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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Adaptation Level of Small Enterprises to the Covid-19 Pandemic in Lebak Regency, Banten Province, Indonesia</strong> -
<div>
The Covid-19 pandemic required changes in the norms of life that communities have long embraced. The government of Indonesia also pursued intervention to limit social interaction. As a result, small entrepreneurs have suffered a significant slump in turnover and lost customers or business partners. They have to be adaptive to the Covid-19 pandemic to sustain their business. This article described the adaptation of small entrepreneurs in Lebak Regency, Banten Province, Indonesia to the Covid-19 pandemic. This study was survey research. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. The study showed that gender, access to the information, and business capital of the small enterprise owner had a relationship to their capacity to adapt to the Covid-19 pandemic which is related to their level of adaptation. This finding emphasizes the importance of broadening the access of small business owners to the required resources to adapt to the Covid-19 pandemic.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/3v4ng/" target="_blank">Adaptation Level of Small Enterprises to the Covid-19 Pandemic in Lebak Regency, Banten Province, Indonesia</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Long COVID is associated with extensive in-vivo neuroinflammation on [18F]DPA-714 PET</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A significant number of COVID-19 patients develop 9long COVID9, a condition defined by long-lasting debilitating, often neurological, symptoms. The pathophysiology of long COVID is unknown. Here we present in-vivo evidence of widespread neuroinflammation in long COVID, using a quantitative assessment, [<sup>18</sup>F]DPA-714 PET, in two long COVID patients. We reanalyzed historical data from three matched healthy control subjects, for comparison purposes. Both patients with long COVID had widespread increases in [<sup>18</sup>F]DPA-714 binding throughout the brain. Quantitative measures of binding (BP<sub>ND</sub> values) were increased on average by 121% and 76%, respectively. This implicates profound neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of long COVID.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.22275916v1" target="_blank">Long COVID is associated with extensive in-vivo neuroinflammation on [18F]DPA-714 PET</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>COVID-19 Endemic Plan: Impact of Vaccination and Non-pharmaceutical Interventions with Viral Variants and Waning Immunity Using an Agent-Based Simulation</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Backgrounds: Despite the widespread distribution of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the COVID-19 pandemic continues with highly contagious variants and waning immunity. Low disease severity of the Omicron variant gives society hope that the COVID-19 pandemic could end. Methods: We develop an agent-based simulation to explore the impact of COVID-19 vaccine willingness, booster vaccination schedule, vaccine effectiveness, and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on reducing COVID-19 deaths while considering immunity duration and disease severity against the Omicron variant. The model is calibrated to the greater Seattle area in year 2020 by observing local epidemic data. The simulation is run to the end of year 2024 to observe long-term effects. Results: Results show that an NPI policy that maintains low levels of NPIs can reduce mortality by 35.1% compared to fully opening the society. A threshold NPI policy is especially helpful when the disease severity of the Omicron variant is high, or booster vaccines are not scheduled. A periodic booster schedule is needed to achieve the goal of lowering the number of deaths from COVID-19 to the level of influenza and pneumonia. Except for one scenario, 80% or more vaccine willingness is also needed to achieve this goal. Conclusions: We find that a periodic booster vaccination schedule and mild disease severity of the Omicron variant play a crucial role in reducing deaths by the end of year 2024. If a booster schedule is not planned and the Omicron variant is not mild, NPI policies that limit society from fully opening are required to control the outbreak.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.22275834v1" target="_blank">COVID-19 Endemic Plan: Impact of Vaccination and Non-pharmaceutical Interventions with Viral Variants and Waning Immunity Using an Agent-Based Simulation</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Taxpayers’ money for corporate profits: An odd concern?</strong> -
<div>
The article on Forbes unveiled the survey on U.S. CEOs regarding their concerns going forward. Besides well-known, and familiar issues such as labor shortages, rising inflation, supply chain disruptions, Covid-19-related disruptions, and cybersecurity, corporate executives are now also worried about future government investments in science?!
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/x625p/" target="_blank">Taxpayers’ money for corporate profits: An odd concern?</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Age exacerbates SARS-CoV-2-induced blood-brain barrier leakage and neuropsychiatric dysfunction</strong> -
<div>
Persistent cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric disorders are prevalent sequelae of SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19 in middle-aged adults. To model age-related neurological vulnerability to COVID-19, we induced respiratory SARS-CoV-2 MA10 infections by nasal inoculation in young (2 months) and middle-aged (12 months) mice. We hypothesized that aging and SARS-CoV-2 synergistically damage the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to worsen disease. Indeed, the combined action of aging and SARS-CoV-2 infection caused more fibrinogen leakage, T cell infiltration, and neuroinflammation in middle-aged SARS-CoV-2-infected mice than in similarly inoculated young adults. Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 exacerbated age-related increases in Caveolin-1 BBB transcellular permeability and loss of Wnt/{beta}-catenin ligands, with no apparent changes in tight junction proteins. Finally, SARS-CoV-2 infection induced age-dependent neuropsychiatric abnormalities including bradykinesia and repetitive behavior. These observations indicate that cerebrovascular aging, including loss of Wnt suppression of Caveolin-1, heightens vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2-induced neuroinflammation and neuropsychiatric sequalae. Our work suggests that modulation of Wnt signaling or its downstream effectors at the BBB could be potential interventional strategies for Long COVID.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494552v1" target="_blank">Age exacerbates SARS-CoV-2-induced blood-brain barrier leakage and neuropsychiatric dysfunction</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Waning of two-dose BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection is robust to depletion-of-susceptibles bias</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Concerns about the duration of protection conferred by COVID-19 vaccines have arisen in postlicensure evaluations. However, “depletion of susceptibles” bias driven by differential accrual of infection among vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals may contribute to the appearance of waning vaccine effectiveness (VE) in epidemiologic studies, potentially hindering interpretation of estimates. We enrolled California residents who received molecular SARS-CoV-2 tests in a matched, test-negative design case-control study to estimate VE of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines between 23 February and 5 December 2021. We analyzed waning protection following 2 vaccine doses using conditional logistic regression models. Additionally, we used data from case-based surveillance along with estimated case-to-infection ratios from a population-based serological study to quantify the potential contribution of the “depletion-of-susceptibles” bias to time-varying VE estimates for 2 doses. We also estimated VE for 3 doses relative to 0 doses and 2 doses, by time since second dose receipt. Pooled VE of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection was 91.3% (95% confidence interval: 83.8-95.4%) at 14 days after second-dose receipt and declined to 50.8% (31.2-75.6%) at 7 months. Accounting for differential depletion-of-susceptibles among vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, we estimated VE was 53.2% (23.6-71.2%) at 7 months among individuals who had completed the primary series (2 doses). With receipt of a third dose of BN162b2 or mRNA-1273, VE increased to 95.0% (82.8-98.6%), compared with zero doses. These findings confirm that observed waning of protection is not attributable to epidemiologic bias and support ongoing efforts to administer additional vaccine doses to mitigate burden of COVID-19.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.22275958v1" target="_blank">Waning of two-dose BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection is robust to depletion-of-susceptibles bias</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Indian Female Migrants Face Greater Barriers to Post-Covid Recovery than Males: Evidence from a Panel Study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
