559966v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 NSP14 governs mutational instability and assists in making new SARS-CoV-2 variants</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study of “Sputnik Lite” for the Prevention of COVID-19 With Altered Antigenic Composition.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: “Sputnik Lite” vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19 with altered antigenic composition <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Health Ministry of the Russian Federation <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study Will Assess the Safety, Neutralizing Activity and Efficacy of AZD3152 in Adults With Conditions Increasing Risk of Inadequate Protective Immune Response After Vaccination and Thus Are at High Risk of Developing Severe COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: Biological: AZD3152; Biological: Biological: Placebo <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: AstraZeneca <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Examining the Function of Cs4 on Post-COVID-19 Disorders</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Chinese medicine nutritional supplement Cs4 <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: The University of Hong Kong <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Amantadine Therapy for Cognitive Impairment in Long COVID</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID; Post-COVID19 Condition; Post-Acute COVID19 Syndrome <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Amantadine <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Ohio State University <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Stellate Ganglion Block With Lidocaine for the Treatment of COVID-19-Induced Parosmia</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Parosmia <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Procedure: Stellate Ganglion Block; Other: Placebo <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Lawson Health Research Institute <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>CPAP Efficacy in Post-COVID Patients With Sleep Apnea</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Sleep Apnea <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: Continuous positive airway pressure <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of Pittsburgh <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cell Therapy With Treg Cells Obtained From Thymic Tissue (thyTreg) to Control the Immune Hyperactivation Associated With COVID-19 (THYTECH2)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: Allogeneic thyTreg 5.000.000; Biological: Allogeneic thyTreg 10.000.000 <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon; Instituto de Salud Carlos III <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SA55 Injection: a Potential Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: SA55 Injection; Other: Placebo for SA55 injection <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd. <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mind Body Intervention for Long COVID</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID; Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19; COVID Long-Haul <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Mind Body Intervention #1 <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Bioequivalence Trial of Fasting Single Oral STI-1558 Capsule in Healthy Chinese Subjects</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: STI-1558 <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Zhejiang ACEA Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ACTIV-6: COVID-19 Study of Repurposed Medications - Arm G (Metformin)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Covid19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Placebo; Drug: Metformin <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Susanna Naggie, MD; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS); Vanderbilt University Medical Center <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Omicron BA.4/5-Delta COVID-19 Vaccine Phase I Clinical Trial</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: Omicron BA.4/5-Delta strain recombinant novel coronavirus protein vaccine (CHO cells); Biological: Placebo <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biologic Pharmacy Co., Ltd.; Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SA55 Novel Coronavirus Broad-spectrum Neutralizing Antibody Nasal Spray in Health People</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: SA55 nasal spray <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd. <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tele-physiotherapy on Post-stroke Hemiplegia Patients</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Hemiplegia; Muscle Spasticity <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Conventional Physiotherapy + telephysiotherapty <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia; Hermanas Hospitalarias del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús; Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca <br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Psychosomatic, Physical Activity or Both for Post-covid19 Syndrom</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post-COVID-19 Syndrome <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Exercise Therapy; Behavioral: Psychotherapy <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Hannover Medical School; Health Insurance Audi BKK; occupational health service Volkswagen AG; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Multi-structural molecular docking (MOD) combined with molecular dynamics reveal the structural requirements of designing broad-spectrum inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 entry to host cells</strong> - New variants of SARS-CoV-2 that can escape immune response continue to emerge. Consequently, there is an urgent demand to design small molecule therapeutics inhibiting viral entry to host cells to reduce infectivity rate. Despite numerous in silico and in situ studies, the structural requirement of designing viral-entry inhibitors effective against multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2 has yet to be described. Here we systematically screened the binding of various natural products (NPs) to six…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect of monovalent COVID-19 vaccines on viral interference between SARS-CoV-2 and several DNA viruses in patients with long-COVID syndrome</strong> - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation may be involved in long-COVID symptoms, but reactivation of other viruses as a factor has received less attention. Here we evaluated the reactivation of parvovirus-B19 and several members of the Herpesviridae family (DNA viruses) in patients with long-COVID syndrome. We hypothesized that monovalent COVID-19 vaccines inhibit viral interference between SARS-CoV-2 and several DNA viruses in patients with long-COVID syndrome, thereby reducing clinical symptoms….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antibacterial and anti-corona virus (229E) activity of Nigella sativa oil combined with photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue in wound infection: in vitro and in vivo study</strong> - Microbial skin infections, antibiotic resistance, and poor wound healing are major problems, and new treatments are needed. Our study targeted solving this problem with Nigella sativa (NS) oil and photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue (MB-PDT). Antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined via agar well diffusion assay and broth microdilution, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) proved deformations in Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>N-linked glycoproteins and host proteases are involved in swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus entry</strong> - Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is highly pathogenic to piglets and poses a major threat to the swine industry. SADS-CoV has a wide cell tropism and pathogenic potential in younger animals. Therefore, understanding how SADS-CoV enters cells is essential for curbing its re-emergence and spread. Here, we report that tunicamycin, an N-linked glycoprotein inhibitor, inhibited the attachment of SADS-CoV to host cells, suggesting that the SADS-CoV receptor may be an N-linked…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>EGR1 functions as a new host restriction factor for SARS-CoV-2 to inhibit virus replication through the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH8</strong> - Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to an unprecedented public health crisis worldwide. Though the host produces interferons (IFNs) and restriction factors to suppress virus infection, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved multiple strategies to inhibit the antiviral responses. Understanding host restriction factors and viral escape mechanisms is conducive to developing effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. Here, we constructed SARS-CoV-2…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong><em>In-silico</em> investigation of 4-nitro-N-1H-pyrazol-3-ylbenzamide towards its potential use against SARS-CoV-2: a DFT, molecular docking and molecular dynamics study</strong> - In the present research work, we report the synthesis and characterization of novel pyrazole derivative obtained by the condensation reaction of 4-nitro benzaldehyde group with one equivalent of the 2-amino pyrazole yielding 4-nitro-N-1H-pyrazol-3-ylbenzamide with high yield. The two symmetry-independent molecules (molecule A and molecule B) differ about the central C-N bond, with the dihedral angles between the pyrazole ring system and the nitrobenzene ring being 13.90° and 18.64°,…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dimeric ACE2-FC Is Equivalent to Monomeric ACE2 in the Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test</strong> - Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the main cellular receptor for the dangerous sarbecoviruses SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Its recombinant extracellular domain is used to monitor the level of protective humoral immune response to a viral infection or vaccine using the surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). Soluble ACE2 is also considered as an option for antiviral therapy potentially insensitive to the changes in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Extensive testing of the samples of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ancestral, Delta, and Omicron (BA.1) SARS-CoV-2 strains are dependent on serine proteases for entry throughout the human respiratory tract</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that entry of Omicron BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 is dependent on serine proteases for entry throughout the respiratory tract.