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<title>17 October, 2023</title>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Fast, accurate ranking of engineered proteins by receptor binding propensity using structure modeling</strong> -
<div>
Deep learning-based methods for protein structure prediction have achieved unprecedented accuracy. However, the power of these tools to guide the engineering of protein-based therapeutics remains limited due to a gap between the ability to predict the structures of candidate proteins and the ability to assess which of those proteins are most likely to bind to a target receptor. Here we bridge this gap by introducing Automated Pairwise Peptide-Receptor AnalysIs for Screening Engineered proteins (APPRAISE), a method for predicting the receptor binding propensity of engineered proteins. After generating models of engineered proteins competing for binding to a target using an established structure-prediction tool such as AlphaFold-Multimer or ESMFold, APPRAISE performs a rapid (under 1 CPU second per model) scoring analysis that takes into account biophysical and geometrical constraints. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate that APPRAISE can accurately classify receptor-dependent vs. receptor-independent adeno-associated viral vectors and diverse classes of engineered proteins such as miniproteins targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike, nanobodies targeting a G-protein-coupled receptor, and peptides that specifically bind to transferrin receptor or PD-L1. APPRAISE is accessible through a web-based notebook interface using Google Colaboratory (https://tiny.cc/APPRAISE). With its accuracy, interpretability, and generalizability, APPRAISE promises to expand the utility of protein structure prediction and accelerate protein engineering for biomedical applications.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523680v2" target="_blank">Fast, accurate ranking of engineered proteins by receptor binding propensity using structure modeling</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The impact of self-isolation on psychological wellbeing and how to reduce it: a systematic review</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Self-isolation is a public health measure used to prevent the spread of infection, and which can have an impact on the psychological wellbeing of those going through it. It is likely that self-isolation will be used to contain future outbreaks of infectious disease. We synthesised evidence on the impact of home self-isolation on psychological wellbeing of the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022378140). We searched Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Embase, and grey literature (01 January 2020 to 13 December 2022). Our definition of wellbeing included adverse mental health outcomes and adaptive wellbeing. Studies that investigated isolation in managed facilities, children, and healthcare workers were excluded. We followed PRISMA and synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) guidelines. We extracted data on the impact of self-isolation on wellbeing, and factors associated with and interventions targeting wellbeing during self-isolation. We included 36 studies (most were cross sectional, two were longitudinal cohort studies, three assessed interventions, and five were qualitative). The mode quality rating was high-risk. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were most investigated. Evidence for an impact of self-isolation on wellbeing was often inconsistent in quantitative studies, although qualitative studies consistently reported a negative impact on wellbeing. However, people with pre-existing mental and physical health needs consistently reported increased symptoms of mental ill health during self-isolation. Studies reported modifiable stressors that have been reported in previous infectious disease contexts, such as inadequate support, poor coping strategies, inadequate and conflicting information, and the importance of regular contact from trusted healthcare professionals. However, interventions targeting psychological wellbeing were rare and evaluative studies of these had high or very high risk of bias. When implementing self-isolation directives, public health officials should prioritise support for more vulnerable individuals who have pre-existing mental or physical health needs, lack support, or who are facing significant life stressors. Clinicians can play a key role in identifying and supporting those most at risk. Focus should be directed toward interventions that address loneliness, worries, and misinformation, whilst monitoring and identifying individuals in need of additional support.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.23296895v1" target="_blank">The impact of self-isolation on psychological wellbeing and how to reduce it: a systematic review</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Covid-19 Related Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among Health Care Workers In A Hospital In The Greater Accra Region</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background The emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) an infectious disease caused by the newly discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) has caused a lot of harm to humanity. Healthcare workers who are the leading the charge in the fight against the virus can experience mental health challenges with anxiety being an important illness. Anxiety can become morbid quickly and ultimately affect function, hence the need to study its prevalence among HCWs, since they are a high-risk population. Studies across various regions worldwide reported elevated levels of anxiety amongst HCWs during the SARS, Ebola, and H1N1 pandemics. Nevertheless, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), an easily measured and ubiquitous member of the family of anxiety disorders has hardly been researched. However, new studies in Togo, China, India and Mexico have reported elevated levels of GAD in HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the complexities surrounding mental health care in Ghana, and Africa as a whole it would be expedient to uncover the prevalence of GAD among HCWs during the pandemic. Hence, a study at Family Health Hospital will provide information about the prevalence of COVID-19 related GAD among Health care workers representative of Ghana. Aim The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of COVID-19 related GAD amongst healthcare workers, in a tertiary hospital in Accra. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study design using a self-administered questionnaire was employed. Nine-two (92) HCWs in the study area were sampled. A consecutive sampling technique was used to select the respondents for the study. The study was analyzed using SPSS version 25. The results were presented in summary tables and analyzed using frequencies and percentages. Chi square test performed on categorical data to test association between selected variables and their outcome with COVID-19 related GAD. Results The GAD level among nurses was 55.4%, and for doctors it was 30.4%. The GAD level among medical laboratory technicians and pharmacists were 7.6% and 6.5% respectively. Furthermore being age 50-69 years was a significant risk factor for developing GAD during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana. Female HCWs were more likely to experience GAD. However, only 13.1% of the HCWs were considered to have Corona phobia. Perception of workplace as being high risk was positively correlated with mild to moderate forms of anxiety. However, perception of organizational support as being guaranteed in case one succumbed to the virus and confidence in PPE availability was not reported to be strong protective factors against GAD among HCWs. Conclusion COVID-19 related GAD is a challenge amongst HCWs especially nurses in FHH. The management of the FHH should set up certain services such as psychological help lines, peer support programs as well as run a sensitization campaign to cater for the wellbeing of doctors as well as encourage mental health seeking behavior.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.23297097v1" target="_blank">Covid-19 Related Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among Health Care Workers In A Hospital In The Greater Accra Region</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The landscape of biomedical research</strong> -
<div>
The number of publications in biomedicine and life sciences has rapidly grown over the last decades, with over 1.5 million papers now being published every year. This makes it difficult to keep track of new scientific works and to have an overview of the evolution of the field as a whole. Here we present a 2D map of the entire corpus of biomedical literature, and argue that it provides a unique and useful overview of the life sciences research. We based our atlas on the abstract texts of 21 million English articles from the PubMed database. To embed the abstracts into 2D, we used the large language model PubMedBERT, combined with t-SNE tailored to handle samples of our size. We used our atlas to study the emergence of the Covid-19 literature, the evolution of the neuroscience discipline, the uptake of machine learning, the distribution of gender imbalance in academic authorship, and the distribution of retracted paper mill articles. Furthermore, we present an interactive web version of our atlas that allows easy exploration and will enable further insights and facilitate future research.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536208v3" target="_blank">The landscape of biomedical research</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Trends in Nationally Notifiable Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals During the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented to cope with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in South Korea. These interventions could also have affected other infectious diseases, but there have been no comprehensive studies regarding their impacts. This study examined trends in notifiable infectious diseases in both humans and animals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were developed for each disease using data from 2016 to 2019, and the incidences for 2020 to 2021 were predicted. Subsequently, the predicted numbers of cases were compared with actual observations. Our findings indicated a substantial reduction in human respiratory infectious diseases during implementation of NPIs. However, human gastrointestinal infectious diseases and livestock diseases did not show a significant decrease. The results revealed that the preventive effect sizes of NPIs varied among diseases and indicated the potential for side effects, suggesting that complementary interventions are needed to minimize these negative effects.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.23297064v1" target="_blank">Trends in Nationally Notifiable Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals During the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Cluster-level spillover randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of monetary incentives on COVID-19 vaccination uptake</strong> -