<b>Background</b> India9s abrupt nationwide Covid-19 lockdown internally displaced millions of urban migrants, who made arduous journeys to distant rural homes. Documenting their labor market reintegration is a critical aspect of understanding the economic costs of the pandemic for India9s poor. In a country marked by low and declining female labor force participation, identifying gender gaps in labor market reintegration - as a marker of both women9s vulnerability at times of crisis and setbacks in women9s agency - is especially important. Yet most studies of pandemic-displaced Indian migrants are small, rely on highly selected convenience samples, and lack a gender focus. <b>Methods</b> Beginning in April 2020, we enrolled roughly 4,600 displaced migrants who had returned to two of India9s poorest states into a panel survey, which tracked enrollees through July 2021. Survey respondents were randomly selected from the states9 official databases of return migrants, with sampling stratified by state and gender. 85 percent of enrollees (3,950) were working in urban areas prior to the pandemic. Our analysis focuses on a balanced panel of 1,780 workers who were interviewed three times through July 2021, considering labor market re-entry, earnings, and measures of vulnerability by gender. <b>Findings</b> Both men and women struggle to remigrate - by July 2021 (over a year after the nationwide lockdown ended), no more than 63 percent (95% CI [60,66]) of men and 55 percent [51,59] of women had left their home villages since returning. Initially, returning migrants transition from non-agricultural urban employment into agriculture and unemployment in rural areas. Alongside, incomes plummet, with both genders earning roughly 17 percent of their pre-lockdown incomes in July 2020. Remigration is critical to regaining income - male re-migrants report earnings on par with their pre-lockdown incomes by January 2021, while men remaining in rural areas earn only 23 percent [19,27] of their pre-pandemic income. Remigration benefits women to a lesser extent - female remigrants regain no more than 65 percent [57,73] of their pre-pandemic income at any point. This contrast reflects significantly higher rates of unemployment among women, both among those remaining in rural areas (9 percentage points [6,13] higher than men across waves) and among those who remigrate (13 percentage points [9,17] higher than men across waves). As a result, we observe gender gaps in well-being: female migrants were 7 percentage points [4,10] more likely to report reduced consumption of essential goods and fare 6 percentage points [4,7] worse on a food security index. <b>Interpretation</b> Return migrants of both genders experienced persistent hardships for over a year after the initial pandemic lockdown. Female migrants fare worse, driven by both lower rates of remigration and lower rates of labor market re-entry both inside and outside home villages. Some women drop out of the labor force entirely, but most unemployed report seeking or being available to work. In short, pandemic-induced labor market displacement has far-reaching, long-term consequences for migrant workers, especially women.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.22275964v1" target="_blank">Indian Female Migrants Face Greater Barriers to Post-Covid Recovery than Males: Evidence from a Panel Study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Increase of scabies infestations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Catalonia</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
During the COVID-19 pandemic, several clinicians in Spain reported an increase in scabies diagnoses. We performed a time-series analysis with data from 2014 to 2022 to quantify this increase. We found an increasing trend during late 2020 and 2021, peaking in March 2022 with an almost 4.5-fold incidence than expected, especially in those aged between 16 and 30 years. Although scabies is more frequent in most socioeconomic deprived areas, the observed rise occurs in all the areas. We recommend increasing surveillance among other countries to detect unexpected increases in scabies outbreaks.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.22275934v1" target="_blank">Increase of scabies infestations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Catalonia</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Convergence of Cryptic SARS-CoV-2 Lineages Detected Via Wastewater Sequencing</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an effective way of tracking the appearance and spread of SARS-COV-2 lineages through communities. Beginning in early 2021, we implemented a targeted approach to amplify and sequence the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-COV-2 to characterize viral lineages present in sewersheds. Over the course of 2021, we reproducibly detected multiple SARS-COV-2 RBD lineages that have never been observed in patient samples in 9 sewersheds located in 3 states in the USA. These cryptic lineages contained between 4 to 24 amino acid substitutions in the RBD and were observed intermittently in the sewersheds in which they were found for as long as 14 months. Many of the amino acid substitutions in these lineages occurred at residues also mutated in the Omicron variant of concern (VOC), often with the same substitution. One of the sewersheds contained a lineage that appeared to be derived from the Alpha VOC, but the majority of the lineages appeared to be derived from pre-VOC SARS-COV-2 lineages. Specifically, several of the cryptic lineages from New York City appeared to be derived from a common ancestor that most likely diverged in early 2020. While the source of these cryptic lineages has not been resolved, it seems increasingly likely that they were derived from immunocompromised patients or animal reservoirs. Our findings demonstrate that SARS-COV-2 genetic diversity is greater than what is commonly observed through routine SARS-CoV-2 surveillance. Wastewater sampling may more fully capture SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity than patient sampling and could reveal new VOCs before they emerge in the wider human population.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.22275961v1" target="_blank">Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Convergence of Cryptic SARS-CoV-2 Lineages Detected Via Wastewater Sequencing</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Delays in COVID-19 Diagnosis and Hospitalization and Outcomes — New York City, New York, USA, October 2020–November 2021</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
COVID-19 patients diagnosed ≥3 days after symptom onset had increased odds of hospitalization. The 75th percentile for diagnosis delay was 5 days for residents of low-privilege areas and Black and Hispanic people diagnosed before SARS-CoV-2 Delta predominance, compared with 4 days for other patients, indicating inequities in prompt diagnosis.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.22275918v1" target="_blank">Delays in COVID-19 Diagnosis and Hospitalization and Outcomes — New York City, New York, USA, October 2020–November 2021</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Data Source Concordance for Infectious Disease Epidemiology</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: As highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers are eager to make use of a wide variety of data sources, both government-sponsored and alternative, to characterize the epidemiology of infectious diseases. To date, few studies have investigated the strengths and limitations of sources currently being used for such research. These are critical for policy makers to understand when interpreting study findings. Methods: To fill this gap in the literature, we compared infectious disease reporting for three diseases (measles, mumps, and varicella) across four different data sources: Optum (health insurance billing claims data), HealthMap (online news surveillance data), Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports (official government reports), and National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (government case surveillance data). We reported the yearly number of national- and state-level disease-specific case counts and disease clusters according to each of our sources during a five-year study period (2013-2017). Findings: Our study demonstrated drastic differences in reported infectious disease incidence across data sources. When compared against the other three sources of interest, Optum data showed substantially higher, implausible standardized case counts for all three diseases. Although there was some concordance in identified state-level case counts and disease clusters, all four sources identified variations in state-level reporting. Interpretation: Researchers should consider data source limitations when attempting to characterize the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Some data sources, such as billing claims data, may be unsuitable for epidemiological research within the infectious disease context.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.22275926v1" target="_blank">Data Source Concordance for Infectious Disease Epidemiology</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Distinct smell and taste disorder phenotype of post-acute COVID-19 sequelae</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) often accompanies acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its sequelae. Herein, we investigated OD during COVID-19 recovery in the context of other symptoms, quality of life, physical and mental health. Methods: Symptom recovery patterns were analyzed in a bi-national, ambulatory COVID-19 survey (n = 906, ≥ 90 days follow-up) and a multi-center observational cross-sectional cohort of ambulatory and hospitalized individuals (n = 108, 360 days follow-up) with multi-dimensional scaling, association rule mining and partitioning around medoids clustering. Results: Both in the ambulatory collective (72%, n = 655/906) and the cross-sectional ambulatory and hospitalized cohort (41%, n = 44/108) self-reported OD was frequent during acute COVID-19, displayed a slow recovery pace (ambulatory: 28 days, cross-sectional: 90 days median recovery time) and commonly co-occurred with taste disorders. In the ambulatory collective, a predominantly young, female, comorbidity-free group of convalescents with persistent OD and taste disorder (&gt;90 days) was identified. This post-acute smell and taste disorder phenotype was characterized by a low frequency of other leading post-acute symptoms including fatigue, respiratory and neurocognitive complaints. Despite a protracted smell and taste dysfunction, this subset had high ratings of physical performance, mental health, and quality of life. Conclusion: Our results underline the clinical heterogeneity of post-acute COVID-19 sequelae calling for tailored management strategies. The persistent smell and taste disorder phenotype may represent a distinct COVID-19 recovery pathway characterized by a good recovery of other COVID-19 related symptoms. Study registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04661462 (ambulatory collective), NCT04416100 (cross-sectional cohort).
