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<title>24 June, 2023</title>
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<title>Covid-19 Sentry</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Infection-induced vascular inflammation in COVID-19 links focal microglial dysfunction with neuropathologies through IL-1/IL-6-related systemic inflammatory states</strong> -
<div>
COVID-19 is associated with diverse neurological abnormalities, which predict poor outcome in patients. However, the mechanisms whereby infection-induced inflammation could affect complex neuropathologies in COVID-19 are unclear. We hypothesized that microglia, the resident immune cells of brain, are centrally involved in this process. To study this, we developed an autopsy platform allowing the integration of molecular anatomy-, protein- and mRNA data sets in post-mortem mirror blocks of brain and peripheral organ samples from COVID-19 cases. Nanoscale microscopy, single-cell RNA sequencing and analysis of inflammatory and metabolic signatures revealed distinct mechanisms of microglial dysfunction associated with cerebral SARS-CoV-2 infection. We observed focal loss of microglial P2Y12R at sites of virus-associated vascular inflammation together with dysregulated microglia-vascular-astrocyte interactions, Cx3Cr1-fractalkine axis deficits and mitochondrial failure in severely affected medullary autonomic nuclei and other brain areas. Microglial dysfunction occurs at sites of excessive synapse- and myelin phagocytosis and loss of glutamatergic terminals. While central and systemic viral load is strongly linked in individual patients, the regionally heterogenous microglial reactivity in the brain correlated with the extent of central and systemic inflammation related to IL-1 / IL-6 via virus-sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and inflammasome activation pathways. Thus, SARS-CoV-2-induced central and systemic inflammation might lead to a primarily glio-vascular failure in the brain, which could be a common contributor to diverse COVID-19-related neuropathologies.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546214v1" target="_blank">Infection-induced vascular inflammation in COVID-19 links focal microglial dysfunction with neuropathologies through IL-1/IL-6-related systemic inflammatory states</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Germline-encoded specificities and the predictability of the B cell response</strong> -
<div>
Antibodies result from the competition of B cell lineages evolving under selection for improved antigen recognition, a process known as affinity maturation. High-affinity antibodies to pathogens such as HIV, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 are frequently reported to arise from B cells whose receptors, the precursors to antibodies, are encoded by particular immunoglobulin alleles. This raises the possibility that the presence of particular germline alleles in the B cell repertoire is a major determinant of the quality of the antibody response. Alternatively, initial differences in germline alleles’ propensities to form high-affinity receptors might be overcome by chance events during affinity maturation. We first investigate these scenarios in simulations: when germline-encoded fitness differences are large relative to the rate and effect size variation of somatic mutations, the same germline alleles persistently dominate the response of different individuals. In contrast, if germline-encoded advantages can be easily overcome by subsequent mutations, allele usage becomes increasingly divergent over time, a pattern we then observe in mice experimentally infected with influenza virus. We investigated whether affinity maturation might nonetheless strongly select for particular amino acid motifs across diverse genetic backgrounds, but we found no evidence of convergence to similar CDR3 sequences or amino acid substitutions. These results suggest that although germline-encoded specificities can lead to similar immune responses between individuals, diverse evolutionary routes to high affinity limit the genetic predictability of responses to infection and vaccination.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508315v3" target="_blank">Germline-encoded specificities and the predictability of the B cell response</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Optimal Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Considering Limited Healthcare System Capacity and Economic Costs in the Republic of Korea</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Due to the relatively low severity and fatality rates of the omicron variant of COVID-19, strict non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) with high economic costs may not be necessary. We develop a mathematical model of the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea that considers NPIs, variants, medical capacity, and economic costs. Using optimal control theory, we propose an optimal strategy for the omicron period. To suggest a realistic strategy, we consider limited hospital beds for severe cases and incorporate it as a penalty term in the objective functional using a logistic function. This transforms the constrained problem into an unconstrained one. Given that the solution to the optimal control problem is continuous, we propose the adoption of a sub-optimal control as a more practically implementable alternative. Our study demonstrates how to strategically balance the trade-off between minimizing the economic cost for NPIs and ensuring that the number of severe cases in hospitals is manageable.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.23290452v2" target="_blank">Optimal Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Considering Limited Healthcare System Capacity and Economic Costs in the Republic of Korea</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Psycho-social factors associated with mental resilience in the Corona lockdown</strong> -
<div>
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is not only a threat to physical health but is also having severe impacts on mental health. While increases in stress-related symptomatology and other adverse psycho-social outcomes as well as their most important risk factors have been described, hardly anything is known about potential protective factors. Resilience refers to the maintenance of mental health despite adversity. In order to gain mechanistic insights about the relationship between described psycho-social resilience factors and resilience specifically in the current crisis, we assessed resilience factors, exposure to Corona crisis-specific and general stressors, as well as internalizing symptoms in a cross-sectional online survey conducted in 24 languages during the most intense phase of the lockdown in Europe (March 22nd to April 19th) in a convenience sample of N=15,970 adults. Resilience, as an outcome, was conceptualized as good mental health despite stressor exposure and measured as the inverse residual between actual and predicted symptom total score. Preregistered hypotheses (osf.io/r6btn) were tested with multiple regression models and mediation analyses. Results confirmed our primary hypothesis that positive appraisal style (PAS) is positively associated with resilience (p&lt;0.0001). The resilience factor PAS also partly mediated the positive association between perceived social support and resilience, and its association with resilience was in turn partly mediated by the ability to easily recover from stress (both p&lt;0.0001). In comparison with other resilience factors, good stress response recovery and positive appraisal specifically of the consequences of the Corona crisis were the strongest factors. Preregistered exploratory subgroup analyses (osf.io/thka9) showed that all tested resilience factors generalize across major socio-demographic categories. This research identifies modifiable protective factors that can be targeted by public mental health efforts in this and in future pandemics.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/4z62t/" target="_blank">Psycho-social factors associated with mental resilience in the Corona lockdown</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>PCR data accurately predict infectious virus: a characterization of SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates</strong> -
<div>
Researchers and clinicians often rely on molecular assays like PCR to identify and monitor viral infections instead of the resource-prohibitive gold standard of viral culture. However, it remains unclear when (if ever) PCR measurements of viral load are reliable indicators of replicating or infectious virus. Here, we compare total RNA, subgenomic RNA, and viral culture results from 24 studies of SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates using bespoke statistical models. On out-of-sample data, our best models predict subgenomic RNA from total RNA with 91% accuracy, and they predict culture positivity with 85% accuracy. Total RNA and subgenomic RNA showed equivalent performance as predictors of culture positivity. Multiple cofactors, including exposure conditions and host traits, influence culture predictions for total RNA quantities spanning twelve orders of magnitude. Our model framework can be adapted to compare any assays, in any host species, and for any virus, to support laboratory analyses, medical decisions, and public health guidelines.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.546114v1" target="_blank">PCR data accurately predict infectious virus: a characterization of SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A benchmark study of data normalisation methods for PTR-TOF-MS exhaled breath metabolomics</strong> -
<div>
Background: Volatilomics is the branch of metabolomics dedicated to the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath for medical diagnostic or therapeutic monitoring purposes. Real-time mass spectrometry technologies such as proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) are commonly used, and data normalisation is an important step to discard unwanted variation from non-biological sources, as batch effects and loss of sensitivity over time may be observed. As normalisation methods for real-time breath analysis have been poorly investigated, we aimed to benchmark known metabolomic data normalisation methods and apply them to PTR-MS data analysis. Methods: We compared seven normalisation methods, five statistically based and two using multiple standard metabolites, on two datasets from clinical trials for COVID-19 diagnosis in patients from the emergency department or intensive care unit. We evaluated different means of feature selection to select the standard metabolites, as well as the use of multiple repeat measurements of ambient air to train the normalisation methods. Results: We show that the normalisation tools can correct for time-dependent drift. The methods that provided the best corrections for both cohorts were Probabilistic Quotient Normalisation and Normalisation using Optimal Selection of Multiple Internal Standards. Normalisation also improved the diagnostic performance of the machine learning models, significantly increasing sensitivity, specificity and area under the ROC curve for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of adding an appropriate normalisation step during the processing of PTR-MS data, which allows significant improvements in the predictive performance of statistical models.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546053v1" target="_blank">A benchmark study of data normalisation methods for PTR-TOF-MS exhaled breath metabolomics</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Effective vaccination strategies to control COVID-19 outbreak: A modeling study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
OBJECTIVES Three years following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a global health emergency of international concern. As immunity levels in the population acquired through past infections and vaccinations have been decreasing, booster vaccinations have become necessary to control new outbreaks. This study aimed to determine the most suitable vaccination strategy to control the COVID-19 surge. METHODS A mathematical model was developed to simultaneously consider the immunity levels induced by vaccines and infections, and employed to analyze the possibility of future resurgence and control using vaccines and antivirals. RESULTS As of May 11, 2023, a peak in resurgence is predicted to occur around mid-October of the same year if the current epidemic trend continues without additional vaccinations. In the best scenario, the peak number of severely hospitalized patients can be reduced by 43% (480) compared to the scenario without vaccine intervention (849). Depending on the outbreak trends and vaccination strategies, the best timing for vaccination in terms of minimizing the said peak varies from May to August 2023. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that if the epidemic continues, the best timing for vaccinations must be earlier than specified by the current plan in Korea. Further monitoring of outbreak trends is crucial for determining the optimal timing of vaccinations to manage future surges.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.23291573v2" target="_blank">Effective vaccination strategies to control COVID-19 outbreak: A modeling study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Discovering Social Determinants of Health from Case Reports using Natural Language Processing: Algorithmic Development and Validation</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Social determinants of health are non-medical factors that influence health outcomes (SDOH). There is a wealth of SDOH information available via electronic health records, clinical reports, and social media, usually in free text format, which poses a significant challenge and necessitates the use of natural language processing (NLP) techniques to extract key information. Objective: The objective of this research is to advance the automatic extraction of SDOH from clinical texts. Setting and Data: The case reports of COVID-19 patients from the published literature are curated to create a corpus. A portion of the data is annotated by experts to create gold labels, and active learning is used for corpus re-annotation. Methods: A named entity recognition (NER) framework is developed and tested to extract SDOH along with a few prominent clinical entities (diseases, treatments, diagnosis) from the free texts. Results: The proposed NER implementation achieves an accuracy (F1-score) of 92.98% on our test set and generalizes well on benchmark data. A careful analysis of case examples demonstrates the superiority of the proposed approach in correctly classifying the named entities. Conclusions: NLP can be used to extract key information, such as SDOH from free texts. A more accurate understanding of SDOH is needed to further improve healthcare outcomes.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.22282946v5" target="_blank">Discovering Social Determinants of Health from Case Reports using Natural Language Processing: Algorithmic Development and Validation</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Enhanced real-time mass spectrometry breath analysis for the diagnosis of COVID-19</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Although rapid screening for and diagnosis of COVID-19 are still urgently needed, most current testing methods are either long, costly, and/or poorly specific. The objective of the present study was to determine whether or not artificial-intelligence-enhanced real-time MS breath analysis is a reliable, safe, rapid means of screening ambulatory patients for COVID-19. Methods: In two prospective, open, interventional studies in a single university hospital, we used real-time, proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry to perform a metabolomic analysis of exhaled breath from adults requiring screening for COVID-19. Artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques were used to build mathematical models based on breath analysis data either alone or combined with patient metadata. Results: We obtained breath samples from 173 participants, of whom 67 had proven COVID-19. After using machine learning algorithms to process breath analysis data and further enhancing the model using patient metadata, our method was able to differentiate between COVID-19-positive and -negative participants with a sensitivity of 98%, a specificity of 74%, a negative predictive value of 98%, a positive predictive value of 72%, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.961. The predictive performance was similar for asymptomatic, weakly symptomatic and symptomatic participants and was not biased by the COVID-19 vaccination status. Conclusions: Real-time, non-invasive, artificial-intelligence-enhanced mass spectrometry breath analysis might be a reliable, safe, rapid, cost-effective, high-throughput method for COVID-19 screening.