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<title>24 October, 2023</title>
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<title>Covid-19 Sentry</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Convergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 XBB lineages on receptor-binding domain 455-456 synergistically enhances antibody evasion and ACE2 binding</strong> -
<div>
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) XBB lineages have achieved dominance worldwide and keep on evolving. Convergent evolution of XBB lineages on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) L455F and F456L is observed, resulting in variants like EG.5, FL.1.5.1, XBB.1.5.70, and HK.3. Here, we show that neutralizing antibody (NAb) evasion drives the convergent evolution of F456L, while the epistatic shift caused by F456L enables the subsequent convergence of L455F through ACE2 binding enhancement and further immune evasion. L455F and F456L evade Class 1 NAbs, reducing the neutralization efficacy of XBB breakthrough infection (BTI) and reinfection convalescent plasma. Importantly, L455F single substitution significantly dampens receptor binding; however, the combination of L455F and F456L forms an adjacent residue flipping, which leads to enhanced NAbs resistance and ACE2 binding affinity. The perturbed receptor-binding mode leads to the exceptional ACE2 binding and NAb evasion, as revealed by structural analyses. Our results indicate the evolution flexibility contributed by epistasis cannot be underestimated, and the evolution potential of SARS-CoV-2 RBD remains high.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555211v2" target="_blank">Convergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 XBB lineages on receptor-binding domain 455-456 synergistically enhances antibody evasion and ACE2 binding</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The impact of spatial connectivity on NPIs effectiveness</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background. France implemented a combination of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to manage the COVID-19 pandemic between September 2020 and June 2021. These included a lockdown in the fall 2020 - the second since the start of the pandemic - to counteract the second wave, followed by a long period of nighttime curfew, and by a third lockdown in the spring 2021 against the Alpha wave. Interventions have so far been evaluated in isolation, neglecting the spatial connectivity between regions through mobility that may impact NPI effectiveness. Methods. Focusing on September 2020 - June 2021, we developed a regionally-based epidemic metapopulation model informed by observed mobility fluxes from daily mobile phone data and fitted the model to regional hospital admissions. The model integrated data on vaccination and variants spread. Scenarios were designed to assess the impact of the Alpha variant, characterized by increased transmissibility and risk of hospitalization, of the vaccination campaign and alternative policy decisions. Results. The spatial model better captured the heterogeneity observed in the regional dynamics, compared to models neglecting inter-regional mobility. The third lockdown was similarly effective to the second lockdown after discounting for immunity, Alpha, and seasonality (51% vs 52% median regional reduction in the reproductive number R0, respectively). The 6pm nighttime curfew with bars and restaurants closed, implemented in January 2021, substantially reduced COVID-19 transmission. It initially led to 49% median regional reduction of R0, decreasing to 43% reduction by March 2021. In absence of vaccination, implemented interventions would have been insufficient against the Alpha wave. Counterfactual scenarios proposing a sequence of lockdowns in a stop-and-go fashion would have reduced hospitalizations and restriction days for low enough thresholds triggering and lifting restrictions. Conclusions. Spatial connectivity induced by mobility impacted the effectiveness of interventions especially in regions with higher mobility rates. Early evening curfew with gastronomy sector closed allowed authorities to delay the third wave. Stop-and-go lockdowns could have substantially lowered both healthcare and societal burdens if implemented early enough, compared to the observed application of lockdown-curfew-lockdown, but likely at the expense of several labor sectors. These findings contribute to characterize the effectiveness of implemented strategies and improve pandemic preparedness. Keywords. COVID-19, NPIs, modeling, curfew, restrictions.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.23297403v1" target="_blank">The impact of spatial connectivity on NPIs effectiveness</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>In vivo affinity maturation of murine B cells reprogrammed to express human antibodies</strong> -
<div>
CRISPR-edited murine B cells engineered to express human antibody variable chains proliferate, class switch, and secrete these antibodies in vaccinated mice. However, current strategies disrupt the heavy-chain locus, resulting in inefficient somatic hypermutation without functional affinity maturation. Here we show that recombined murine heavy- and kappa-variable genes can be directly and simultaneously overwritten, using Cas12a-mediated cuts at their 3'-most J segments and 5' homology arms complementary to distal V segments. Cells edited in this way to express the HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies 10-1074 or VRC26.25-y robustly hypermutated and generated potent neutralizing plasma in vaccinated recipient mice. 10-1074 variants isolated from these mice bound and neutralized HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein more efficiently than wild-type 10-1074 while maintaining or improving its already low polyreactivity and long in vivo half-life. We further validated this approach by generating substantially broader and more potent variants of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies ZCB11 and S309. Thus, B cells edited at their native loci affinity mature, facilitating development of broad, potent, and bioavailable antibodies and expanding the potential applications of engineered B cells.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563154v1" target="_blank">In vivo affinity maturation of murine B cells reprogrammed to express human antibodies</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Assessing nanobody interaction with SARS-CoV-2 Nsp9</strong> -
<div>
The interaction between SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein Nsp9 and the nanobody 2NSP90 was investigated by NMR spectroscopy using the paramagnetic perturbation methodology PENELOP (Paramagnetic Equilibrium vs Nonequilibrium magnetization Enhancement or LOss Perturbation). The Nsp9 monomer is an essential component of the replication and transcription complex (RTC) that reproduces the viral gRNA for subsequent propagation. Therefore preventing Nsp9 recruitment in RTC would represent an efficient antiviral strategy that could be applied to different coronaviruses, given the Nsp9 relative invariance. The NMR results were consistent with a previous characterization suggesting a 4:4 Nsp9-to-nanobody stoichiometry with the occurrence of two epitope pairs on each of the Nsp9 units that establish the inter-dimer contacts of Nsp9 tetramer. The oligomerization state of Nsp9 was also analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations and both dimers and tetramers resulted plausible. However a different distribution of the mapped epitopes on the tetramer surface with respect to the former 4:4 complex could also be possible, as well as different stoichiometries of the Nsp9-nanobody assemblies such as the 2:2 stoichiometry suggested by the recent crystal structure of the Nsp9 complex with 2NSP23 (PDB ID: 8dqu), a nanobody exhibiting essentially the same affinity as 2NSP90. The experimental NMR evidence, however, ruled out the occurrence in liquid state of the relevant Nsp9 conformational change observed in the same crystal structure.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.563308v1" target="_blank">Assessing nanobody interaction with SARS-CoV-2 Nsp9</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Changes in total charge on spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in emerging lineages</strong> -
<div>
Motivation: Charged amino acid residues on the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been shown to influence its binding to different cell surface receptors, its non-specific electrostatic interactions with the environment, and its structural stability and conformation. It is therefore important to obtain a good understanding of amino acid mutations that affect the total charge on the spike protein which have arisen across different SARS-CoV-2 lineages during the course of the virus' evolution. Results: We analyse the change in the number of ionizable amino acids and the corresponding total charge on the spike proteins of almost 2000 SARS-CoV-2 lineages that have emerged over the span of the pandemic. Our results show that the previously observed trend toward an increase in the positive charge on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern has essentially stopped with the emergence of the early omicron variants. Furthermore, recently emerged lineages show a greater diversity in terms of their composition of ionizable amino acids. We also demonstrate that the patterns of change in the number of ionizable amino acids on the spike protein are characteristic of related lineages within the broader clade division of the SARS-CoV-2 phylogenetic tree. Due to the ubiquity of electrostatic interactions in the biological environment, our findings are relevant for a broad range of studies dealing with the structural stability of SARS-CoV-2 and its interactions with the environment. Availability: The data underlying the article are available in the online Supplementary Material.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.563433v1" target="_blank">Changes in total charge on spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in emerging lineages</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Screening Peptide Drug Candidates to Neutralize Whole Viral Agents : A Case study with SARS-CoV-2 Virus</strong> -
<div>
Covid19 pandemic revealed the reality for the need of therapeutic and pharmaceutical molecule development in a short time with different approaches. Although the enhancement of immunological memory by vaccination was the quicker and robust strategy, still medication is required for immediate treatment for a patient. For this purpose, one of the approaches is developing new therapeutic molecule development like peptide-based drugs. Also, peptides can be used developing other molecules like nanobodies. Here, M13 phage display library was used for selecting SARS-CoV-2 interacting peptides for developing a neutralizing molecule for further use. Biopanning was applied with four iterative cycles to select phages displaying different 12-amino acid-long peptides. Then, the M13 phage genomic region where peptide sequences expressed were analyzed and sequences were obtained. Randomly selected peptide sequences were synthesized by solid-state peptide synthesis method. These peptides were analyzed by quartz crystal microbalance method in terms or peptide interaction capacity with specifically wild-type S protein. Next, QCM data was further validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in order to check peptides according to their neutralizing capacity rather than binding to S1 protein. The results showed that, phage display served an opportunity for selecting peptides which can be used and developed further as pharmaceutical molecules. More specifically, scpep3, scpep8 and scpep10 had both binding and neutralizing capacity for S1 protein as a candidate for therapeutic molecule.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.22.563490v1" target="_blank">Screening Peptide Drug Candidates to Neutralize Whole Viral Agents : A Case study with SARS-CoV-2 Virus</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A bioactive peptide from the pearl has dual roles in resisting SARS-CoV-2 infection and its complications</strong> -
<div>