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.22275932v1" target="_blank">Distinct smell and taste disorder phenotype of post-acute COVID-19 sequelae</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Discovery of host-directed modulators of virus infection by probing the SARSCoV-2-host protein-protein interaction network</strong> -
<div>
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the need to better understand virus-host interactions. We developed a network-based algorithm that expands the SARS-CoV-2-host protein interaction network and identifies host targets that modulate viral infection. To disrupt the SARS-CoV-2 interactome, we systematically probed for potent compounds that selectively target the identified host proteins with high expression in cells relevant to COVID-19. We experimentally tested seven chemical inhibitors of the identified host proteins for modulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human cells that express ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Inhibition of the epigenetic regulators bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), along with ubiquitin specific peptidase (USP10), enhanced SARS-CoV-2 infection. Such proviral effect was observed upon treatment with compounds JQ1, vorinostat, romidepsin, and spautin-1, when measured by cytopathic effect and validated by viral RNA assays, suggesting that HDAC2, BRD4 and USP10 host proteins have antiviral functions. The network-based approach enables systematic identification of host-targets that selectively modulate the SARS-CoV-2 interactome, as well as reveal novel chemical tools to probe virus-host interactions that regulate virus infection.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494640v1" target="_blank">Discovery of host-directed modulators of virus infection by probing the SARSCoV-2-host protein-protein interaction network</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Atomic-scale Quantum Chemical Calculation of Omicron Mutations Near Cleavage Sites of the Spike Protein</strong> -
<div>
The attachment of the Spike-protein in SARS-CoV-2 to host cells and the initiation of viral invasion are two critical processes in the viral infection and transmission processes in which the presence of unique furin (S1/S2) and TMPRSS2 (S2’) cleavage sites play a pivotal role. In this study, we provide detailed analysis of the impact of the BA.1 Omicron variant mutations, vicinal to these two cleavage sites using a novel computational method based on Amino acid-amino acid bond pair unit (AABPU), a specific protein structural unit in 3D as a proxy for quantifying the atomic interaction. We have identified several key features related to the electronic structure as well as bonding of the Omicron mutations near the cleavage sites that significantly increase the size of the relevant AABPUs and the fraction of the positive partial charge. These results of the ultra-large-scale quantum calculations enable us to conjecture on the biological role of Omicron mutations and their specific effects on cleavage sites, as well as identify the principles that can be of some value in analyzing other new variants or subvariants.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494698v1" target="_blank">Atomic-scale Quantum Chemical Calculation of Omicron Mutations Near Cleavage Sites of the Spike Protein</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Single-cell RNA-sequencing data analysis reveals a highly correlated triphasic transcriptional response to SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> -
<div>
Single-cells RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is currently one of the most powerful techniques available to study the transcriptional response of cells to external perturbations. However, the use of conventional bulked RNA-seq analysis methods can miss important patterns underlying in the scRNA-seq data. Here, we present a reanalysis of scRNA-seq data from human bronchial epithelial cells and colon and ileum organoids using pseudo-time profiles based on the degree of virus accumulation which reflect the progress of infection. Our analysis revealed a transcriptional response to infection characterized by three distinct up- and down-regulatory phases, that cannot be detected using classical two-group comparisons. Interrogation of results, focused on genes involved in interferon-response, transcription factors and RNA-binding proteins, suggests a highly correlated transcriptional response for most genes. In addition, correlation network analysis revealed a distinct response of genes involved in translation and mitochondrially-encoded genes. Based on our data, we propose a model where modulation of nucleocytoplasmic traffic by the viral protein nsp1 explains the triphasic transcriptional response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494642v1" target="_blank">Single-cell RNA-sequencing data analysis reveals a highly correlated triphasic transcriptional response to SARS-CoV-2 infection</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Safety and Efficacy Study of Hymecromone Tablets for the Treatment of Patients With COVID-19.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Hymecromone tablets;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of a COVID-19 Vaccine Booster in Healthy Adults</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: Prime-2-CoV_Beta<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University Hospital Tuebingen;   FGK Clinical Research GmbH;   VisMederi srl;   Staburo GmbH;   Viedoc Technologies AB<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Eucalyptus Oil as Adjuvant Therapy for Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Eucalyptus Oil;   Drug: Standard COVID medication<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Hasanuddin University;   Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study of Oral High/Low-dose Cepharanthine Compared With Placebo in Non Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Asymptomatic COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Cepharanthine;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine;   YUNNAN BAIYAO GROUP CO.,LTD<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine (Called Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir) in Pregnant Women With Mild or Moderate COVID-19.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: nirmatrelvir;   Drug: ritonavir<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Pfizer<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of COVID-19 Vaccines Given as a Booster in Healthy Adults in Indonesia (MIACoV Indonesia)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Pfizer-BioNTech Standard dose;   Biological: AstraZeneca Standard dose;   Biological: Pfizer-BioNTech Fractional dose;   Biological: AstraZeneca Fractional dose;   Biological: Moderna Standard dose;   Biological: Moderna Fractional dose<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Murdoch Childrens Research Institute;   Universitas Padjadjaran (UNPAD);   Universitas Indonesia (UI);   Health Development Policy Agency, Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia;   Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations;   The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>α-synuclein Seeding Activity in the Olfactory Mucosa in COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Real-time Quaking-Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Medical University Innsbruck<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity and Safety of a Third Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine(Vero Cell), Inactivated in the Elderly</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero cell), Inactivated<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity Study of the Recombinant Two-component COVID-19 Vaccine (CHO Cell)(Recov)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Recombinant two-component COVID-19 vaccine (CHO cell);   Biological: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Jiangsu Rec-Biotechnology Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Phase 1a Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Chimera Vaccine Against COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: RQ3013;   Biological: Comirnaty<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Walvax Biotechnology Co., Ltd.;   Shanghai RNACure Biopharma Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Phase 1b Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Chimera Vaccine Against COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: RQ3013;   Biological: Comirnaty<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Walvax Biotechnology Co., Ltd.;   Shanghai RNACure Biopharma Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Paxlovid in the Treatment of COVID-19 Patients With Uremia</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Uremia<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Paxlovid;   Drug: standard-of-care<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Ruijin Hospital<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Telemedically Assisted Sampling of COVID-19 Patients - Is the Sampling Quality Sufficient</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Telemedicine;   Pharynx;   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Diagnostic Test: telemedically guided oropharyngeal + nasal (OP+N) self-sampling (GSS) and nasopharyngeal (NP) or OP+N sampling performed by health care professionals (HCP)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Teststation Praxis Dr. med Bielecki<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Treatment of COVID-19 Post-acute Cognitive Impairment Sequelae With tDCS</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Cognitive Impairment;   Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Procedure: Active tDCS and cognitive training;   Procedure: Sham tDCS and cognitive training<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of Sao Paulo;   Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Improving Pediatric COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Using an mHealth Tool</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19 Vaccines;   Telemedicine;   Vaccine Hesitancy;   Pediatric ALL<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake App;   Other: General Health App<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of Arkansas;   National Institutes of Health (NIH);   University of Nebraska;   University of Montana<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Potential effects of icariin, the Epimedium-derived bioactive compound in the treatment of COVID-19: a hypothesis</strong> - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected the world’s health systems for more than two years. This disease causes a high mortality rate followed by cytokine storm-induced oxidative stress and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Therefore, many drugs have been considered with emphasis on their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in controlling the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Icariin is a major…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ginsenoside Rg1 suppresses paraquat-induced epithelial cell senescence by enhancing autophagy in an ATG12-dependent manner</strong> - Paraquat (PQ), as a widely used herbicide, is highly toxic to human. PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis is the main reason for respiratory failure and death. In PQ-poisoned mice, we find abundant senescent epithelial cells in the lung tissues, which can contribute to the activation of pulmonary fibroblasts. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), the main active component of ginseng, possess beneficial properties against aging. In our work, we aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of Rg1 on PQ-induced…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Insights into Coronavirus Papain-like Protease Structure, Function and Inhibitors</strong> - Coronavirus are pathogens that seriously affect human and animal health. They mostly cause respiratory or enteric diseases, which can be severe and life threatening, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in humans. The conserved coronaviral papain-like protease is an attractive antiviral drug target because it is essential for coronaviral replication and it also inhibits host innate immune responses….