<div>
To motivate contributions to public goods, should policy makers employ financial incentives like taxes, fines, subsidies, and rewards? While these are widely considered as the classic policy approach, a substantial academic literature suggests the impact of financial incentives is not always positive; they can sometimes fail or even backfire. To test whether policy makers are overly bullish about financial incentives, we asked county heads, mayors, and municipal government representatives of medium-to-large towns in Germany to predict the effects of a financial incentive on COVID-19 vaccination, and tested the exact same incentive in a field experiment involving all 41,548 inhabitants (clustered in 10,032 addresses) of the German town of Ravensburg. Whereas policy makers overwhelmingly predict that the financial incentive will increase vaccination—by 15.3 percentage points on average—the same financial incentive yielded a precisely estimated null effect on vaccination. We discuss when financial incentives are most likely to fail, and conclude that it is critical to educate policy makers on the potential pitfalls of employing financial incentives to promote contributions to public goods.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/jq28n/" target="_blank">Cluster-level spillover randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of monetary incentives on COVID-19 vaccination uptake</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Did long COVID increase road deaths in the U.S.?</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objective To examine data on COVID-19 disease associated with a 10 percent increase in U.S. road deaths from 2020 to 2021 that raises the question of the potential effect of pandemic stress and neurological damage from COVID-19 disease. Methods Poisson regression was used to estimate the association of recent COVID-19 cases, accumulated cases, maximum temperatures, truck registrations, and gasoline prices with road deaths monthly among U.S. states in 2021. Using the regression coefficients, changes in each risk factor from 2020 to 2021 were used to calculate expected deaths in 2021 if each factor had remained the same as in 2020. Results Corrected for the other risk factors, road deaths were associated with accumulated COVID-19 cases but not cases in the previous month More than 20,700 road deaths were associated with the changes in accumulated COVID-19 cases but were substantially offset by about 19,100 less-than-expected deaths associated with increased gasoline prices. Conclusions While more research is needed, the data are sufficient to warn people with long COVID to minimize driving.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.23296868v1" target="_blank">Did long COVID increase road deaths in the U.S.?</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Analysis the molecular similarity of least common amino acid sites in ACE2 receptor to predict the potential susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2</strong> -
<div>
This research offers a bioinformatics approach to forecasting both domestic and wild animals’ likelihood of being susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Genomic sequencing can resolve phylogenetic relationships between the virus and the susceptible host. The genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is highly interactive with the specific sequence region of the ACE2 receptor of the host species. We further evaluate this concept to identify the most important SARS-CoV-2 binding amino acid sites in the ACE2 receptor sequence through the common similarity of the last common amino acid sites (LCAS) in known susceptible host species. Therefore, the SARS-CoV-2 viral genomic interacting key amino acid region in the ACE2 receptor sequence of known susceptible human host was summarized and compared with other reported known SARS-CoV-2 susceptible host species. We identified the 10 most significant amino acid sites for interaction with SARS-CoV-2 infection from the ACE2 receptor sequence region based on the LCAS similarity pattern in known sensitive SARS-CoV-2 hosts. The most significant 10 LCAS were further compared with ACE2 receptor sequences of unknown species to evaluate the similarity of the last common amino acid pattern (LCAP). We predicted the probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in unknown species through the LCAS similarity pattern. This method can be used as a screening tool to assess the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic and wild animals to prevent outbreaks of infection.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562198v1" target="_blank">Analysis the molecular similarity of least common amino acid sites in ACE2 receptor to predict the potential susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Repression of mRNA translation initiation by GIGYF1 via blocking the eIF3-eIF4G1 interaction</strong> -
<div>
Viruses commonly interfere with the function of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G1 (eIF4G1), a pivotal factor in the recruitment of the eIF3 complex and ribosome to the mRNA. This results in the inhibition of general host protein synthesis and redirecting ribosomes toward viral mRNAs. Certain viruses also selectively repress the translation of mRNAs involved in the host antiviral response. GIGYF2 and its interacting cap-binding protein 4EHP enable the transcript-specific repression of mRNA translation mediated by microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). RNA viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, exploit the GIGYF2/4EHP complex to selectively repress the translation of transcripts such as Ifnb1 mRNA, which encodes the antiviral cytokine Interferon {beta} (IFN-{beta}). Herein, we reveal that GIGYF1, a paralogue of GIGYF2, robustly represses cellular mRNA translation through a distinct mechanism independent of 4EHP. Upon recruitment to a target mRNA by RBPs, the C-terminal region of GIGYF1 binds to subunits of eIF3 at the interaction interface of eIF3-eIF4G1. This disrupts the recruitment of eIF3 to the mRNA by eIF4G1, resulting in mRNA-specific translational repression. This mechanism exerts profound influences on the host cell's response to viral infection. Depletion of GIGYF1 induces a robust immune response by derepressing Ifnb1 mRNA translation. Overall, our study highlights a unique mechanism of translational regulation by GIGYF1 that involves sequestering eIF3 and abrogating its binding to eIF4G1. This mechanism can be utilized by RBPs that interact with GIGYF1 to specifically repress the translation of their target mRNAs, significantly affecting critical biological processes, including host-pathogen interactions.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.14.562322v1" target="_blank">Repression of mRNA translation initiation by GIGYF1 via blocking the eIF3-eIF4G1 interaction</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Inferring Viral Transmission Pathways from Within-Host Variation</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Genome sequencing can offer critical insight into pathogen spread in viral outbreaks, but existing transmission inference methods use simplistic evolutionary models and only incorporate a portion of available genetic data. Here, we develop a robust evolutionary model for transmission reconstruction that tracks the genetic composition of within-host viral populations over time and the lineages transmitted between hosts. We confirm that our model reliably describes within-host variant frequencies in a dataset of 134,682 SARS-CoV-2 deep-sequenced genomes from Massachusetts, USA. We then demonstrate that our reconstruction approach infers transmissions more accurately than two leading methods on synthetic data, as well as in a controlled outbreak of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and an epidemiologically-investigated SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in South Africa. Finally, we apply our transmission reconstruction tool to 5,692 outbreaks among the 134,682 Massachusetts genomes. Our methods and results demonstrate the utility of within-host variation for transmission inference of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens, and provide an adaptable mathematical framework for tracking within-host evolution.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.14.23297039v1" target="_blank">Inferring Viral Transmission Pathways from Within-Host Variation</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Evaluation of Stroke Risk Following COVID-19 mRNA Bivalent Vaccines Among U.S. Adults Aged ≥65 Years</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
In January 2023, the United States Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention noted a safety concern for ischemic stroke in adults 65 years of age or older receiving the BNT162b2; WT/OMI BA.4/BA.5 COVID-19 bivalent vaccine. This self-controlled case series analysis evaluated stroke risk among Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries aged 65 years of age or older receiving: 1) a Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2; WT OMI BA.4 and BA.5) or Moderna (mRNA 1273.222) COVID-19 bivalent vaccine, 2) high-dose/adjuvanted influenza vaccines, and 3) concomitant COVID-19 bivalent vaccines and influenza vaccines, from August 31 to November 6, 2022. The primary analysis did not find elevated stroke risk following COVID-19 bivalent vaccines. In the age subgroup analyses, only the 85+ year age group had a risk of NHS (Incident Rate Ratio (IRR)=1.36, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.69 [1 to 21 days]) and NHS/TIA (IRR=1.28, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.52 [1 to 21 days]) with BNT162b2 Bivalent WT OMI BA.4 and BA.5. Among beneficiaries receiving a concomitant COVID-19 bivalent vaccine and a high-dose/adjuvanted influenza vaccine, an increased risk was observed for NHS (IRR=1.20, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.42 [22 to 42 days]) with BNT162b2 Bivalent WT OMI BA.4 and BA.5 and for TIA (IRR=1.35, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.74 [1 to 21 days]) with mRNA 1273.222. Results of the secondary analyses showed a small increased risk of NHS following high-dose or adjuvanted influenza vaccines (IRR=1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.17 [22 to 42 days]).