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a critical receptor for the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into cells. Moreover, a decrease in ACE2 level and its activity due to SARS-CoV-2 infection is considered a crucial reason for the development of Covid-19-associated complications. Here, we report a bioactive peptide derived from the seawater pearl oyster Pinctada fucata, named SCOL polypeptide, which binds strongly to ACE2 and effectively inhibits 65% of the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein to ACE2; thus, this peptide can be used as a blocker to enable cells to resist SARS-CoV-2 infection. The SCOL polypeptide also increases ACE2 enzyme activity by 3.76 times. Previous studies have shown that ACE2 deficiency is associated with inflammation, pain, cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, and nervous system injury. Therefore, the SCOL polypeptide can be used to treat or alleviate complications such as lung inflammation, pain, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and loss of taste or smell caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the SCOL polypeptide can play a dual role in resisting SARS-CoV-2 infection.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563427v1" target="_blank">A bioactive peptide from the pearl has dual roles in resisting SARS-CoV-2 infection and its complications</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>ASSESSING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OF MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH CARE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER- COMORO DILI TIMOR-LESTE.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ABSTRACT “Purpose/ Introduction: Recent Evidences reveal that COVID-19 pandemic caused MCH services interruption world-wide. In Timor-Leste, MCH services is one of service priorities and delivers through 3 tiers of health structures consists of hospitals, CHCs, and HPs. The Country (Timor-Leste) identified its first case of COVID-19 in March and by April 2020, it was lockdown and stringent actions were enforced. Nuring the pandemic COVID-19, the MOH health structures and facilities continued delivers essential health services. However, the strict lockdown and mandatory stay home order had negatively impacted the health system capacities. This study to thoroughly assess the disruption of System Components of MCH Services by interviewed frontline HCWs from Comoro -CHC, in Dili-Timor-Leste. Patients and Methods: The cross-sectional approach with quantitative descriptive method was employed for this study. We employed a modified who six building blocks (service delivery, human resources, drugs and consumables, ICT, Financing, Stewardship) to assess system disruption of MCH services in Comoro CHC due to COVID-19 Pandemic. Sample of 99 participants consisted of medical doctors, midwives, nurses who work at MCH unit pharmacy technicians, unit laboratory technicians, a structured questionnaire was utilized and data analysis was used SPSS. Result: The findings reveal the disruption of all 6 system blocks from MCH services in Comoro-CHC, Dili, Timor-Leste due to COVID-19 Pandemic. Except leadership, statistical tests reveal statistically significant association between interruption of five blocks from MCH services. The service delivery, human resources, drugs and consumables, ICT, Financing, Stewardship. Conclusion: COVID-19 Pandemic Caused disruption of all six health system blocks of MCH Services in Comoro, CHC. For future pandemic preparation plan, the attention must be given to all six-health system blocks to guarantee continue delivery of MCH care in CHC Comoro, Dili, Timor-Leste and a primary health care facility and other similar settings.Keywords: Performance, Maternal, Child, Health, System, COVID-19”
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.23297388v1" target="_blank">ASSESSING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OF MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH CARE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER- COMORO DILI TIMOR-LESTE.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Proportion of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in Peru prior to the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the fraction of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in Peru in 2018, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An ecological study was carried out using the prevalence of exposure of the Peruvian population to modifiable risk factors for cancer, relative risk of each risk factor, and number of cancer cases and deaths in 2018 as inputs. We used the Parkin formula with a Montecarlo statistical simulation model to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF) and confidence intervals. The number of new cancer cases and deaths attributable to each risk factor was calculated by multiplying the number of cases and deaths in each sex by the PAF of each risk factor. RESULTS: 38.4% of new cases (34.4% in men and 41.8% in women) and 43.2% of deaths by cancer in Peru (43.1% in men and 43.2% in women) were attributable to modifiable risk factors. The number of cancers attributable was 25,591 (10,616 in men and 14,975 in women) and the number of deaths attributable to cancer was 14,922 (6,996 in men and 7,926 in women). The modifiable risk factors that caused a greater number of cases and deaths were HPV infection (4563 cases, 2410 deaths), current tobacco use (3387 cases, 2198 deaths), and Helicobacter pylori infection (2686 cases, 1874 deaths). The oncogenic infections made up the group of risk factors that presented a greater PAF (16.6% for cases, 19.1% for deaths) followed by other unhealthy lifestyle factors (14.1% for cases, 16.5% for deaths), tobacco (7.2% for cases, 7.3% for deaths) and ultraviolet radiation (0.5% for cases, 0.3% for deaths). CONCLUSION: Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, a proportion of 38.4% of cancer cases and 43.2% of cancer deaths in Peru during 2018 were attributable to modifiable risk factors. Most preventable cancer cases and deaths are linked to oncogenic infections, primarily caused by HPV and Helicobacter pylori.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.22.23297358v1" target="_blank">Proportion of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in Peru prior to the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>COVision: Convolutional Neural Network for the Differentiation of COVID-19 from Common Pulmonary Conditions Using CT Scans</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
With the growing amount of COVID-19 cases, especially in developing countries with limited medical resources, it is essential to accurately and efficiently diagnose COVID-19. Due to characteristic ground-glass opacities (GGOs) and other types of lesions being present in both COVID-19 and other acute lung diseases, misdiagnosis occurs often: 26.6% of the time in manual interpretations of CT scans. Current deep-learning models can identify COVID-19 but cannot distinguish it from other common lung diseases like bacterial pneumonia. Concretely, COVision is a deep-learning model that can differentiate COVID-19 from other common lung diseases, with high specificity using CT scans and other clinical factors. COVision was designed to minimize overfitting and complexity by decreasing the number of hidden layers and trainable parameters while still achieving superior performance. Our model consists of two parts: the CNN which analyzes CT scans and the CFNN (clinical factors neural network) which analyzes clinical factors such as age, gender, etc. Using federated averaging, we ensembled our CNN with the CFNN to create a comprehensive diagnostic tool. After training, our CNN achieved an accuracy of 95.8% and our CFNN achieved an accuracy of 88.75% on a validation set. We found a statistical significance that COVision performs better than three independent radiologists with at least 10 years of experience, especially in differentiating COVID-19 from pneumonia. We analyzed our CNN activation maps through Grad-CAMs and found that lesions in COVID-19 presented peripherally, closer to the pleura, whereas pneumonia lesions presented centrally.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.22.23284880v3" target="_blank">COVision: Convolutional Neural Network for the Differentiation of COVID-19 from Common Pulmonary Conditions Using CT Scans</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Chemical-guided SHAPE sequencing (cgSHAPE-seq) informs the binding site of RNA-degrading chimeras targeting SARS-CoV-2 5’ untranslated region</strong> -
<div>
One of the hallmarks of RNA viruses is highly structured untranslated regions (UTRs) in their genomes. These conserved RNA structures are often essential for viral replication, transcription, or translation. In this report, we discovered and optimized a new type of coumarin derivatives, such as C30 and C34, which bind to a four-way RNA helix called SL5 in the 5’ UTR of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome. To locate the binding site, we developed a novel sequencing-based method namely cgSHAPE-seq, in which the acylating chemical probe was directed to crosslink with the 2’-OH groups of ribose at the ligand binding site. This crosslinked RNA could then create read-through mutations during reverse transcription (i.e., primer extension) at single-nucleotide resolution to uncover the acylation locations. cgSHAPE-seq unambiguously determined that a bulged G in SL5 was the primary binding site of C30 in the SARS-CoV-2 5’ UTR, which was validated through mutagenesis and in vitro binding experiments. C30 was further used as a warhead in RNA-degrading chimeras to reduce viral RNA expression levels. We demonstrated that replacing the acylating moiety in the cgSHAPE probe with ribonuclease L recruiter (RLR) moieties yielded RNA degraders active in the in vitro RNase L degradation assay and SARS-CoV-2 5’ UTR expressing cells. We further explored another RLR conjugation site on the E ring of C30/C34 and discovered improved RNA degradation activities in vitro and in cells. The optimized RNA-degrading chimera C64 inhibited live virus replication in lung epithelial carcinoma cells.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535453v2" target="_blank">Chemical-guided SHAPE sequencing (cgSHAPE-seq) informs the binding site of RNA-degrading chimeras targeting SARS-CoV-2 5’ untranslated region</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Quality of life, resources, and coping during the first weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic by people seeking psychological counselling before the pandemic</strong> -
<div>
Objectives. This study aimed to understand the relationship between resource gains and losses, coping, and quality of life during the growth phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods. The Internet-based survey covered 353 individuals who had participated in a psychological support project operated by one of the non-governmental organisations in Lublin, Poland, in the 12 months prior to the outbreak of the pandemic. The questionnaire used in the study contained questions to collect sociodemographic data and psychometric scales to measure resource gains and losses (Conservation of Resources – Evaluation), quality of life (World Health Organization [WHO] Quality of Life-BREF), and strategies of coping with the pandemic situation (modified Brief Cope). Results. Higher global quality of life occurred with higher gains and minor losses, as well as with coping through planning, positive reframing, emotional support seeking, reduced substance use tendency, low self-blame, avoidance, and disengagement. Moreover, helplessness-based coping strategies were found to mediate both the relationship between resource gains and quality of life and between resource loss and quality of life. Conclusions. Factors that may reduce people’s quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic are an increase in losses and limited gains, experienced over the six months preceding the pandemic, as well as not using active, meaning-oriented, and support-seeking coping strategies, but using avoidance behaviours instead. Coping strategies specific to people experiencing helplessness are a mediating mechanism between losses and limited gains of resources and quality of life.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ryv8g/" target="_blank">Quality of life, resources, and coping during the first weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic by people seeking psychological counselling before the pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Evaluation of the neutralising antibody response in human and hamster sera against SARS-CoV-2 variants up to and including BA.2.86 using an authentic virus neutralisation assay</strong> -
<div>