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A comprehensive review about immune responses and exhaustion during coronavirus disease (COVID-19)</strong> - Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a viral infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The infection was reported in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019 and has become a major global concern due to severe respiratory infections and high transmission rates. Evidence suggests that the strong interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and patients’ immune systems leads to various clinical symptoms of COVID-19. Although the adaptive immune responses are…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cleavage of the selective autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62 by the SARS-CoV-2 main protease NSP5 prevents the autophagic degradation of viral membrane proteins</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic. Omicron, a new variant of SARS-CoV-2, has the characteristics of strong transmission and pathogenicity, short incubation period, and rapid onset progression, and has spread rapidly around the world. The high replication rate and intracellular accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 are remarkable, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Autophagy acts as a…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A dimeric proteomimetic prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection by dimerizing the spike protein</strong> - Protein tertiary structure mimetics are valuable tools to target large protein-protein interaction interfaces. Here, we demonstrate a strategy for designing dimeric helix-hairpin motifs from a previously reported three-helix-bundle miniprotein that targets the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Through truncation of the third helix and optimization of the interhelical loop residues of the miniprotein, we developed a thermostable dimeric…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Metformin therapy in COVID-19: inhibition of NETosis</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What Is an Antibody Test? Characteristics of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and Their Tests</strong> - Antibodies play a major role in immune responses against viruses, which inhibit infection by binding to target viral antigen. Antibodies are induced by viral entry to the body and vaccination that artificially induces immune responses; therefore, antibody tests are used in research for infection history and evaluation of vaccine efficacy. Currently, antibody tests against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) by immunochromatography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Suite of TMPRSS2 Assays for Screening Drug Repurposing Candidates as Potential Treatments of COVID-19</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 is the causative viral pathogen driving the COVID-19 pandemic that prompted an immediate global response to the development of vaccines and antiviral therapeutics. For antiviral therapeutics, drug repurposing allows for rapid movement of the existing clinical candidates and therapies into human clinical trials to be tested as COVID-19 therapies. One effective antiviral treatment strategy used early in symptom onset is to prevent viral entry. SARS-CoV-2 enters ACE2-expressing cells…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Synthetic Heparan Sulfate Mimetic Pixatimod (PG545) Potently Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 by Disrupting the Spike-ACE2 Interaction</strong> - Heparan sulfate (HS) is a cell surface polysaccharide recently identified as a coreceptor with the ACE2 protein for the S1 spike protein on SARS-CoV-2 virus, providing a tractable new therapeutic target. Clinically used heparins demonstrate an inhibitory activity but have an anticoagulant activity and are supply-limited, necessitating alternative solutions. Here, we show that synthetic HS mimetic pixatimod (PG545), a cancer drug candidate, binds and destabilizes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>High-Resolution Magic-Angle Spinning NMR Spectroscopy for Evaluation of Cell Shielding by Virucidal Composites Based on Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles, Flexible Cellulose Nanofibers and Graphene Oxide</strong> - Antiviral and non-toxic effects of silver nanoparticles onto in vitro cells infected with coronavirus were evaluated in this study using High-Resolution Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy. Silver nanoparticles were designed and synthesized using an orange flavonoid-hesperetin (HST)-for reduction of silver(I) and stabilization of as obtained nanoparticles. The bio-inspired process is a simple, clean, and sustainable way to synthesize biogenic silver…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Unravelling the Therapeutic Potential of Botanicals Against Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Molecular Insights and Future Perspectives</strong> - Background: COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a serious health problem worldwide. Present treatments are insufficient and have severe side effects. There is a critical shortage of possible alternative treatments. Medicinal herbs are the most traditional and widely used therapy for treating a wide range of human illnesses around the world. In several countries, different plants are used to treat COPD. Purpose: In this review, we have discussed several known cellular and molecular…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Binding of SARS-CoV-2 protein ORF9b to mitochondrial translocase TOM70 prevents its interaction with chaperone HSP90</strong> - The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains a great threat to global health. ORF9b, an important accessory protein of SARS-CoV-2, plays a critical role in the viral host interaction, targeting TOM70, a member of the mitochondrial translocase of the outer membrane complex. The assembly between ORF9b and TOM70 is implicated in disrupting mitochondrial antiviral signaling, leading to immune evasion. We describe the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>High-throughput drug screening allowed identification of entry inhibitors specifically targeting different routes of SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron/BA.1</strong> - The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has continuously evolved, resulting in the emergence of several variants of concern (VOCs). To study mechanisms of viral entry and potentially identify specific inhibitors, we pseudotyped lentiviral vectors with different SARS-CoV-2 VOC spike variants (D614G, Alpha, Beta, Delta, Omicron/BA.1), responsible for receptor binding and membrane fusion. These SARS-CoV-2 lentiviral pseudoviruses were applied to screen 774 FDA-approved…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Exploration of potential inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro considering its mutants via structure-based drug design, molecular docking, MD simulations, MM/PBSA and DFT calculations</strong> - The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-COV-2 plays a vital role in the viral life cycle and pathogenicity. Due to its specific attributes, this 3-chymotrypsin like protease (3Cl-P) can be a reliable target for the drug design to combat COVID-19. Since the advent of COVID-19, Mpro has undergone many mutations. Here, the impact of 10 mutations based on their frequency and 5 more based on their proximity to the active site was investigated. For comparison purposes, the docking process was also performed…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Atrocity of American Gun Culture</strong> - After mass shootings like those in Uvalde and Buffalo, pro-gun officials say they don’t want to politicize tragedy. But the circumstances that allow for the mass murder of children are inherently political. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/06/06/the-atrocity-of-american-gun-culture">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Staff of Uvalde’s Local Paper Cover the Worst Day of Their Lives</strong> - The paper’s employees lost neighbors, acquaintances, and a daughter in a school shooting. Then they had to report the story. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-southwest/the-staff-of-uvaldes-local-paper-cover-the-worst-day-of-their-lives">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What the End of Roe v. Wade Will Mean for the Next Generation of Obstetricians</strong> - An aspiring ob-gyn’s views on abortion might determine what training she seeks out, which specialities she pursues, and where she chooses to live. In a post-Roe world, that self-sorting process would grow even more intense. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-education/what-the-end-of-roe-v-wade-will-mean-for-the-next-generation-of-obstetricians">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Iga Swiatek Plays Hard—and Wins Easy—at the French Open Final</strong> - Saturday’s game, between Świątek and Coco Gauff, provided a chance to glimpse potential greats at the beginning of their careers. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/iga-swiatek-plays-hard-and-wins-easy-at-the-french-open-final">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Would Showing Graphic Images of Mass Shootings Spur Action to Stop Them?</strong> - Returning to an old debate after the horrific killings in Uvalde, Texas. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/would-showing-graphic-images-of-mass-shootings-spur-action-to-stop-them">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Cornel West’s pragmatic America</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/j1EiDxe5ezR4W-SMUF57exaC8oo=/0x110:567x535/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70944782/gettyimages_1246348640_594x594.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
American philosopher and political activist, Cornel West, at Woodlawn Cemetery, New York City, 24th July 2012. | Steve Pyke via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Pragmatism is America’s homegrown philosophical tradition. Its lessons are as urgent as ever.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1tHfS4">
Cornel West is one of the most unique philosophical voices in America. He has written a ton of books and taught for over 40 years at schools like Princeton, Harvard, and now at the Union Theological Seminary.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Zj4fMI">
West is what I’d call a public-facing philosopher, which is to say he’s not a cloistered academic. He’s constantly engaging the public and his thought is always in dialogue with poetry and music and literature. (If you’ve ever seen <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Bc6TRjptKI">one of his lectures</a>, you know what I mean.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zi1QT3">
That civic-mindedness is a product of his roots in a school of thought called pragmatism. America doesn’t have an especially deep tradition of philosophy, but if we’re known for any one tradition, it’s pragmatism.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OXtRcr">
Pragmatism emerged in the US in the late 1800s as a response to the Enlightenment push for absolute truth. The pragmatists — people like William James and John Dewey — were less interested in certainty and more concerned with immediate experience. They simply wanted to know what worked for ordinary human beings in everyday life.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AXkp7N">
For West, pragmatism is really the philosophy of democracy; it’s a way of knowing and doing that puts the average human being at the center. So I reached out to West for a recent episode of <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/vox-conversations/id1081584611"><em>Vox Conversations</em></a> to talk about the story of American pragmatism, how his views are shaped by his devotion to the blues and his Christian faith, and how pragmatism can revitalize our approach to democracy today.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SGFdjq">
Below is an excerpt, edited for length and clarity. As always, there’s much more in the full podcast, so listen and follow <em>Vox Conversations</em> on <a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/vox-conversations/id1215557536">Apple Podcasts</a>, <a href="https://podcasts.google.com/search/vox%20conversations">Google Podcasts</a>, <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/6NOJ6IkTb2GWMj1RpmtnxP">Spotify</a>, <a href="https://www.stitcher.com/show/vox-conversations">Stitcher</a>, or wherever you listen to podcasts.
</p>
<div id="c149QK">
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QlJm8u">
</p>
<hr class="p-entry-hr" id="mSoTOi"/>
<h4 id="LtjDBX">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ybZkjQ">
Pragmatism is a child of America and in many ways it feels like it could only have emerged here. Why is that?