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.23296624v1" target="_blank">Evaluation of Stroke Risk Following COVID-19 mRNA Bivalent Vaccines Among U.S. Adults Aged ≥65 Years</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Omicron COVID-19 Immune Correlates Analysis of a Third Dose of mRNA-1273 in the COVE Trial</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
In the coronavirus efficacy (COVE) phase 3 efficacy trial of the mRNA-1273 vaccine, IgG binding antibody (bAb) concentration against Spike (BA.1 strain) and neutralizing antibody (nAb) titer against Spike (BA.1 strain) pseudovirus were assessed as correlates of risk of Omicron COVID-19 and as correlates of relative boost efficacy in per-protocol recipients of a third (booster) dose. Markers were measured on the day of the boost (BD1) and 28 days later (BD29). For SARS-CoV-2 naive individuals, BD29 Spike IgG-BA.1 strain bAbs and BD29 BA.1-strain nAbs inversely correlated with Omicron COVID-19: hazard ratio (HR) per 10-fold marker increase [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 0.16 (0.03, 0.79); P=0.024 and 0.31 (0.10, 0.96); P = 0.042, respectively. These markers also inversely correlated with Omicron COVID-19 in non-naive individuals: HR = 0.15 (0.04, 0.63); P = 0.009 and 0.28 (0.07, 1.08); P = 0.06, trend. Fold-rise in markers from BD1 to BD29 had similarly strong inverse correlations. For SARS-CoV-2 naive individuals, overall booster relative (three-dose vs two-dose) efficacy was 46% (95% CI: 20%, 64%) and correlated with BA.1 strain nAb titer at exposure. At 56, 251, and 891 arbitrary units (AU)/ml (10th, 50th, and 90th percentile), the booster relative efficacies were -8% (95% CI: -126%, 48%), 50% (25%, 67%), and 74% (49%, 87%), respectively. Similar relationships were observed for Spike IgG-BA.1 strain bAbs and for the markers measured at BD29. The performance of bAb and nAb markers as correlates of protection against Omicron COVID-19 supports their continued use as surrogate endpoints for mRNA vaccination against Omicron COVID-19.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.23295628v1" target="_blank">Omicron COVID-19 Immune Correlates Analysis of a Third Dose of mRNA-1273 in the COVE Trial</a>
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<li><strong>IFIH1 loss-of-function predisposes to inflammatory and SARS-CoV-2-related infectious diseases</strong> -
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The IFIH1 gene, encoding melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), is an indispensable innate immune regulator involved in the early detection of viral infections. Previous studies described MDA5 dysregulation linking it to weakened immunological responses, and increased susceptibility to microbial infections and autoimmune disorders. Monoallelic gain-of-function of the IFIH1 gene has been associated with multisystem disorders, namely Aicardi-Goutieres and Singleton-Merten syndromes, while biallelic loss of this gene causes immunodeficiency. In this study, nine patients suffering from different cases of recurrent infections, inflammatory diseases, severe COVID-19, or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) were identified with putative loss-of-function IFIH1 variants by whole exome sequencing. All patients revealed signs of lymphopenia and an increase in inflammatory markers, including CRP, amyloid A, ferritin, and IL-6. One patient with a pathogenic homozygous variant c.2807+1G&gt;A was the most severe case showing immunodeficiency and glomerulonephritis. The c.1641+1G&gt;C variant was identified in the heterozygous state in patients suffering from periodic fever, COVID-19, or MIS-C, while the c.2016delA variant was identified in two patients with inflammatory bowel disease or MIS-C. Expression analysis showed that PBMCs of one patient with a c.2016delA variant had a significant decrease in ISG15, IFNA and IFNG transcript levels, compared to normal PBMCs, upon stimulation with poly(I:C), suggesting that MDA5 receptor truncation disrupts the immune response. Our findings accentuate the implication of rare monogenic IFIH1 loss-of-function variants in altering the immune response, and severely predisposing patients to inflammatory and infectious diseases, including SARS-CoV-2 related disorders.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.23297034v1" target="_blank">IFIH1 loss-of-function predisposes to inflammatory and SARS-CoV-2-related infectious diseases</a>
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<li><strong>Surveillance and Stability of SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Samples in Minnesota</strong> -
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Wastewater-based epidemiology provides an approach for assessing the prevalence of pathogens such as COVID-19 in a sewer service area. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was measured serially in 44 wastewater treatment plants of varying service capacities comprising approximately 67% of the population of Minnesota, from September 2020 through December 2022. We employed linear regression models to establish a predictive relationship between the weekly SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA concentrations in wastewater and clinical case counts. Metrics were assessed under specified transformation and normalization methods which we confirmed by cross-validation averaged across the enrolled treatment plants. We report that the relationship between COVID-19 incidence and SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater may be treatment plant-specific. Toward establishing guidelines for pathogen surveillance, we further studied storage and time-to-analysis for RNA wastewater data and observed large effects of storage temperature, indicating that collection methods may have an important effect on the utility and validity of wastewater data for infectious disease monitoring. Our findings are additive for any large-scale wastewater surveillance program.
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.14.23296666v1" target="_blank">Surveillance and Stability of SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Samples in Minnesota</a>
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<li><strong>Ischemic Stroke after Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccination: A Self-Controlled Case Series Study</strong> -
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Introduction The potential association between bivalent COVID-19 vaccination and ischemic stroke remains uncertain, despite several studies conducted thus far. The purpose is to evaluate the risk of ischemic stroke following bivalent COVID-19 vaccination. Methods A self-controlled case series study was conducted among members aged 12 years and older who experienced ischemic stroke between September 1, 2022 and March 31, 2023 in a large California health care system. Ischemic strokes were identified using ICD-10 codes in Emergency Department and inpatient settings. Exposures were Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna bivalent COVID-19 vaccination. Risk intervals were pre-specified as 1-21 days and 1-42 days after bivalent COVID-19 vaccination; all non-risk-interval person-time served as control interval. We conducted overall and subgroup analyses by age, history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and co-administration of influenza vaccine. When an elevated risk was detected, we performed chart review of ischemic strokes, and re-evaluated the risk. RESULTS With 4933 cases, we found no increased risk within 21-day risk interval across vaccines and by subgroups. However, an elevated risk emerged within 42-day risk interval among individuals &lt;65 years who received co-administration of Pfizer-BioNTech bivalent vaccine and influenza vaccine on the same day; relative incidence (RI) was 2.14 (95% CI, 1.02-4.49). Among those who also had history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, RI was 3.94 (95% CI, 1.10-14.16). After chart review, RIs were 2.35 (95% CI, 0.98-5.65) and 4.33 (95% CI, 0.98-19.11), respectively. Among individuals &lt;65 years who received Moderna bivalent vaccine and had history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, RI was 2.62 (95% CI, 1.13-6.03) before chart review and 2.24 (95% CI, 0.78-6.47) after chart review. CONCLUSIONS The potential association between bivalent COVID-19 vaccination and ischemic stroke in the 1-42-day analysis warrants further investigation among individuals &lt;65 years with influenza vaccine co-administration and prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.23296968v1" target="_blank">Ischemic Stroke after Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccination: A Self-Controlled Case Series Study</a>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rural Tailored Communication to Promote SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Testing in Saliva</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: SARS-CoV2 Infection <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: General SARS-CoV-2 Communication; Behavioral: Rural-Targeted SARS-CoV-2 Communication <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Michigan State University; National Cancer Institute (NCI); Johns Hopkins University <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Compensatory Cognitive Training for COVID-19; Behavioral: Holistic Cognitive Education <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: VA Office of Research and Development <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID Rehabilitation</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Rehabilitation; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome; Post-Infectious Disorders <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: One day course; Behavioral: Individual follow-ups <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University Hospital of North Norway; University of Bergen; Oslo University Hospital; Norwegian University of Science and Technology <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 3 Open-Label Controlled Trial of Convalescent Plasma in Early COVID-19 Infection</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Covid19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Convalescent Plasma; Other: Standard of Care <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Larkin Community Hospital <br/><b>Withdrawn</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Food Effects of GST-HG171 Tablets Combined With Ritonavir in Healthy Chinese Participants</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 Respiratory Infection <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: GST-HG171/ritonavir; Drug: ritonavir <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Fujian Akeylink Biotechnology Co., Ltd. <br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Improving Post COVID-19 Syndrome With Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatments</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post COVID-19 Condition; Post-COVID-19 Syndrome; Post-COVID Syndrome; COVID-19; Fatigue; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: Monoplace Hyperbaric Chamber (Class III medical device). <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Education of Medical Staff to Post Acute Covid susTained sYmptoms</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Training in the management of functional disorders; Other: Reimbursement of 3 long consultations <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris; ANRS, Emerging Infectious Diseases <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pharmacist Management of Paxlovid eVisits</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Quality of Care <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Pharmacist Care; Other: AFM Pool Care <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Kaiser Permanente <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>tDCS in the Management of Post-COVID Disorders</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS); Behavioral: Motor Training; Behavioral: Cognitive Training <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; São Paulo State University <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Equity Evaluation of Fact Boxes on Informed COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccination Decisions - Study Protocol</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Influenza <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Fact box <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Harding Center for Risk Literacy <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Early Awake Alterning Prone Positioning Combined With Non-invasive Oxygen Therapy in Patients With COVID-19.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 Pneumonia <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Prone position; Other: Standard treatment <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran <br/><b>Terminated</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effects of a Home-Based Exercise Intervention in Subjects With Long COVID</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID-19; Post-COVID-19 Syndrome <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: home-based concurrent exercise <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of Vienna <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ACTIVATE in Public Housing</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Pneumonia; Influenza; Varicella Zoster; Meningitis; COVID-19; Vaccine Hesitancy <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Increasing Willingness and Uptake of Influenza, Pneumonia, Meningitis, HZV, and COVID-19 Vaccination <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study of the Vector Vaccine GamCovidVac-M (Altered Antigenic Composition)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: GamCovidVac-M vector vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19 with altered antigenic composition <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Health Ministry of the Russian Federation <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study of the Vector Vaccine GamCovidVac for the Prevention of COVID-19 With Altered Antigenic Profile With Participation of Adult Volunteers</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: GamCovidVac vector vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19 (with altered antigenic profile) <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Health Ministry of the Russian Federation <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Betaine prevents cognitive dysfunction by suppressing hippocampal microglial activation in chronic social isolated male mice</strong> - Chronic social isolation (SI) stress, which became more prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic, contributes to abnormal behavior, including mood changes and cognitive impairment. Known as a functional nutrient, betaine has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vivo. However, whether betaine can alleviate the abnormal behavior induced by chronic SI in mice remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of betaine in the treatment of behavioral changes and its…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Block of the Angiotensin Pathways Affects Flow-Volume Spirometry in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection</strong> - BACKGROUND: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an endothelial cell receptor used by SARS-CoV- 2 virus to enter cells. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), mainly spirometry, are the main diagnostic tools for most respiratory diseases. PFTs are mandatory for assessing the response to therapy.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Differential specificity of SARS-CoV-2 main protease variants on peptide versus protein-based substrates</strong> - The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^(pro) ) holds significant importance as a biological target in combating coronaviruses due to its importance in virus replication. Considering the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants and the mutations observed in the M^(pro) sequence, we hypothesized that these mutations may have a potential impact on the protease’s specificity. To test this, we expressed M^(pro) corresponding to the original strain and variants Beta1, Beta2 and Omicron, and analyzed their…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>DHA and EPA inhibit porcine coronavirus replication by alleviating ER stress</strong> - The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) highlighted significant gaps in our mechanisms to prevent and control cross-species transmission of animal coronaviruses. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV) are common porcine coronaviruses with similar clinical features. In the absence of effective drugs and methods of prevention and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Autoantibodies against Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and immune molecules are associated with COVID-19 disease severity</strong> - Increased inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and long-term disease manifestations referred to as post-acute sequalae of COVID (PASC). The mechanisms of this variable long-term immune activation are poorly defined. Autoantibodies targeting immune factors such as cytokines, as well as the viral host cell receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), have been observed after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Autoantibodies to immune factors…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Point of care detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and neutralisation capacity-lateral flow immunoassay evaluation compared to commercial assay to inform potential role in therapeutic and surveillance practices</strong> - CONCLUSION: High sensitivity, specificity, and PPV were demonstrated for the POC LFA for the detection of anti-S-RBD antibodies in comparison to the commercial assay. The LFA was not a reliable determinant of the neutralisation capacity of identified antibodies. POC LFA are useful tools in sero-epidemiology settings, pandemic preparedness and may act as supportive tools in treatment decisions through the rapid identification of anti-Spike antibodies.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The clinical relevance of OSM in inflammatory diseases: a comprehensive review</strong> - Oncostatin M (OSM) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in a variety of inflammatory responses such as wound healing, liver regeneration, and bone remodeling. As a member of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines, OSM binds the shared receptor gp130, recruits either OSMRβ or LIFRβ, and activates a variety of signaling pathways including the JAK/STAT, MAPK, JNK, and PI3K/AKT pathways. Since its discovery in 1986, OSM has been identified as a significant contributor to a multitude of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Benzothiazolyl-pyridine Hybrids as New Antiviral Agents against H5N1 Bird Flu and SARS-COV-2 Viruses</strong> - A novel series of benzothiazolyl-pyridine hybrids 8a-h and 14a-e were produced from the reaction of enamine derivative 4 with each of the arylcyanoacetamides 5a-h and cyanoacetohydrazides 9a-e. The new products were characterized by spectral techniques (IR, ¹H NMR, ^(13)C NMR, and MS). Biological evaluation of 8a-h and 14a-e in vitro against H5N1 and SARS-COV-2 viruses showed that several compounds had significant activity. Compounds 8f-h, which contain fluorine atoms, have better activity…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Exploration of 1,2,3-triazolo fused triterpenoids as inhibitors of human coronavirus 229E targeting the viral nsp15 protein</strong> - The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has raised major interest in innovative drug concepts to suppress human coronavirus (HCoV) infections. We previously reported on a class of 1,2,3-triazolo fused betulonic acid derivatives causing strong inhibition of HCoV-229E replication via the viral nsp15 protein, which is proposedly related to compound binding at an intermonomer interface in hexameric nsp15. In the present study, we further explored the structure-activity relationship (SAR), by…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of cyanopeptolins produced by Nostoc edaphicum CCNP1411</strong> - Despite the advances in contemporary medicine and availability of numerous innovative therapies, effective treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections pose a challenge. In the search for new anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates, natural products are frequently explored. Here, fifteen cyanopeptolins (CPs) were isolated from the Baltic cyanobacterium Nostoc edaphicum and tested against SARS-CoV-2. Of these depsipeptides, the Arg-containing structural variants showed the strongest inhibition of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Discovery of druggable potent inhibitors of serine proteases and farnesoid X receptor by ligand-based virtual screening to obstruct SARS-CoV-2</strong> - The coronavirus, a subfamily of the coronavirinae family, is an RNA virus with over 40 variations that can infect humans, non-human mammals and birds. There are seven types of human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, is responsible for the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The current study is focused on the identification of drug molecules for the treatment of COVID-19 by targeting human proteases like transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), furin, cathepsin B, and a nuclear receptor named…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Decoding Sepsis-Induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: A Comprehensive Review of Existing and Emerging Therapies</strong> - Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a recurrent complication of sepsis. Since DIC not only promotes organ dysfunction but also represents a strong prognostic factor, it is important to diagnose DIC as early as possible. When coagulation is activated, fibrinolysis is inhibited, blood thinners are consumed, and a condition is created that promotes blood clotting, making it more difficult for the body to remove fibrin or prevent it from being deposited in the blood vessels. This leads…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Plant Cell-Engineered Gold Nanoparticles Conjugated to Quercetin Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and HSV-1 Entry</strong> - Recent studies have revealed considerable promise in the antiviral properties of metal nanomaterials, specifically when biologically prepared. This study demonstrates for the first time the antiviral roles of the plant cell-engineered gold nanoparticles (pAuNPs) alone and when conjugated with quercetin (pAuNPsQ). We show here that the quercetin conjugated nanoparticles (pAuNPsQ) preferentially inhibit the cell entry of two medically important viruses-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phenotypic Test of Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidinone-Based Nucleoside and Non-Nucleoside Derivatives against DNA and RNA Viruses, Including Coronaviruses</strong> - Emerging and re-emerging viruses periodically cause outbreaks and epidemics around the world, which ultimately lead to global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the urgent need for new antiviral drugs is obvious. Over more than a century of antiviral development, nucleoside analogs have proven to be promising agents against diversified DNA and RNA viruses. Here, we present the synthesis and evaluation of the antiviral activity of nucleoside analogs and their deglycosylated derivatives…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Functionalized Fullerene Potentially Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Modulating Spike Protein Conformational Changes</strong> - The disease of SARS-CoV-2 has caused considerable morbidity and mortality globally. Spike proteins on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 allow it to bind with human cells, leading to infection. Fullerenes and their derivatives are promising SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors and drug-delivery vehicles. In this study, Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics simulations and the Markov state model were employed to delve into the inhibitory mechanism of Fullerene-linear-polyglycerol-b-amine sulfate (F-LGPS) on spike…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Can White House Diplomacy Help Prevent Escalation in Gaza and Beyond?</strong> - It is not a simple matter for the Biden Administration to be, on the one hand, the backstop for Israel’s looming actions in Gaza and, on the other, a voice for strategic caution and the initiator of a diplomatic track. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/can-white-house-diplomacy-help-prevent-escalation-in-gaza-and-beyond">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bob Menendez and the Perils of Dealing with Autocrats</strong> - Egypt’s appearance in the senator’s corruption case is a reminder of the risks of alliances with authoritarians, who often try to manipulate our political process as they do at home. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/bob-menendez-and-the-perils-of-dealing-with-autocrats">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Humanitarian Catastrophe in Gaza</strong> - International-law obligations are nonreciprocal: one war crime doesn’t excuse another. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-humanitarian-catastrophe-in-gaza">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Journalist Exposes the Philippines’ Extralegal Killings</strong> - The reporter Patricia Evangelista discusses the country’s drug wars, Rodrigo Duterte’s murderous rhetoric, and how she manages the difficulties of covering trauma. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/a-journalist-exposes-the-philippines-extralegal-killings">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Russian Journalist’s Pained Love for Her Country</strong> - In a new book, Elena Kostyuchenko attempts to work through how she missed—or, rather, failed to adequately react to—Russia’s descent into fascism. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/persons-of-interest/a-russian-journalists-pained-love-for-her-country">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Solve Vox crosswords in our first-ever puzzle books</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Two crossword books, Vox Pop Culture Crosswords and Vox Mega Book of Mini Crosswords." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/iQHlTN-aJw5Ypj37X7hVaobO0xw=/0x388:3000x2638/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72764002/VoxCrosswords_GroupHero_Blue.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Puzzlewright Press
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Available now wherever you get your print media.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="psLsHj">
In fall 2019, we launched our <a href="https://www.vox.com/21523212/crossword-puzzles-free-daily-printable">daily crossword puzzles on Vox</a>, initially as an experiment. We wanted to see: Did our audience like solving crossword puzzles? Turns out, they absolutely did. Over the past few years, crossword puzzles quietly grew and became one of the most consistently popular pages on Vox.com.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ME9i63">
That’s why we’re really excited that, just over four years since we launched crosswords on Vox, we’ve taken our wildly popular puzzles and published them in our first-ever crossword books, on sale today wherever you like to buy your books.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ovb1qW">
The first, Vox Mega Book of Mini Crosswords, features 150 of our bite-sized weekday puzzles, perfect for a break from work or a quick amusement before bed. The second, Vox Pop Culture Crosswords, brings you 80 of our larger and more challenging crosswords, the themed Saturday puzzles, for when you want to curl up with pen and paper and really give your brain a workout. Overarching themes range from puns to antonyms, from anagrams to rhymes to rebuses, each craftier than the last.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DBXCpS">
Thanks to our puzzle constructors — Adesina O. Koiki, Will Nediger, Patrick Blindauer, Juliana Tringali Golden, and Andrew Ries — Vox crossword puzzles will challenge, amuse, and even educate the intrepid solver. Take your Vox puzzle experience offline for a whole new dimension in solving.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xQVbBk">
These books make great gifts for the puzzler in your life — especially if that puzzler is you — so shop now.