New vaccines, therapeutics and immunity elicited by natural infection create evolutionary pressure on SARS-CoV-2 to evolve and adapt to evade vaccine-induced and infection-elicited immunity. Vaccine and therapeutics developers thus find themselves in an "arms race" with the virus. The ongoing assessment of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants remains essential as the global community transitions from an emergency response to a long-term management plan. Here, we describe how an authentic virus neutralisation assay using low passage clinical virus isolates has been employed to monitor resistance of emerging virus variants to neutralising antibodies from humans and experimentally infected hamsters. Sera and plasma from people who received three doses of a vaccine as well as those who received a bivalent booster were assessed against SARS-CoV-2 variants, up to and including BA.2.86. Contemporary or recent virus variants showed substantial resistance to neutralisation by antibodies from those who had received three vaccines but were still effectively neutralised by antibodies from individuals who had received a bivalent booster (ancestral/BA.1). Convalescent sera from hamsters that had been experimentally infected with one of seven virus variants (ancestral, BA.1, BA.4, BA.5.2.1, XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, XBB.2.3) were also tested here. The most contemporary variant, BA.2.86, was effectively neutralised by sera from hamsters infected with XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16 but it was not neutralised by sera from those infected with BA.5.2.1. These data support the recommendations given by the WHO that a new vaccine was required and should consist of an XBB sub-lineage antigen.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.21.563398v1" target="_blank">Evaluation of the neutralising antibody response in human and hamster sera against SARS-CoV-2 variants up to and including BA.2.86 using an authentic virus neutralisation assay</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Viral envelope proteins fused to multiple distinct fluorescent reporters to probe receptor binding</strong> -
<div>
Enveloped viruses carry one or multiple proteins with receptor binding functionalities. Functional receptors can either be glycans, proteinaceous or both, recombinant protein approaches are instrumental to gain more insight into these binding properties. Visualizing and measuring receptor binding normally entails antibody detection or direct labelling, whereas direct fluorescent fusions are attractive tools in molecular biology. Here we report a suite of different fluorescent fusions, both N- and/or C- terminal, for influenza A virus hemagglutinins and SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD. The proteins contained a total of three or six fluorescent protein barrels and were applied directly to cells to determine receptor binding properties.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563555v1" target="_blank">Viral envelope proteins fused to multiple distinct fluorescent reporters to probe receptor binding</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron EG.5.1 variant</strong> -
<div>
In middle-late 2023, a sublineage of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB, EG.5.1 (a progeny of XBB.1.9.2), is spreading rapidly around the world. Here, we performed multiscale investigations to reveal virological features of newly emerging EG.5.1 variant. Our phylogenetic-epidemic dynamics modeling suggested that two hallmark substitutions of EG.5.1, S:F456L and ORF9b:I5T, are critical to the increased viral fitness. Experimental investigations addressing the growth kinetics, sensitivity to clinically available antivirals, fusogenicity and pathogenicity of EG.5.1 suggested that the virological features of EG.5.1 is comparable to that of XBB.1.5. However, the cryo-electron microscopy reveals the structural difference between the spike proteins of EG.5.1 and XBB.1.5. We further assessed the impact of ORF9b:I5T on viral features, but it was almost negligible at least in our experimental setup. Our multiscale investigations provide the knowledge for understanding of the evolution trait of newly emerging pathogenic viruses in the human population.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563209v1" target="_blank">Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron EG.5.1 variant</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Aterixen 100 mg Tablets and Aterixen 100 mg Film-coated Tablets in Healthy Volunteers</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Viral Infection COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Aterixen <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Valenta Pharm JSC <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Long COVID Brain Fog: Cognitive Rehabilitation Trial</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID; Brain Fog; Cognitive Impairment; Cognitive Dysfunction; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Speed of Processing Training; Behavioral: In-lab Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Training; Behavioral: In-lab Brain Health Training; Behavioral: Transfer Package; Behavioral: Follow Up Phone Calls; Behavioral: Vocational Rehabilitation; Behavioral: Peer Mentoring <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of Alabama at Birmingham; National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Paradoxical Response to Chest Wall Loading in Mechanically Ventilated Patients</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: ARDS; COVID-19; Mechanical Ventilation Pressure High; Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Diagnostic Test: Manual loading of the chest wall <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: HealthPartners Institute <br/><b>Withdrawn</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Practical RCT of TCM in the Treatment of LCOVID and Analysis of Syndrome Types and Medication Characteristics.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Traditional Chinese medicine treatment; Drug: Western medicine treatment <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Chinese University of Hong Kong <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Narrative Intervention for Long COVID-19 (NICO)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID; Long Covid19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Narrative Intervention for Long COVID-19 (NICO) <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of Colorado, Denver <br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inspiratory Muscle Training in People With Long COVID-19- A Pilot Investigation.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: PrO2 <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of Bath; Swansea University <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity of Concomitant Administration of COVID-19 Vaccines With Influenza Vaccines</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Influenza; Vaccine Reaction; Contaminant Injected <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: Omicron-containing COVID-19 vaccine; Biological: influenza vaccine <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Catholic Kwandong University; Korea University Guro Hospital <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training in Post-Covid Syndrome</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Cardiovascular Abnormalities; Post-COVID-19 Syndrome; Physical Exercise <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Inspiratory muscle strength training <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: D’Or Institute for Research and Education <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Home-Based Respiratory Muscle Strength Training Program for Individuals With Post-COVID-19 Persistent Dyspnea</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post-COVID-19 Syndrome; Dyspnea <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: Respiratory Muscle Strength Trainers <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of South Florida <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rural Tailored Communication to Promote SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Testing in Saliva</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: SARS-CoV2 Infection <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: General SARS-CoV-2 Communication; Behavioral: Rural-Targeted SARS-CoV-2 Communication <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Michigan State University; National Cancer Institute (NCI); Johns Hopkins University <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Compensatory Cognitive Training for COVID-19; Behavioral: Holistic Cognitive Education <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: VA Office of Research and Development <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID Rehabilitation</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Rehabilitation; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome; Post-Infectious Disorders <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: One day course; Behavioral: Individual follow-ups <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University Hospital of North Norway; University of Bergen; Oslo University Hospital; Norwegian University of Science and Technology <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 3 Open-Label Controlled Trial of Convalescent Plasma in Early COVID-19 Infection</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Covid19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Convalescent Plasma; Other: Standard of Care <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Larkin Community Hospital <br/><b>Withdrawn</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Food Effects of GST-HG171 Tablets Combined With Ritonavir in Healthy Chinese Participants</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 Respiratory Infection <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: GST-HG171/ritonavir; Drug: ritonavir <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Fujian Akeylink Biotechnology Co., Ltd. <br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Improving Post COVID-19 Syndrome With Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatments</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post COVID-19 Condition; Post-COVID-19 Syndrome; Post-COVID Syndrome; COVID-19; Fatigue; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: Monoplace Hyperbaric Chamber (Class III medical device). <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism-induced anxiety and depression-like behaviors require Microglia activation</strong> - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been associated with a wide range of “long COVID” neurological symptoms. However, the mechanisms governing SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism and its effects on long-term behavioral changes remain poorly understood. Using a highly virulent mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain, denoted as SARS2-N501Y (MA30) , we demonstrated that intranasal inoculation of SARS2-N501Y (MA30) results in…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Development of an Integrated Sample Amplification Control for Salivary Point-of-Care Pathogen Testing</strong> - BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a rise in point-of-care (POC) and home-based tests, but concerns over usability, accuracy, and effectiveness have arisen. The incorporation of internal amplification controls (IACs), essential control for translational POC diagnostics, could mitigate false-negative and false-positive results due to sample matrix interference or inhibition. Although emerging POC nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for detecting SARS-CoV-2 show impressive…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Intestinal injury and vasculitis biomarkers in cats with feline enteric coronavirus and effusive feline infectious peritonitis</strong> - OBJECTIVE: To investigate intestinal injury, repair and vasculitis biomarkers that may illuminate the progression and/or pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) or feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) infection.