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.23291712v1" target="_blank">Enhanced real-time mass spectrometry breath analysis for the diagnosis of COVID-19</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Association between post-infection COVID-19 vaccination and symptom severity of post COVID-19 condition among patients on Bonaire, Caribbean Netherlands: a retrospective cohort study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objectives: In this retrospective cohort study, we aimed to investigate symptom severity change following COVID-19 vaccination among post COVID-19 condition (PCC) patients on Bonaire. Methods: Symptomatic cases who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 between the start of the pandemic and 1 October 2021, were unrecovered on the interview day, and unvaccinated prior to infection were identified from the national case registry. Patients were interviewed by telephone between 15 November and 4 December 2021 about sociodemographic factors, pre-pandemic health, COVID-19 symptoms and vaccination status. We compared symptom severity change between the acute and post-acute disease phase (&gt;4 weeks after disease onset) of 14 symptoms on a five-point Likert scale for 36 PCC patients having received at least one dose of the BNT162 (BioNTech/Pfizer) vaccine and 11 patients who remained unvaccinated, using separate multiple linear regression models. Results: Most common post-acute symptoms included fatigue (81%), reduced physical endurance (79%), and reduced muscle strength (64%). Post-infection vaccination was significantly associated with reduced severity of heart palpitations, after adjusting for acute phase severity and duration of illness (β 0.60, 95% CI 0.18, 1.02). We did not find a statistically significant association with symptom severity change for other, more prevalent symptoms. Conclusions: Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm our observation in a small study population that post-infection COVID-19 vaccination was associated with reduced severity of heart palpitations among those with this symptom self-attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.23291649v1" target="_blank">Association between post-infection COVID-19 vaccination and symptom severity of post COVID-19 condition among patients on Bonaire, Caribbean Netherlands: a retrospective cohort study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Evaluating the buffering role of perceived social support and coping resources against the adult mental health impacts of COVID-19 psychosocial stress: a cross-sectional study in South Africa</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objectives: Growing evidence has highlighted the global mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown, particularly in societies with pre-existing socioeconomic adversities and public health concerns. Despite the sudden and prolonged nature of many psychosocial stressors during the pandemic, recent studies have shown that communities utilized several coping mechanisms to buffer the mental health consequences of COVID-related stress. This paper examines the extent to which coping resources and social support buffered against the mental health effects of COVID-19 psychosocial stress among adults in South Africa. Materials &amp; Methods: Adult participants (n=117) completed an online survey during the second and third waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa (January-July 2021), which assessed experiences of stress, coping resources, social support, and four mental health outcomes: depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and bipolar disorder. Moderation analyses examined the potential buffering role of coping resources and social support against the mental health effects of COVID-19 stress. Results: Adults reported elevated rates of psychiatric symptoms. Coping resources buffered against the poor mental health effects of COVID-19 psychosocial stress, whereas perceived social support did not significantly moderate the association between COVID-19 stress and adult mental health. Discussion: These results suggest that adults in our sample utilized a variety of coping resources to protect their mental health against psychosocial stress experienced during the COVID-19 lockdown and pandemic in South Africa. Additionally, existing mental health conditions and strained social relationships may have attenuated the potential stress-buffering effect of perceived social support on adult mental health.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.23291688v1" target="_blank">Evaluating the buffering role of perceived social support and coping resources against the adult mental health impacts of COVID-19 psychosocial stress: a cross-sectional study in South Africa</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Covid-19 Excess Mortality in China: A Regional Comparison</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Estimates of Covid-19 excess mortality are often considered to reflect the true death toll of the pandemic. As such, information on excess mortality is urgently needed to better understand the impact of the pandemic and prepare for future crises. This study estimated Covid-19 excess mortality at the provincial, regional, and national levels in China and investigated its associated regional disparities. The analyses were based on population and death rates data published by the national and provincial bureaus of statistics in China. The results suggest that excess deaths in China were over 1 million during each year of the pandemic, totaling to over 4 million by the end of 2022, at an excess death rate of 15.4%. This rate was likely comparable to that of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), but higher than the US rate. Striking disparities were discovered among the 31 provinces with excess death rates ranging from negative rates in two eastern provinces to over 30% in three inland provinces. Rates in western China were over twice as high as those in eastern China. Variations with each individual regions were the largest in the central region and the smallest in the Northeast, which was the hardest hit with excess death rate of over 23%. The regional disparities in excess mortality rates seem to reflect pre-existing regional inequalities in socio-economic development in China. Such findings suggest that China has far to go to mitigate regional inequalities, achieve sustainability, and prepare for the next major crises.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.23291443v2" target="_blank">Covid-19 Excess Mortality in China: A Regional Comparison</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The Lived Experiences of Post-Pandemic Working Students on Face-to-Face Learning Modality</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused widespread disruptions in educational institutions, presenting a challenging routine for working students who juggle employment and academic pursuits. This study aims to uncover the lived experiences of post-pandemic working students in the context of face-to-face learning. A descriptive phenomenological approach was employed to explore and capture their experiences. Purposive sampling was utilized to collect data from seven working students who met the inclusion criteria. The data analysis followed Braun and Clarke’s (2006) method, involving the extraction of codes, categories, and themes from the responses obtained through semi-structured interviews. As a result of the analysis, six major themes emerged: (1) financial struggles, (2) personal objectives, (3) time and schedule adjustments, (4) struggles with utilizing physical and social skills, (5) paying off debt, and (6) futurism. The findings indicate that working students require time to adapt and overcome the challenges and difficulties presented in the post-pandemic period. Therefore, it is crucial to provide them with support and measures to ensure that their studies and employment are not compromised.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://edarxiv.org/p23s5/" target="_blank">The Lived Experiences of Post-Pandemic Working Students on Face-to-Face Learning Modality</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Combination therapy with oral antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs improves the efficacy of delayed treatment in severe COVID-19</strong> -
<div>
Pulmonary infection with SARS-CoV-2 stimulates host immune responses and can also result in the progression of dysregulated and critical inflammation. Throughout the pandemic, the management and treatment of COVID-19 has been continuously updated with a range of antiviral drugs and immunomodulators. Monotherapy with oral antivirals has proven to be effective in the treatment of COVID-19. However, the treatment should be initiated in the early stages of infection to ensure beneficial therapeutic outcomes, and there is still room for further consideration on therapeutic strategies using antivirals. Here, we show that the oral antiviral ensitrelvir combined with the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid methylprednisolone has higher therapeutic effects and better outcomes in a delayed dosing model of SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters compared to the monotherapy with ensitrelvir or methylprednisolone alone. Combination therapy with these drugs improved respiratory conditions and the development of pneumonia in hamsters even when the treatment was started after 2 days post infection. The combination therapy led to a differential histological and transcriptomic pattern in comparison to either of the monotherapies, with reduced lung damage and down-regulated expressions of genes involved in inflammatory response. Furthermore, we found that the combination treatment is effective in infection with both highly pathogenic delta and circulating omicron variants. Our results demonstrate the advantage of combination therapy with antiviral and corticosteroid drugs in COVID-19 treatment. Since both drugs are available as oral medications, this combination therapy could provide a clinical and potent therapeutic option for COVID-19.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545832v1" target="_blank">Combination therapy with oral antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs improves the efficacy of delayed treatment in severe COVID-19</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The role of personality, conspiracy mentality, REBT irrational beliefs, and adult attachment in COVID-19 related health behaviors</strong> -
<div>
There is evidence that different types of irrational thinking and beliefs are significant predictors of questionable and maladaptive COVID-19 related health practices. In this study, we investigated the role of two under-researched types of irrational thinking, more typical for a clinical setting: irrational beliefs defined in Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) and attachment anxiety and avoidance. We investigated whether REBT irrational beliefs, attachment dimensions, and conspiracy mentality mediated the relationship between personality traits, on the one side, and COVID-19 health behaviors, on the other. We proposed that HEXACO personality traits, and especially Disintegration (proneness to psychotic-like experiences) predicted irrational thinking and beliefs, which in turn predicted higher susceptibility to questionable health practices. Structural equation modeling on a sample of 287 participants from the general population, showed that Disintegration was related to REBT irrational beliefs, attachment dimensions, and conspiracy mentality, highlighting the important effect of Disintegration on irrational thinking and beliefs. Conspiracy mentality mediated the effects of Disintegration to low adherence to recommended health behaviors - RHB , and greater use of pseudoscientific practices - PSP . Attachment anxiety mediated the relationship between high Disintegration, high Emotionality (E), and low Honesty (H), and lower adherence to RHB. REBT irrational beliefs and attachment avoidance did not mediate the relationship between personality traits and COVID-19 health behaviors.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/q2nye/" target="_blank">The role of personality, conspiracy mentality, REBT irrational beliefs, and adult attachment in COVID-19 related health behaviors</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Probiotic and Colchicine in COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Colchicine 0.5 MG;   Dietary Supplement: Probiotic Formula;   Other: Standard protocol<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Ain Shams University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Influence of Manual Diaphragm Release on Pulmonary Functions in Women With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pneumonia<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: manual therapy;   Other: breathing exercise and prone position alone<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Cairo University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study Evaluating SHEN26 Capsule in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: SHEN26 capsule;   Drug: SHEN26 placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shenzhen Kexing Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Clinical Trial of Recombinant COVID-19 Bivalent (XBB+Prototype) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 Cell) in Booster Vaccination</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 Bivalent (XBB+Prototype) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 Cell) (WSK-V101C);   Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 vaccine(Sf9 Cell) (WSK-V101)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   WestVac Biopharma Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Phase Ⅲ Clinical Trial of Recombinant COVID-19 Trivalent (XBB+BA.5+Delta) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 Cell) in Booster Vaccination</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: High dose of Recombinant COVID-19 Trivalent (XBB+BA.5+Delta) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 Cell);   Biological: Low dose of Recombinant COVID-19 Trivalent (XBB+BA.5+Delta) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 Cell);   Biological: control group;   Biological: Placebo group<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   WestVac Biopharma Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Impact Of Sensory Re-Education Paradigm On Sensation And Quality Of Life In Patients Post-Covid 19 Polyneuropathy</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: sensory re-education training;   Other: traditional treatment<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Cairo University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma (CCP) Transfusion to Prevent COVID-19 in Adult Recipients Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: COVID Convalescent Plasma<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Institute of Hematology &amp; Blood Diseases Hospital<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Investigate the Safety, Immunogenicity of a Bivalent mRNA Vaccine RQ3025 as a Booster Dose in Healthy Adults</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: RQ3013;   Biological: RQ3025<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University;   Yunnan University;   Kunming Medical University<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cupping Therapy on Immune System in Post Covid -19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid-19 Patients<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Combination Product: Cupping therapy with convential medical treatment;   Drug: Convential medical treatment<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Cairo University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluating the Efficacy of Remdesivir for Long COVID Following a Confirmed COVID-19 Infection.