</p>
<ul>
<li id="7uYutE">
<a href="https://go.skimresources.com/?id=1025X1701643&amp;xs=1&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fbookshop.org%2Fcontributor_profiles%2F1106">Buy at Bookshop.org</a>
</li>
<li id="CLBWYZ">
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CHWJWYPD?&amp;linkCode=ll2&amp;tag=voxdotcom-20&amp;linkId=3f169e0f18a1e40dafb14f69c9f41362&amp;language=en_US&amp;ref_=as_li_ss_tl">Buy on Amazon</a>
</li>
<li id="t3zSqW">
Buy at Barnes &amp; Noble: <a href="https://go.skimresources.com?id=1025X1701643&amp;xs=1&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barnesandnoble.com%2Fw%2Fvox-mega-book-of-mini-crosswords-vox%2F1144045763">mini crosswords</a> and <a href="https://go.skimresources.com?id=1025X1701643&amp;xs=1&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barnesandnoble.com%2Fw%2Fvox-pop-culture-crosswords-vox%2F1144045762">pop culture crosswords</a>
</li>
<li id="IkEbXX">
Buy at Books-A-Million: <a href="https://go.skimresources.com?id=1025X1701643&amp;xs=1&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.booksamillion.com%2Fp%2FVox-Mega-Book-Mini-Crosswords%2FVox%2F9781454950059%3Fid%3D8974930724432%23">mini crosswords</a> and <a href="https://go.skimresources.com?id=1025X1701643&amp;xs=1&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.booksamillion.com%2Fp%2FVox-Pop-Culture-Crosswords%2FVox%2F9781454950066%3Fid%3D8974930724432">pop culture crosswords</a>
</li>
<li id="5U6jxk">
Buy at Target: <a href="https://goto.target.com/c/482924/81938/2092?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.target.com%2Fp%2Fvox-mega-book-of-mini-crosswords-paperback%2F-%2FA-89681192">mini crosswords</a> and <a href="https://goto.target.com/c/482924/81938/2092?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.target.com%2Fp%2Fvox-pop-culture-crosswords-paperback%2F-%2FA-89681150">pop culture crosswords</a>
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JJtPxg">
And anywhere books are sold!
</li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vCTxlR">
</p></li>
<li><strong>The third season of Starstruck isn’t a romcom anymore</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A man and a woman standing on a grand balcony lit with arches of fairy lights." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/DKboZ5E_WiqiF-ccsv92d5I8fSE=/159x0:1866x1280/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72763914/rose_matafeo_nikesh_patel.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Rose Matafeo and Nikesh Patel as Jessie and Tom on Starstruck. | Mark Johnson/Max
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
In its final episodes, the show becomes a case study in the pleasures and perils of the TV romantic comedy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kfkJrD">
The third and final season of <em>Starstruck</em>, Rose Matefeo’s fizzy <a href="https://www.vox.com/hbo">HBO</a> romcom, is different from the other two. It’s darker and sadder and messier. It has the only ending it could possibly have, and yet I found it deeply unsatisfying.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wMWh0B">
When the first season of <em>Starstruck</em> reached the US from the UK in 2021, it was like a straightforward bolt of joy, with an ingeniously simple premise: what if the plot of <em>Notting Hill</em> happened to real people? Here, the central real person is Matefeo’s Jessie, an aimless 20-something working in a movie theater. (Matefeo is both showrunner and star.) She meets a handsome stranger at a bar, has a drunken one-night stand with him, and wakes up the next morning to find that he’s a movie star.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QsXDBC">
Jessie and affable movie star Tom (Nikesh Patel) spend the next few seasons circling around each other, trying to figure out how to deal with their undeniable and growing connection. Will they fall in love? Of course; that’s the plot of the <em>Notting Hill</em> trope. Will they make it work? That’s where it gets tricky. By the end, the whole thing has turned into a case study of the pleasures and perils of moving the romantic comedy from film to <a href="https://www.vox.com/tv">television</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vuaV3n">
Spoilers for the third season of <em>Starstruck</em> follow.
</p>
<hr class="p-entry-hr" id="IHKhl1"/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JJiDZl">
<strong>When the midbudget movie died</strong> in the 2010s, <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/2/14/14604300/romantic-comedy-dead-netflix-crazy-rich-asians">it threatened to take the romantic comedy with it</a>. Instead, romantic comedies moved to television.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XAl2DI">
Television has always thrived off a will-they-won’t-they, from the screwball (Sam and Diane) to the soap operatic (Luke and Laura). Traditionally, though, TV romances are one part of a larger ensemble story: they drive plot, but they are not the heart of the story. <em>Friends</em> wasn’t called <em>The Ross and Rachel Show</em> for a reason.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VhwQRu">
In the 2010s, though, the kind of romantic comedies we used to see in theaters started to appear on televisions. There were shows explicitly centered on love stories, not on their ensembles, like <em>You’re the Worst</em> and <em>Lovesick</em>. There were shows built around playing with and deconstructing romantic comedy tropes, like <em>Crazy Ex-Girlfriend</em> and <em>Jane the Virgin</em> and <em>The Mindy Project</em>. You couldn’t go to the <a href="https://www.vox.com/movies">movies</a> and see the equivalent of <em>You’ve Got Mail</em> on the big screen, but you could watch Chris Messina charm Mindy Kaling with a little dance on <em>The Mindy Project</em>, and it sort of felt like the same thing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9fxlBj">
There were some trade-offs in moving the genre from the big screen to the small. Romantic comedies had to get smaller, but they could also get more detailed.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NtNfgi">
Romcoms used to be powered by the superhuman charisma of the movie star. They were about basking in the warm glow of Julia Roberts’s smile and Hugh Grant’s yearning gaze, projected larger than life and softly glowing above our heads. When Roberts and Grant acted out <em>Notting Hill</em> in 1999, they didn’t have to explain why Grant’s everyman was able to get Roberts’s superstar actress to fall for him with a single tentative kiss. Their presences were so huge that we could be swept away by the emotion of the moment, rather than worrying about little character details.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="T9dPNR">
Television can’t blow up its stars like movies can, but it does send them into our living rooms week after week after week. That means we experience TV stars more intimately than we do movie stars. Movie stars are gods, but TV stars are humans whose every thought we know.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SThck6">
Television romcoms, in turn, are more human-scaled than movie romcoms, with smaller screens and longer runtimes. They make us care about their love stories not by the sheer overwhelming power of their size and charm, but by delving deeply into the human foibles and neuroses of the characters who somehow find a way to love each other anyway.