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ORF3c is expressed in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells and inhibits innate sensing by targeting MAVS</strong> - Most SARS-CoV-2 proteins are translated from subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs). While the majority of these sgRNAs are monocistronic, some viral mRNAs encode more than one protein. One example is the ORF3a sgRNA that also encodes ORF3c, an enigmatic 41-amino-acid peptide. Here, we show that ORF3c is expressed in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells and suppresses RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated IFN-β induction. ORF3c interacts with the signaling adaptor MAVS, induces its C-terminal cleavage, and inhibits the interaction…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Chemical Characteristics and Biological Activity Screening of Pistacia lentiscus Mastic Gum and Leaves from Turkiye</strong> - CONCLUSION: The mastic gum and leaves obtained from P. lentiscus may have great potential in terms of their chemical content, antiviral and cytotoxic activities. In ovo antiviral activity studies on the P. lentiscus were evaluated for the first time. Attributable to these properties, it is a sustainable, renewable natural resource that can be used as an additive and flavor in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of Potential Peptide-Based Inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 and Variants of Concern</strong> - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has greatly affected all aspect of life. Although several vaccines and pharmaceuticals have been developed against SARS-CoV-2, the emergence of mutated variants has raised several concerns. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptor cell entry mechanism of this virus has not changed despite the vast mutation in emerging variants. Inhibiting the spike protein by which the virus identifies the host ACE2 receptor is a…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Some novel bioactivities of <em>Virgibacillus halodenitrificans</em> carotenoids, isolated from Wadi El-Natrun lakes</strong> - Carotenoids come in second among the most frequent natural pigments and are utilized in medications, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, food pigments, and feed supplements. Based on recent complementary work, Virgibacillus was announced for the first time as a member of Wadi El-Natrun salt and soda lakes microbiota, identified as Virgibacillus halodenitrificans, and named V. halodenitrificans DASH; hence, this work aimed to investigate several in vitro medicinal bioactivities of V. halodenitrificans…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Clinical and pulmonary function analysis in long-COVID revealed that long-term pulmonary dysfunction is associated with vascular inflammation pathways and metabolic syndrome</strong> - INTRODUCTION: Long-term pulmonary dysfunction (L-TPD) is one of the most critical manifestations of long-COVID. This lung affection has been associated with disease severity during the acute phase and the presence of previous comorbidities, however, the clinical manifestations, the concomitant consequences and the molecular pathways supporting this clinical condition remain unknown. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize L-TPD in patients with long-COVID and elucidate the main…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Naïve Phage Display Library-Derived Nanobody Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and Three Variants of Concern</strong> - CONCLUSION: Our study highlights a novel nanobody, Nb-H6, that may be useful therapeutically in SARS-CoV-2 and VOC outbreaks and pandemics. These findings also provide a molecular foundation for further studies into how nanobodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and variants and imply potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of COVID-19.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Macromolecules: Synthesis, antimicrobial, POM analysis and computational approaches of some glucoside derivatives bearing acyl moieties</strong> - Macromolecules i.e., carbohydrate derivatives are crucial to biochemical and medical research. Herein, we designed and synthesized eight methyl α-D-glucopyranoside (MGP) derivatives (2-8) in good yields following the regioselective direct acylation method. The structural configurations of the synthesized MGP derivatives were analyzed and verified using multiple physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques. Antimicrobial experiments revealed that almost all derivatives demonstrated noticeable…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Synthesis, structural characterization, antioxidant, cytotoxic activities and docking studies of schiff base Cu(II) complexes</strong> - By combining hydrazide with 2-Acetylpyridine, a hydrazone ligand (HL) was successfully created. Several copper (II) salts have been used to create three copper (II) hydrazone complexes (acetate, sulphate, and chloride). The hydrazide ligand and its copper (II) complexes (1-3) were studied via variety of analytical techniques, including elemental analysis, electronic, infrared, UV-vis Spectrum, XRD study, thermal analysis, also molar conductivity amounts. The spectrum results indicate that in all…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pyrazolidinone-Based Peptidomimetic SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup> inhibitors</strong> - The main protease (M^(pro)) of SARS-CoV-2 is an attractive drug target for COVID-19 treatment as it plays an integral role in the proliferation of coronavirus. Herein, we describe the investigation of β- and γ-lactams as electrophilic “warheads” for covalent binding to Cys145 of the M^(pro) active site. The highest inhibitory activity (IC(50) = 45 ± 3 μM) was achieved using a pyrazolidinone warhead attached to the targeting dipeptide. Importantly, the synergy of the warhead and the targeting…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>In vitro testing of host-targeting small molecule antiviral matriptase/TMPRSS2 inhibitors in 2D and 3D cell-based assays</strong> - The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic strongly stimulated the development of small molecule antivirals selectively targeting type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSP), required for the host-cell entry of numerous viruses. A set of 3-amidinophenylalanine derivatives (MI-21, MI-472, MI-477, MI-485, MI-1903 and MI-1904), which inhibit the cleavage of certain viral glycoproteins was characterized in 2D and 3D primary human hepatocyte models on collagen- and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronaviruses in urban and indigenous children in Colombia</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Overall, antibody titers, but in particular ACE2 binding inhibition are low within Colombian samples, requiring further investigation to determine any potential clinical significance.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ASK1 inhibitors are potential pan-antiviral drugs, which dampen replication of diverse viruses including SARS-CoV2</strong> - Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)/MAP3K5 is a stress response kinase that is activated by various stimuli. It is known as an upstream activator of p38- Mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) that are reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced kinases. Accumulating evidence show that ROS accumulate in virus-infected cells. Here, we investigated the relationship between viruses and ASK1/p38MAPK or ASK1/JNK pathways. Our findings suggest that virus…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Another Hospital in Gaza Is Bleeding</strong> - Doctors in southern Gaza are overwhelmed by the dead and the wounded—and by displaced Palestinians sleeping on the floor. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/another-hospital-in-gaza-is-bleeding">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Simmering Lebanese Front in Israel’s War</strong> - A series of tit-for-tat exchanges between Hezbollah fighters and the Israeli Army risks blowing the Gaza offensive into a regional conflict. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-simmering-lebanese-front-in-israels-war">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How the Yale Unions Took Over New Haven</strong> - A decade ago, blue-collar campus workers won a majority on the city council. Would an alliance with grad students dilute their power? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/how-the-yale-unions-took-over-new-haven">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ibram X. Kendi’s Anti-Racism</strong> - The historian espoused grand ambitions to dismantle American racism, but the crisis at his research center suggests that he always had a more limited view of change. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/ibram-x-kendis-anti-racism">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Spike Lee on His “Dream Project,” a Joe Louis Bio-Pic</strong> - The iconic filmmaker tells David Remnick how he got his start, how to direct Denzel Washington, and when he wants to retire. Plus, Thomas Mallon on “Fellow Travelers.” - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/podcast/the-new-yorker-radio-hour/spike-lee-on-his-dream-project-a-joe-louis-biopic">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>The World Bank can bring the world’s poor into the clean energy revolution</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A farmer wearing boots and carrying tools walks by a large expanse of solar panels on a sunny day in Tafoughalt, Morocco." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/9QsiUNG1udOg9Pf1NlVE5BH39FQ=/424x0:3868x2583/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72787677/621791722.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
A farmer walks by solar panels in Tafoughalt, Morocco. Projects like this could be the future of the World Bank in the era of climate change. | Fadel Senna/AFP via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
World Bank veteran Masood Ahmed explains why the 80-year-old lender should make a comeback, fueling the green transition.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PDU56t">
The World Bank turns 80 next summer, which means eight decades of loans to fund infrastructure and other projects in poor countries. But it is entering its ninth decade with a bit of an identity crisis, and a widespread understanding that it needs to transform itself.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JKCu3V">
Ajay Banga, the former Mastercard CEO picked by <a href="https://www.vox.com/joe-biden">President Joe Biden</a> as the bank’s new leader, faces <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/bio/jake-schmidt/world-bank-needs-get-serious-about-reform">heavy pressure from climate groups</a> to stop offering loans and other financing for carbon-emitting projects like <a href="https://www.vox.com/fossil-fuels">natural gas</a> plants. In turn, many governments in developing countries <a href="https://nairametrics.com/2022/05/13/we-need-access-to-energy-to-survive-create-industry-vp-osinbajo/">find this pressure brazenly hypocritical</a>: the developed world got rich by burning coal and oil, and is now pulling the ladder up behind it lest poor countries use those same resources.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TRzyjK">
Masood Ahmed, who served for 21 years at the World Bank and now leads the Center for Global Development, a think tank working on development issues, thinks this debate is largely a distraction. The big question isn’t what the Bank shouldn’t<em> </em>do — it’s what the Bank should<em> </em>do.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AnCHMr">
How can the Bank fund solar and wind farms, electrical transmission, energy storage, nuclear production, and other zero-carbon ways of providing the developing world with the energy resources they deserve? If we don’t want Nigeria and Bangladesh to one day emit as much per person as the US or Germany in pursuit of giving their people a better life, we need to give those countries an alternative.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LnYbWw">
That requires global coordination, and Ahmed thinks the Bank is the right group to lead the charge. He imagines a world where vast projects, like <a href="https://e360.yale.edu/features/africa-europe-solar-wind-power#:~:text=Plans%20for%20one%20project%20in,down%20long%20cables%20is%20vast.">solar farms across the Sahara Desert</a> that feed into electrical grids from Europe to central Africa, are shepherded to completion by the World Bank, coordinating the potentially dozens of countries that would need to participate, help fund, and build out the ideas.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8yxzjm">
Ahmed and I spoke in early October about what the World Bank is doing now to fight <a href="https://www.vox.com/climate">global warming</a>, and what it could be doing differently and better. A transcript edited for length and clarity follows.