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   SARS-CoV-2 Infection;   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Remdesivir<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of Derby;   University of Exeter;   Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit;   University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity and Safety Study of SARS-CoV-2 DNA Vaccine (ICCOV)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: SARS-CoV-2 DNA Vaccine (ICCOV)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Immuno Cure 3 Limited;   The University of Hong Kong<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>NC Testing in LC &amp; POTS: A Pilot Study</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome;   Post Acute Sequelae of SARS CoV 2 Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: IV normal saline (1 Litre)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Calgary<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>To Investigate Efficacy, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of BC 007 in Participants With Long COVID</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Long Covid<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: BC 007 or matching placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Berlin Cures GmbH<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Phase II/III Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety and Efficacy of SWIM816 Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Immunogenicity;   Safety<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Phase II:SWIM816;SARS-Cov-2;;   Biological: Phase II:SW-BIC-213;SARS-Cov-2;;   Biological: PhaseIII:SWIM816;SARS-Cov-2;;   Biological: PhaseIII:Pfizer(Pfizer Bivalent vaccine);SARS-Cov-2；<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Stemirna Therapeutics<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine Called Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in People Who Are Healthy Volunteers Co-administered the Medicine Rosuvastatin</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Pharmacokinetics;   Healthy Volunteers<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Rosuvastatin;   Drug: Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Pfizer<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>VANGL2 inhibits antiviral IFN-I signaling by targeting TBK1 for autophagic degradation</strong> - Stringent control of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling is critical to potent innate immune responses against viral infection, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are still elusive. Here, we found that Van Gogh-like 2 (VANGL2) acts as an IFN-inducible negative feedback regulator to suppress IFN-I signaling during vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. Mechanistically, VANGL2 interacted with TBK1 and promoted the selective autophagic degradation of TBK1 via K48-linked polyubiquitination…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mpropred: A machine learning (ML) driven Web-App for bioactivity prediction of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) antagonists</strong> - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic emerged in 2019 and still requiring treatments with fast clinical translatability. Frequent occurrence of mutations in spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 led the consideration of an alternative therapeutic target to combat the ongoing pandemic. The main protease (Mpro) is such an attractive drug target due to its importance in maturating several polyproteins during the replication process. In the present study, we used a…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Synthesis, characterization and identification of inhibitory activity on the main protease of COVID-19 by molecular docking strategy of (4-oxo-piperidinium ethylene acetal) trioxonitrate</strong> - In this investigation a single crystal of (4-oxo-piperidinium ethylene acetal) trioxonitrate (4-OPEAN) was synthesized by modifying the mechanism of gradual evaporation at ambient temperature. The operational groupings are found in the complex material in the elaborate substance, according to the infrared spectrum. Single crystal X-ray diffraction suggests, (4-OPEAN) with the chemical formula (C(7)H(12)NO(2))NO(3) belongs to the orthorhombic space group Pnma and is centrosymmetric in three…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of TREM-1 inhibition with nangibotide in patients with COVID-19 receiving respiratory support: the ESSENTIAL randomised, double-blind trial</strong> - BACKGROUND: Activation of the TREM-1 pathway is associated with outcome in life threatening COVID-19. Data suggest that modulation of this pathway with nangibotide, a TREM-1 modulator may improve survival in TREM-1 activated patients (identified using the biomarker sTREM-1).</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Reconsideration of interferon treatment for viral diseases: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and COVID-19</strong> - Periodic pandemics of coronavirus (CoV)-related pneumonia have been a major challenging issue since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012. The ongoing pandemic of CoV disease (COVID-19) poses a substantial threat to public health. As for the treatment options, only limited antiviral agents have been approved hitherto, and clinicians mainly focus on currently available drugs including the conventional antiviral…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Two Novel Adenovirus Vectors Mediated Differential Antibody Responses via Interferon-α and Natural Killer Cells</strong> - Recombinant adenovirus vectors have been widely used in vaccine development. To overcome the preexisting immunity of human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) in populations, a range of chimpanzee or rare human adenovirus vectors have been generated. However, these novel adenovirus vectors mediate the diverse immune responses in the hosts. In this study, we explored the immune mechanism of differential antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 S protein in mice immunized by our previously developed two novel simian…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 nsp13 Restricts Episomal DNA Transcription without Affecting Chromosomal DNA</strong> - Nonstructural protein 13 (nsp13), the helicase of SARS-CoV-2, has been shown to possess multiple functions that are essential for viral replication, and is considered an attractive target for the development of novel antivirals. We were initially interested in the interplay between nsp13 and interferon (IFN) signaling, and found that nsp13 inhibited reporter signal in an IFN-β promoter assay. Surprisingly, the ectopic expression of different components of the RIG-I/MDA5 pathway, which were used…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 hijacks p38β/MAPK11 to promote virus replication</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, drastically modifies infected cells to optimize virus replication. One such modification is the activation of the host p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which plays a major role in inflammatory cytokine production, a hallmark of severe COVID-19. We previously demonstrated that inhibition of p38/MAPK activity in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells reduced…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Accelerating drug target inhibitor discovery with a deep generative foundation model</strong> - Inhibitor discovery for emerging drug-target proteins is challenging, especially when target structure or active molecules are unknown. Here, we experimentally validate the broad utility of a deep generative framework trained at-scale on protein sequences, small molecules, and their mutual interactions-unbiased toward any specific target. We performed a protein sequence-conditioned sampling on the generative foundation model to design small-molecule inhibitors for two dissimilar targets: the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ARF6 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection <em>in vitro</em></strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly emerged beta-coronavirus that enter cells via two routes, direct fusion at the plasma membrane or endocytosis followed by fusion with the late endosome/lysosome. While the viral receptor, ACE2, multiple entry factors and the mechanism of fusion of the virus at the plasma membrane have been investigated extensively, viral entry via the endocytic pathway is less understood. By using a human hepatocarcinoma cell line, Huh-7,…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Irreversible Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by Lectin Engagement with Two Glycan Clusters on the Spike Protein</strong> - Host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2, similar to that by HIV-1, is driven by a conformationally metastable and highly glycosylated surface entry protein complex, and infection by these viruses has been shown to be inhibited by the mannose-specific lectins cyanovirin-N (CV-N) and griffithsin (GRFT). We discovered in this study that CV-N not only inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection but also leads to irreversibly inactivated pseudovirus particles. The irreversibility effect was revealed by the observation…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Viral evasion of the interferon response at a glance</strong> - Re-emerging and new viral pathogens have caused significant morbidity and mortality around the world, as evidenced by the recent monkeypox, Ebola and Zika virus outbreaks and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Successful viral infection relies on tactical viral strategies to derail or antagonize host innate immune defenses, in particular the production of type I interferons (IFNs) by infected cells. Viruses can thwart intracellular sensing systems that elicit IFN gene expression (that is, RIG-I-like…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Preventing Occludin Tight-Junction Disruption via Inhibition of microRNA-193b-5p Attenuates Viral Load and Influenza-induced Lung Injury</strong> - Virus-induced lung injury is associated with loss of pulmonary epithelial-endothelial tight junction integrity. While the alveolar-capillary membrane may be an indirect target of injury; viruses may interact directly and/or indirectly with miRs to augment their replication potential and evade the host antiviral defense system. Here we expose how the influenza virus (H1N1) capitalizes on host-derived interferon-induced, microRNA (miR)-193b-5p to target occludin and compromise antiviral defenses….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The impact of COVID-19 on the intention of third-child in China: an empirical analysis based on survey data</strong> - BACKGROUND: Against the grim background of declining intention to have children, the ravages of COVID-19 have pushed China and the world into a more complex social environment. To adapt to the new situation, the Chinese government implemented the three-child policy in 2021.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Activity of nsp14 Exonuclease from SARS-CoV-2 towards RNAs with Modified 3’-Termini</strong> - The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the urgent need for new treatments for coronavirus infections. Nucleoside analogs were successfully used to inhibit replication of some viruses through the incorporation into the growing DNA or RNA chain. However, the replicative machinery of coronaviruses contains nsp14, a non-structural protein with a 3’→5’-exonuclease activity that removes misincorporated and modified nucleotides from the 3’ end of the growing RNA chain. Here, we studied the efficiency of…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What Justice John Paul Stevens’s Papers Reveal About Affirmative Action</strong> - Twenty years ago, Justice Sandra Day O’Connor wrote, in a draft opinion, that white applicants could not be favored over Asian Americans. Why did she delete those lines—and why did Justice Clarence Thomas adopt them in his own opinion? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/what-justice-john-paul-stevenss-papers-reveal-about-affirmative-action">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How Trump Compares with Presidents Who Burned Their Papers</strong> - The Harvard historian and New Yorker staff writer Jill Lepore sees historic parallels—as well as willful and unprecedented behavior by the freshly indicted ex-President. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/how-trump-compares-with-presidents-who-burned-their-papers">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What Can Joe Biden Do About Benjamin Netanyahu?</strong> - The President is clearly displeased by the Prime Minister’s anti-democratic turn but seems wary of testing his influence. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/what-can-joe-biden-do-about-benjamin-netanyahu">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>An Abortion Clinic One Year Later</strong> - After the fall of Roe v. Wade, North Dakota’s Red River Women’s Clinic moved two miles away, into Minnesota and a new political reality. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/us-journal/an-abortion-clinic-one-year-later">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What Joe Biden Didn’t Say to Narendra Modi</strong> - Whether “hypocritical pivot” or pure pragmatism, the President had more than one reason to skip the lectures on democracy. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/what-joe-biden-didnt-say-to-narendra-modi">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>The largest psychedelic conference in history is surprisingly sane</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A person onstage in front of a large colorful screen that reads “The future is psychedelic.”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/qj1ksM71jbIy3DruxYupwdVzkag=/1x0:1542x1156/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72398397/IMG_0054.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
The opening address at the Psychedelic Science 2023 conference in Denver, Colorado. | Oshan Jarow
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The walls of psychedelic prohibition are crumbling. What comes next?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2aCt2o">
This week, I went to the <a href="https://psychedelicscience.org/">Psychedelic Science</a> conference in Denver, Colorado, where more than 11,000 scientists, artists, investors, and uncategorizable members of the psychedelic community gathered to both celebrate and scrutinize as the “walls of prohibition start to crumble,” in the words of Bia Labate, executive director of the <a href="https://chacruna.net/">Chacruna Institute</a>. It’s likely the biggest psychedelics conference in history.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Xg7i7A">
“Welcome to the psychedelic ‘20s,” cheered Rick Doblin, founder of the conference’s host, the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, at the welcome address — while sporting an all-white suit that may as well have been plucked from <em>Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test</em> chronicler Tom Wolfe’s closet.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Wny1JR">
The <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/2795948">psychedelic hype bubble</a> is already concerning many in the community, so let’s not exaggerate the scale: Well over <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/nuggets-fans-gather-parade-downtown-denver/">half a million people</a> attended the recent parade celebrating the Denver Nuggets NBA finals victory over the Miami Heat. Comparatively, psychedelia remains relatively niche. But a sampling of 11,000 people from the psychedelic community punches above its weight in creating a palpable, colorful, and ever-surprising atmosphere. During Doblin’s opening address, a sort of collective effervescence buzzed through the auditorium. For many in the room, an above-ground psychedelic gathering of this size and stature was decades in the making. “I’m not tripping — culture is tipping,” said Doblin.