</p>
<h4 id="VtpiFb">
Cornel West
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oEUB6E">
I think the positive feature of American pragmatism, just like the positive feature of the American project, was a highly Socratic suspicion of authorities in the past. But the weakness is to think that you’re not going to be somehow connected to tradition, because traditions are inescapable. The question is always: <em>Which tradition?</em> Every novel breakthrough is not wholly novel, because it’s always based on something prior.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="T5P2Ji">
But it’s that energy of the new that I want to stress. For pragmatism, it’s about sustaining this energy to creativity because the world is incomplete, it is unfinished and unpredictable. And therefore there’s always possibility.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iuJdId">
Now the worst of that is that if you wipe the slate clean, and you have no past, then you’re starting with innocence and you can’t learn from the past. The suspicion of traditions of the past means you have to then create new dynamic traditions with mechanisms of accountability and responsibility. And that’s pragmatism at its best, that’s America at its best.
</p>
<h4 id="mNICih">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5AHrPC">
One of the things I love about pragmatism is this desire to avoid all of these navel-gazing debates in the history of philosophy and just focus on what works for the ordinary human being in everyday life. The more removed philosophy is from the everyday world, the less relevant it is. And I feel like the pragmatists really understood this. Is that why they focused so much on immediate experience?
</p>
<h4 id="kCTcUm">
Cornel West
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GAcT8w">
Absolutely. There’s a democratizing of voices raised. There’s a democratizing of critical intelligence. There’s a democratizing of <em>philosophia</em>, a love of wisdom. And it’s found, as Emerson says over and over again, in the quotidian, in the every day. That’s the democratizing impulse of pragmatism.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="837eNM">
Now when you say pragmatism focuses on “what works,” in some ways that obscures more than it illuminates because the question becomes, <em>How do you determine what we understand “working” to be?</em> Because pragmatism isn’t merely utilitarian or consequentialist. Pragmatism has a very strong moral dimension, and it’s not reducible to just any consequences at all.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SOsRHX">
We can go all the way back to Plato’s <em>Republic,</em> one of the founding texts of Western philosophy. There we see the battles going on between Thrasymachus and Socrates. Thrasymachus represents power, the idea that “might makes right.” And the younger generation looks to Socrates and says, is this true? Is it true that history is nothing but a slaughterhouse, as Hegel said, is it true that it’s just about might and power and domination? And Socrates says, no. Justice has to do with intellectual integrity. It has to do with philosophical inquiry. It has to do with some moral and even spiritual dimensions that are not reducible to might and power.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1O1Gpj">
And that is the raw stuff for democracy, right? Because democracy says, <em>Of course there is always economic and political and military power, but there’s got to be moral and spiritual dimensions rooted in the consent of everyday people.</em> That’s what self-government is all about.
</p>
<h4 id="vtWIMe">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="W2N8H6">
Richard Rorty — a great American pragmatist and a former teacher of yours — called pragmatism a philosophy of solidarity. And he actually thought of pragmatism as a check against nihilism. In other words, we don’t have to discard our beliefs about the world, or our moral and political values, just because we realized that we made them up, that they weren’t discovered. But a lot of people draw the opposite conclusion from that realization —
</p>
<h4 id="PhJzRE">
Cornel West
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="piyVFm">
Well, that’s part of that self-fashioning and self-creation that goes back to Emerson. That’s shot through pragmatism and Rorty’s thought. As William James said, pragmatism is a house with many rooms. And there’s a Rortian room. And that Rortian room is that of a Cold War liberal who’s concerned about getting beyond the subjectivism and the solipsism of Descartes. It’s all about a move toward community. And community for him was all about solidarity. We begin with a “we,” not an “I.” That’s pragmatism, that’s community, and that’s how you begin.
</p>
<h4 id="Sh9m18">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ITYEqs">
There is something fundamentally democratic about how we get along in the world, and this leads back to John Dewey, the great defender of democracy and one of the most influential American pragmatists. As you know, Dewey was <a href="https://www.vox.com/2018/8/9/17540448/walter-lippmann-democracy-trump-brexit">famously engaged in a long debate</a> with Walter Lippmann, a brilliant media theorist and writer in the early 20th century.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2Ud1YO">
Lippmann gave up on democracy. He didn’t believe that ordinary citizens were capable of understanding the world, or at least he didn’t believe they were capable of understanding the world given their circumstances. He thought they had to be managed by a technocratic elite. Why did Dewey reject that so strongly?
</p>
<h4 id="7obg47">
Cornel West
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xs3uFh">
The early Walter Lippmann was a democratic socialist, very much like Dewey. After World War I, he loses his faith in the demos. I mean, he almost agrees with Plato that every democracy is eventually shattered by unruly passions and pervasive ignorance, and therefore democracies always lead toward a tyrant and hence the need for the philosopher-king.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zzWPZy">
So the early Lippmamn had this faith in democracy, and then he loses it. He says we must have the experts. We must have those folks who really know what they’re doing and know something about the world, because the demos will always be ignorant and gullible.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ibd5lS">
And Dewey comes along and says, “Walter, I understand your pilgrimage and your journey. I understand why you’ve lost faith in the demos.” I mean, Dewey gets that it’s a challenge. He gets that the demos can go fascist. They’re writing in the ’20s, after all. Mussolini’s on the way. That gangster Hitler is emerging as a result of the wounded German empire. But Dewey holds on to his democratic faith and the result is this powerful dialogue between the technocratic Lippmann and the democratic Dewey.
</p>
<h4 id="ZQyB0o">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lhBD7G">
Is it fair to say that Dewey, in lacking that tragic sensibility, was maybe a little too optimistic?
</p>
<h4 id="rgOvYT">
Cornel West
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1lsQf2">
That’s a good query, man. Dewey’s complicated on this matter. You read his poetry when his wife dies and it’s pretty dim stuff. So it’s not as if he didn’t have any sense of the tragic. It’s just that he believed that human beings had been so obsessed with their limits that they had to be released from that obsession, and recognize those limits being contingent and provisional rather than eternal and universal.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zCRKCP">
I do resonate with that, because a lot of times what people think are limits are not limits at all. They’ll say, well, there’s no way we could really provide support for the poor because the market-driven economists tell us that this is the only way we can arrange society. But I say no, you just don’t have enough imagination or enough empathy. And we like to rationalize domination and oppression. Dewey’s right about all that.
</p>
<h4 id="uem7Qk">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vJBAFr">
As much as I love Dewey, I think even he realized in the end that he never quite offered up a real political strategy for achieving his ideal democratic life. And we live in such a polarized time where the possibilities of dialogue across groups seems fleeting, to put it kindly. How in the world do we move toward the pragmatic democratic community that you and Dewey want to see in the world?
</p>
<h4 id="zjvIN2">
Cornel West
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="M11tBp">
I think Dewey was always able to take seriously that Socratic humility we’ve been talking about. None of us possesses a monopoly on truth or goodness and beauty. But Dewey’s faith was tied to what he called a “natural piety.” And by piety, he didn’t mean uncritical deference to dogma or blind obedience to doctrine. He meant a virtuous acknowledgement of the sources of good in our lives. You are never, in and of yourself, the sole source for good. You’re always dependent on parents. You don’t teach yourself a language. All the talk about being “self-made” in America, as if you gave birth to yourself, as if you cultivated your own virtues — that’s the opposite of Dewey. And realizing this is the raw stuff of democracy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Xq88mg">
But I don’t think Dewey would call himself an optimist. I think that he would fall back on hope. He had hope in society. That’s the farthest we can go. And Rorty is the richest, self-styled footnote to John Dewey that we have. He is so original and creative in building on the Deweyan project.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O5Xdd7">
The reason why I hold Dewey a little bit at arm’s length, as much as I’m part of his tradition, is that when you inject the blues and Chekhov into any serious talk about democracy, then you do have the tragicomic. And the tragicomic is not just the limits, but how are you coming to terms with the limits? And of course blues is tragicomic. To. The. Core. Remember the 1937 Robert Johnson song <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHAIgpih86E">“Hellhound on My Trail”</a>? He says I’ve got to keep moving cause the blues is falling down like H-A-I-L, life worrying me so much, there’s hellhounds on my trail. I got to keep moving. That’s the dynamism. That’s the sense of motion. That’s the blues.
</p>
<h4 id="i3rz3I">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="H8KER6">
So you still have faith in America?