</p>
<h4 id="9OSjV5">
Dylan Matthews
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uI3AVF">
What’s the World Bank’s current approach to decarbonization?
</p>
<h4 id="cBcxBN">
Masood Ahmed
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yIC6Er">
The World Bank is already the largest source of development finance for climate-related projects in developing countries. So what do we mean when we say the World Bank needs to take climate change as a central objective?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MELaFr">
The World Bank and the regional development banks have traditionally had a mission of alleviating extreme poverty and helping their client countries make progress on development. They deal with climate change insofar as it features in those issues. We believe that the climate change needs to be explicitly added on as an objective that the World Bank would be tackling, in and of itself.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nNyJqF">
They also need to think about organizational changes to the way they operate, the way they work with other development banks, and the way they work with the private sector. And if you want to add the objective of dealing with global challenges like climate to the mission of these institutions, and you want them to do this not at the expense of what they do to help countries deal with poverty, then this has to be reflected in them being bigger and having the resources to do that.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="o0nM64">
A <a href="https://www.cgdev.org/publication/strengthening-multilateral-development-banks-triple-agenda">recent report</a> done by an expert group that was commissioned by the G20, co-chaired by N.K. Singh and Larry Summers, said that these institutions need to be thinking about <em>tripling</em> their size by the end of this decade. There’s a discussion that’s underway about the ways in which they can build up their financing capacity, how they can stretch their existing balance sheets, and use their own capital more effectively to be able to get more out of the equity they’ve got.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xS8pin">
Down the road, and not very far down the road, some of the banks will also need to have an injection of fresh capital to enable them to get to the tripling that is envisaged.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VtoSX3">
That’s the broad agenda for the reform of the MDBs [multilateral development banks; the World Bank and regional institutions like the Asian and African Development Banks] that at the moment is being pursued.
</p>
<h4 id="yK5RnR">
Dylan Matthews
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NbU0Za">
A lot of the public pressure on the Bank has been sort of in the form of negatives: don’t fund this gas plant, don’t fund this hydrocarbons sector in <a href="https://www.vox.com/india">India</a>. How important is saying no to projects like that versus saying yes to many more decarbonizing projects?
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<aside id="caGuU4">
<q>We need to switch from saying “Don’t do this or that,” to saying, “This is how we would like you to help countries adopt a green growth approach.”</q>
</aside>
</div>
<h4 id="RtqUSl">
Masood Ahmed
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kam6yN">
This negative agenda is not going to take us very far. The real question is not whether the bank funds natural gas projects in, let’s say, India, but what is going to be the transition of India’s energy sector from the <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/india-energy-outlook-2021/energy-in-india-today">heavy reliance on fossil fuels</a>, coal being a big part of it, to one which is much more climate-friendly? How can the World Bank support that process?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zeaXZr">
We need to switch from saying “Don’t do this or that,” to saying, “This is how we would like you to help countries adopt a green growth approach.” That’s a much more positive, but also much more consequential agenda.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4LjNQR">
These [multilateral development banks] are lending around $150 billion a year. That’s tiny in relation to the investment needs and the financing of these countries. To be able to make a difference, you need to be helping to shape the broader investment strategies and <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy">policies</a> in emerging markets.
</p>
<h4 id="re5LE7">
Dylan Matthews
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Fb0HqF">
You’ve argued the World Bank and its peers need to be less risk-averse, to take bigger risks and take on bigger projects. Why is that important for decarbonization? And why is it hard?
</p>
<h4 id="Wmd0QK">
Masood Ahmed
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Z6bTyK">
The culture of public sector institutions, including multilateral institutions like the World Bank, has traditionally been one of avoiding risk, staying away from it. In the public sector, the price for making a mistake is a lot higher than the benefits that come from getting things right. People jump on bureaucrats and pick on the mistakes they made, or things that didn’t work out. So, naturally, people tend to become risk-averse in that environment, because it’s easier to just stay with the tried and trusted than to innovate and take risks.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dEwv55">
If we really want the MDBs to scale up, to get more out of their capital, to work more with the private sector, and help to mobilize at least as much money from the private sector as they themselves are lending, sometimes that will mean that taking more risk onto their own balance sheets. Sometimes it means that you use the instruments you have to help mitigate and allocate risk amongst different parties, including the private sector, the country itself in different ways.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zFmAHM">
These institutions have been very risk-averse in the way they’ve treated their own capital. The leverage ratio — the amount of money they lend against the equity they’ve got — at the World Bank has <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/12/world-bank-climate-change-finance-reform-economy-ajay-banga/">been about 5 to 1</a>. [<em>Author note: By contrast, the </em><a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/8/8/23296951/inflation-reduction-act-biden-democrats-climate-change"><em>Inflation Reduction Act</em></a><em>’s loan guarantees are estimated to </em><a href="https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/documents/IRA_Private_Equity_Leverage_Brief.pdf"><em>spur about $10 in investment for every $1 they cost</em></a><em> the US government.</em>] Many people think it should be much higher than that. The reason the World Bank and the other MDBs have historically stuck with low ratios is because it just seemed like the least risky thing to do. But that just meant you weren’t getting the most out of the equity.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Cgy8Er">
The World Bank has said they can lend an extra $50 billion over the next 10 years by making better use of their existing equity. The Asian Development Bank has done the same. So I think a lot of them are finding ways to be less risk-averse, while still being very proven financial managers. And I think that’s the direction in which they need to move even more.
</p>
<h4 id="wZNzIT">
Dylan Matthews
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gojmKG">
What’s an example of a big decarbonization project that you would like to see the World Bank tackle?
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<aside id="rqS7SK">
<q>I would like to see them think harder about how to do big cross-border projects that are transformational in nature</q>
</aside>
</div>
<h4 id="2Vzs0a">
Masood Ahmed
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RCObya">
The goal is not that the multilateral development banks just go scouting around for the next solar project that’s going to happen in Egypt anyway, or the next dam that’ll be built in Latin America anyway, and say, “We want a part of that.” That would simply displace somebody else who’s going to fund that. That would be a perverse outcome.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LOKHjE">
I would like to see them think harder about how to do big cross-border projects that are transformational in nature. Morocco has a solar project <a href="https://www.heidelbergmaterials.com/en/noor">called the Noor Project</a>. It’s about 500 megawatts. I’ve been to see it. It’s a big project, very impressive.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OydLAx">
But the Sahara is a much, much bigger space. And there’s no reason why that project couldn’t be 20 times that scale, supplying electricity not only to Morocco, obviously, but to the north, to Europe, which would mean putting in more infrastructure, and to the south, going to countries where energy scarcity <a href="https://www.oecd.org/environment/cc/climate-futures/Achieving-clean-energy-access-Sub-Saharan-Africa.pdf">is the biggest problem</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PHHfRp">
That’s the kind of project that will cost tens of billions of dollars. That will be transformational, not just for the country in which the physical facilities are located, but the countries that receive the energy, north and south. Putting that together will require bringing together countries, bringing together agencies, putting in place governance structures, and deciding whose balance sheet it sits on. That kind of project doesn’t lend itself at all to the country-by-country approach that most of the multilateral development banks have.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zpGhL5">
That scale of transformative operation is very hard for them to achieve, but it’s very hard for anybody else to achieve. I think that they are best placed for it. It’s not as if they’ve never done that. One of the World Bank’s great successes is the <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history/exhibits/A-Bold-Vision-to-Defeat-River-Blindness">River Blindness Project</a> that the World Bank sponsored, started, managed, and helped put together <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history/past-presidents/robert-strange-mcnamara">under Bob McNamara</a> going into the 1970s.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mMOQQK">
River blindness was blinding a whole slew of people in West Africa, and Bob McNamara took it upon himself to say that this was an unacceptable scourge on the people in that region, and the World Bank, working with other development agencies, the UN, private sector, the countries of the region, over 20 years led the eradication of the disease.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qwt3pS">
If you go to the lobby of the World Bank, there is a statue of a blind man being led by a young boy, which was a very common sight in those countries at the time, because many of the blind men, by the time they were adults, were blinded already. Eradicating that required the kind of vision, organization, multi-country approach, private-public approach, which is exactly what is needed.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BC8CPk">
My question is, what are the river blindness eradication projects for today, and how do we organize ourselves to be able to do them in the same way?