</p>
<h3 id="T1X1tf">
Psychedelic culture is back, but it looks a little different
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="c2AT6u">
It’s tempting to write about all the oddities that come along with a mass congregation of psychedelic-curious folks. And there were plenty: attendees wearing sparkling dragon outfits; a ukulele band stationed in the main hallway attracting a rotating cast of passers-by into a sort of ecstatic but strangely relaxing dance; a “Deep Space” exhibit room — a neon-lit warehouse, really — with tea ceremonies and real-time painting. Outside the convention center, hundreds of people sat upon the patches of turf in every sort of posture you can imagine, with circles of police officers dotting the perimeter.
</p>
<aside id="Ab6yQp">
<div>
</div>
</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SFHddc">
But the real story that strikes me is the sanity of it all. The conference logistics ran relatively smoothly. Audience members were mostly well-behaved. I haven’t been offered illicit substances even once (the press badge around my neck may have something to do with that). In part, that makes sense for a conference where the three-day tickets start at $805. For all the talk of inclusion, that’s a steep price of entry that surely screened out some of the fun. Nevertheless, this cross-section of psychedelia might optimistically suggest a synthesis between the bacchanalia of the ’60s and the straight-laced, bureaucratic vibe familiar to today’s conference culture.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dmMJeJ">
During that ’60s era, psychedelia and government stood at odds. At Wednesday’s opening ceremony, Doblin was followed by former Texas Gov. Rick Perry, as well as current Colorado Gov. Jared Polis, who <a href="https://www.axios.com/local/denver/2023/06/21/colorado-jared-polis-pardons-psychedelic-drug-crimes">voiced his support</a> for pardoning all criminal convictions related to psychedelic drugs.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5SUMGJ">
Next was Joshua Gordon, director of the National Institute of Mental Health. Promising <a href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/1/10/18007558/denver-psilocybin-psychedelic-mushrooms-ayahuasca-depression-mental-health">results from clinical trials</a> are recruiting governmental allies across the aisle, something the hippies lacked. Psychedelics are still illegal at the federal level, but that’s not stopping states from passing legislation that ranges from <a href="https://apnews.com/article/colorado-decriminalizes-psychedelic-mushrooms-4feb4848005fc355eef7b54b451460be">decriminalizing</a> the cultivation, possession, and sharing of psychedelic substances, to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/03/health/psychedelic-drugs-mushrooms-oregon.html">regulated access</a> at certified clinics for anyone over the age of 21.
</p>
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Spread across the long halls of the Colorado Convention Center, sessions were grouped into one of 11 different categories, ranging from science and business to society and community. I bopped into a crowded room where Hamilton Morris (the journalist and chemist behind <a href="https://www.vicetv.com/en_us/show/hamiltons-pharmacopeia"><em>Hamilton’s Pharmacopeia</em></a>) chronicled 90 years of tryptamine chemistry. The handful of psychedelic drugs we’re familiar with today — which have already caused such a ruckus — hardly scratch the surface of the thousands of psychedelic compounds chemists are discovering. Earlier this year, Jason Wallach, a pharmacologist at St. John’s University, <a href="https://www.inquirer.com/health/psychedelic-drugs-mental-health-discovery-center-philadelphia-20230227.html">filed for a patent on 218 novel</a> psychedelic drugs, which he hopes will help fill out the inventory of <a href="https://www.vox.com/mental-health">mental health</a> treatment options. (At a later session on <a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/4/28/23702644/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-technology">AI</a>-assisted drug discovery, Michael Cunningham, a research scientist at Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals, said that the number of potential small molecules yet to be discovered vastly outnumbers the quantity of stars in the observable universe).
</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ygXXtf">
In the afternoon, I moseyed over to hear Robin Carhart-Harris, a professor of neurology and a leading researcher in the psychedelic science realm. At the moment of my entrance, he was describing how brain activity <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23721486/ketamine-dmt-lsd-psychedelics-magic-mushrooms-legalization-recreation-psilocybin">grows more “entropic” on psychedelics</a>. You might recognize entropy as what the second law of thermodynamics tells us the universe is tending toward: disorder. In terms of the brain, you can think of it as the unpredictability of electrical activity.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="k4YJFM">
Entropy is also a fitting theme for the conference at large, which otherwise resists being packaged into a tidy narrative. Everything from the outfits to the art installations is spiced with unpredictability. Even the weather, which delivered a quick bout of hail Thursday night, was surprising. In the brain, heightened entropy can help shake up harmful patterns of thought and behavior. As a culture, psychedelia — at its best — can serve a similar function: shaking up settled patterns, inviting opportunities for new ways of organizing ourselves, our institutions, and maybe even our academic conferences.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NDDVuz">
Balancing the chemistry and neuroscience, the keynote stage featured speakers like football star Aaron Rodgers and the rapper/artist Jaden Smith (like psychedelics, he’s a little difficult to place). Asked about his first psychedelic experience, Smith shared that he did literally hug a tree, and in that moment, thought: “Oh, wow, there’s a lot going on inside of here.”
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<div>
</div>
</aside>
<h3 id="RxhF5k">
Does psychedelic experience have broader political implications?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OUNVpJ">
High-entropy psychedelic states that shake up settled patterns, alone, do not offer reliable pathways to making anything better. That’s why <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23721486/ketamine-dmt-lsd-psychedelics-magic-mushrooms-legalization-recreation-psilocybin">psychedelics are now often paired with therapy</a>, which provides a structured experience to guide one toward beneficial outcomes. Is it possible to structure the cultural impact of psychedelics so that, this time around, it doesn’t plummet into <a href="https://ir.library.louisville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1072&amp;context=tce">moral panic</a> and prohibition as it did in the ’60s?
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WLAjCB">
The metaphor often deployed here is integration. For individuals taking psychedelics through clinical or legalized adult-use formats, a session with a therapist usually follows the day after the trip to integrate the experience. Across a number of panel discussions, participants have suggested that integrating psychedelic experience at the cultural scale requires wholesale systemic change.
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Often, this sort of thing is usually followed by a few vague critiques of capitalism or the profit motive. “Don’t forget,” said Jamie Wheal, a writer and co-founder of the Flow Genome Project, “the set and setting of the psychedelic renaissance is free-market capitalism.”
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Quibbles over the imprecision of calling <a href="https://www.noemamag.com/the-designer-economy/">the present economic paradigm</a> free-market capitalism aside, the political implications of psychedelics are a rich and unsettled area of debate. “Our minds shape our social structures, and our social structures shape our minds,” said Justin Rosenstein, co-founder of Asana, during a talk titled “Rebuilding society in the light of mystical insight.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dpJTLw">
There was no disagreement in the crowd when it comes to ending the prohibition on psychedelic drugs (though how<em> </em>that should be done is another story). The political interests of psychedelic discourse, though, tend toward far larger spheres. “If we’re going to have a conversation about drug policy endgame, the endgame is complete social transformation,” said Kassandra Frederique, executive director of the Drug Policy Alliance. What does that mean in practice?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IezE73">
The hippies also held a famously antagonistic view toward prevailing economic structures. But their engagement with policy discourse <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/long-reads/optimism-hippies-sixties-history-hollywood-zen-a9156511.html">wasn’t up to the task</a> of achieving meaningful change.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jb7Vja">
If the conference was any indication, this new iteration of psychedelic culture is more willing to speak the language of decision-making institutions (another source of polarized debate). There is a new dose of prudence in the air. Panelists discussed the absolute importance of informed consent, the slim-but-real risks of psychosis (particularly for those with a family history), and the value of clinical research. A keynote conversation between Michael Pollan and Bob Jesse (a behind-the-scenes driver of the movement for decades) was titled “Tempering psychedelics,” in which Pollan reflected on the virtues of opening conversations around psychedelics with their risks. But if psychedelic culture is an unpredictable force of entropy, you never know what turns it may take next.