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>DETECTION OF SARS-COV-2 NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES IN RETROPHARYNGEAL LYMPH NODE EXUDATES OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) FROM NEBRASKA, USA</strong> - Disease surveillance testing for emerging zoonotic pathogens in wildlife is a key component in understanding the epidemiology of these agents and potential risk to human populations. Recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in humans, and subsequent detection of this virus in wildlife, highlights the need for developing new One Health surveillance strategies. We used lymph node exudate, a sample type that is routinely collected in hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (WTD, Odocoileus virginianus) for…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Physiological effects of ivabradine in heart failure and beyond</strong> - Ivabradine is a pharmacologic agent that inhibits the funny current responsible for determining heart rate in the sinoatrial node. Ivabradine’s clinical potential has been investigated in the context of heart failure since it is associated with reduced myocardial oxygen demand, enhanced diastolic filling, stroke volume, and coronary perfusion time; however, it is yet to demonstrate definitive mortality benefit. Alternative effects of ivabradine include modulation of the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The REEP5/TRAM1 complex binds SARS-CoV-2 NSP3 and promotes virus replication</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), like other coronaviruses, replicates their genome in virus-induced cytosolic membrane-bound replication organelles (ROs). SARS-CoV-2 promotes the biogenesis of ROs by inducing the rearrangement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes. NSP3, NSP4, and NSP6 are transmembrane viral non-structural proteins (NSPs) and essential players in the formation of ROs. To understand how these three NSPs work synergistically with host-binding…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pupillographic Analysis of COVID-19 Patients: Early and Late Results After Recovery</strong> - CONCLUSION: PDs were significantly larger in COVID-19 patients in all light intensities in the 1^(st) month after COVID-19. However, pupillary dilation was transient, and no significant difference was found in the 6^(th) month. We suggest that the transient pupillary dilation may be secondary to the autonomic nervous system dysfunction and/or optic nerve and visual pathways alterations following COVID-19.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>An In Silico Design of Peptides Targeting the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein</strong> - SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, invades host cells via its spike protein, which includes critical binding regions, such as the receptor-binding domain (RBD), the S1/S2 cleavage site, the S2 cleavage site, and heptad-repeat (HR) sections. Peptides targeting the RBD and HR1 inhibit binding to host ACE2 receptors and the formation of the fusion core. Other peptides target proteases, such as TMPRSS2 and cathepsin L, to prevent the cleavage of the S protein. However, research has…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>microRNA-185 Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection through the Modulation of the Host’s Lipid Microenvironment</strong> - With the emergence of the novel betacoronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there has been an urgent need for the development of fast-acting antivirals, particularly in dealing with different variants of concern (VOC). SARS-CoV-2, like other RNA viruses, depends on host cell machinery to propagate and misregulate metabolic pathways to its advantage. Herein, we discovered that the immunometabolic microRNA-185 (miR-185) restricts SARS-CoV-2 propagation by…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Protective versus Pathogenic Type I Interferon Responses during Virus Infections</strong> - Following virus infections, type I interferons are synthesized to induce the expression of antiviral molecules and interfere with virus replication. The importance of early antiviral type I IFN response against virus invasion has been emphasized during COVID-19 as well as in studies on the microbiome. Further, type I IFNs can directly act on various immune cells to enhance protective host immune responses to viral infections. However, accumulating data indicate that IFN responses can be harmful…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Latino Question at the Second Republican Debate</strong> - At an event featuring Univision’s Ilia Calderón, the candidates showed little interest in speaking to Latino concerns. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-latino-question-at-the-second-republican-debate">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>“Thank You for Speaking While I’m Interrupting”: The Crosstalk Chaos of the Second Republican Debate</strong> - The event, which was billed as a chance for Donald Trump’s rivals to change their fortunes, only reinforced the confusion and aimlessness of their candidacies. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/thank-you-for-speaking-while-im-interrupting-the-crosstalk-chaos-of-the-second-republican-debate">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Peter Daou’s Theory of Election Interference—by Democrats</strong> - The former Clinton aide, now running the third-party Presidential campaign of Cornel West, on his recent political awakening. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/peter-daous-theory-of-election-interference-by-democrats">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Worrying Democratic Erosions in South Korea</strong> - In recent months, authorities have raided offices of press outlets publishing critical reports on President Yoon Suk-yeol. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-worrying-democratic-erosions-in-south-korea">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Powerful New York Law That Finally Brought Trump to Book</strong> - In investigating the former President, New York’s attorney general relied on legislation passed at the behest of one of her Republican predecessors, Jacob Javits. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-powerful-new-york-law-that-finally-brought-trump-to-book">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Gossiping doesn’t mean you’re a bad friend</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="One man talks behind his hand into the ear of another man, who holds a hand over his mouth as though in surprise." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/nbsFY2cEZ6k8ITO29kSnxeLoMz0=/259x0:5787x4146/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72705248/GettyImages_1270040257.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
These two guys probably said something about their friend during brunch. And that’s normal! | Getty Images/iStockphoto
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Can all the TikTok tattletales please calm down?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HbYTqe">
When I asked Jennifer Welch and Angie “Pumps” Sullivan — the hosts of the<em> </em><a href="https://ivehaditpodcast.com/"><em>I’ve Had It</em></a>, a podcast about best friends who complain — if they’ve ever complained about each other, they said, with 100 percent certainty and almost in unison, that they absolutely did.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OOzA7n">
“I love Pumps more than anything on the planet. I’d give her a kidney, and maybe another organ on a good day,” Welch told me. “But another day I could say, ‘I hate her guts and she’s driving me crazy.’”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qL66qt">
Pumps added, “If you’re being completely honest with yourself, everybody has talked about everybody at some point in their life.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NI5HUk">
I then asked them how they would feel if someone overheard and posted those conversations online — a real trend that’s happening recently on <a href="https://www.vox.com/tiktok">TikTok</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Q6Bpnz">
“Total bullshit,” Pumps said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="njLDwT">
“That is such chickenshit, Alex,” Welch added.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XXjeDW">
Like it so often does, TikTok has figured out a way to siphon the joy away from something crucial. This time, it’s complaining and gossiping about your friends. The social media platform that has emboldened regular people to turn into front-facing-camera personalities<em> </em>has spurred some of these characters to eavesdrop and then snitch on random gossipers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xmaoW3">
These TikTokers are something like vigilantes on a mission. One poster asked their audience to find <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@kelliekelshow">Sarah</a>, a young woman whose friends were overheard rehashing her bad behavior; another set her followers to track down a bride whose <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@kelsey_kotzur/video/7276833335417015594">bridesmaids hated their dresses</a>. They present a kind of moral imperative: These women deserve to know what their friends have to say about them. Hundreds of thousands of views roll in, setting off an internet-wide hunt for the people in question, with all the social-media shaming that entails.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O7rSOB">
What these video creators — who are eavesdropping on, recording, and posting about total strangers — and the people consuming their TikToks fail to realize is that they’re partaking in the gossip they’re denouncing. The illusion of righteousness also eclipses the somewhat uncomfortable fact that pettily complaining and gossiping about others is actually a normal — even healthy — facet of the vast majority of relationships.