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<aside id="bYq8vp">
<q>The biggest problem is how climate change is impacting the day-to-day investment strategies of all developing countries</q>
</aside>
</div>
<h4 id="Knwbz1">
Dylan Matthews
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="veuL8m">
Some of those projects are targeting emissions, like your giant Morocco solar farm idea, but it seems like climate is influencing how the banks make loans in less direct ways too.
</p>
<h4 id="JtzOU5">
Masood Ahmed
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yQXhig">
When people talk about climate change and what the MDBs can do, they quickly pivot to talking about what they can do to help mitigate the future trajectory of emissions in emerging markets. But the biggest problem is how climate change is impacting the day-to-day investment strategies of all developing countries. If you’re building bridges in Pakistan, the melt from the snow cap in the Himalayas is now <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-01/pakistan-floods-worsened-as-global-warming-melts-himalayan-glaciers?embedded-checkout=true">coming down faster and larger</a>. You’re going to have to build more resilient and bigger, tougher, higher bridges than you did before, which is going to cost you more.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vs1QaW">
If you were building schools in the Sahel, where you thought the temperature that they had to withstand was 104ºF summers, and now it’s 110, 115ºF, then suddenly you’re going to have to build that into the design of things. Adapting to climate change is a problem for all countries, including the poorest countries, who themselves don’t contribute very much to the emissions problem. No matter what they do, they’re going to have an inconsequential impact on global emissions in most cases. But what happens to global emissions is having a big impact on them now.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="o9djj1">
One of the roles of multilateral development banks is to build resilience into the infrastructure decisions that they’re making, which means that they need concessional financing [loans offered on more favorable rates than on the private market] for the poorest countries, without which they’re not going to be able to play this role.
</p></li>
<li><strong>The Supreme Court confronts its own failure in an appalling case about guns</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="People walk across the Brooklyn Bridge in an effort to end gun violence. One holds up a hand-lettered sign that reads, “Enough.”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ZSoPaOGP41lNF-QE6L2eeJueESo=/0x0:4449x3337/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72787636/1258415021.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Hundreds of people wear orange and march across Brooklyn Bridge in recognition of National Gun Violence Awareness Day on, June 3, 2023 in New York, United States. | Selcuk Acar/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The justices are seriously considering whether domestic abusers have a right to own a gun.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="q4BpI8">
The next gun rights case before the <a href="https://www.vox.com/scotus">Supreme Court</a>, <a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/united-states-v-rahimi/"><em>United States v. Rahimi</em></a>, involves an individual that no sensible society would allow to have a gun.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="R0ab0E">
Three years ago, according to the Justice Department, Zackey Rahimi and his girlfriend had an argument in a parking lot where Rahimi threatened to take away their mutual child. He then allegedly grabbed her wrist, knocked her to the ground, dragged her to the car, and hit her head on the dashboard. After he realized that a witness had seen this fight, Rahimi allegedly <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22-915/275295/20230814194714856_22-915%20U.S.%20v.%20Rahimi.pdf">pulled a gun and fired at this bystander</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Pi8wwD">
He later called his girlfriend and allegedly threatened to shoot her if she told anyone that he’d assaulted her.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="K1cRF7">
This is one of a series of gun crimes allegedly committed by Rahimi. In 2020, he allegedly threatened another woman with a gun. According to the Justice Department, “Rahimi also participated in a series of five shootings in December 2020 and January 2021.” In one alleged incident, he “fired into the man’s house with an AR-15 rifle.” In another, he allegedly followed a truck and “fired multiple shots at another car that had been traveling behind the truck” after the truck’s driver flashed their headlights at Rahimi.
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<div id="TsVq1D">
<div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="B8PP9v">
Although Rahimi’s lawyers <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22-915/280662/20230927174948653_Rahimi%20-%2022-915%20-%20Respondent%20Brief%20-%20FINAL.pdf">claim that these allegations are “disputed,”</a> they do not deny any of the DOJ’s specific claims. Nor do they offer an alternative version of these events.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9FKvcb">
Yet last February, a federal appeals court held that Rahimi and other domestic abusers <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2023/2/2/23583377/supreme-court-guns-domestic-abuse-fifth-circuit-second-amendment-rahimi-united-states">have a constitutional right to own a gun</a>. The Supreme Court will consider whether this decision was correct at a November 7 oral argument.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oBsgAG">
The federal law at issue in <em>Rahimi</em> allows someone to be disarmed before they are actually convicted of a violent crime. But the law also <a href="https://casetext.com/statute/united-states-code/title-18-crimes-and-criminal-procedure/part-i-crimes/chapter-44-firearms/section-922-unlawful-acts">provides several due process safeguards</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9BlyQs">
Before anyone can be disarmed under this law, a court must have issued a restraining order against them, in a proceeding where the defendant was given an opportunity to appear and make their case. Federal law does not disarm anyone unless a court has either explicitly determined that they are a violent threat to their partner or to a child, or implicitly made such a determination by prohibiting them from engaging in violence against that partner or child.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8JBEPr">
Nevertheless, the Fifth Circuit didn’t just strike down this law. It ruled that the law is unconstitutional on its face. That means that, if the Fifth Circuit’s decision is upheld by the Supreme Court, this federal ban on firearm possession by domestic abusers may never be applied to any individual, no matter how violent that individual may be and no matter how careful the court that issued a restraining order against such an individual was in ensuring that they received due process.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AspBQG">
And that brings us to the single worst aspect of the Fifth Circuit’s decision in <a href="https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-rahimi-13"><em>United States v. Rahimi</em></a>: It was correctly decided. Or, at least, it was correctly decided under the Supreme Court’s incompetently drafted decision in <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/20-843_7j80.pdf"><em>New York State Rifle &amp; Pistol Association v. Bruen</em></a> (2022), which places an <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/6/23/23180205/supreme-court-new-york-rifle-pistol-clarence-thomas-second-amendment-guns">extraordinarily high burden</a> on any government lawyer tasked with defending any gun law in court.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WSn5Ao">
<em>Bruen</em> was supposed to be the crown jewel of originalism — the belief, now <a href="https://www.vox.com/21497317/originalism-amy-coney-barrett-constitution-supreme-court">ascendant among Republican lawyers and judges</a>, that the only legitimate way to read the Constitution is to determine how it was understood when it was ratified. The <em>Bruen </em>opinion was the six GOP-appointed justices’ attempt to build an originalist framework from the ground up, one that forced judges to rely almost entirely on historical sources when deciding Second Amendment cases.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Z6p0yg">
A little more than a year after <em>Bruen</em>, it is clear that this approach is an unworkable failure that produces deeply immoral outcomes and that has fostered mass confusion within the federal judiciary.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dX4awT">
The core question in <em>Rahimi</em>, in other words, is whether the Court will back away from its decision in <em>Bruen</em>, which has led to all kinds of disastrous results, including the Fifth Circuit’s decision holding that abusive husbands have a right to keep a weapon they could use to murder their wives.
</p>
<h3 id="4rbux5">
How the Supreme Court gave us the Fifth Circuit’s terrible <em>Rahimi</em> decision
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hjOECC">
<em>Bruen </em>held that, in order to justify nearly any law regulating firearms, “the government must demonstrate that the regulation is <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/20-843_7j80.pdf">consistent with this Nation’s historical tradition of firearm regulation</a>.” This means that lawyers defending even the most widely accepted gun laws, such as the federal ban on gun possession by domestic abusers, must show that “analogous regulations” also existed and were accepted when the Constitution was framed — particularly if the law addresses “a general societal problem that has persisted since the 18th century.” If they cannot, the challenged gun law must be struck down.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JKJ6kG">
This places an extraordinarily high burden on any lawyer defending a gun law. When the <a href="https://www.vox.com/21497317/originalism-amy-coney-barrett-constitution-supreme-court">historical record is ambiguous or indeterminate</a>, the government loses, and a gun law is effectively repealed by the courts. And lawyers defending gun laws face an especially heavy burden when they defend laws that seek to address a problem, like domestic abuse, that has existed for centuries.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7ONCIN">
Almost immediately, the <em>Bruen</em> decision <a href="https://www.vox.com/scotus/23845702/supreme-court-fifth-circuit-term-cfpb-guns-voting-chevron">sparked mass confusion in the federal courts</a>. Judges have reached <a href="https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=436070084067086010122092019068123098100075028006087054119097108100086067077083095022097027039000046111005096107114126088108073042057047080049026098103077074071091091004081083008087126024066126126005075085114082066084121015094119093080120084088078085105&amp;EXT=pdf&amp;INDEX=TRUE">contradictory results</a> in a multitude of post-<em>Bruen</em> challenges to gun laws. Courts applying <em>Bruen</em> have struck laws <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/21/nyregion/ny-gun-ban-houses-worship.html">prohibiting guns in places of worship</a>, <a href="https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.wvsd.234171/gov.uscourts.wvsd.234171.48.0.pdf">requiring guns to have serial numbers</a> that allow them to be tracked by law enforcement, and prohibiting <a href="https://firearmslaw.duke.edu/2022/08/federal-judge-strikes-down-texas-gun-law-governing-under-21-year-olds/">underage ownership of guns</a> — all claiming that these laws are inconsistent with “historical tradition.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3pPBqu">
And if <em>Bruen</em> is legitimate, Zackey Rahimi must have a constitutional right to own a gun.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KNFNVu">
<a href="https://freedomandcitizenship.columbia.edu/ipv-history">Until 1871</a>, when the Alabama Supreme Court ruled that <a href="https://flaglerlive.com/wp-content/uploads/Fulghamv.State_.pdf">a husband and wife “may be indicted for assault and battery upon each other,”</a> it was legal in every state for married partners to beat their spouses. There is historical evidence that abused women, in at least some parts of the country, were <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24474858?seq=9">able to obtain court orders</a> requiring their abusers to temporarily turn over money, which would be forfeited if the abuse continued. But there is no founding-era analog to the federal law disarming domestic abusers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uRsi4e">
And so the question the Supreme Court must confront in <em>Rahimi</em> is whether a decision like <em>Bruen</em>, with its unworkable legal standard and catastrophic consequences, can be tolerated any longer.