</p></li>
<li><strong>9 questions about abortion in America, answered</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A large hazy cloud dissipates in areas to reveal Misoprostol tablets, a woman crying, the Supreme Court building, a positive pregnancy test, dollar signs, early embryo cells, a figure in a hospital gown, women standing together, the words “Roe v. Wade,” and protest signs." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/8T01WlnHO83TSj4DyYytyPvfCYI=/240x0:1680x1080/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72398342/Vox_9QuestionsAbortion_PaigeVickers.0.jpg"/>
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Paige Vickers/Vox
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Where is abortion legal? How has Dobbs affected abortion access? And is Roe ever coming back?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iUV4fq">
It’s been one year since the <a href="https://www.vox.com/scotus">Supreme Court</a> ruled in <em>Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization</em> that there was no constitutional right to an <a href="https://www.vox.com/abortion">abortion</a> in the US — a decision that <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/5/3/23055125/roe-v-wade-abortion-rights-supreme-court-dobbs-v-jackson">overturned <em>Roe v. Wade</em></a> and 49 years of precedent.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6nWpyS">
Since then, states have moved to restrict abortion rights. People seeking to end pregnancies across a wide geographic swath of America have wholly or nearly lost the right to do so. <a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/6/23/23771804/roe-dobbs-abortion">Doctors have said</a> that the restrictions endanger their ability to care for patients. New battlegrounds have emerged over medication abortion, the most common form of abortion in the United States. And abortion, always a contentious political and social issue, has become a defining issue in national politics.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vD0R8w">
The 2022 <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/6/24/23181720/supreme-court-dobbs-jackson-womens-health-samuel-alito-roe-wade-abortion-marriage-contraception"><em>Dobbs</em> decision</a> and <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/4/21/23686788/supreme-court-abortion-pill-ruling-mifepristone-fda-alliance-hippocratic-medicine">subsequent court cases</a> have also generated enormous confusion across the country about abortion and the legal status of abortion access. That uncertainty isn’t surprising, since abortion laws vary widely and are still changing as bans and other restrictions work their way through state and federal courts.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HWMAeY">
Here are some common questions people might have about abortion and the state of abortion access, and their actions.
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<h3 id="VTAZXj">
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">What is abortion?
</li></ol></h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UHmjmo">
Medically speaking, this might seem like a basic question. Abortion occurs when a pregnancy ends before the birth of a baby.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yrZoJ5">
But the reality is a lot more complicated than that. While abortions, and the right to choose them, are closely associated with unwanted pregnancies, not all abortions happen for that reason. The same procedure is also part of how <a href="https://www.vox.com/health-care">health care</a> providers treat pregnancy complications, and it’s often done when a pregnancy threatens the life of a pregnant person, or when there is little chance that a pregnancy will end in a living baby.<strong> </strong>And it can be initiated by the body all by itself — in fact, the medical term for a miscarriage is “spontaneous abortion.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KELjc7">
Abortion is also less separate from other medical procedures than you might think. Many of the medications, tools, and techniques used in the course of performing abortions are also used to treat other medical conditions. The drugs used to perform medication abortions also treat uterine fibroids and stomach bleeding, for example, and there’s a lot of overlap between in-clinic abortion procedures and the treatment of uterine bleeding and certain uterine cancers. <em>—Keren Landman</em>
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<h3 id="DG11pK">
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">How do people get abortions?
</li></ol></h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AHdXCj">
There are two types of abortion: medication abortion and in-clinic abortion (which is also called “<a href="https://rewirenewsgroup.com/2020/04/16/notes-language-stopped-using-surgical-abortion/">surgical</a>” abortion, although it doesn’t typically involve cutting tissue or getting stitches). Medication abortion, which is the most common, can be done at home any time within the first 10 weeks of pregnancy. Typically, patients take <a href="https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/abortion/the-abortion-pill/how-do-i-use-abortion-pill">two different medicines</a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/4/10/23677220/texas-abortion-pills-usa-updates-mifepristone-misoprostol-kacsmaryk">mifepristone</a> and misoprostol. As of 2022, more than half of all abortions in the US — about 54 percent — were medication abortions. These medications are currently only available by prescription (although some health care providers think they should be available <a href="https://www.ansirh.org/research/ongoing/over-counter-medication-abortion">over the counter</a>).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="D9DA9a">
Abortion pills can also be shipped through the mail through a range of telehealth services. <a href="https://www.abortionfinder.org/abortion-types/telehealth">US telehealth providers</a> are subject to some of the same restrictions that brick-and-mortar providers are: Online pharmacies won’t mail pills to addresses in states where the procedure is not legal. That means this form of access has not made abortions easier to get in states with abortion bans.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DcuUHp">
But that may be changing soon: <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/20/health/abortion-shield-law-new-york.html">A New York state law</a> passed this week would allow the state’s abortion providers to prescribe and mail the pills to people in states with abortion bans. (As of June 22, the law was awaiting signature by New York Gov. Kathy Hochul.) And some providers ship to all 50 states anyway, such as the overseas provider <a href="https://aidaccess.org/en/">Aid Access</a>; <a href="https://www.plancpills.org/">Plan C</a> and <a href="https://www.mayday.health/">Mayday Health</a> provide additional information on how people in the US access medication abortion online.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5BajmB">
<a href="https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/abortion/in-clinic-abortion-procedures/what-happens-during-an-in-clinic-abortion">In-clinic abortions</a> usually involve a procedure that’s done in a medical facility. The procedures themselves typically take around 5 to 10 minutes. These methods can be used at any time until the beginning of the 24th week of pregnancy. They generally involve having a health care provider remove the pregnancy tissue from the uterus through the cervix, which is the opening to the uterus that sits at the end of the vagina. This is usually done by inserting a thin tube into the cervix and sucking out the contents of the uterus through it (aspiration abortion), although sometimes, providers need to use medical tools to take out the pregnancy tissue (dilation and evacuation, D&amp;E, sometimes called dilation and curettage, D&amp;C).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sCtXfu">
Most states prohibit abortion after 24 weeks, and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9321603/#psrh12190-bib-0004">few</a> abortion providers offer abortions in this <a href="https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/state-policies-later-abortions">later stage of pregnancy</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9ppHql">
<a href="https://www.acog.org/advocacy/abortion-is-essential/trending-issues/issue-brief-crisis-pregnancy-centers">Crisis pregnancy centers</a> are facilities that market themselves as offering reproductive health care but that actually try to dissuade people from getting abortions. These facilities often obscure the fact that they do not provide abortion care, but resources like the <a href="https://crisispregnancycentermap.com/">Crisis Pregnancy Center Map</a> can help abortion seekers identify them. <em>—KL</em>
</p>
<h3 id="NzId3l">
<ol start="3" type="1">
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">Is abortion safe?
</li></ol></h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="y6VdJX">
Abortion — for which safety has been <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy/23678597/mifepristone-safety-abortion-pill-ruling-misoprostol-kacsmaryk-fda-rems">closely scrutinized</a> for decades — is an extraordinarily low-risk procedure. It’s safer than giving birth or getting a colonoscopy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="k4EvV8">
An extensive 2018 review by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine concluded that complications of abortion are extremely rare. When they do happen, they take place in less than 1 percent of people who get abortions: In medication abortions, prolonged heavy bleeding happens in only <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/download/24950">one to three</a> of every 1,000 people, and infection in one to five of every <em>10,000 </em>people. Rarely — in about 2 percent of cases — people who get a medication abortion need to have an in-clinic procedure to complete the abortion.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="V05nMq">
In-clinic abortions are also very safe. Complications that lead to hospital admission, surgery, or blood transfusions happen in only one to two of every 1,000 aspiration procedures.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xEw5cn">
Death due to abortion is extraordinarily rare. Fewer than one of every 100,000 people who get an abortion die of a complication of the procedure — lower than the number who die from <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/maternal-mortality/2021/maternal-mortality-rates-2021.htm#:~:text=In%202021%2C%201%2C205%20women%20died,20.1%20in%202019%20(Table).">giving birth</a>, <a href="https://www.ccalliance.org/blog/prevention/are-colonoscopies-dangerous#:~:text=A%202010%20study%20found%20that,(0.0066%25%20of%20procedures).">getting a colonoscopy</a>, or having some plastic surgery <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12687357_Fatal_Outcomes_from_Liposuction_Census_Survey_of_Cosmetic_Surgeons">procedures</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wXVUTH">
The safety consequences of denying abortion, meanwhile, are dire. In the <a href="https://www.vox.com/videos/2022/7/8/23199289/abortion-bans-inequality-financial-distress">Turnaway Study</a>, which followed 1,000 women from around the US over five years, those who gave birth after being denied abortions had <a href="https://www.ansirh.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/the_harms_of_denying_a_woman_a_wanted_abortion_4-16-2020.pdf">higher rates</a> of life-threatening pregnancy complications and more economic hardship<strong> </strong>than those who received abortions. They were likelier to stay in contact with a violent partner, and their children were more likely to grow up in poverty with developmental challenges. Notably, despite some <a href="https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2006/08/abortion-and-mental-health-myths-and-realities">claims</a> from anti-abortion groups, the <a href="https://www.ansirh.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/mental_health_issue_brief_7-24-2018.pdf">mental health</a> of women who had abortions was no worse than that of women who didn’t. <em>—KL</em>
</p>
<h3 id="WftlxV">
<ol start="4" type="1">
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">Where is abortion legal?
</li></ol></h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CZMD9n">
Broadly, the legal landscape around abortion in America now breaks down into a few categories: states where abortion is prohibited (generally with exceptions to save the life of the pregnant person, and sometimes for rape or incest), states where access is limited (for example, by a <a href="https://apnews.com/article/abortion-veto-override-north-carolina-4282913637b499490494dd3e3cce3478#:~:text=RALEIGH%2C%20N.C.,Democratic%20governor's%20veto%20late%20Tuesday.">12-week</a> ban), and states where abortion is legal with few restrictions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tnW3Ga">
People living in states where abortion is banned can still travel to another state for the procedure; <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/abortion-travel-bans.html">no bans currently criminalize</a> crossing state lines for an abortion (though <a href="https://apnews.com/article/idaho-abortion-minors-criminalization-b8fb4b6feb9b520d63f75432a1219588">Idaho has made it a crime</a> to help a minor leave the state for the procedure without a parent’s consent). In <a href="https://www.texastribune.org/2022/07/15/lizzie-fletcher-out-of-state-abortions-texas/">his concurring opinion in <em>Dobbs</em></a>, Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh stated that he believed banning interstate travel for the purpose of abortion would be unconstitutional.