</p>
<h3 id="bAqbDW">
Gossip is good, actually
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nYNSbS">
The crux of these videos hinges on a common misconception: that gossip is inherently a bad thing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3nmlun">
A lot of that negative connotation stems from adjacent acts like rumor-spreading or character assassination. Yes, there’s a point where gossip can — like most things — be detrimental. But according to experts I spoke to, it’s much more complicated than that.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hWpAeT">
The act of gossiping, of exchanging information, is actually a powerful form of social bonding.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5dacaR">
“Gossiping, although it has a negative context, has lots of pro-social benefits,” <a href="https://www.buffalo.edu/cas/communication/faculty/stefanone.html">Michael Stefanone</a>, a professor at the University at Buffalo, told Vox.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Three blonde women smiling for a photo on the set of a television show made to look like a cocktail bar." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/n1XurzGK3_VbG1swQ1aRKrZnAZI=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24961485/675572558.jpg"/> <cite>Charles Sykes/Bravo/NBCU Photo Bank/NBCUniversal via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Angie Sullivan, left, and Jennifer Welch, center, back on Bravo before they launched their hit podcast <em>I’ve Had It.</em>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zCtUbW">
Stefanone studies the way we present ourselves online and the internet’s effect on interpersonal relationships. Social behavior and communication researchers like Stefanone have published study after study detailing the positive effects of gossip, like how it can <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0956797613510184">promote cooperation</a>, encourage <a href="https://www.thedailystar.net/next-step/news/can-gossip-the-workplace-be-positive-2043289">positive behavior</a>, and be a <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/better/lifestyle/psychologists-say-gossiping-social-skill-here-s-how-know-if-ncna1056941">crucial social skill</a>. Researchers say that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6549470/">gossip doesn’t deserve</a> its negative connotation.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hzRRxF">
While I’d like to believe Stefanone spends most of his days in a lab tirelessly researching the cathartic effect of complaining about bridesmaids’ dresses, he explains that what he studies is a little bit more empirical and, sadly for me, less petty. Humans are social creatures, he explained, and exchanging information with each other has always been important, long before the internet. When we share information with someone else, we create a relationship that’s deeply valuable to us.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OqHH2O">
“Gossip helps to build relationships. Because when I choose you to confide in and share this information about somebody else that we probably both know, that communicates to you that I trust you,” Stefanone told me. “Maybe I’m sharing this information because I need help and am looking for a solution or because I value your opinion. There’s lots of different reasons.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Z5L5Eh">
When it comes down to it, the people we talk about other people with are more important than the people we’re talking about, or even the talk itself. By talking about an overreaching manager at work or an acquaintance who doesn’t tip, we’re signaling that we think the listener is important enough to share this information with. Implicitly, we want to be seen as important to them. In revealing our gossip to them, we’re also telling them what we value, what we like, and what we dislike in other people.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BmPqVR">
“When I gossip or talk about someone I know with you, what I’m attempting to do is bond with you. I’m attempting to feel important to you because I’m bringing something to you,” <a href="https://www.sesp.northwestern.edu/people/faculty/alexandra-solomon.html#:~:text=Biography,and%20Lasting%20Relationships%3A%20Marriage%20101.">Alexandra Solomon</a>, a lecturer and clinical psychologist who studies relationships at the Family Institute at Northwestern University, told me. “I’m attempting to share an experience with you where I think we’re both going to feel similarly. So the gossip is about this third person, but actually, what I’m attempting to do is connect with you, the listener.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9n83aN">
Essentially, when we gossip, we are all just standing in front of another person, asking them to lean in closely and listen.
</p>
<h3 id="eeRoix">
Snitches should get stitches, but they’re actually getting followers and views
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bVjbz4">
The way the most popular permutations of these videos end is with a TikToker publicly asking their audience to find the apparently wounded party. In the case of the bad wedding dress, it’s the bride. In the case of Sarah whose friends are talking about her, it’s Sarah, whose friends are talking about her. These videos ask everyone else to get involved, goading us to intervene and sleuth.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6ssNEk">
To <a href="https://discover.research.utoronto.ca/15516-matthew-feinberg">Matt Feinberg</a>, a professor at the University of Toronto specializing in the <a href="https://www.vox.com/psychology">psychology</a> of group behaviors, these videos illustrate a “tug of war” between the human inclination to gossip and the social rules that govern it. When we witness unpleasant behavior, gossiping about it with the intention of warning other people is one way we cope.
</p>
<aside id="OiibV2">
<div>
</div>
</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qhb81p">
“One might interpret what’s going on in the TikTok example as a group of people engaging in a behavior” — gossip — “that the person filming believes is unethical,” Feinberg told me. “That person, ironically, feels the need to engage in their own form of gossip to make themselves feel better and to help correct the wrong they feel has occurred. In this case, that form of gossip is spreading information about the transgressors via a TikTok video.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Hw4TSR">
Feinberg is being kind with the assumption that these videos are being created for altruistic purposes. That might be the case in some instances, but there’s another undeniable factor at play here: People create videos and post on social media because they want views and followers.
</p>
<div id="OO5Owf">
<blockquote align="center" class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Cuz why did u take it upon urself to involve millions of people in our business?? <a href="https://t.co/Nlei5Gu4z4">pic.twitter.com/Nlei5Gu4z4</a>
</p>
— facebook mom (<span class="citation" data-cites="bimboyugari">@bimboyugari</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/bimboyugari/status/1704474199081828432?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 20, 2023</a>
</blockquote></div></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="E96LTR">
The more you think about it, the more the idea of altruism breaks down. These TikTokers likely live in the same city as the people they’re recording; they also know the first names of everyone involved. The video creators could easily search for these people offline and relay the same message without hundreds of thousands of strangers watching.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qz47gz">
Quietly doing this, though, would negate the attention, dopamine, and follows that posting a public video brings.<strong> </strong>Scurrilous info about strangers is a known performer on the platform. It’s not unlike how TikTok creators have co-opted <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/discover/aita?lang=en">Reddit’s Am I the Asshole</a> forum and the platform’s penchant for <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/discover/one-thing-about-me?lang=en">confessional-style stories</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qhsIOQ">
“It’s a strategic move. The people that are doing this know that it’s gonna get a reaction, it’s gonna get some type of engagement — that’s the name of the game,” Stefanone, the professor at the University at Buffalo, told me.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rq4L8G">
Theoretically, Stefanone said, the bonds we craft when we share gossip are at play here too. The creators are sharing gossip with their audience, creating a simulacrum of trust. People who trust these creators then follow and engage with their content. TikTokers also make the audience feel valuable by asking them to track down the wronged parties. This encourages following and engaging with their content.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QrVgTl">
But they’re also capitalizing on what experts I spoke to describe as a breach of our social contract.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BgV80C">
“We talk about the things that are most important to us in our relationships. That is so normal,” said <a href="https://www.family-institute.org/therapists-locations/therapist/michael-goldstone">Michael Goldstone</a>, a staff therapist at Northwestern’s Family Institute. Goldstone primarily specializes in treating young and emerging adults. “What isn’t [normal] is this idea of posting on social media — it seems like it could be really hurtful to people, especially when you don’t have any idea about the full context of the story.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JjFr8n">
What makes gossip gossip is that it’s a protected thing, which goes back to the idea that we’re only gossiping with people we value. There’s a shared trust to these conversations. The subjects of these videos are participating in that, engaging in what they believe is a private conversation among friends.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EpEqTE">
But by recording and airing the conversations, TikTokers are not only possibly misrepresenting these private conversations, they’re also implicitly asking their audience to ignore that they’ve taken said localized gossip and extended it far beyond its intended audience.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tVSROz">
“Never before have we had this technology where we can throw up a camera and record stuff right away,” Stefanone added. “That’s directly at the expense of the people being recorded. It’s a strategic move. The people that are doing this know that it’s gonna get a reaction, it’s gonna get some type of engagement. And that’s the name of the game.”