</p>
<h3 id="wD53Yd">
It was obvious the day <em>Bruen </em>was decided that it is unworkable
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wcD3xH">
On the day <em>Bruen</em> was decided, <a href="https://www.vox.com/22262764/stephen-breyer-supreme-court-justice-abortion-biden">Justice Stephen Breyer</a> warned in a dissenting opinion that, by requiring judges to dive into often-vague and indeterminate historical records, <em>Bruen</em> “<a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/20-843_7j80.pdf">imposes a task on the lower courts that judges cannot easily accomplish</a>.” “Courts are, after all, staffed by lawyers, not historians,” Breyer continued. And “legal experts typically have little experience answering contested historical questions or applying those answers to resolve contemporary problems.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uxnZz1">
Indeed, <em>Bruen</em> has proved so unworkable — and has led so many judges to such upsetting conclusions — that many of those judges complain openly about it in their opinions. By announcing “an inconsistent and amorphous standard,” complained Judge Holly Brady, a Trump appointee to a federal court in Indiana, “the Supreme Court has created mountains of work for district courts that must now deal with <a href="https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-love-206"><em>Bruen</em>-related arguments</a> in nearly every criminal case in which a firearm is found.” Another judge slammed the Supreme Court’s Second Amendment cases as “filled with methodological flaws” that invite judges with an axe to grind to <a href="https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/23863670/reeves-order.pdf">selectively find historical evidence</a> that supports the outcome they want to reach anyway, and then use it to justify that result.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="90PRho">
Judge Robert Miller, a Reagan appointee, was even more blunt in his assessment of <em>Bruen. </em>After holding that a federal law that <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/922">prohibits individuals from receiving a firearm while they are under a felony indictment</a> must be struck down under <em>Bruen</em>, Miller concludes his opinion by admitting it “was drafted with an earnest hope that its author has misunderstood <em>New York State Rifle v. Bruen</em>.” <em>Bruen</em>, Judge Miller continues, <a href="https://docplayer.net/235388500-To-obtain-a-firearm-in-violation-of-18-u-s-c-922-a-6-mr-holden-now-moves.html">“insults” the framers</a> by assuming “they were so short-sighted as to forbid the people, through their elected representatives, from regulating guns in new ways.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BBZmXS">
Needless to say, sitting federal judges do not typically hurl these kinds of insults at the Supreme Court, as the high Court has more or less unlimited power to sabotage lower court judges’ work.
</p>
<h3 id="SWgpuJ">
<em>Bruen </em>relied on a blinkered view of history
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yEYFtH">
One fundamental problem with <em>Bruen</em>, as Judge Miller’s critique of the decision emphasizes, is that the six Republican-appointed justices who joined it appear to have no understanding of why changes in American society over the past 250 years make it difficult or impossible to draw meaningful analogies between modern gun laws and those that existed when the Constitution was written.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HWRLv1">
Recall that Justice Clarence Thomas’s majority opinion in <em>Bruen</em> announced that gun laws that address a “<a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/20-843_7j80.pdf">general societal problem that has persisted since the 18th century</a>” are presumptively unconstitutional unless there is a “distinctly similar historical regulation” from the 1700s. Applying this newly announced rule, Thomas argued that a citywide handgun ban is unconstitutional because “firearm violence in densely populated communities” was a problem that existed at the time of the founding, but 18th-century lawmakers did not address it with a handgun ban.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="v9tzF2">
But the kind of urban communities that exist in modern-day America did not exist in the early American Republic. According to the 1790 census, <a href="https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1790m-02.pdf">New York City had only 33,131 residents</a> around the time when the Second Amendment was ratified. The second-largest city, Philadelphia, had <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/fast_facts/1790_fast_facts.html">fewer than 29,000 residents</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EolDe6">
Eighteenth-century lawmakers, in other words, simply did not confront the problem of “firearm violence in densely populated communities” because densely populated communities of the kind that struggle with <a href="https://www.vox.com/gun-violence-shootings">gun violence</a> in modern-day America did not exist in the 18th century. At the time of the founding, America’s largest city had <a href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/meridiancitymississippi/PST045222">more or less the same population as modern-day Meridian, Mississippi</a> — the eighth-largest city in the poorest state in the Union.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="s82NvV">
And yet, because the Supreme Court declared in a majority opinion that urban policymaking in 1790 was closely analogous to governing modern-day New York City, every judge in the country is now bound to follow this absurd conclusion.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="N21bDZ">
Meanwhile, there are countless other ways that America in the 21st century would be unrecognizable to the framers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hWANlW">
For one thing, early America did not have police forces — or, at least, the kind of organized police forces that could enforce modern-day gun laws. While early US communities sometimes relied on citizen “watchmen” to keep the peace and used <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/07/20/the-invention-of-the-police">patrols to track down escaped enslaved people</a>, publicly funded and organized police forces did not emerge until the middle of the 19th century. Many sources claim that the first such police force in the United States was <a href="https://time.com/4779112/police-history-origins/">formed in Boston in 1838</a>. New York City <a href="https://www.governing.com/now/the-urban-conflicts-that-created-policing-in-america.html">formed its police force just a few years later</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Z8djM9">
When the Second Amendment was added to the Constitution in 1791, in other words, neither the United States nor any state or municipality had the capacity to enforce a law seeking to disarm domestic abusers. But that doesn’t mean that such laws should be declared unconstitutional, any more than modern-day laws regulating the internet are unconstitutional because the framers lacked the ability to send electronic communications.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qOnTtF">
We simply have no idea how people in 1791 would have regulated guns — or what sort of regulations they would have deemed permissible — if early Americans actually had the state infrastructure necessary to do modern-day law enforcement. <em>Bruen</em>’s inquiry into which kinds of laws existed in a pre-police society tells us nothing about which sort of laws the framers would have deemed constitutional.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ryRttP">
Similarly, we have no idea how early American lawmakers would have regulated the kind of advanced weapons that are widely available today, but that did not exist at all — or that were at least very uncommon — when the Second Amendment was ratified.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="M699wz">
Indeed, the sorts of firearms that were widely available in the 18th century are not the sort of weapons that were typically used to commit acts of violence against family members or romantic partners. As Ohio State University historian Randolph Roth explained in a <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Right-Bear-Arms-Contested-Contemporary/dp/1944466258/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&amp;qid=&amp;sr=">2019 book chapter</a>, “fewer than 10 percent of household homicides” in colonial and revolutionary New England or Maryland were committed with a gun.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="C4ovL6">
The most likely reason why 18th-century firearms were not often used in family violence is that the kind of muzzle-loading guns that were available at the time “could not be used impulsively unless they were already loaded for some other purpose.” These guns could not be kept loaded because the black powder used by these guns would corrode the weapon’s inner workings and would become moist, losing its ability to ignite. Loading such a gun took “at least a minute,” as the user had to “pour powder down the barrel, hold it in place with wadding, and drop or ram the shot or ball onto the charge.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PA0yFD">
So one other likely reason why 18th-century Americans did not enact many of the sort of gun laws that exist today is that guns were fundamentally less dangerous in the early Republic. The fact that early Americans did not forbid impulsive men — the sort of men who might murder their wives — from owning a muzzle-loading musket tells us nothing about how the framers might have regulated a weapon that can be stored while loaded, that can be hidden in someone’s pocket or waistband, and that can rapidly discharge more than a dozen bullets.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3ZTZ3l">
In fairness, <em>Bruen</em> does acknowledge that cases involving “dramatic technological changes may require a more nuanced approach,” and it does include language indicating that, say, machine gun bans remain viable, even though machine guns were not invented until 1884. <em>Bruen</em> says that “the Second Amendment protects the possession and use of weapons that are <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/20-843_7j80.pdf">‘in common use at the time.’</a>” So machine guns will remain illegal so long as they remain uncommon.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DvTI1L">
But the fact that the drafters and ratifiers of the Second Amendment were comfortable living in a world where muzzle-loaded muskets were commonplace tells us nothing about whether they would have also wanted the Constitution to protect weapons that can be carried while loaded and that can turn a mere argument into a murder in less than a second.