</p>
<hr class="p-entry-hr" id="9IRvP0"/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZTr8pW">
<strong>On </strong><em><strong>Starstruck</strong></em><strong>, the central problem</strong> of the first season is the one that <em>Notting Hill</em>, with its everyman played by a movie star, never had to face for real: It’s very, very hard to be a regular human being next to a movie star.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ADIGoy">
“When people see us together, it’s like one of those weird animal friendship shows where you see a Labrador and a hedgehog who are friends,” a humiliated Jessie tells Tom after they’re spotted flirting at a film premiere.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZhuVnp">
“People don’t think that,” Tom assures her.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7LCazN">
“Obviously you would say that,” Jessie returns. “You’re the fucking Labrador!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="P6E7AW">
The jolt that comes from saying this unspoken and awful truth is part of what gives the first season of <em>Starstruck</em> its power. The trope of a civilian dating a movie star is such an over-the-top fantasy, but the people on this show are so well-observed, such smartly written human beings. You almost don’t believe that such real-feeling people are going to live out such a silly trope. The magic of the show is that it makes you root for them to do it anyway.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Qvfk7A">
And they do, over and over again. The first season ends with a lovely, understated take on the classic airport chase scene trope: Jessie, deciding not to fly home to New Zealand but to stay in London with Tom, fails to get off the bus at the stop for the airport, and Tom leans over and kisses her. In the second season, the pair split up after Jessie’s insecurities push Tom away, but in the season finale she makes a rain-soaked declaration of love to Tom and the camera swirls around them as, once again, they kiss.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TIHs44">
The third season is where the trope falls apart. In the first five minutes of the premiere, <em>Starstruck</em> efficiently walks us through the entirety of Jessie and Tom’s romantic relationship in a single, dispassionate montage. They move in together. They flirt and cuddle. Tom flies off to location shoots and Jessie stays home looking bored and lonely. She stays home again, looking more lonely. Their flirty banter starts to become repetitive. They split up. Next time we see either one of them, it’s two years later, and Tom’s engaged to another woman.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BZvHb3">
The whole thing functions as a kind of reverse of <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/1/5/16849848/barry-jenkins-notting-hill-aint-no-sunshine">the famous montage of <em>Notting Hill</em></a> that shows a year going by in Hugh Grant’s life without Julia Roberts. There, part of the idea is that we only need to see glimpses of that year, because Hugh Grant stays static as life moves on all around him, stuck emotionally in one place without his love. In <em>Starstruck</em>, the montage suggests a different idea: the relationship doesn’t really matter because what we need to know about these people is what we saw of them when they were coming together and what we’ll see of them now when they separate.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KtzhLi">
This is <em>Starstruck</em> tackling another of the formal differences between romcoms on film and romcoms on TV. In movies, the romantic comedy can end on the big kiss, when the protagonists are finally reunited and all their problems are solved. They capture a moment in time, a breath, the split second when love has conquered all, before all the problems start up again.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9CyFSa">
TV shows, however, can only drag out the lead-up for so long. Eventually, they have to show us what happens after the kiss.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oSctIE">
By and large, the TV shows that successfully keep their central relationship intact after the big kiss are ensemble shows that don’t rely solely on the love story for narrative tension. Sitcoms like <em>Schitt’s Creek</em> and <em>Parks and Recreation</em> had big, beloved love stories, but because their genres were respectively family sitcom and workplace sitcom, they were able to keep generating story after their central couples got together and stayed together. True romantic comedies, however, tend to have a harder time of it on TV. On <em>The Mindy Project</em>, Danny left the show not long after he and Mindy had a baby together.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="43OGWI">
Probably the TV romcom that was most successful at dealing with the problem of the post-kiss period was <em>Crazy Ex-Girlfriend</em>, a show that was as much a creeping antihero horror show as it was a romantic comedy. On <em>Crazy Ex-Girlfriend</em>, every time Rebecca got close to another boyfriend, we knew it was only a matter of time before her self-destructive influences kicked in and she began plotting and scheming and stalking again. Part of the project of the show was for Rebecca to learn to free herself from the romantic comedy that was constantly running in her head, and for her to find a way to love herself enough to chase something she wanted even more than she wanted a boyfriend: <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/4/5/18296951/crazy-ex-girlfriend-season-4-episode-17-recap-im-in-love-series-finale">an avocation that could give her life meaning</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="89edwb">
<em>Starstruck</em>’s third season comes to a similar conclusion for Jessie: It tries to make the argument that what Jessie needs is not her fantasy-land <em>Notting Hill</em> love story, but a friendship that will nurture her. It attempts — not altogether successfully — to recenter the heart of the show around Jessie’s relationship with Kate, her best friend and former roommate (played by Emma Sidi, Matefeo’s IRL bestie).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xbV3gI">
As the season opens, Jessie is discombobulated not by her now long-past breakup with Tom, but because Kate is pregnant and getting married. Both of them fear that their relationship won’t survive the transition because how can someone be the person you tell all your secrets to if they also belong to other people?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PTwRXC">
Kate tells Jessie’s secrets to her husband; Jessie starts keeping secrets from Kate. “Will you still tell me all your secrets when the baby’s born?” Kate asks, half-asleep, in the tenderest scene of the new season. “Can I tell the baby all your secrets?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="x1pXpm">
“I don’t have much of a choice, do I?” Jessie whispers sweetly back to her.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="l4x1TJ">
As Kate and Jessie argue and stop talking to each other, Jessie continues to circle Tom, but she does so with a kind of exhausted resignation. Both of them are in relationships with likable new characters, and though they keep getting drawn back into each other’s orbits, their love scenes together now play as though they’re too tired of the same old rhythms to feel all that much of anything for each other. That moment on the bus at the end of season one feels lifetimes ago. It’s strange to imagine you ever rooted for them to be together.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="d2fanH">
In the last moments of the season’s penultimate episode, Tom shows up to surprise Jessie at the maternity ward where Kate’s going into labor, and she just says, “Hi,” and turns around to follow Kate. This, the subtext goes, is the real love story. This is what really matters. Jessie and Kate, best friends fighting and making up again and being there for each other in the big moments. It’s the <em>Crazy Ex-Girlfriend</em> lesson all over again; the guys are not the point.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DoRclj">
Which would come off rather more successfully if <em>Starstruck</em> hadn’t just spent the past two seasons telling a story in which the guys very much were the point. <em>Starstruck</em> in its first two seasons is not a deconstruction of the romantic comedy, but a romantic comedy, full stop: a story powered by the giddy pleasures of watching two people fall in love with each other, and sparkling with wit and psychological nuance to boot. It doesn’t warn us, as <em>Crazy Ex-Girlfriend</em> does, that trying to live out a real-life romantic comedy is dangerous and obsessive. It says, <em>Isn’t this real-life romantic comedy fun? Don’t you hope it will work out?</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1DxzkG">
It’s as though <em>Starstruck</em> adapted the <em>Notting Hill</em> formula for television a little too well for its own good, so that everything that made it sparkle at the beginning has locked it into its left turn of an ending. The psychological intimacy of TV means we can see the characters’ neuroses too clearly to believe they’ll get past them. Losing the epic scale of the movie screen means we can see how silly the premise is, and we feel how hard it would be to make it work in real life. Television’s serial structure means we can’t just stop the story at the moments when it looks like it might work.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="P3cvNq">
<em>Starstruck</em> maybe had to end where it did, but it got there messily, without a clear in-universe setup. As sweetly well-observed as the friendship between Jessie and Kate is, the third season doesn’t have the fizzy joy of the first, that sense that Matefeo was a really good writer going to go to town on one of the silliest and self-indulgent romantic tropes in the book, and that she was going to make it work.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="J4x8IP">
We all already know why movie stars and aimless movie theater ushers rarely date. The magic comes from building a world where they can.
</p></li>
<li><strong>The surprising scientific weirdness of glass</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="An image of a glass filled with water is being shattered—shattered glass and water is being flung in every direction." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/m7GuruRNPjhQx1BrWBbLBCr4i5U=/210x0:1650x1080/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72634307/PeteGamlen_VoxGlass.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Pete Gamlen for Vox
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Three mind-bendy conversations about glass later, I see the sublime in my windowpanes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="biWAk0">
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nq6to4">
There’s a <a href="https://www.cmog.org/article/does-glass-flow">myth</a> about glass you might have read about in high school: If you go to a church that’s hundreds of years old and look at the glass windows, you’ll find that the panes are thicker at the bottom of the frame than at the top. That’s because, according to lore, glass is actually a liquid, just one that flows very slowly.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3F302m">
This is a myth for a lot of reasons. The simplest is that the thickness of glass at the base of the windows can <a href="https://www.cmog.org/article/does-glass-flow">be explained</a> <a href="https://www.cmog.org/article/does-glass-flow">simply</a> by how glass panes were manufactured in the olden days. Back then, flat windows were made by spinning<a href="https://ceramics.org/ceramic-tech-today/glass-viscosity-calculations-definitively-debunk-the-myth-of-observable-flow-in-medieval-windows/"> a glass form into</a> a flat disc, which left the finished product with uneven thickness.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="beF1rK">
But also as a scientific explanation, the myth does not do glass justice. Glass is so much weirder than a very slow-moving liquid. In fact, even though glass is one of the most common, most useful materials in the world — lining our windows, covering our phones, delicately holding our stems of roses — scientists still have deep questions about what it fundamentally is.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vK8r9Z">
“It defies the very simple categories we have of liquid, solid, and gas,” says <a href="http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/cs2057/">Camille Scalliet</a>, a theoretical physicist at the University of Cambridge. She’s not the only scientist flummoxed by glass. All <a href="https://scglass.uchicago.edu/">over</a> the <a href="https://www.tue.nl/en/news/features/the-glass-phase-a-physics-mystery">world</a>, physicists, chemists, and other specialists are trying to unlock its secrets.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tihb51">
It’s true that glass does have some liquid-like properties. But remarkably, rather than flow, glass doesn’t move very much at all. In 2017, scientists analyzed the church glass myth in a paper, <a href="https://ceramics.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jace.15092">determining that</a>, over a billion years, church windowpanes would flow a single nanometer. (That is one-<a href="https://www.nano.gov/node/16">billionth</a> of a meter; it’s infinitesimally tiny. A <a href="https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/nano-size#:~:text=Just%20how%20small%20is%20%E2%80%9Cnano,is%20about%20100%2C000%20nanometers%20thick">piece of paper is around</a> 100,000 nanometers thick.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qkx3Eq">
And this finding gets us closer to the deepest mystery of glass. The question scientists grapple with isn’t “why does it flow.” Instead, “we don’t really know why it’s solid,” Scalliet says.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tj71G0">
The quest comes with some deep prizes. One prize would just be a better definition of one of the most common materials in the world. A complete understanding of glass would be satisfyingly sublime: It would teach us about how this material changes over billions of years, and tell us about its final form. We could learn whether certain forms of it could be <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.14204">considered a new state of matter</a>. Contemplating glass also forces us to consider the limitations of perceiving time on the scale of a meek human life span.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FDNWNu">
There are less heady prizes, too. If we understood glass better, “you can really start creating materials that don’t exist yet,” Scalliet says. Glasses that are stronger or bendier, or have properties we can’t yet imagine. “But at the moment, we don’t really have this knowledge.”