</p>
<h3 id="l9Uejk">
Friendships are much more complex than five minutes of complaining
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RFO6nF">
“Ohhhhh my god. Alex. <em>Alex.</em> ALEX,” Kelsey McKinney groaned to me over the phone. “It’s tattletale behavior.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KsX0ZA">
After seeing these videos, the first person I wanted to talk to was gossip extraordinaire Kelsey McKinney. I have been gossiping with McKinney for over nine years, first as coworkers and now as friends, and she has since gone pro as the host of the extremely popular podcast <a href="https://www.radiotopia.fm/podcasts/normal-gossip?gclid=CjwKCAjwyNSoBhA9EiwA5aYlb8VqJ7IYXX8wppJ4Aw-a7iC9MuewLt-5wRcSbMy0siYiRigCI0CH9hoCXTgQAvD_BwE"><em>Normal Gossip</em></a>.<em> </em>McKinney’s show takes listener-submitted goss, anonymizes the details for maximum privacy, and presents it to an audience for their entertainment. Anonymity is key: Trying to identify the gossipers or gossipees goes against the show’s mission, which is to find the fun, the community, and the humanity of banal gossip. On <em>Normal Gossip</em>, no one gets in trouble, no one gets their feelings hurt, and no one is snitching on their friends.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jVNQGW">
But as McKinney explains, the tattletale is not entertaining. The tattletale isn’t funny. The tattletale has no real friends because the tattletale is not fun to be around. The tattletale will tell anyone anything.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JbC179">
“The goal of a tattletale is never actually moral justice or whatever they say they’re doing. The goal of tattletale is attention and nothing else,” McKinney told me, adding that because people have learned not to include tattletales, tattletales rarely have the full context of the story.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KZbCfA">
McKinney revealed she was once a tattletale herself, back in middle school.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="86AP7v">
McKinney learned quickly that the only time to tattle was if there was grave danger — like boys jumping off of the school roof. The therapists and experts I spoke to agreed, stating that harboring resentment or pain is probably the threshold at which petty, trivial gossip turns sour.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5eNX8s">
Adult tattletales have not learned the calculus needed to discern the amount of danger that warrants tattling.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RSTok1">
For real-life tattletales, McKinney said, “the consequence that you face is that people aren’t going to tell you things anymore. People are going to intentionally exclude you from things.” She added, “Online, you don’t have those kinds of repercussions. There’s only views, comments, and attention. The people tattling aren’t tattling on their own community or their own friends. If they did, they’d have to face the consequences.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qTA7dG">
At the heart of all tattling is the belief that something witnessed is wrong. That raises the important question at the heart of all these videos: What exactly is someone doing wrong in these videos? Saying that the bridesmaids’ dresses, which are notoriously ugly, were ugly? Complaining that a friend wasn’t being a friend at that moment?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6ecDm4">
“The action of that friendship is that friend showed up at the wedding, wore an ugly dress, smiled, celebrated, and said, ‘I’m so happy for you.’ That’s a huge thing to do for someone. And then you’re gonna get canceled at brunch for saying the dress was ugly?” McKinney posited.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Sarah Jessica Parker, Chris Noth, Cynthia Nixon and Kristin Davis on Location for Sex and the City: The Movie, October 12, 2007." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/NWBLsHGLMTjEWOPXmIGpJVFGbAs=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24961497/182334262.jpg"/> <cite>James Devaney/WireImage</cite>
<figcaption>
Sometimes being a friend means putting on an ugly dress and celebrating your best girlfriend getting married. Charlotte York-Goldenblatt took an extra step that day.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4l7kHx">
Perhaps the uncomfortable thing about these videos isn’t that these friends are bad people doing bad things, but rather the realization that there are going to be moments when your friends think you’re deeply annoying. There are going to be times when people you care about — people you even gossip with — are mad at you and want to talk to someone else about how you made them put on a bridesmaid dress or embarrassed them at a party or were not particularly pleasant to be around.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yqDIpk">
That’s normal.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="w6wWaN">
“In the lifetime of a friendship, there’s going to be bad things that happen, and it’s just human to be annoyed by people,” said Pumps, who admitted that her beloved co-host Welch sometimes drives her absolutely “bananas.” It’s human to talk about people you care about, too. Who has more opinions about you than someone who cares?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1y5njc">
Welch chimed in. “To think that Pumps and I could be at lunch trash-talking and somebody would record it and then post it on the internet to hurt other people?” Welch asked. “That’s what our podcast is for. We’ll just record it ourselves and post it.”
</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>How can we make the great outdoors more accessible to all?</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A drawing of a mountainous landscape with no people present." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/TTMAhCzvyBMhmDiBPlO_RhWFiGc=/69x0:2001x1449/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72705127/GettyImages_1195224244.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Malte Mueller/Getty Images/fStop
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Get outside more” seems like simple advice. The reality can be much more complicated.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1HDebO">
Like a lot of people who sheltered in place in the early days of the pandemic, I dreamt of moving out of the city and closer to nature. So when lockdown orders finally lifted in the European city I had called home for nearly two decades, I headed for the mountains. I chose my new home in the Western US based on a vision for my life that involved a lot more touching grass and hugging trees. I had grown up outdoors in Wisconsin, snowboarding my way through cold winters and lake swimming on hot summer days, and I wanted something similar for my daughter. What I hadn’t anticipated: how expensive the outdoors can be. Nor how exclusionary.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xBBblK">
Even before I made it out my back door onto the public lands, I was calculating the costs I might endure if hiking became a habit. I wasn’t ready to trade in my funereal black trench coat for a Patagonia fleece, but I knew my slick-bottomed sneakers wouldn’t suffice on the trail. Popping over to the local outdoor supply shop, though, I got a bit overwhelmed. Did I need spiky-soled trail runners? Stiff ankle boots in case I encountered a rattlesnake? Would my cotton socks give me swamp foot if I sweat? Or was wool better if there was still snow on the trail?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="60QfSR">
We all know the horror stories of blisters and overpacking à la Cheryl Strayed in her memoir <em>Wild,</em> but did I, too, need poles or a day pack, crampons and bear spray, a map or compass, an emergency beacon? While it pays to be prepared for the route you’re undertaking (there have been <a href="https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2023/07/19/rocky-mountain-national-park-colorado-sees-third-death-in-just-over-two-weeks/70433659007/">several deaths</a> in <a href="https://www.denverpost.com/2023/07/13/coroner-determines-man-who-died-at-rocky-mountain-national-park-drowned/">national parks</a> this summer from <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/sep/11/grand-canyon-national-park-hike-death-extreme-heat">heat</a>, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/09/07/grizzly-bear-home-attack-euthanized-yellowstone/">bear attacks</a>, and <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/colorado-woman-dies-500-foot-fall-rocky-mountain-national-park-rcna93825">falls</a>), there’s also a reason why one of the first emails I got after grabbing an REI membership was for its store-brand credit card: The outdoor industry is projected to <a href="https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/ecommerce/toys-hobby-diy/sports-outdoor/united-states">reach revenues of $22.9 billion from US consumers this year</a>. If you think about it hard enough (and I did), you can start to believe you need a lot of things before heading out into the great outdoors.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YG3Wyj">
“You can go buy that $400 pair of boots, but you don’t need them,” Kylie Bearse assured me. The Denver-based meteorologist behind the <a href="https://approachableoutdoors.com/">Approachable Outdoors</a> <a href="https://www.vox.com/instagram-news">Instagram</a> account and blog says it’s a common misconception that the outdoors can be really expensive. “For most trails, all you need is some sneakers and a water bottle and <a href="https://www.vox.com/even-better/23699060/sunscreen-questions-answered-spf-uv-rays-supergoop-la-roche-posay">sunscreen</a> … if you aren’t doing big technical hikes, you don’t need a fancy backpack, a fancy water bottle. Whatever you have is great for getting started.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jowiJt">
That may be true if you’re not planning a weeks-long through-hike or avalanche-inducing backcountry skiing, but after seeing more than a few college students hiking near Boulder’s famous flatirons in mini-skirts and heeled Timberlands last winter, I’d say that sneakers might be a bare minimum. And if being back in the US has taught me nothing else, it’s that we live in a transactional society. Embracing nature has increasingly become something akin to pay-to-play. From trailhead parking to state park passes and national park entry fees, the price of heading into the wilderness can be prohibitive, especially for those who cannot access the woods without a car due to a lack of transport infrastructure. Those prices also don’t include accommodation costs, which can run upward of $500 a night for a hotel room near the Grand Canyon or an <a href="https://www.vox.com/airbnb">Airbnb</a> near Lake Tahoe.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gMeMXA">