</p>
<h4 id="VJDE0L">
Cornel West
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ocMdAc">
Oh yes! It’s not a glib faith, though. It’s an earned faith. Just like that costly grace that the great Dietrich Bonhoeffer talked about. It’s not a cheap grace, it’s an earned faith. And a very, very earned sense of grace.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pqnCbE">
<em>To hear the rest of the conversation, </em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/6pk03EVHyeA0chpgeRX0Db?si=m-UhTdZuQ0C8mJcZQGsj3w"><em>click here</em></a><em>, and be sure to subscribe to </em>Vox Conversations<em> on </em><a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/vox-conversations/id1215557536"><em>Apple Podcasts</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://podcasts.google.com/search/vox%20conversations"><em>Google Podcasts</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/6NOJ6IkTb2GWMj1RpmtnxP"><em>Spotify</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.stitcher.com/show/vox-conversations"><em>Stitcher</em></a><em>, or wherever you listen to podcasts.</em>
</p></li>
<li><strong>How Ukraine’s new weapons reflect a very different battlefield</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="MOROCCO-US-MILITARY-WSAHARA" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/tt2MH8maWqKGOcSYvlGR-m8swxw=/498x0:5158x3495/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70943742/1233366013.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
US M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) launchers fire salvoes during the “African Lion” military exercise in the Grier Labouihi region in southeastern Morocco on June 9, 2021. | Fadel Senna/AFP/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Long-range missiles from the US head to the sluggish, brutal war in the Donbas.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CmkYFk">
On Tuesday, as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine reached its 100-day mark, the United States government announced that it would send powerful new artillery systems to Ukrainian troops fighting in the country’s southeastern and eastern fronts, as well as radar systems and a number of additional weapons as the war condenses into a brutal slog to push Russia out of the Donbas and surrounding areas.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4SyRzP">
The <a href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/3049912/dr-colin-kahl-under-secretary-of-defense-for-policy-holds-a-press-briefing/">four</a> M142 HIMARS, <a href="https://asc.army.mil/web/portfolio-item/ms-himars-m142/">high mobility artillery rocket systems</a>, and associated ammunition, in this case the Unitary guided multiple launch rocket system or <a href="https://asc.army.mil/web/portfolio-item/guided-multiple-launch-rocket-system-gmlrs-dpicmunitaryalternative-warhead/">GMLRS</a>, will supplement the shorter-range howitzers that the <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/06/01/ukraine-war-russia-donbas-weapons-00036156">US, France, Britain</a>, and <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/germany-to-send-self-propelled-howitzers-to-ukraine/a-61703761">Germany</a> have sent to Ukraine in recent months and allow the Ukrainian armed forces to better keep the Russian military at a distance.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="f4wJT4">
President Biden announced the new weapons and aid package in a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/31/opinion/biden-ukraine-strategy.html">New York Times guest essay</a>, saying that the US would send “more advanced rocket systems and munitions that will enable them to more precisely strike key targets on the battlefield in Ukraine,” without mentioning specifically which weapons would be deployed. In a June 1 press conference, Undersecretary of Defense for Policy Colin Kahl <a href="https://www.defense.gov/Multimedia/Videos/?videoid=845796">announced</a> that the <a href="https://asc.army.mil/web/portfolio-item/ms-himars-m142/">HIMARS</a>, which can hit targets in the range of over 70 kilometers away, were included in the package, as well as five counter-surveillance radars and two air surveillance radars.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9q2JiW">
Russian officials, for their part, have claimed that the new weapons package represents a provocation from the west. “We believe that the United States is deliberately and diligently ‘pouring fuel on the fire,’” Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov said Wednesday, claiming that, “Such deliveries do not contribute to … the Ukrainian leadership’s willingness to resume peace talks,” according to <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/31/ukraine-russia-war-hmars-mlrs-rockets-biden/">the Washington Post.</a>
</p>
<h3 id="1drwaW">
We’re looking at a dramatically different war than in the beginning of the invasion
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0GsBgZ">
The HIMARS have been at the top of Ukraine’s wish list, even more so than the fighter jets they were calling for in the beginning of the war. That’s because, as Rita Konaev, deputy director of analysis at Georgetown University’s <a href="https://cset.georgetown.edu/">Center for Security and Emerging Technology</a>, told Vox, the battlefield has changed dramatically as Russia shifted and reorganized its assets to fight in the Donbas region. That means a move away from urban environments, where poor planning on Russia’s part weakened its offensive, and Ukrainian troops familiar with the territory had the advantage.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="D0vLcJ">
“It’s increasingly clear that no one side is winning the war,” Konaev said. As opposed to the fast-moving initial weeks of the invasion, when outsiders thrilled to the idea of the scrappy Ukrainian forces dealing blow after surprising blow to the bigger, better-kitted Russian forces. But the fight for the Donbas has become “a war of a mile a day,” she said, a back-and-forth battle over territory more like World War I than the fast-paced campaigns of February and March.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qX8SeZ">
“That phase of the war is over,” Konaev said. “This phase is more grinding, piecemeal.” Because of the radical shift in the nature of the battlefield, the weapons on offer have to change dramatically, too.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="q2teGQ">
“I think the impetus for sending the HIMARS is twofold,” she told Vox. First, she said, the new weapons systems provide “greater standoff capabilities” — the ability to keep battlefield distance between two forces — about double that of the howitzer.<strong> </strong>Second, HIMARS represent “a massive upgrade in firepower,” she told Vox, adding that when used strategically, the “impact is similar to airstrike lethality.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="y5msyo">
The Russian military has its own MLRS, but as John Spencer, the chair of urban warfare studies with the Madison Policy Forum and author of <em>Connected Soldiers </em>told Vox, “our weapons are farther reaching, more accurate” than the Soviet-designed systems.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9zldgh">
But as of now — without the advanced weapons systems the US has promised Ukraine — Russia has some clear battlefield advantages, Konaev said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IBy6nL">
“It’s not that Russia has gotten better,” she said, “it’s just a concentrated force [in an area] more amiable to Russian strengths.” Because the fighting is much closer to Russia’s territory, “there are shorter supply lines, and limited airstrikes used more effectively — they can run these quick ops and head back to base,” with a lower-risk, higher-reward calculus.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MJtaiL">
“In Donbas, the battles are happening at greater distances,” Spencer explained. Right now, Ukrainian troops “are really hampered in terms of range,” he told Vox. “If you know where a target is, you have to be able to reach it.” In other words, Ukraine may have the intelligence about where a crucial Russian target is, but a howitzer just can’t get there without putting Ukrainian troops at increased risk.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EHD31g">
“At this moment in the war, this makes the most sense,” Spencer said of sending the HIMARS.
</p>
<h3 id="JH4jYP">
Here’s how the HIMARS could help shift Ukraine’s advantage
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KBKjHI">
However, the new systems aren’t immediately going to win the war for Ukraine. “I don’t think these [HIMARS] will provide overnight change,” Spencer told Vox, but once they get on the battlefield, the four systems could help Ukrainian troops “regain momentum,” he said. Konaev agreed, telling Vox, “we won’t see the impact for at least another month.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cYWcWX">
Although the Pentagon would not disclose whether the systems had yet been delivered to Ukraine, citing “operational security reasons,” Pentagon spokesperson Marine Corps Lt. Col. Anton Semelroth confirmed that, “We did pre-position the HIMARS systems in Europe to ensure that they can be rapidly delivered.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gREGz2">
After the weapons do make it to Ukrainian troops, it will take around three weeks for them to be trained on the systems, before they’re put to use on the battlefield against Russian forces. On Friday, it appeared that moment couldn’t come quickly enough, as Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu threatened to “accelerate” Russia’s “special military operation,” in a meeting with Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov. According to a briefing from the <a href="https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-june-3">Institute for the Study of War</a>, Shoigu didn’t provide specifics but in their assessment, Russian forces will likely be unable to launch more advanced operations given the enormous investment in equipment and troops it would take.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xN2H48">
However, Ukrainian losses are piling up, with between 60 and 100 soldiers dying each day, <a href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-kyiv-government-and-politics-e076f509008b021a8e687d525e34c948">President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said in a speech this past week</a>. And Russia has <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/06/01/ukraine-war-russia-donbas-weapons-00036156">ramped up its scorched-earth tactics</a> in the Donbas, pummeling cities like Severodonetsk — preventing evacuations and resupply, in a nightmarish repeat of its siege of Mariupol.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kFnk0S">
“The Russian massing of fighters [in the Donbas has] turned momentum briefly,” Spencer told Vox, although he predicted that getting the HIMARS onto the battlefield “will result in more dead Russian generals” — translating to an ever-more disorganized Russian fighting force. “The path to victory is unraveling.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O9dJiT">
Both Spencer and Konaev told Vox that intelligence on the Ukrainian side will play a decisive role in any gains in territory or defeat of Russian forces, as it has so far in the war. “The most important impact has been intel,” Konaev said, giving Ukrainian forces “the ability to protect themselves, and pre-empt attacks on supply lines.” Radar systems will augment that intelligence, with air surveillance radars and HIMARS disrupting Russia’s ability to command air dominance.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1UvpyP">
But right now, mitigating shelling from the Russian side could have a much greater impact on the battlefield — and on the safety of civilians. “Russian artillery has caused the greatest damage,” Konaev explained, leveling cities like Maruiopul and Severodonetsk, and the combination of the counter-artillery radars and the mobile, longer-range weapons will hopefully prevent Russia from “ruling the rubble,” as Spencer put it — claiming victory by subduing and destroying population centers.