</p>
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Someone who is actively seeking abortion care can visit <a href="https://www.ineedana.com/">INeedAnA.com</a> or <a href="https://www.abortionfinder.org/">AbortionFinder.org</a> to learn about options in their area, said Elisabeth Smith, senior staff attorney at the Center for Reproductive Rights. For people who want to understand the larger legal landscape, the center <a href="https://reproductiverights.org/maps/abortion-laws-by-state/">maintains an interactive map</a> of state laws. The <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/us/abortion-laws-roe-v-wade.html#:~:text=About%20half%20of%20states%20are,added%20new%20protections%20since%20Dobbs.">New York Times</a>, <a href="https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/abortion-policy-tracker/?currentTimeframe=0&amp;sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D">KFF</a> (formerly the Kaiser Family Foundation), and the <a href="https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/state-policies-later-abortions">Guttmacher Institute</a> also maintain trackers that list current abortion laws in each state.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SC4llN">
Two states, <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/03/03/south-carolina-woman-arrested-self-managed-abortion/11392785002/">South Carolina and Nevada</a>, explicitly ban self-managed abortion, in which people take pills at home using medication ordered online. In other states, prosecutors have used laws against mishandling human remains and other crimes to <a href="https://www.vox.com/23755658/abortion-pill-second-trimester-mifepristone-misoprostol">prosecute people</a> suspected of self-managing abortions. “The important thing for people to consider is who they are sharing information with, how they are sharing information,” Smith said. “Information about self-managed abortion that is shared with law enforcement is the way that those prosecutions have happened.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1wvhPk">
People with legal questions about self-managed abortion can contact the <a href="https://www.ifwhenhow.org/repro-legal-helpline/">If/When/How legal helpline</a> or the <a href="https://abortiondefensenetwork.org/">Abortion Defense Network</a>. <em>—Anna North</em>
</p>
<h3 id="U0QGg3">
<ol start="5" type="1">
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">Who gets abortions in America?
</li></ol></h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KVt6M2">
Historically, abortion has been a very common procedure in America. According to a <a href="https://www.guttmacher.org/news-release/2017/abortion-common-experience-us-women-despite-dramatic-declines-rates">2017 analysis by the Guttmacher Institute</a>, nearly one in four women in the US (23.7 percent) will have an abortion by age 45.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pAZJxE">
Pre-<em>Dobbs</em> research can give us some basic information about who is most likely to get an abortion. The majority of abortion patients are already parents — 60 percent have at least one child, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/12/14/upshot/who-gets-abortions-in-america.html">according to 2019 data</a> from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “One of the main reasons people report wanting to have an abortion is so they can be a better parent to the kids they already have,” Ushma Upadhyay, a professor at Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health at the University of California San Francisco, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/12/14/upshot/who-gets-abortions-in-america.html">told the New York Times</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="17iDrj">
Most are also in their first trimester<strong> </strong>of pregnancy, with <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/12/14/upshot/who-gets-abortions-in-america.html">43 percent of abortions</a> taking place within the first six weeks, shortly after most people find out they’re pregnant,<strong> </strong>and 92 percent occurring in the first 13 weeks. However, abortion rights advocates say they are concerned that the increasing number of bans and other restrictions will <a href="https://www.vox.com/23755658/abortion-pill-second-trimester-mifepristone-misoprostol">force more patients to delay their procedures</a> until later in pregnancy, when they can carry a higher risk of severe side effects.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="00rpWl">
Most people who get abortions are in their 20s — 57 percent, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/12/14/upshot/who-gets-abortions-in-america.html">according to the CDC</a>, compared with just 9 percent who are in their teens and about 35 percent who are over 30. They are also disproportionately likely to be low-income and to be <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/06/24/women-of-color-end-of-roe/">women of color</a>, largely because of inequities in access to birth control.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YacJHN">
<a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/7/1/23180626/roe-dobbs-charts-impact-abortion-women-rights">Low-income patients and people of color</a> are also most likely to be affected by abortion bans. Black women, in particular, are likely to face multiple overlapping impacts, because they are disproportionately likely to have unintended pregnancies and to live in states with bans, and are less likely to be able to afford travel to states where the procedure is legal, as <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/6/29/23187002/black-women-abortion-access-roe">Vox’s Fabiola Cineas has reported</a>. Black women are also three times more likely than white women to die from pregnancy-related causes; one <a href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/58/6/2019/265968/The-Pregnancy-Related-Mortality-Impact-of-a-Total">2021 study</a> found that a nationwide abortion ban could increase Black maternal deaths by 33 percent. <em>—AN</em>
</p>
<h3 id="a618A7">
<ol start="6" type="1">
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">What do Americans think about abortion?
</li></ol></h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IKpdr4">
Unpacking public opinion on abortion can be tricky, especially post-<em>Roe, </em>as Americans continue to learn more about the non-hypothetical consequences of losing access to abortion. Sometimes views Americans express in surveys appear to be contradictory, and there’s also a fundamental difference between support for <em>abortion </em>and support for <em>abortion rights.</em> Many people who identify as pro-choice, meaning they believe people should have the right to make the choice for themselves, say they personally are against the procedure.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="v0WdwS">
Polls conducted over the past few months indicate that voters seem to <a href="https://navigatorresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/May-2-Release-FINAL.pdf">have grown</a><a href="https://maristpoll.marist.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/NPR_PBS-News-Hour_Marist-Poll_USA-NOS-and-Tables_0426_202304211458.pdf"> even more supportive</a><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/support-for-legalized-abortion-grows-since-dobbs-ruling-wsj-poll-shows-11662210020"> of abortion rights</a> than they were before <em>Dobbs.</em> Experts say it will be important to continue tracking public opinion in the coming months and years to see how the loss of <em>Roe </em>informs public sentiment, and that so far we don’t have a clear picture.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Fnq2KN">
Broadly speaking, though, most Americans tell researchers that they support access to legal abortion, though they also support <a href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/1576/Abortion.aspx">some restrictions</a> on its availability. Americans are most supportive of abortion for women who have been raped or who face a serious health concern if they continue their pregnancy. Americans are also more supportive of abortion during the first trimester.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CdiHwj">
But pollsters also find respondents are generally opposed to politicians passing abortion bans, and<em> </em>say pregnant women should be able to make decisions about abortion in consultation with their doctor. —<em>Rachel M. Cohen</em>
</p>
<h3 id="iIvZIW">
<ol start="7" type="1">
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">What do we know about the prevalence of abortion since <em>Roe </em>was overturned?
</li></ol></h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pZhgyi">
No one knows exactly how many fewer abortions occurred after the <em>Dobbs </em>decision because self-managed abortions are not tracked in the same way as abortions obtained through the formal US health care system.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="B0Fu2v">
In other words, while a woman living in Arkansas might have ended her pregnancy in 2021 at a local abortion clinic, in 2023, with that option no longer available to her, she may have ordered or obtained pills internationally, from <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/10/18/illegal-abortion-pill-network/">activist networks in Mexico</a>, the <a href="https://www.vox.com/23056530/aid-access-abortion-roe-wade-pills-mifepristone">European-based organization Aid Access</a>, or some of the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/04/13/us/abortion-pill-order-online-mifepristone.html">other online suppliers based in India</a>. Researchers who track incidences of abortion generally do not have great access to that data, and even if someone orders pills online, it’s not clear if they actually took the medication. And some people order pills as an insurance policy, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/6/22/23170229/abortion-roe-medication-pills-pregnancy-unplanned">to store at home in case</a> they, or a friend, need them for an unwanted pregnancy in the future, complicating counts further.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="j6rcfb">
There is data, however, that suggests abortions done in US clinics and hospitals, or with pills taken at home prescribed by a US doctor, declined since <em>Dobbs</em>. The Society of Family Planning, a group that supports abortion rights, launched a national reporting effort to try to evaluate changes in abortion access and estimated these kinds of abortions <a href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/abortion-trend-after-dobbs/">declined by more than 24,200 between July 2022 and March 2023</a>, compared to a pre-<em>Dobbs </em>baseline. Some states’ data also shows an increase in out-of-state abortions in the last year, meaning more people are traveling across state lines to get their care. For example, there were <a href="https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/health-news-florida/2023-02-21/out-of-state-patients-increase-abortions-florida">38 percent more non-Floridians</a> who ended pregnancies in Florida in 2022 compared to 2021.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oOy9iL">
There has also been some anecdotal reporting of women who wanted to end their pregnancies in states where it’s now banned <a href="https://inthesetimes.com/article/what-its-like-to-have-an-abortion-denied">but couldn’t afford the cost of traveling to a state where it’s legal</a>, and so ended up giving birth instead. It will be important for researchers to try and gather more information about how many people fall into this category. —<em>RC</em>
</p>
<h3 id="8zLx7I">
<ol start="8" type="1">
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">Does Europe really restrict abortion more than the United States?
</li></ol></h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JvYRj8">
In the <em>Dobbs </em><a href="https://www.vox.com/scotus">Supreme Court</a> hearing, Chief Justice John Roberts <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_4425.pdf">claimed</a> a 15-week ban on abortion mirrors “the standard that the vast majority of other countries have.” In his majority opinion, Justice Samuel Alito <a href="https://lozierinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/On-Point-63.pdf">cited a study published</a> by a leading anti-abortion group that argued the US was out of step with the rest of the world in terms of abortion after 20 weeks.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8hJhma">
The study, published by the think tank arm of the Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America, said 47 out of 50 European nations limit “elective” abortion before 15 weeks, meaning before then doctors are not required to attest to a particular justification for the abortion.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tpvtS1">
But differences between the US and European countries are more complex than that simple comparison suggests. In practice, abortion limits in the United States are far more restrictive than what exists in most of the Western world, including in nations with gestational age limits at 12 weeks, like Germany, Denmark, Belgium, and Italy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dmmVxc">
Moreover, European countries that have 12-week limits on “elective” abortions still make it fairly easy for women to get abortions later on, with relatively broad exceptions for <a href="https://www.vox.com/mental-health">mental health</a> or socioeconomic circumstances. Republicans have aggressively fought similar exceptions, and in particular have <a href="https://apnews.com/article/abortion-science-health-government-and-politics-arizona-fc2114ecfce72eeca65e21fb970ca62f">worked to bar consideration of mental health risk</a> — <a href="https://www.ncleg.gov/Sessions/2023/Bills/Senate/PDF/S20v5.pdf">even the risk of suicide</a> if a pregnancy continues — as a factor.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WL7jEy">
And in other ways, European countries make it easier to get an abortion than in even relatively permissive jurisdictions in the United States.<strong> </strong>Across Europe, abortion services are covered<strong> </strong>under national health insurance, meaning the cost of accessing care is a far lower barrier for pregnant people facing time constraints.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PEKjAd">
By contrast, in the US, cost is one of the biggest hurdles to ending a pregnancy. Even though <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/ss/ss7110a1.htm#T10_down">more than 90 percent of</a> abortions occur within the first 13 weeks, <a href="https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states">roughly 75 percent of all US abortion patients</a> are low-income, according to 2014 numbers, and researchers find Americans needing abortion care in the second trimester <a href="https://www.guttmacher.org/news-release/2011/second-trimester-abortions-concentrated-among-certain-groups-women">tend to be</a> those with less education, Black women, and women who have experienced “multiple disruptive events” in the past year, such as losing a job.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rnvFKF">
Across the globe, <a href="https://reproductiverights.org/us-a-global-outlier-on-abortion-rights/">the clear trend</a> has been to <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/21/colombia-decriminalize-legal-abortion/">expand</a> <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/09/07/mexico-abortion-supreme-court/">access</a> to abortion, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/argentina-abortion-legal-fernandez-senate-vote/2020/12/28/4a6d77d4-492a-11eb-a9f4-0e668b9772ba_story.html">decriminalize</a> <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-abortion/new-zealand-passes-historic-law-to-decriminalize-abortion-idUSKBN2153YN">the procedure</a>, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/south-korea-court-strikes-down-six-decade-old-abortion-ban/2019/04/11/0200f028-5c43-11e9-842d-7d3ed7eb3957_story.html">and loosen</a> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/26/ireland-votes-by-landslide-to-legalise-abortion">restrictions</a>. While restrictive policies, including earlier gestational limits, still present barriers for international abortion care, per the Center for Reproductive Rights, nearly 60 countries have liberalized their laws and policies on abortion since 1994. Only four — the US, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Poland — have further restricted rights.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GwAXbD">
Even with earlier gestational limits, abortion in Europe is broadly affordable and accessible. This is not the paradigm Republicans are proposing in the United States. They are fighting to keep abortion expensive, particularly for low-income patients who rely on Medicaid; to limit the reasons, like mental health, for which patients can access legal abortion; and to restrict access to care, all while imposing bans on telemedicine, ramping up criminal penalties for providers, and shortening the legal timeline for pregnant people to raise funds, arrange travel, and book mandatory medical appointments. <em>—RC</em>
</p>
<h3 id="H1BzZ9">
<ol start="9" type="1">
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">What happens next? Is <em>Roe v. Wade</em> ever coming back?