Though visits to public lands aren’t the only way to access the outdoors, for many city-dwellers, it has grown harder to get out into nature. A new <a href="https://www.rei.com/action/network/campaign/outdoors-for-all">campaign by REI</a> aimed at getting Congress to pass the Outdoors for All Act says that over 100 million Americans — nearly a third of the population — do not live within a 10-minute walk to a park. While we bemoan the amount of time that children (and adults) spend on their screens and a subsequent lack of physical fitness, that deficit creates communities that lack both connection and awareness of the natural world. A few official projects are working to counter that by <a href="https://www.parks.ca.gov/NewsRelease/1203">making state park passes available</a> to <a href="https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/73141">borrow at the local library</a> or, as in Canada, <a href="https://www.parkprescriptions.ca/">via a doctor’s prescription</a>. Elsewhere, nonprofits are working to fill in the gaps. In Denver, which is surrounded by some of the most stunning landscapes in the country, many children rely on organizations like <a href="https://elkkids.org/">Environmental Learning for Kids (ELK)</a> to introduce them to the nearby mountains, where they learn about environmental stewardship, fishing, or camping.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jsAEID">
Parker, the social justice advocate and environmental educator behind <a href="https://www.instagram.com/kweenwerk/">KWEEN WERK</a> (<a href="https://www.kweenwerk.com/">Keep Widening Environmental Engagement Narratives</a>), said that such programs are vital for urban youth who may have internalized stereotypes about what constitutes an outdoorsy person. As a Black child growing up in the Bronx, she never attributed the time she spent walking the city streets for miles with her father or having picnics as being an environmentalist measure.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YK520a">
“The way that my family experienced the outdoors is not the way it is typically represented,” she says. “For a long time, I thought that in order for something to be outdoor recreation or outdoor activities, it had to be climbing or scaling a mountain, and that’s not true.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dU7Lpe">
That lack of representation, Parker says, causes many people like her to not feel connected to nature, or to messages about conservation. At the same time, a stigma exists in the outdoor recreation community, dividing activities between “things that are done out of necessity and things that are done for pleasure because you have the resources.” In other words, we have redefined being outdoorsy to mean something that we do for leisure or sport; riding your bike to work doesn’t count. That belief, in turn, can reinforce barriers to access as people consider themselves less of an outdoor person if they aren’t taking on the biggest challenges or filling a stereotypical role.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OBrFCk">
“There’s this intimidation factor when it comes to getting outdoors. In Colorado, if I say I like to hike, people ask, how many 14ers have you done?” says Bearse, referring to the <a href="https://www.colorado.com/articles/what-are-14ers">58 mountain peaks above 14,000</a> feet in the state. “I’m more like three, four miles and then get brunch after.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BYIGWs">
While Bearse says she makes trips out onto the trail as <a href="https://www.outdoorjournaltour.com/wehiketoheal-2023/">a mental health measure</a> — “we’re just starting to learn about the benefits of exercising outdoors specifically for your <a href="https://www.vox.com/mental-health">mental health</a>” — she’s afraid that sort of competitive attitude might be sending the wrong message. It can lead some to undertake more challenging experiences than they’ve trained for while completely turning off others who might benefit from spending more time outside, especially those who are not white or able-bodied or otherwise appear to fit the role of the outdoorsy person.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DgeRUB">
“I know that the outdoors is open to everyone but sometimes it doesn’t feel that way,” says Parker. “I am not what people expect to see. There’s comments I get as a plus-size climber, like, ‘Are you prepared for this?’ Or they ask if it’s my first hike.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eDyOCu">
She points out that the American conservation movement was founded on principles cited by eugenicist and zoologist Madison Grant. His 1916 book, <em>The Passing of the Great Race</em>, compares saving the redwood forests in California with saving the white race or, as it is put in the preface, conservation of the environment preserves “the race which has given us the true spirit of Americanism.” The tome, <a href="https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/redwoods-and-hitler-the-link-between-nature-conservation-and-the-eugenics-movement">praised by Adolf Hitler</a> 20 years after its publication, called not just for the displacement of Indigenous native people to the West but for their obliteration<em>.</em> It was embraced by Teddy Roosevelt, who had <a href="https://www.nps.gov/thrb/learn/historyculture/trandthenpsystem.htm">already begun to establish the National Park System</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oAgTsT">
While requests for <a href="https://nativegov.org/news/a-guide-to-indigenous-land-acknowledgment/">land acknowledgments</a> are increasingly being honored, Native nations remain under threat as both <a href="https://www.vox.com/fossil-fuels">fossil fuel companies</a> and tourists overwhelm the stolen lands and encroach on sacred areas. “We have this environmental movement that at its core is steeped in big things like white supremacy,” Parker tells me. “We’re saying these lands are for everybody, but not all people could visit them. My dad was born in the early ’50s and Jim Crow laws were in effect until 1965 so my dad, who lived in Georgia, didn’t get to visit a national park.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GZem2G">
Whereas her coworkers had gone camping or skiing growing up, having both gear and insights about the environment handed down to them, her knowledge baseline was lower when she first set out into the woods. Though she now has fewer barriers to access than her father, Parker says that understanding this history is important to understanding why the outdoors may not feel as accessible to everyone. At the same time, such deeply embedded beliefs about who belongs in the outdoors shine through in American pop culture. The new backwoods rom-com on <a href="https://www.vox.com/netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/happiness-for-beginners-release-date-news-photos"><em>Happiness for Beginners</em></a>, sees a thin white woman embark on her first camping trip with brand-new top-of-the-line gear (<a href="https://www.productplacement.com/fan/noteworthy-placements-for-the-week-july-31-2023/">thanks to REI product placement</a>). Despite nodding to diversity in casting, the rag-tag group of characters accompanying her clearly embody hardened stereotypes about who belongs in the woods while the myth of the outdoors serving as a psychic testing ground for grit and determination drives the plot.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nHXgmn">
Such tropes about white people viewing the wilderness as something to be conquered in order to find yourself are neither new nor original; from <em>The Call of the Wild</em> to <em>Into the Wild</em> and back to <em>Wild</em>, the story hasn’t changed much over the last century. Yet the metaphor’s abundance in much of the copy and imagery selling the outdoors, combined with the consumerist approach to adventuring, can feel quite off-putting at a time when <a href="https://www.vox.com/climate">climate change</a> is wiping out beloved natural areas and trash is lining even the highest mountain peaks.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ybie8Q">
It’s important here to distinguish between intentionally exclusionary practices grounded in supremacist beliefs and the overwhelm that many visitors and national parks are experiencing. Still, it has become wildly frustrating to navigate popular natural areas when stepping foot onto the trail means contending with visitors whose sole aim seems to be getting the perfect selfie backdrop.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kOfkvb">
Responding to the influx of visitors our most popular national parks have seen since the pandemic — <a href="https://www.nps.gov/places/timed-entry-tickets.htm">Arches National Park, for example, marked a 73 percent increase in visitors over the last decade</a> — officials have had to limit the number of people during warmer months through the use of timed entry permits. The parks, too, are working to expand access and reduce congestion by offering hikers’ shuttle buses into the more densely visited areas.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7lqOqm">
These trial-and-error efforts to be inclusive while also ensuring the experience isn’t diminished by overly expansive access are one step toward a more welcoming outdoors, embracing the motto of “let them in” (if they plan ahead and can pay). Just as city governments across Europe have had to set limits to combat overtourism, though, it is worth considering what more can be done to accommodate the higher numbers of people being active outside while at the same time acknowledging the requests of many members of the Native nations who are calling for their land back.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uhIVgv">
Much of that work, though, rests on people being more open to embracing alternative ideas of connecting to the natural world, like riding your bike in your neighborhood instead of driving it to a trailhead. After all, the “environment” is not distinct from the world around you, and engaging locally can work against the desire to travel further afield, which is necessary as we work to slow warming temperatures. Instagram may have become a beloved resource for travelers but at some point, we need to look past the grid and find places to explore that are less hurried, if no less pretty.