</p>
<hr class="p-entry-hr" id="RbrKnz"/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="r7An11">
To explain the weirdness of glass, it’s helpful to think about what typically differentiates between liquids and solids.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wuUd1Q">
Solids and liquids are both made up of atoms and molecules. Temperature changes how these components are arranged. Cooler temperatures solidify molecules; warmer temperatures make them juicy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rkoGxV">
The important differences are seen on the microscopic scale of molecules. In liquids, the molecules are very disordered; they move around each other and flow. “If you could zoom in and see individual molecules, they would be packed randomly and they would be moving around very fast,” Scalliet says.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aq9LYw">
I think of a liquid like a crowd of people dancing at a club. They’re energetic, packed in, vibing. They can move around each other, bump and grind, dancing to the music. If you took a snapshot of the dancers, it would look like a chaotic, jumbled mess. That’s a liquid.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bbTcem">
Solids are much more tame. As we typically think of them, they are made up of crystals, which are structured, orderly patterns of molecules. When the temperature cools down, the atoms and molecules line up in a regular geometric pattern. In the dance club metaphor, instead of undulating past each other, these ravers stop dancing and sit down in concert seats. They can still squirm a bit in those seats (as long as the thermostat in the theater isn’t set to absolute zero), but they’re mostly locked in place.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZTMGy9">
So those are liquids and crystalline solids: simple and easily distinguished from one another. Glass is neither of those things — while still retaining some properties of each.<strong> </strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="44RQAj">
The simplest explanation for how glass forms is that it’s a liquid that cools too quickly for those crystals to form. So the molecules get locked in place in a chaotic liquid-like arrangement.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pC7zwo">
Imagine you’re in the crowded dance space, and you decide you need to use the bathroom. But when you try to get there, a lot of the dancers decide to stop moving. When that happens, it becomes harder and harder for you to navigate across the dance floor. “If you’re with your partner and you want to just trade places, you can’t do it because you’re so jammed, you need to get other people to move,” <a href="https://www.physics.harvard.edu/people/facpages/weitz">David Weitz</a>, a Harvard physicist, says.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sTQnH3">
And when <em>you</em> can’t move, it makes it harder for other people to move around you. So gradually, and then very suddenly, the whole dance floor seizes up. You’re locked in place, and not in an orderly geometric pattern. It’s a mess. It’s glass. And you’re not going to make it to the bathroom in time (again, it might take some billions of years to move just nanometers). <em> </em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ft0eiS">
This is the basic definition of a glass: a liquid that has been locked in place. Or, in science-speak: an “<a href="https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Materials_Science/Supplemental_Modules_(Materials_Science)/Insulators/Glass_(Amorphous_Solids)">amorphous solid</a>.” And it applies to a lot of materials, not just the silica-based glasses that hang in our windows or cover our phones.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3MjJ92">
“When you think of glass, you think of a glass that you drink water from, or window glass,” Weitz says. “But to me, it’s so much richer. There’s so many materials that behave glassy-like<em>.”</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rbJqfg">
Some <a href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/13%3A_States_of_Matter/13.17%3A_Amorphous_Solids#:~:text=An%20amorphous%20solid%20is%20a,from%20those%20of%20crystalline%20solids.">plastics are considered glasses</a>, as are natural materials like amber. And some parts of <a href="https://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(13)01479-7">your cells are considered to be glass-like</a>. Even foams like whipped cream can be described as glass-like, Weitz says. Finding out the underlying mechanics that connect all these forms of glass, that’s “the real challenge to me, the beauty of the whole science.<em>” </em>
</p>
<hr class="p-entry-hr" id="0ZOPCK"/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0J0rj4">
The club scenario is the <em>start</em> of the explanation for why glass is solid, but for scientists, it’s incomplete. The problem lies in the end result. If you take a picture of the molecular structure of a glass and the molecular structure of a liquid, they look the same. So why does one flow and another is locked in place?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0yBOc3">
“There are currently <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/77/4/042501">different ways to explain this,</a> why the glass is not moving,” Scalliet says. But no theory is universally agreed upon.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RxEg0o">
The various explanations involve some <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2018.00097/full">very math-heavy invocations of thermodynamics</a>. But in short, scientists are in search of a deeper order to this system that we can’t see just in a snapshot — something to explain glass’s solidness like you could explain the solidness of table salt by pointing to its crystal structure. The secret is likely in the collective action of the molecules over time, and how they influence one another as the liquid seizes up.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZzAwNd">
But it’s just such a complicated system to unravel. “It’s sort of a massively collective phenomenon where you look at a huge number of atoms and molecules,” Weitz says. “A lot of the theory of glass is trying to understand how [the molecules] collect together.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KxCGeL">
In practical terms, it matters that scientists don’t have a complete theory of glass. For one, it means they simply don’t understand glass as well as they do crystalline solids.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9jPxK2">
With a crystalline solid, you can predict many of the properties of the solid just by looking at its simple crystal structure. Just by knowing the arrangement of the molecules in the crystalline solid, “you can understand, for example, how the solid will absorb heat,” Scalliet says, or “where it will break.” But in the case of glass, “you have basically an infinite number of arrangements. You don’t have this well-known underlying structure.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PMq5qA">
That means it’s hard to predict the properties of glass. We learn how glass breaks by breaking it, how it holds on to heat by heating it. That leaves the manufacturing of new types of glass to be a bit of trial and error. But the lack of a complete theory also leaves scientists with some fundamental — even existential — questions about what glass truly is.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AAgzRi">
For one, it’s hard to say, exactly, when a liquid stops being a liquid and starts being a glass. “There’s no clear boundary,” Scalliet says. “At this moment, we basically have a very anthropocentric way to separate what’s a liquid and what’s a glass.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EYqx6n">
That’s because glass will still flow a tiny bit over millions and billions of years. If we lived for that long, and experienced the passage of time more quickly, we might not think glass is very mysterious at all. We might think it was a liquid.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qqfKXt">
It could also be that, also over an immense period, glass will eventually crystallize and become a typical solid. In this light, glass is just liquid “that’s sliding on its way to being a crystal<em>,” </em><a href="https://chem.wisc.edu/staff/ediger-mark-d/">Mark Ediger</a>, a chemistry professor at the University of Wisconsin Madison, says.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="K9z1Jh">
But there’s another exciting possibility here: that instead of crystallization, over very long periods, glass can inch closer to the state of “perfect disorder,” as Ediger describes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qmczgK">
“Let’s suppose that you have boxes,” he says, “many different boxes of different sizes and shapes, and you’re trying to pack them all into the back of a U-Haul.” If you manage to squeeze all the boxes in the back of the U-Haul, with no possible room for any others, and there’s only one possible configuration of the boxes that will allow you to do this, that’s perfect disorder.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1dE4Db">
A glass that has achieved perfect disorder would be called an “ideal” glass, Ediger says. “It’s not ideal in the sense that it has the best composition to be on the front of your cellphone,” he says. “It’s ideal in the sense it has the best possible packing of those constituent entities without crystallizing. If you wanted to make it any tighter, you’d have to start having crystals.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YYPOzx">
The problem is that no one is sure if ideal glass can actually exist, let alone create it or use the material. Though it would be an exciting discovery, as Ediger says, the material would arguably represent an entirely new phase of matter. Ediger has done some experiments trying to make a glass as ideal as possible, <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01508">packing molecules into a material one at a time</a>. The problem is that “the closer you get to the ideal glass, the longer everything takes,” he says. “In terms of packing the U-Haul, we have one box left and it doesn’t quite fit.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MzxCZx">
There are also <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/ideal-glass-would-explain-why-glass-exists-at-all-20200311/">studies of 100-million-plus-year-old pieces of amber</a> to see if the material has evolved into a more “ideal” state over its long time on Earth. But the question remains unanswered.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="L38chs">
If ideal glass exists, it could help scientists understand the more common kinds of glass better. The solidness of less-than-ideal glass could be explained, in part, by how close it is to being perfectly disordered.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="THZXAg">
(That’s because the closer a glass is to the ideal state, the less it’s able to reconfigure itself, and the longer it takes to reconfigure itself. And a system that takes a long time to move is “stiff,” as Ediger says — a.k.a. solid. )
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AL9Yiu">
The search for ideal glass is mostly an academic quest that flirts with sublime ideas; the researchers I talked to seemed to love the jigsaw puzzle nature of the problem. But discovering it could also lead to better predicting the properties of glass, and help with engineering new ones. “If you can identify what this ideal packaging [of molecules] looks like, that’s really telling you what the ultimate properties of glasses are,” Ediger says. “Now, if you don’t make it that well, then you’re not going to get those properties, but at least it tells you what you’re shooting for.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GRq08o">
Any deeper insight into the nature of glass might help scientists engineer better ones. “If you understand how physical properties emerge from a given [disordered] structure, then you can start making new materials,” Scalliet says. Like smartphone screens that are bendy, or less likely to break. Or making glass that can<a href="https://mo-sci.com/vitrification-nuclear-waste-management/"> trap nuclear waste for longer and longer periods</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rR3Th2">
The future might be built on more advanced glasses. But for now, we can just appreciate glass for what it is: intensely useful, flowy like a dance floor but rigid like a gem. And deeply, beautifully unknown.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zyE6DR">
“Look at this window,” Scalliet says. “Like, there is this thing, it’s everywhere. And we don’t understand why it exists.”