</li></ol></h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5QO55F">
<em>Dobbs</em> is not the end of the road on abortion in America — opponents of the procedure continue to work toward more and broader restrictions, while reproductive rights advocates are backing efforts to shore up access in states where it remains legal, as well as keeping options open for patients in states with bans.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="i5T1KV">
On the anti-abortion side, advocates are working to <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2023/1/9/23540562/abortion-pills-medication-dobbs-roe-mifepristone">restrict the use of abortion medication</a>. A federal lawsuit by the anti-abortion Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine seeks to <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/4/21/23686788/supreme-court-abortion-pill-ruling-mifepristone-fda-alliance-hippocratic-medicine">rescind Food and Drug Administration approval of mifepristone</a>, one of the two drugs most commonly used in abortions in the US. However, mifepristone remains available as the case works its way through the courts. Abortion opponents are also <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2023/1/9/23540562/abortion-pills-medication-dobbs-roe-mifepristone">working on legislation</a> targeting websites that offer abortion medication, out-of-state doctors who prescribe the pills, and private citizens who help people obtain them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Hi3YUX">
<em>Dobbs</em> also opens up the possibility of a nationwide ban on abortion, and in September 2022, Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-SC) <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/9/13/23351590/national-abortion-ban-bill-lindsey-graham-republican">introduced a bill</a> that would ban the procedure across the country after 15 weeks. However, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/23/politics/national-abortion-ban-house-republicans/index.html">Republican leaders in the House</a> as well as <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/14/us/politics/nikki-haley-republicans-federal-abortion-ban.html">Republican presidential candidates</a> have declined to endorse a nationwide ban, likely a reflection of the fact that such legislation would be both difficult to pass and politically unpopular.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kceKlp">
Meanwhile, abortion rights advocates are working on ways to maintain or expand access. At least 15 states and the District of Columbia have passed <a href="https://www.guttmacher.org/2022/12/state-policy-trends-2022-devastating-year-us-supreme-courts-decision-overturn-roe-leads">“shield” laws</a> that protect abortion providers and patients from investigation or prosecution by authorities in states with bans; an <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/20/health/abortion-shield-law-new-york.html">increasing number of states</a> specifically shield doctors who prescribe abortion medication by telehealth to patients in states where the procedure is banned. Authorities in several states, including Washington, have also amassed <a href="https://www.axios.com/2023/04/17/blue-states-stockpile-mifepristone-abortion-pills">stockpiles</a> of mifepristone in case it becomes unavailable. Other states and localities are <a href="https://nirhealth.org/media/record-number-of-localities-states-passed-legislation-to-advance-abortion-access-following-the-fall-of-roe-a-newly-released-report-finds/">expanding funding or insurance coverage</a> for abortion.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eGhCKL">
At the federal level, Democrats in <a href="https://www.vox.com/congress">Congress</a> have introduced legislation to <a href="https://www.vox.com/20930358/codify-roe-wade-womens-health-protection-act-supreme-court-nancy-pelosi-democrats">codify the right to an abortion</a> in law, though it has so far been unable to pass. Some reproductive rights advocates believe <em>Dobbs</em> could one day be reversed by the Supreme Court. “The text of the decision is really an outlier, and so some future court would really easily be able to overrule <em>Dobbs</em> and distinguish it from the history of liberty and privacy rights that the court has decided,” Smith said. However, that would most likely require a liberal majority on the Court — something that would require Democrats to win several presidential elections in a row and hold on to the Senate, as <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23292022/supreme-court-abortion-dobbs-roe-wade-unpopular-polls-kansas">Vox’s Ian Millhiser has written</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mPvfMn">
Some abortion rights advocates remain optimistic for the long term, even while expressing deep concern for the coming months and years. “There will be a new federal right, either through statute or a future court decision,” Smith said. “The question is really how much pain and suffering and loss will occur in the states that have banned abortion between now and then.” <em>—AN</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GcMNlX">
</p></li>
<li><strong>A grim history of the media’s obsession with rescuing people</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A press conference on a boat dock." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/t09zcQuCLvl4E61JZUT4sGWljfM=/454x0:7739x5464/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72398312/GettyImages_1258947339.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Rear Adm. John Mauger gives an update on the search efforts for the five people aboard the Titan submersible, June 22, 2023, in Boston, Massachusetts. | Scott Eisen/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The search for the Titan captivated the US for nearly a week. Why are we so gripped by people facing death?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Sxs8Zg">
Plenty of digital ink has been spilled over the past 24 hours about the media coverage of the Titan, the <a href="https://www.vox.com/technology/2023/6/21/23768771/titanic-submarine-missing-oceangate-titan-submersible-search-efforts-updates">submersible that went missing</a> on a trip to visit the site of the Titanic. Five people, including the CEO of the submersibles company OceanGate, are now declared dead after days of frequent live updates. Was the media attention overkill? Did many of the comments on platforms like <a href="https://www.vox.com/twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="https://www.vox.com/tiktok">TikTok</a> <a href="https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/incidents/brutal-reactions-to-five-men-dying-in-titanic-submersible/news-story/37e5b22adc06c8af6d352d3599b8c4dd">seem callous</a>?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xgWJ28">
Yes and yes. An op-ed in the Los Angeles Times on Thursday was typical, describing the coverage of the doomed trek to the Titanic as a “bizarre media feeding frenzy that we have become accustomed to in the 21st century.” The writer went on to characterize the coverage as “exploitative” and lamented the “terror unfolding in real time.” A writer in Australia <a href="https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/incidents/brutal-reactions-to-five-men-dying-in-titanic-submersible/news-story/37e5b22adc06c8af6d352d3599b8c4dd">complained</a>, “Online, people seem to be ignoring that people have died and instead are concentrating on what their deaths and privilege say about modern society.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YUYWY4">
We shouldn’t pretend like any of this is new. There’s over a century of mass media events in the US that prove the public’s insatiable thirst for the sensational and using new technology to consume that news. All the better if you have a very tangible countdown to disaster — a detail that became instrumental to the story when we learned the sub was capable of providing oxygen for just 96 hours.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="krUQsS">
But we’ve experienced this same kind of real-time media event countless times, all thanks to old-school media technologies like newspapers, radio, and TV. Reporters become our eyes and our ears on the ground, turning every news consumer into a kind of high-tech voyeur, even if we don’t think of platforms like radio as particularly cutting-edge these days. It’s funny how something as simple as a vacuum tube can turn miles into seconds. The technology to potentially save lives also becomes integral to the story, as we saw back in 2018 when a youth soccer team and their coach <a href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/7/5/17532464/thai-soccer-team-cave-rescue-diving-monsoon">got stuck in a cave in Thailand</a> and the entire world seemed to have ideas on what particular gadget could be used to help get them out. We saw the same thing again in the North Atlantic this week, as planes, ships, and robots swarmed the scene above the shipwreck.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7fKWh8">
And if you think people of the past were more empathetic and dignified in the face of tragedy, I’ve got some bad news for you. Not only are you romanticizing a version of America that never really existed; you’re also overlooking the argument that the news we consume is sanitized compared to the days of tabloid spreads, which were once regularly filled with graphic depictions of death.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A photo from the 1920s showing tents, cars, and a hamburger stand in the middle of a large crowd of people." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/XX4s9iN_tAw56qNZrbYrdZwgc8Y=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24749045/floyd_crowd_at_sand_cave.jpg"/> <cite>Kentucky National Guard</cite>
<figcaption>
The circus-like atmosphere near Sand Cave, where Floyd Collins was trapped in February 1925.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YYegMF">
Take the case of 37-year-old W. Floyd Collins, who was exploring caves in his home state of Kentucky in 1925. Hoping to find a new tourist attraction, Collins ventured into Sand Cave in early February of that year when his foot became trapped by a large boulder. The following day, his family came looking for him, and word of his ordeal soon got out through newspapers and radio.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DBXcaH">
Each passing day brought new people to Sand Cave to come gawk at the scene. By the ninth day, one newspaper estimated the crowd had surged to 5,000 people, and there were reportedly cars from Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and West Virginia sitting in a makeshift parking lot near the cave. Others put the number closer to 2,000, but whatever the real number, it had become quite the circus. Vendors showed up to sell everything from hamburgers to balloons. Radio, still a relatively new broadcasting medium, allowed journalists to report directly from the scene. And newspaper reporters came from all over the country to give readers the latest, at a time when there <a href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/21361/dill_1928_3425151.pdf?sequence=1">were nearly 15,000 papers in the US</a>, compared to <a href="https://apnews.com/article/journalism-united-states-39ef84c1131267233768bbb4dcaa181b">fewer than 6,500 today</a>. The local railroad service even added additional passenger cars to deal with the influx of people.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DzmIQT">
And the media coverage wasn’t always nice. The cover of the February 9, 1925, edition of the Pensacola Journal in Florida <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/352773665/">speculated that Collins might be faking the accident</a>, suggesting he wasn’t really trapped at all and just wanted the attention. The sub-headline declared that he was a “shiftless fellow,” according to his neighbors. The Daily News Leader in Staunton, Virginia, <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/315333789/">made allusions in its February 12, 1925, edition</a> that a crime had been committed, but didn’t elaborate. The paper also quoted a local minister as saying there was “evidence of drinking” in the area — a damning indictment when you remember this was during the era of Prohibition. (The one-liners about the hubris of billionaires stuck in a tube trying to catch a glimpse of the Titanic at the bottom of the ocean were their own kind of drive-by moralizing that struck a lot of people as too harsh in a time of potential tragedy.)