</p>
<p class="c-end-para" data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Tkqq1K">
“People need to be more willing to explore beyond the main trails,” says Bearse. “To find those spots takes a bit of work but it is worth it.”
</p></li>
<li><strong>Everything you need to know about government shutdowns</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A weathered metal gate painted in red-and-white stripes has a sign taped to it reading “Recreation facility closed.” Behind the gate, evergreen trees cover steep hillsides." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ypCO6peLxk3y7psSLYUoedXi8yY=/333x0:3000x2000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72698201/182968256.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Access to the Charlton Flat campground is blocked by a locked gate in the Angeles National Forest on October 2, 2013 in the San Gabriel Mountains, northeast of Los Angeles, California, during a partial government shutdown that year. | David McNew/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
What is — and isn’t — closed during a government shutdown.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nvcIL3">
<a href="https://www.vox.com/congress"></a>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b1DiqX">
<a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/9/21/23884114/government-shutdown-republicans-kevin-mccarthy">The US government</a> sure looks like it’s on track for another shutdown.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6vKdoB">
<a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/9/11/23868182/government-shutdown-republicans-house-freedom-caucus">Currently, the House of Representatives</a> has yet to pass any legislation that would keep the government fully funded. If lawmakers fail to take action before midnight on October 1, the government will go into a partial shutdown that will result in hundreds of thousands of federal employees being furloughed, the closure of important facilities like <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/government-shutdown-closes-immigration-courts-adding-to-record-high-800000-case-backlog/">immigration courts,</a> and potential staffing shortages in fields like air traffic control.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DMm87M">
It’s a completely avoidable outcome, but it’s one that appears increasingly likely since House Republicans haven’t been able to agree on a short-term spending measure.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZrGSuK">
Because Congress still hasn’t approved longer-term, full-year appropriations, it needs to pass a short-term bill, also known as a continuing resolution or CR, to keep the lights on and buy itself more time to negotiate.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PGuBOu">
Thus far, <a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4224493-senate-votes-to-advance-short-term-funding-bill-to-avoid-government-shutdown/">the Senate has made moves</a> to pass a relatively “clean” continuing resolution that would keep the government open for about 47 days, and includes $6 billion in funding for Ukraine and <a href="https://www.vox.com/natural-disaster">natural disaster</a> aid, respectively. This measure, however, has run into opposition in the House, where several conservative lawmakers like Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-GA) are opposed to giving any more aid to Ukraine. It’s also been slowed by similar opposition from Sen. Rand Paul (R-KY), meaning a final vote may not take place until Saturday morning or later.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="G6TR05">
House Republicans have failed to provide any real counteroffer of their own. That’s partly because there’s a decent segment of their conference that isn’t interested in any type of short-term spending bill, due to concerns it won’t result in significant enough budget cuts. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/09/28/why-government-shutdown/">Led by Rep. Matt Gaetz</a> (R-FL), a contingent of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/27/us/politics/republicans-congress-shutdown.html">roughly 10 Republicans</a> — enough to blow up any GOP proposal brought to the floor — have promised to oppose any CR. Thursday, the <a href="https://x.com/freedomcaucus/status/1707467843409735852?s=20">House Freedom Caucus suggested</a> its members won’t back a CR without some concessions from leadership on long-term spending.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kb1qpm">
Friday, House Speaker Kevin McCarthy tried to pass a short-term measure anyway. The resolution McCarthy wanted pass isn’t the one from the Senate, but one crafted in the House that’s likely to be rejected by the upper chamber. That proposal would reduce spending to $1.47 trillion, make US border policy harsher, and would set up a commission to study US spending.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ep94Ze">
While the Senate might accept that final provision, the first two are nonstarters, meaning even if it were to pass — which it didn’t, with <a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4230386-house-conservatives-tank-gop-short-term-funding-bill/">21 Republicans voting against it</a> — the resolution wouldn’t stop a shutdown.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vzPlFv">
On Thursday, House Republicans passed three full-year spending bills, also expected to be dead on arrival in the Senate, in an effort to build momentum for passing the House’s CR. Together, they aren’t enough to keep the government open in the short term.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fsnDFP">
To ultimately get a CR across the finish line, McCarthy will likely need Democratic help. He’s avoided working with the opposition, however, because doing so could threaten his speakership. Gaetz, for example, is among those who have threatened to bring up a “motion to vacate,” which could depose the speaker, if he doesn’t subscribe to Republican demands. And, in exchange for Democratic votes, McCarthy would likely need to accept some of the minority’s demands on Ukraine and other issues. That would only anger the segment of his caucus that’s against him further, adding to the general discontent with his leadership.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HVsaQv">
Due to this dynamic, the chances of House Republicans shutting down the government in the next few days remain pretty high.
</p>
<h3 id="KkKrru">
How bad would a government shutdown actually be?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ErKWEV">
A government shutdown’s impact can vary based on how long it is. If it’s relatively short, there’s usually little disruption to federal employees and services.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QV6KfQ">
If a closure drags on longer, however, as it did in 2019 — when the shutdown <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2023/09/28/what-was-longest-government-shutdown/70990080007/">lasted 35 days</a> — its effects can become much more noticeable.<strong> </strong>That year, tens of thousands of federal employees <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/federal-workers-miss-2nd-paychecks-shutdown-continues/story?id=60599885">missed two paychecks</a>, and many important services, including air traffic control, suffered from staffing shortages.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9NhL5u">
The government didn’t begin to experience modern-day shutdowns until Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti issued an opinion in the 1980s that required federal agencies to curb operations if Congress did not approve sufficient funding. Since then, the government has shut down 14 times, from as long as one day to 35 days.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0uveVB">
During a government shutdown, federal agencies decide which employees will continue working and which services will continue at a regular level.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BjWtMO">
When it comes to staffing, federal employees are effectively separated into essential and nonessential workers, with the former required to keep working and the latter furloughed. Both types of workers have to go without pay, with narrow exceptions, including for lawmakers and the president. Essential workers are typically viewed as the ones needed to keep basic, fundamental government services functioning.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7QD89X">
<a href="https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/will-the-government-shut-down-funding-deadline-impact-on-workers/3430276/">All told, roughly 2 million federal civilian workers</a> and 2 million federal military workers would be impacted across the country in the case of a shutdown. That means regardless of whether they are essential or nonessential workers, they’re all likely to see delays to their paychecks if a shutdown goes on for longer than two weeks.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Lzj6Nw">
These delays can prove harmful to federal employees and potentially even more so for government contractors, <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/2/13/18223471/back-pay-federal-contractors-shutdown">who have not received back pay in the past</a>. Federal government employees, meanwhile, will get backpay — just later than their usual paychecks.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zsyKU0">
Because agencies are operating in a more limited fashion, there’s also a reduction in government services. And on a broader economic level, these shutdowns have had costs for the country because they delay federal spending and reduce productivity. <a href="https://www.cbo.gov/publication/54937">According to the Congressional Budget Office</a>, $3 billion in GDP was lost as a result of the 2019 shutdown that won’t be recovered.
</p>
<h3 id="qBjH8V">
Which services are — and aren’t — affected?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lN6c6K">
Certain government services, like Social Security and Medicare, will keep operating much like they usually do, while others, like immigration courts, low-risk food safety inspections, and national parks will operate in a more limited capacity or not at all.<strong> </strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="umvefG">
Some of those reductions are poised to include:
</p>
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<li id="GsCMd1">
<strong>WIC:</strong> <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/09/27/food-stamps-wic-snap-government-shutdown/">Short for Women, Infants and Children</a>, this social program helps 7 million pregnant people, parents, and kids pay for groceries; it could see its payments affected as early as next week.