</p>
<h3 id="fnxl8N">
The future of the war may include different weapons but more of the same grind
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="c0lVxa">
Biden’s op-ed reiterated his position throughout the war — that the US and NATO are not seeking a war with Russia, and that the US will continue arming Ukraine because it’s the right thing to do, but it’s still not quite clear, at least from the op-ed, how far that will go. Considering just how grueling and grinding the war is now, the field seems open in terms of additional weapons the US will supply, which, as Kahl pointed out in his Wednesday press conference, could include more HIMARS.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nqy4zF">
Whatever additional resources are on the way, the summer will likely be just as grinding, bloody, and devastating as the past few weeks have been, as <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/06/01/ukraine-war-russia-donbas-weapons-00036156">a recent Politico feature acknowledges</a>. Even if Ukraine is able to turn on the offense and begin retaking land, it will be slowly — piecemeal, position by position and village by village, said Serhiy Haidai, the head of the military government in Luhansk, one of the regions that makes up the Donbas. Until then, Russian forces are raining down artillery and making incremental advances; as Haidai said to Politico, “they are destroying everything and then moving through the ruins.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2D3Cgc">
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</p></li>
<li><strong>New York’s attorney general calls out Verizon for spreading Legionnaires’ disease</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="New York Attorney General Letitia James standing at a lectern and speaking into a microphone, with the seal of the state of New York behind her and flags on either side." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/OCrTx7S4HGKkAheeOLrQ9TrooG0=/14x0:5217x3902/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70942847/GettyImages_1234430415.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
New York Attorney General Letitia James announced Verizon had failed to follow rules meant to stop the spread of a bacteria that can cause Legionnaires’ disease. | David Dee Delgado/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Verizon didn’t keep up with requirements meant to stop the spread of a dangerous bacteria.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZFIXw4">
When you think about potential vectors for disease, Verizon probably isn’t the first thing that comes to mind. But this week, New York Attorney General Letitia James <a href="https://twitter.com/NewYorkStateAG/status/1532515367041499156">announced</a> the findings of a three-year investigation into cooling towers on buildings throughout the state. It did not look good for Verizon.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WfzZi0">
“Verizon failed to maintain its cooling towers on buildings across New York City, causing the towers to spread Legionnaires’ disease, a dangerous and lethal form of pneumonia,” James <a href="https://twitter.com/NewYorkStateAG/status/1532515367041499156">said in a tweet</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wbUS4b">
The announcement of the findings, which reviewed Verizon’s cooling tower maintenance record starting in 2017, arrives amid two new clusters of Legionnaires’ disease in the US, including an outbreak in the Bronx that has so far killed <a href="https://abc7ny.com/legionnaires-disease-outbreak-bronx-2-dead/11915300/">two people and infected at least 24 others</a>. The New York City Health Department has now connected these cases to <a href="https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/press/pr2022/updates-community-cluster-of-legionnaires-disease-in-highbridge-bronx.page">four specific cooling towers</a> in the Bronx’s <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/25/nyregion/legionnaires-outbreak-nyc.html">Highbridge area</a>, where the bacteria was found growing. The Health Department did not say who was responsible for monitoring the towers. The Covid-19 pandemic may have contributed to an uptick in these kinds of outbreaks, since the unexpected closure of buildings may have made it <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/water/legionella/building-water-system.html">easier for bacteria</a> to grow in <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-legionnaires-idUKKCN2261AO">water and plumbing systems</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="okOkaW">
Cooling towers like the ones used by Verizon are <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/health-depts/index.html">often placed on rooftops</a>, and are typically used to cool down machinery, like air conditioning systems and telecommunications equipment. There are many types of infrastructure like this that private companies install in and around densely populated areas. Companies operating this kind of equipment are supposed to follow best practices to make sure their equipment doesn’t become a safety hazard. But when this infrastructure isn’t carefully maintained — and regulators don’t catch violations — it can become dangerous, and even lead to public health problems.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="r6qIEq">
Legionnaires’ disease, which is caused by <a href="https://www.vox.com/2015/8/4/9097245/what-is-legionnaires-disease">Legionella bacteria</a>, is just one of them. The illness got its name after there was an outbreak of the disease at <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/history.html">a convention for the American Legion</a>, a veterans organization, in 1976. Although it’s often found in <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/legionella-factsheet.pdf">natural water sources</a>, such as ponds, streams, and lakes, this bacteria becomes problematic when it finds its way into water systems that are built by humans, like hot tubs, sinks, and plumbing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Kv2EO0">
Once the bacteria starts growing inside these fixtures, it can spread through tiny drops of water, which, if inhaled, can infect a person’s lungs and <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/causes-transmission.html">cause pneumonia</a>. Legionnaires’ disease can usually be treated with antibiotics, and the illness’s symptoms are generally hard to distinguish from other infections. The disease can be dangerous, however, for people with certain risk factors or conditions, including people over the age of 50 or people with cancer. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/diagnosis.html">says</a> that about one of every 10 people who catch Legionnaires’ disease die from complications. The disease is <a href="https://theconversation.com/after-coronavirus-another-hidden-respiratory-disease-lurks-in-the-buildings-we-left-behind-139059">not transmitted</a> from person to person.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FPq076">
Here’s where Verizon’s cooling towers come in: A cooling tower can <a href="https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2022/attorney-general-james-reaches-agreement-verizon-prevent-legionnaires-disease">spray</a> into the air the water it’s using to cool the equipment. If that water includes Legionella bacteria, that bacteria can enter the air, too, where it can infect nearby people. These cooling towers are particularly concerning because they can operate at temperatures that are ideal for <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/wmp/control-toolkit/cooling-towers.html">this bacteria’s growth</a>, especially during the <a href="https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/legionellosis/docs/faq.pdf">summer</a>. These cooling towers are also everywhere, since they’re used to cool off everything from air cooling systems to machinery used for industrial processes and energy production.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5ejA5r">
“Electronic equipment puts out a ton of heat and they have to keep it at a cool temperature to work,” Brian Labus, an infectious disease epidemiologist and assistant professor at the University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Public Health. “Any time you have computer systems, which is what these places have, there is a ton of heat being produced, and they [have] to get rid of the heat — otherwise they’ll melt all their equipment.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1Y03D7">
Buildings and companies that operate these cooling towers are supposed to take a range of steps to stop bacteria from growing, including repeatedly monitoring their equipment for potential infections. New York, for instance, passed state and local laws to regulate these towers more aggressively after 138 people were diagnosed with — and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/25/nyregion/legionnaires-outbreak-nyc.html">16 people died</a> from — Legionnaires’ disease during a 2015 outbreak in the Bronx.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5snPP9">
After those laws were passed, the state attorney general’s office started investigating the owners of cooling towers to make sure they were following New York’s requirements.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5w8f6P">
According to the attorney general’s investigation, Verizon — which hires other companies to manage its towers — failed to regularly inspect its cooling towers, and failed to disinfect those cooling towers effectively after the bacteria was discovered. Overall, the company has racked up at least 225 violations at around 45 different locations throughout New York. Now, Verizon must <a href="https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2022/attorney-general-james-reaches-agreement-verizon-prevent-legionnaires-disease">pay a $118,000 penalty</a> and adopt several new procedures to make sure it’s maintaining these towers safely. The company told Recode that it has admitted no wrongdoing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mV819c">
“Legionnaires’ disease remains a deadly presence in areas across our state, particularly in low-income communities and communities of color,” James said in a statement on Thursday. “It is essential that companies such as Verizon are taking the necessary actions to avoid the spread of this preventable and lethal disease.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZABGeH">
Outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease remain a concern throughout the United States. In addition to the recent cluster of cases in the Bronx, New Jersey health officials <a href="https://www.nj.com/morris/2022/05/nj-hotel-linked-to-3-cases-of-legionnaires-disease-officials-say.html">linked</a> a cluster of Legionnaires’ cases last month to a Hampton Inn, and in 2019, Georgia’s health department connected an outbreak that <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/16/us/atlanta-legionnaires-cooling-tower/index.html">probably caused nearly 80 cases</a> of the disease to the hotel’s cooling tower. Legionella bacteria has also repeatedly popped up in unexpected places, like <a href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/10/12/hopkins-legionnaires-outbreak-source-identified">a beverage processing plant</a>, hot water tanks <a href="https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/06/26/legionella-bacteria-wayne-state-university-ford-legionnaires-disease/1570531001/">used in a Ford manufacturing facility</a>, a <a href="https://www.fiercepharma.com/m-a/updated-gsk-to-reopen-site-after-cooling-towers-where-legionella-bacteria-detected-are">GlaxoSmithKline</a> site, and a cooling tower <a href="https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-legionnaires-appeal-20181204-story.html">used by Disneyland</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hLxH90">
But inevitably, the results of New York’s investigation serve as a warning to the many companies building out or using infrastructure in cities and towns across the country — especially those that rely on water to cool it down.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RMXE4W">
“As a tech company, you probably wouldn’t think about infecting somebody with something [that’s] running your equipment,” Labus said. “It does show the importance of paying attention to your systems and providing the appropriate levels of preventative maintenance and making sure that you don’t get to the point where you can spread disease to others.”