</p>
<aside id="0Jm6H6">
<div>
</div>
</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="M7Y9uD">
Collins died after 14 days, but those trying to rescue him wouldn’t reach the body until three more days had passed. A fake photo of Collins’s dead body circulated, though his body wasn’t removed from where he’d been trapped until two months later.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nFtlk4">
Director Billy Wilder would draw inspiration from the media reaction to Collins for the 1951 film <em>Ace in the Hole</em>, starring Kirk Douglas as an unscrupulous newspaper reporter who’s the first to learn about a man trapped in a cave. Douglas’s character manipulates the local authorities into a rescue plan that takes more time than necessary, drawing out the story and allowing him to create a media circus not unlike the one that happened when Collins was trapped a quarter of a century earlier. Just like in real life, the man at the heart of the story dies.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BMWAVu">
Another example of a gruesome, real-time news frenzy comes from 1938, when 26-year-old John Warde threatened to jump off a narrow ledge from the 17th floor of the Gotham Hotel in New York. While Warde spent over 11 hours contemplating his future, newspapers rushed out editions, radio announcers narrated the event, and some of the earliest TV broadcast cameras were trained on Warde. Poor Warde eventually made good on his threat, and the Associated Press sent out a particularly cold assessment of the man, whose body was unclaimed at the morgue and “alone in death” but who “thrilled tens of thousands of spectators.”
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Even the magazines, on a much longer production schedule than the newspapers, were fascinated with Warde’s unusually long perch on the hotel ledge. The headline from a 1938 issue of Radio-Craft magazine read “SUICIDE NO. 2 TELEVISED!” and included a reprint of the TV image with Warde <a href="https://paleofuture.com/blog/2013/6/25/weve-grappled-with-televised-death-since-the-first-tv-suicide-in-1938">circled for good measure</a>. Warde’s story was also made into a movie: 1951’s <em>Fourteen Hours</em>. But the Hollywood version didn’t kill Warde.
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<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/1pNXenudMvhwK8rjvdlcC4O8RMI=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24749084/GettyImages_989890066.jpg"/> <cite>Linh Pham/Getty Images</cite>
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Thai General Bancha Duriyaphan speaks to the press after 12 boys and their soccer coach were rescued from a cave in July 2018.
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Fast forward to the summer of 2018, and you’ll find a similar circus unfolded in Thailand — this time fueled not only by newspapers and live TV but also by social media. There, 12 boys and their soccer coach were trapped in a cave, and the entire internet descended on the event, watching each day as the amount of time left to rescue the team alive dwindled. <a href="https://www.vox.com/elon-musk">Elon Musk</a> even tried to play the hero, visiting the outside of the cave and declaring that a 5-foot-long “mini-sub” of his design could extract the kids safely. When an expert cave explorer explained publicly how terrible Musk’s idea was, the billionaire <a href="https://www.vox.com/2018/7/18/17576302/elon-musk-thai-cave-rescue-submarine">baselessly called the expert a “pedo”</a> on Twitter. Like so many search-and-rescue efforts, the Thai cave event ended with a mixture of tragedy and triumph. A former Thai Navy SEAL died after he lost consciousness during the prolonged rescue effort, but ultimately, the trapped kids were rescued alive.
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And what about the death countdown for that submersible this week? NewsNation got heat for its <a href="https://deadline.com/2023/06/missing-sub-news-nation-oxygen-remaining-countdown-clock-1235422766/">countdown clock</a>, but like it or not, the idea of having a ticking clock is basically what TV was invented for. Fox News recently featured a countdown in its lower right-hand corner for the <a href="https://twitter.com/cristianafarias/status/1656361886680481793">end of Title 42</a>, the pandemic-era rule that allowed US Customs and Border Protection to turn away asylum seekers at the border. Most forms of popular media, but especially TV, love a countdown, no matter how grim or how dire the human stakes.
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The long and the short of it is that American media has always been obsessed with the darker elements of humanity. And while it might feel like people are gawking through their smartphones at imminent tragedy, there’s no question that people are simply drawn to a compelling narrative with life-or-death stakes. A basketball shot clock where human lives hang in the balance might make some people feel queasy, but it’s probably worth remembering what the five people who lost their lives this week were doing down there in the first place. At the end of the day, they were on a tourist trip to the bottom of the sea, there to gawk at a tragedy, albeit one that happened in 1912.
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</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>MotoGP Bharat’s first ticket unveiled by U.P. CM Adityanath; cheapest ticket to cost ₹800</strong> - MotoGP Bharat will be the biggest motorsport event to take place in India since the Formula 1 Indian Grand Prix</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>I have to keep things simple and maintain discipline, says elated Yashasvi Jaiswal</strong> - On June 23 afternoon the news came, and there was pure joy and elation in equal measure for the stylish southpaw.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sunil Gavaskar slams selectors for dropping Cheteshwar Pujara and ignoring Sarfaraz Khan</strong> - Not having millions of followers on social media platforms, like some of the other India stars such as Virat Kohli and Rohit Sharma, is no reason to drop anyone, says Sunil Gavaskar</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Morning Digest | Google announces global fintech operation centre in Gujarat; ‘We stand together to fight BJP in 2024’, says Opposition in Patna, and more</strong> - Here’s a select list of stories to read before you start your day</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Table Tennis | Batra-Sathiyan mixed doubles pair in WTT Contender semifinals in Tunis</strong> - Batra and Sathiyan had already made first round exits in the women’s and men’s singles respectively.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Winds of change blowing in favour of BJP in Andhra Pradesh, says Somu Veerraju</strong> - Reports that the BJP and the TDP are poised to forge an alliance for the 2024 elections are mere speculation, asserts BJP State president Somu Veerraju</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>KRPP will sweep to power in 2028: Gali Janardhana Reddy</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Reprieve likely for actor Shane Nigam</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>World Bank approves $255.5 million loan for better technical education in government-run institutions in India</strong> - While India’s tertiary education sector is among the largest in the world, recent studies note increased gaps in both technical and non-technical skills such as reasoning, interpersonal communication, and conflict resolution, the World Bank said.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Telangana: Case registered against school principal, teachers for ‘objecting’ to student wearing scarf in classroom</strong> - The case was booked following a complaint by a X standard student who claimed that an objection was raised to her wearing the scarf on June 23, they said</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Wagner fighters in Russian cities defy Putin’s charge of mutiny</strong> - President Putin says Wagner boss Yevgeny Prigozhin has betrayed Russia with his call to mutiny.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Is this a coup? What is Prigozhin doing in Russia?</strong> - The mercenary boss has openly challenged the military leadership in a defining moment for Russians.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Putin under pressure as ally Yevgeny Prigozhin turns rebel</strong> - The Russian leader vowed to punish Yevgeny Prigozhin after his Wagner forces seized a key Russian city.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Living without water in a town devastated by dam breach</strong> - Residents of a Ukrainian town devastated by floods when a dam collapsed describe life without water.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hundreds of migrants rescued off Canary Islands</strong> - At least 227 migrants were saved on Thursday, Spain’s officials say, a day after a deadly shipwreck.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>It’s summer and that means disturbing swim advisories. Here’s our top 5</strong> - Behold the most nauseating and mesmerizing swim advisories floating around. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949894">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Employee finds SSD stolen last year from corporate data center for sale on eBay</strong> - How can third-party marketplaces prevent stolen goods from being listed? - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949673">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>X-ray “light echoes” hint at outburst from Milky Way’s central black hole</strong> - The supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy hasn’t always been quiet. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949885">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>“Stunning”—Midjourney update wows AI artists with camera-like feature</strong> - Midjourney v5.2 features camera-like zoom control over framing, more realism. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949715">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Android’s emergency call shortcut is flooding dispatchers with false calls</strong> - Google says it’s working on a fix, but as usual, manufacturers will need to update. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1949705">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Reddit is killing third-party applications (and itself). Read more in the comments.</strong> - submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/JokeSentinel"> /u/JokeSentinel </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/1j5nee06kx5b1.png">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1490rmv/reddit_is_killing_thirdparty_applications_and/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A married woman was making out with her lover</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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She heard her husband knocking on the door, and started to freak out. She said “God, I would do whatever it takes to get away with this one.” All of a sudden, a genie showed up and offered her help but said that he’ll only do it on the condition of drowning her in 2 years. She accepted the offer and her lover disappeared within seconds. Two years later, a bunch of her female friends invited her to go on a cruise that had over 600 women on board. She had forgotten about the deal with the genie and accepted the invitation. The genie showed up and asked if she remembered him. She said no and he reminded her of their deal and told her he was about to drown the ship. “I made a mistake, why should the other innocent women be punished for it,” she protested. “I have been gathering you whores for the last 2 years.” He answered.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Lindytt"> /u/Lindytt </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14hfdrd/a_married_woman_was_making_out_with_her_lover/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14hfdrd/a_married_woman_was_making_out_with_her_lover/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>2021 - Russian Military is the 2nd strongest in the world</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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2022 - Russian Military is the 2nd strongest in Ukraine<br/> 2023 - Russian Military is the 2nd strongest in Russia
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It looks like the Russian Military is aiming for a record-breaking streak as the world’s best ‘second place’!
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/TheCreepyPL"> /u/TheCreepyPL </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14hevyu/2021_russian_military_is_the_2nd_strongest_in_the/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14hevyu/2021_russian_military_is_the_2nd_strongest_in_the/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What’s the difference between Putin and Hitler?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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Hitler never changed his mind on Wagner
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/sjakkpila"> /u/sjakkpila </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14hmm5v/whats_the_difference_between_putin_and_hitler/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14hmm5v/whats_the_difference_between_putin_and_hitler/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Not NSFW: When I was a young boy, I was walking down a gravel road with my grandpa…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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When I was a young boy, I was walking down a gravel road with my grandpa. I accidentally took a misstep and fell to the ground, cutting my knees. Grandpa gently bent down and began to clean the wound, removing the little pebbles now embedded in my skin as I cried.I’d always heard adults talk about it, but I finally knew what they were talking about.I’ll never forget the pain of my first kid knee stones.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/lovejo1"> /u/lovejo1 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14ha6kn/not_nsfw_when_i_was_a_young_boy_i_was_walking/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14ha6kn/not_nsfw_when_i_was_a_young_boy_i_was_walking/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
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