</li>
<li id="ykn0QQ">
<strong>Immigration courts: </strong><a href="https://www.fedbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/19070802-pdf-1.pdf">Roughly 60,000 immigration court hearings</a> were canceled during the last government shutdown and could be canceled again.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xl3Yrq">
<strong>Civil courts: </strong>Most federal civil trials will be delayed, and new cases are unlikely to be considered.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LbkRIv">
<strong>National parks and Smithsonian museums: </strong>These entities are some of the most visible to typically be affected by shutdowns. While they may stay open, they could limit their hours and access to facilities like bathrooms depending on how long the shutdown continues.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="muioet">
<strong>Low-risk food inspections: </strong>Higher-risk food inspections for goods like meat have tended to continue in the past, while lower-risk reviews on items like cookies and crackers have been delayed.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4P99Jp">
<strong>Small business loans: </strong>The Small Business Administration is set to pause reviews and approvals of new loans during a shutdown.
</li>
<li id="1DKrTv">
<strong>Military efforts:</strong> The Pentagon is <a href="https://www.npr.org/2023/09/27/1201956915/government-shutdown-us-military-national-security">set to pause its recruitment efforts</a> during a shutdown, and payments to contractors and suppliers could be delayed.
</li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pMMYrg">
Other services, some of which operate based on mandatory spending each year, are expected to continue uninterrupted. They are:
</p>
<ul>
<li id="yHNoOM">
<strong>Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid: </strong>These are all slated to keep up their operations uninterrupted. All three programs fall under “<a href="http://www.crfb.org/papers/appropriations-101">mandatory spending</a>” that the federal government has committed to — and are not affected by the annual appropriations process. (Medicaid also relies, in part, on state spending.)
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="crPgNN">
<strong>US Postal Service</strong>: Mail delivery, which relies on an independent source of revenue from the sale of products and services, will continue uninterrupted.
</li>
<li id="HTJVm3">
<strong>SNAP food aid: </strong>The <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/millions-women-children-risk-losing-wics-nutrition-assistance/story?id=103473348">USDA says it has enough funding</a> for <a href="https://www.vox.com/social-programs">food stamps</a> — which are used by 40 million Americans — to last through the end of October. Should the shutdown extend into November, however, people may not receive benefits.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iWTvY9">
<strong>FEMA:</strong> Available federal disaster aid will continue to be distributed, but the agency may not have the money to properly respond to any disasters that happen during the shutdown.
</li>
<li id="mdwTf1">
<strong>Criminal prosecutions:</strong> Federal prosecutions, including the cases being brought against <a href="https://www.vox.com/donald-trump">Donald Trump</a>, will continue, while civil cases may be paused.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0bX7V6">
<strong>Congress</strong>: The legislative branch will continue to work, though some staffers may be furloughed, leading to delays in certain constituent services. Additionally, lawmakers still collect paychecks even if others are delayed.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TCOoP2">
<strong>White House:</strong> Though administrative aides are usually furloughed, the president, Cabinet members, and many executive offices, like the National Security Council, will continue working.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ptgy9W">
<strong>Military:</strong> Service members will be required to stay at their posts, including the Army Corps of Engineers, which will continue to maintain key infrastructure like dams.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="4IPeJX">
Why does the government shut down?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VTj7n2">
Every year, Congress is required to pass 12 new spending bills by the end of September that help fund different federal agencies as well as the legislative branch for the next year. If Congress doesn’t approve spending bills in time, the government shuts down. Both chambers must pass these bills, so if the Senate approves legislation but the House does not, the government goes into shutdown.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RfHqhN">
Often, Congress is unable to get its work done in time, so it passes a short-term spending bill that keeps funding levels the same as the prior year. That short-term bill usually keeps the government open for another few months — enough time for lawmakers to negotiate and pass the 12 spending bills.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1C4JiX">
This time around, the main issue is that the House has been unable to approve a short-term funding bill.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tFONVs">
Republicans can’t agree on a bill they would support — with several conservatives balking at backing a short-term bill at all. At the same time, McCarthy has yet to ask for the Democratic support that would be needed to approve bipartisan legislation without these conservatives. That’s left Congress — despite the Senate’s efforts — on the road to a shutdown.
</p>
<h3 id="PumEwr">
How could a government shutdown end?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3HzHox">
Government shutdowns have historically ended with the party that instigated it caving once voters start blaming them for the impact they’ve had on services.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FaNJOq">
This was the case in 2019, when Trump pushed for the longest government shutdown in history by arguing that Republicans shouldn’t approve any bill that didn’t include $5 billion in funding for his border wall. That shutdown lasted for 35 days, and was extremely unpopular.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="a68Y8K">
<a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/1/23/18194184/trump-shutdown-polling">At the time, a Morning Consult poll</a> showed that 54 percent of Americans blamed Trump and congressional Republicans for the shutdown, compared to the 35 percent who blamed Democrats. Beyond its unpopularity, another major reason the shutdown ended was because everyday life was becoming increasingly difficult.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vgQ4ic">
In particular, a growing number of air traffic controllers called in sick in protest over the lack of pay and staffing shortages. Those absences made it unsafe to fly and land planes in prominent airports like LaGuardia in New York. Ultimately, Trump didn’t win much: he agreed to reopen the government without any funding allocated to his border wall.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="80Mfmo">
A similar scenario played out in 2013 as well, when House Republicans were blamed for shutting down the government for 16 days. That year, they shut down because they wanted to defund <a href="https://www.vox.com/obamacare">Obamacare</a>, another push that failed. Public sentiment also grew against the shutdown, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/shutdown-damages-republicans-with-plenty-of-pain-to-go-around/2013/10/21/e3770fc2-3abd-11e3-b7ba-503fb5822c3e_graphic.html">with 53 percent of people</a> putting the blame on Republicans at that time.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GJkiVz">
All this has made some Republicans wary of another shutdown in 2023 due to concerns that it makes the party look bad and gives Democrats another talking point to highlight their dysfunction. As Sen. Rick Scott (R-FL) told the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/09/27/third-kick-shutdown-mule-mcconnells-warnings-go-unheeded/">Washington Post</a>, in a sentiment that seems common on the Senate side, if not in the House: “That’s what’s crazy about this, you should never shut down the government.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O1u5wV">
Beyond the possibility of Republicans ultimately caving, there are other efforts lawmakers are working on to try to find a resolution to the shutdown. One is a <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/19/politics/what-is-a-discharge-petition-congress/index.html">discharge petition</a>, which can be used to force a vote on a bill without the speaker’s permission. A majority of the House would need to back the petition for that to happen, however, and it’ll take time to move through the chamber as well.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1q5Ikz">
And although some moderate Republicans have signaled openness to it, it would still be significant for them to vote in a way that directly undercuts their party’s leadership. Doing so could affect their standing in their caucus, make future work with other members of their party more difficult, and leave them vulnerable to primary challenges.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fV8ucM">
Using a <a href="https://repcloakroom.house.gov/previous-question/">motion to the previous question</a> is another possibility that’s been floated. This motion, if it passes, ends debate on a bill and also allows the minority to force a vote, circumventing the speaker. It requires a simple majority in order to be enacted as well, creating the same concerns as a discharge petition for moderate Republicans contemplating working with Democrats to invoke it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TcSKlZ">
<em><strong>Update, September 29, 4:20 pm ET: </strong></em><em>This story was originally published on September 28 and has been updated to reflect funding bill developments. </em>
</p>