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Eng vs NZ first Test | Joe Root’s century leads England to victory over New Zealand at Lord’s</strong> - Former captain Root became the 14th batsman to pass 10,000 Test runs and finished on 115 not out</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pritam, Subhasish look forward to cashing in on home advantage</strong> - Blue Tigers play host for the first time in three years</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Afg vs Zim 1st ODI | Afghanistan beats host Zimbabwe by 60 runs</strong> - Afghanistan hasn’t lost an ODI series against the Zimbabweans in five contests since the first meeting in 2014</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>It’s Supernatural vs. Last Wish in feature event</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>South Africa tour of India | Role-defining series for players, says SA captain Temba Bavuma</strong> - Chance for South Africa to re-group after a long time, says captain</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Is Centre too fragile to withstand peaceful protest in Kashmir, asks Mehbooba Mufti</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Madurai Reader’s Mail</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rate of rape down in many States after PM Modi’s emphasis on building toilets in villages: Sambit Patra</strong> - BJP national spokesperson Sambit Patra claimed that most of rapes happened when women in rural areas used to go out to attend nature’s call in the dark</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dindigul Reader’s Mail</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hizbul Mujahideen terrorist arrested in Jammu and Kashmir's Kishtwar</strong> -</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine: Explosions shake Kyiv while battles rage in east</strong> - A number of blasts hit parts of Kyiv in the first assault on Ukraine’s capital for several weeks.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine anger as Macron says ‘Don’t humiliate Russia’</strong> - The French leader wants to give Vladimir Putin an “exit ramp”, but Ukraine rejects that stance.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Russian man accused of Alexander Litvinenko killing dies of Covid-19</strong> - Dmitry Kovtun, one of two men the UK says were behind the poisoning, has died in Russia of Covid.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine round-up: Defiance in Mykolaiv and a wooden monastery ablaze</strong> - Residents of Mykolaiv carry on despite Russian shelling, and African countries feel rising prices.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>War in Ukraine: We are holding on, say Mykolaiv residents</strong> - Residents in the southern region of Ukraine speak of their defiance and dread as the war rages on.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Making blockchain stop wasting energy by getting it to manage energy</strong> - Instead of useless calculations, researchers get it to optimize energy use. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1858298">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The privately funded killer-asteroid spotter is here</strong> - It’s a new tool for tracking space-rock trajectories—even with limited data. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1858129">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>An actively exploited Microsoft 0-day flaw still doesn’t have a patch</strong> - Microsoft downplays severity of vulnerability in all supported versions of Windows. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1858179">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The weekend’s best deals: Switch Pro Controller, Fitbits, Roombas, and more</strong> - Dealmaster also has Sonos speakers, Steam gift cards, and Google’s Nest Hub. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1858319">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Smaller reactors may still have a big nuclear waste problem</strong> - The US needs to figure out what to do about its radioactive garbage. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1858107">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Nearly lost my job as a roofer when I was caught masturbating on my first day at work</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Luckily my boss said I could wipe the slate clean…
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/The-Guvnor"> /u/The-Guvnor </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/v4vvyq/nearly_lost_my_job_as_a_roofer_when_i_was_caught/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/v4vvyq/nearly_lost_my_job_as_a_roofer_when_i_was_caught/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>A professor sits with a farmer on a train.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Bored, the professor says to the farmer: “I ask you a question, if you can’t answer it, you give me $5; then you ask me a question, if I can’t answer it, I give you $500, what do you think?” The farmer nods. The professor asks the farmer: “What is the distance between the Earth and the Moon?” The farmer silently takes out $5 and gives it to the professor. The farmer asks the professor: “What animal has three legs when ascending a mountain and four legs when descending a mountain?” The professor thinks hardly but couldn’t find an answer, so he reluctantly pulls out $500 for the farmer. The farmer takes the $500 and prepares to nap, the professor asks: “What animal is it!?” The farmer takes out $5 and gives it to the professor, then he falls asleep.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/kickypie"> /u/kickypie </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/v4z1p2/a_professor_sits_with_a_farmer_on_a_train/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/v4z1p2/a_professor_sits_with_a_farmer_on_a_train/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>A young woman was taking golf lessons and had just started playing her first round of golf when she suffered a bee sting</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Her pain was so intense that she decided to return to the clubhouse for medical assistance. The golf pro saw her heading back and said, “You are back early, what’s wrong?” “I was stung by a bee!” she said. “Where?” he asked. “Between the first and second hole.” she replied. He nodded and said, “Your stance is far too wide.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/nikan69"> /u/nikan69 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/v55p6w/a_young_woman_was_taking_golf_lessons_and_had/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/v55p6w/a_young_woman_was_taking_golf_lessons_and_had/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Scottish blood</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
An Arab Sheik was admitted to the hospital for heart surgery, but prior to the surgery, the doctors needed to have some of his blood type stored in case the need arose. As the gentleman had an extremely rare type of blood that couldn’t be found locally, the call went out around the world.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Finally a Scotsman was located who had the same rare blood type. After some coaxing, the Scot donated his blood for the Arab.<br/> After the surgery the Arab sent the Scotsman a BMW, a diamond necklace for his wife, and $100,000 US dollars in appreciation for the blood donation.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A few months later, the Arab had to undergo a further corrective surgery procedure. Once again, his doctor telephoned the Scotsman who was more than happy to donate his blood. After the second surgery the Arab sent the Scotsman a thank-you card and a box of Quality Street chocolates.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The Scotsman was shocked that the Arab did not reciprocate his kind gesture as he had anticipated. He phoned the Arab and asked him: “I thought you would be more generous than that. Last time you sent me a BMW, diamonds and money, but this time you only sent me a lousy thank-you card and a crappy box of chocolates?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
To this the Arab replied: " Aye laddie, but I now have Scottish blood in ma veins."
</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/ArcadiaKent"> /u/ArcadiaKent </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/v529s2/scottish_blood/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/v529s2/scottish_blood/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Professor X asks a girl, “what is your mutant power?”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Girl replies: “| can guess how many pulls to turn a ceiling fan off on the first try!”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
She points up and says: “3 pulls”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Professor X stands up and pulls 3 times. After the third pull the fan turns off.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Professor X: “Yeah thats cool and all, but not really a super power…”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Girl: “Yeah I was just kidding, | can heal paraplegics”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Professor X, still standing: “Oh my god”
</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Lifeasjessica1"> /u/Lifeasjessica1 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/v4ov81/professor_x_asks_a_girl_what_is_your_mutant_power/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/v4ov81/professor_x_asks_a_girl_what_is_your_mutant_power/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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