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Littorio and Madras Cheque please</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Shubankar, Touch Of Grey, Mighty Zo, Elveden and River Of Gold shine</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Belgium-Sweden football match halted following gunman attack in Brussels</strong> - 35,000 fans were held in the stadium for hours as a precaution following a shooting that killed two in Brussels</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Morning Digest | SC to pronounce judgment in same-sex marriage case; UNSC to vote on resolutions on Israel-Hamas war, and more</strong> - Here is a select list of stories to start the day</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cricket World Cup 2023 | I was under the weather before the match, says Australia spinner Adam Zampa</strong> -</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Karnataka seeks pending dues from Centre under MGNREGA to help mitigate drought condition</strong> - Wage release to Karnataka is due from MoRD since August 29, 2023, which amounts to ₹478.46 crore</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>‘Dead’ for 20 years, ex-navy employee arrested by Delhi Police for triple murder</strong> - After faking his death, Balesh fled to Punjab; later moved to Delhi’s Najafgarh with his family.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bengal government releases ₹197 crore for farmers who could not sow paddy due to deficit rainfall: Mamata</strong> - The fund has been released under the Bangla Shasya Bima (BSB), the W.B. Chief Minister said, adding that since the launch of the scheme in 2019, the State government has paid more than ₹2,400 crore to 85 lakh farmers</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Kerala to constitute commission for senior citizens, says Minister for Social Justice R. Bindu</strong> - Commission will address issues related to welfare of the elderly in Kerala, says Minister</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Project to enhance reading, writing and arithmetic skills of students to take wing soon in Ernakulam district of Kerala</strong> - Title ‘Samagragunamenma Padhathi’, the comprehensive quality enhancement programme for students of Classes I to VII will be launched in around 190 schools in Ernakulam as part of State-wide initiative by General Education department of Kerala</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Brussels shooting: Police shoot dead attacker who killed Swedes</strong> - Two died and one person was injured in the Monday attack coinciding with a Sweden football match.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Poland election: Tusk’s opposition eyes power after pivotal vote</strong> - Eight years of rule under the right-wing Law and Justice party could soon come to an end.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mother’s plea for daughter Mia’s release after Hamas hostage video</strong> - Keren Shem appeals for her daughter to be freed immediately with all the Hamas hostages in Gaza.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bedbugs: Hotels turn to tech as outbreaks rise</strong> - Firms are turning to tech - both old and new - to catch outbreaks early, which is vital to stopping the spread.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>EU parliamentarians make accidental stop at Disneyland</strong> - They are meant to be going to Strasbourg but a signalling error takes them to the theme park instead.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What to expect amid the bevy of conflicting iPad rumors</strong> - Will we see an iPad Air refresh, a new Pencil, or nothing this fall? - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1976287">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Google, DOJ still blocking public access to monopoly trial docs, NYT says</strong> - NYT asked the court to intervene and unseal secretive testimony in its entirety. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1976408">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>AI helps decipher first text of “unreadable” ancient Herculaneum scroll</strong> - Computer science student Luke Farritor won $40,000 from the Vesuvius Challenge. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1975891">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>After ChatGPT disruption, Stack Overflow lays off 28 percent of staff</strong> - The popular developer forum is still hunting for a “path to profitability.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1976310">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Actively exploited Cisco 0-day with maximum 10 severity gives full network control</strong> - An unknown threat actor is exploiting the vulnerability to create admin accounts. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1976348">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>One day an old Ukrainian man found an antique lamp</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He starts it to polish it off and ‘Poof’, a genie appears in a cloud of smoke.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Hoho, Mortal!” says the genie, stretching and yawning, “For releasing me I will grant you three wishes.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The old man thinks for a moment, and says, “I want Genghis Khan resurrected. I want him to re-unite his mongol hordes, march to Ukraine’s border, and then decide he doesn’t want the place and march back home.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“No sooner said than done!” thunders the genie. “Your second wish?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Ok. I want Genghis Khan resurrected. I want him to re-unite his mongol hordes, march to the Ukraine’s border, and then decide he doesn’t want the place and march back home.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Hmmm.” The genie scratched his chin in confusion “Well, all right. Your third wish?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“I want Genghis Khan resurrected. I want him to re-unite his –”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Okokok. Right. What’s this business about Genghis Khan marching to Ukraine and turning around again and again?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The old man smiles. “He has to pass through Russia six times.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Des-You-color"> /u/Des-You-color </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/179jev2/one_day_an_old_ukrainian_man_found_an_antique_lamp/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/179jev2/one_day_an_old_ukrainian_man_found_an_antique_lamp/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>a healthy diet</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The Japanese eat very little fat and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British or Americans. The French eat a lot of fat and also suffer fewer heart attacks than the British or Americans. The Japanese drink very little red wine and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British or Americans. The Italians drink excessive amounts of red wine and also suffer fewer heart attacks than the British or Americans. The Germans drink a lot of beers and eat lots of sausages and fats and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British or Americans. Conclusion
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Eat and drink what you like. Speaking English is apparently what kills you.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/bohogirl1"> /u/bohogirl1 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/179mj05/a_healthy_diet/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/179mj05/a_healthy_diet/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Is finding out that your spouse sucked hundreds of dicks before they were married a big deal?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Or is my wife just overreacting?
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/majwaj"> /u/majwaj </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1798att/is_finding_out_that_your_spouse_sucked_hundreds/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1798att/is_finding_out_that_your_spouse_sucked_hundreds/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Why did the chicken cross the road?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
To get to the other side.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I don’t know if anyone else has had this experience, but I was today years old when I realized that this joke is actually a fairly clever double entendre. I always thought it was a dumb “of course” punchline and it never remotely occurred to me that it had to do with the chicken dying and going to the “other side.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
In short, I’m here to tell you I’m a moron.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/cabbage_peddler"> /u/cabbage_peddler </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/179m01d/why_did_the_chicken_cross_the_road/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/179m01d/why_did_the_chicken_cross_the_road/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Balloonist and Hiker</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
An older colleague of mine told me this. It may be older than him.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A hot air balloonist got blown way off course. Realizing how lost he was he decided to lower altitude to see if he could get some help from someone on the ground. He saw a large wilderness expance but luckily he noticed a hiker so he called out:
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Hello! I was supposed to meet my friends hours ago but unfortunately I got blown off course and have no idea where I am. Can you help me?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The hiker replies:
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“You are floating about 25’ above a small clearing in the Allegheny National Forrest and you’re about an hour and a half north of my camp site.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Frustrated the balloonist yells down:
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“You must be an engineer”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“How did you know that?” The hiker responded with surprise!
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The balloonist said “because while everything you said is technically correct, it is of absolutely no use to me and I am still lost!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“I get it, you must be a contractor.” Said the hiker.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
How did you know that?" The balloonist responded equally surprised.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Well you don’t know where you are or where you’re going, you have made promises you can’t keep and you’re in the exact same position you were in before we met….But now it is my fault.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Monster_depot311"> /u/Monster_depot311 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/179icnq/balloonist_and_hiker/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/179icnq/balloonist_and_hiker/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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