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</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hangzhou Asian Games | Sutirtha-Aihika create history, reaches women’s double semifinals</strong> - The Chinese duo was expected to roll over their opponents, and it happened precisely the opposite</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Invincible and Last Wish catch the eye</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hangzhou Asian Games | Mirabai Chanu’s campaign ends in heartbreak, finishes fourth</strong> - North Korea’s Ri Song-gum defended her Asian Games crown with a world record lift of 124kg in clean and jerk.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hangzhou Asian Games | India upstages Pakistan to win gold in men’s team squash</strong> - India last won a men’s team squash gold in the 2014 edition of the games in Incheon, while the Pakistanis last claimed gold in 2010 in Guanzhou.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ravichandran Ashwin says 2023 World Cup could be his last for India</strong> - Ahead of India’s first warm-up match against defending champions England, the 37-year-old Ashwin made the admission in a pre-match chat.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Chinta Mohan asks TDP, JSP to join INDIA</strong> - INDIA can sweep all the 175 Assembly and 25 Lok Sabha constituencies in the State if the two regional parties join the alliance, he opines</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Telangana universities brim with girl students</strong> - Significantly the trend shows a large number of the girl students are from extremely backward and socially neglected sections</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Kerala Minister Saji Cherian reassures depositors in cooperative banks that their money is safe</strong> - Regarding ongoing investigations into suspicious deals in several cooperative banks in Kerala, Saji Cherian said he had no comments to make on the politics of investigation</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>₹2,000 currency note can be deposited in RBI Issue Offices after October 7</strong> - The RBI has said that ₹2,000 notes will continue to be legal tender but can be exchanged and deposited at bank branches only till October 7</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Kerala government plans to fully support fishermen’s children’s higher studies abroad, says Minister Saji Cherian</strong> - The Minister was speaking during the inauguration of a day-long seminar on fisheries resources and sustainability organised by the Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies and the Coastal Area Development Association for Liberation in Kochi</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nagorno-Karabakh: Armenia says 100,000 refugees flee region</strong> - Almost the entire ethnic Armenian population has fled the region since Azerbaijan seized it last week.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Storm Daniel: Greek farmers fear they may never recover</strong> - Greek farmers fear for the future as crops, orchards and herds of animals were lost in Storm Daniel.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>US urges Serbia to withdraw troops from Kosovo border as tensions rise</strong> - In response to the “current situation”, the UK sends troops to join Nato peacekeepers Kfor in Kosovo.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Motorist fined after dog seen behind wheel of car</strong> - Police in Slovakia have fined a man after a dog was pictured in the driving seat of his Skoda.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sweden gangs: Army to help police after surge in killings</strong> - The military will provide help with analysis, logistics and explosives handling, the PM says.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A revelation about trees is messing with climate calculations</strong> - Scientists are learning more about “sesquiterpenes” vapors made from trees. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1972385">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Behold the world’s oldest sandals, buried in a “bat cave” over 6,000 years ago</strong> - Some basketry from same site is even older, dating back 9,500 years to Mesolithic period. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1972204">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Critical vulnerabilities in Exim threaten over 250k email servers worldwide</strong> - Remote code execution requiring no authentication fixed. 2 other RCEs remain unpatched. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1972409">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>WHO says flu vaccines should ditch strain that vanished during COVID</strong> - Influenza viruses in the B/Yamagata lineage have not been seen since March 2020. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1972394">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>DOJ finally posted that “embarrassing” court doc Google wanted to hide</strong> - Google exec said users get hooked on search engine like “cigarettes or drugs.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1972364">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A knight rides on a road. Suddenly, a frog comes to him.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">I am under a spell, - the frog says. - Kiss me, and I’ll become a beautiful princess, and will be your wife and love you forever.
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The knight kisses the frog and - Bamf! - it indeed turns into a princess. And the princess is so beautiful, he embraces her, takes her clothes off, makes love to her… Once he finishes, he dresses up and turns away to continue on his journey.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">Excuse me, knight? - the princess says. - Why are you leaving? Is that a knightly behavior? What about marrying me, what about living happily ever after?
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The knight looks at her angrily and flicks her on the forehead. Bamf! - and she is a frog again. He looks at the frog, picks it up, and kisses it again. Bamf! - a princess. A flick on the head - Bamf! - a frog. A kiss - princess. A flick - frog. He thinks, picks up the frog and pockets it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">Hmm, - he says. - Convenient!
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div>
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submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Omeganian"> /u/Omeganian </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16vzrrg/a_knight_rides_on_a_road_suddenly_a_frog_comes_to/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16vzrrg/a_knight_rides_on_a_road_suddenly_a_frog_comes_to/">[comments]</a></span></li>
</ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Fishing……</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Steve and his buddies were hanging out and planning an upcoming fishing trip.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Unfortunately, he had to tell them that he couldn’t go this time because his wife wouldn’t let him.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
After a lot of teasing and name calling, Steve headed home frustrated.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The following week when Steve’s buddies arrived at the lake to set up camp, they were shocked to see Steve.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He was already sitting at the campground with a cold beer, swag rolled out, fishing rod in hand, and a camp fire glowing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“How did you talk your missus into letting you go Steve?” “I didn’t have to,” Steve replied.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
"Yesterday, when I left work, I went home and slumped down in my chair with a beer to drown my sorrows because I couldn’t go fishing. Then the ol’ lady Snuck up behind me and covered my eyes and said, ‘Surprise’.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
When I peeled her hands back, she was standing there in a beautiful see through negligee and she said, ‘Carry me into the bedroom, tie me to the bed and you can do whatever you want,’ So, Here I am!"
</p>
</div>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/MercyReign"> /u/MercyReign </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16vrxnz/fishing/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16vrxnz/fishing/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Did you hear about the farm hand that got fired for having sex in the herbs?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He was fucking on company thyme.
</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/theWet_Bandits"> /u/theWet_Bandits </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16vti5e/did_you_hear_about_the_farm_hand_that_got_fired/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16vti5e/did_you_hear_about_the_farm_hand_that_got_fired/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Why did Bilbo have a boner at his own funeral?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Because old Hobbits die hard.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Edit: Frodo also had a boner at the funeral, cuz he had mourning wood.
</p>
</div>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/theturtlegame"> /u/theturtlegame </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16vlp1i/why_did_bilbo_have_a_boner_at_his_own_funeral/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16vlp1i/why_did_bilbo_have_a_boner_at_his_own_funeral/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Jesus and Moses in Heaven</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
One beautiful day in Heaven, Jesus and Moses were fishing in a lake. After a while of silence, Jesus asked Moses, “Hey Moses, can you still do it? You know… ‘Your thing’?” Moses then answered, “I don’t know, let me see if I still got it!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He then stood up and drew his arms forwards, and then separates them. As soon as he did it, the lake’s water divided into two and the boat fell to the dry bottom of the lake. Moses happily then said, “Ah ha! I can still do it!!” Then after he closed his arms and the lake came back to normal, with the boat rising on top of it, he then asked Jesus, “So, how about you? Can you still do it, ‘your thing’?” Jesus then answered, “Only one way to find out!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Jesus then stood up and jumped out of the boat, and started walking on the lake. But after a few miles of walking, he then fell into the water and started drowning. Moses seeing this, rushed to save Jesus and get him out of the water. When Jesus was finally saved, Moses, looking confused, then asked him, “Hey, what happened? How did you fall into the water??”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Jesus, still breathing faintly, then answered him, “Ha– Ha– I just remembered– That I still got holes in my feet– From that day–”
</p>
</div>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/le_bouffon"> /u/le_bouffon </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16w436q/jesus_and_moses_in_heaven/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16w436q/jesus_and_moses_in_heaven/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
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