</p>
<h3 id="EkPRkW">
The specter of originalism is haunting the Supreme Court
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lJPvau">
At this point, you might be wondering how six Supreme Court justices — all of them legally trained and well-credentialed — could have embraced a legal framework with such obvious flaws that has been so harshly criticized by judges across the political spectrum. The short answer to this question is one word: “<a href="https://www.vox.com/21497317/originalism-amy-coney-barrett-constitution-supreme-court">originalism</a>.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uC7sNc">
Originalism, in <a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4734&amp;context=ndlr">Justice Amy Coney Barrett’s words</a>, is the belief that “constitutional text means what it did at the time it was ratified and that this original public meaning is authoritative.” All reasonable judges believe that it is sometimes useful to inquire into how the Constitution was originally understood in order to decide cases, but originalism, at least in its strongest form, claims that this is the only legitimate way to interpret the Constitution.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5sSTpP">
Many Republican lawyers, including Thomas, Justice Neil Gorsuch, and Barrett, <a href="https://www.vox.com/21497317/originalism-amy-coney-barrett-constitution-supreme-court">view originalism as an important part of their identity</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b50WKY">
Barrett, at least, also acknowledges two serious problems with the originalist methodology: It sometimes leads to terrible or ridiculous results, and it sometimes produces no result at all. As Barrett wrote in a 2016 article co-authored with scholar John Copeland Nagle, “adherence to originalism arguably requires, for example, <a href="https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1619&amp;context=jcl">the dismantling of the administrative state, the invalidation of paper money, and the reversal of <em>Brown v. Board of Education</em></a>” — results that, Barrett admits, would “wreak havoc.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="z2nLlK">
Similarly, Barrett has also acknowledged that originalist methods don’t always produce a clear result, although her answer to how originalists should approach this problem is unsatisfying: “For an originalist, the meaning of the text is fixed <a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4734&amp;context=ndlr">so long as it is discoverable</a>.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qaHYT2">
Justice Thomas’s biggest innovation in his <em>Bruen </em>opinion is that he figured out a way for originalists to resolve Second Amendment cases even when it is not clear how that amendment would have been understood at the time it was ratified — simply apply a presumption that all gun laws are unconstitutional, and strike down the law unless the government produces sufficient historical evidence to rebut this presumption.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Wag7Y1">
Thomas’s innovation makes a lot of sense if you are an originalist judge who wants to solve the problem of not knowing how to rule on a case if the historical record is indeterminate — provided, of course, that you don’t care one bit what happens to the people of the United States after countless gun laws are struck down. But <em>Bruen</em> does nothing to solve the other problem acknowledged by Barrett’s scholarship: What should an originalist do if their methodology leads to a truly awful and destabilizing result?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RIPRRf">
A responsible Court would confess that it erred in <em>Bruen</em> and come up with a new framework that can be applied in a sensible and predictable way by lower court judges. (As it happens, in the decade before <em>Bruen</em>, lower court judges came up with a <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/9/27/20879906/second-amendment-guns-supreme-court-new-york-moot-brett-kavanaugh-nra">two-step framework for deciding Second Amendment cases</a> that was accepted by every federal appeals court that considered it. The Supreme Court could simply bring that framework back.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2dGRYf">
And there is a precedent for the Court swiftly abandoning a disastrous legal framework after a majority of the justices realized it led to disaster.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="u1ffNv">
In <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/310/586/"><em>Minersville School District v. Gobitis</em></a> (1940), the Supreme Court upheld a public school district’s decision to expel two students who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in class — the students were Jehovah’s Witnesses, and they objected to saying the pledge on religious grounds. Almost immediately after it was handed down, the <em>Gobitis </em>decision triggered a wave of hate crimes against Witnesses, with one Southern sheriff dismissing the violence because “<a href="https://kevinmkruse.substack.com/p/for-which-it-stands">they’re traitors — the Supreme Court says so, ain’t you heard?</a>”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="R20nwA">
Three years later, in <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/319/624"><em>West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette</em></a> (1943), a humbled Court reversed course, holding that the First Amendment forbids the government from forcing anyone to say something they do not want to say.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rGnIW7">
Will today’s justices show the same humility their predecessors showed in <em>Barnette</em>? Unlikely. But there is a way out of the <em>Bruen</em> dilemma that will allow the six justices who joined that benighted decision to save face, while affirming that the government may enact reasonable gun regulations such as a ban on gun possession by domestic abusers.
</p>
<h3 id="p4lvGP">
Mr. Kavanaugh, tear down this precedent!
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BskmCK">
Although Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Brett Kavanaugh both joined Thomas’s opinion in <em>Bruen</em>, they also joined a separate concurring opinion by Kavanaugh, which enumerated several <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/20-843_7j80.pdf">categorical exceptions to the right to bear arms</a>:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Rx794Q">
[N]othing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms. …
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dhiMIr">
We also recognize another important limitation on the right to keep and carry arms. <em>Miller</em> said, as we have explained, that the sorts of weapons protected were those in common use at the time. We think that limitation is fairly supported by the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of dangerous and unusual weapons.
</p>
</blockquote>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OL62T8">
Kavanaugh added, moreover, that this list “does not purport to be exhaustive,” which implies that he would also endorse other categorical exceptions — perhaps one for domestic abusers, or for people that the legislature has determined are too dangerous to be armed.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Mvvlhx">
This list of Second Amendment carve-outs, moreover, appeared in the Supreme Court’s decision in <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/554/570/"><em>District of Columbia v. Heller</em></a> (2008), the Court’s first decision holding that the Constitution protects an individual right to bear arms. And these carve-outs were not added to the <em>Heller</em> opinion because the Court determined that they fit into some kind of originalist framework.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LMZdlm">
Rather, as Justice John Paul Stevens revealed less than a year before his death in 2019, Justice Antonin Scalia, the author of <em>Heller</em>, added this language after relatively moderate <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/9/27/20879906/second-amendment-guns-supreme-court-new-york-moot-brett-kavanaugh-nra">Justice Anthony Kennedy asked for “some important changes”</a> to the original draft of the <em>Heller</em> opinion.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="59t6qE">
Kennedy is no longer on the Court, but Kavanaugh, his successor, appears to have appointed himself as the keeper of this compromise that Kennedy struck with Scalia. Add on Roberts’s decision to join Kavanaugh’s <em>Bruen</em> opinion, plus the Court’s three liberals, and that’s five votes that are willing to create categorical carve-outs to the right to bear arms which exist outside of Thomas’s originalist framework.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FAipyW">
Moreover, while Thomas’s framework supports the Fifth Circuit’s unconscionable decision in <em>Rahimi</em>, Kavanaugh’s framework offers the Court a way to rule that domestic abusers do not have a constitutional right to own a gun. As the Justice Department argues in its brief, the Court can add a new carve-out to Kavanaugh’s list, holding that the Second Amendment permits lawmakers to disarm people who are “<a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22-915/275295/20230814194714856_22-915%20U.S.%20v.%20Rahimi.pdf">not law-abiding, responsible citizens</a>.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lltQuF">
That’s not a particularly satisfying answer to the legal questions presented by <em>Rahimi</em> because it places the Court in the role of an arbitrary policymaker, striking down some gun laws and upholding others because five or more justices think that a new carve-out should apply. But it’s a much more sensible outcome than affirming the Fifth Circuit and allowing abusers to have guns.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Foa164">
The most responsible course the Supreme Court could take, given <em>Bruen</em>’s many flaws, would be to overrule that decision in its entirety and announce a different, more workable framework that courts can apply in future Second Amendment cases — such as the <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/9/27/20879906/second-amendment-guns-supreme-court-new-york-moot-brett-kavanaugh-nra">two-step framework that was used by the courts of appeals</a> before the Supreme Court made them abandon that framework in <em>Bruen</em>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yiNYQB">
But, since this Supreme Court is unlikely to admit that it erred, Kavanaugh’s willingness to create categorical exceptions to the right to bear arms offers the Court a way to save face while also reversing the Fifth Circuit’s terrible <em>Rahimi</em> decision.
</p></li>
<li><strong>How young Argentines might put a far-right libertarian into power</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Javier Milei, wearing a black leather jacket over a dress shirt and tie, raises his hands aloft and opens his mouth mid-song at his closing rally in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on October 18, 2023." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/m40d7TsKOajThRPlGlu4n6XO6UQ=/186x0:5050x3648/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72778941/1743705276.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Argentine presidential candidate Javier Milei, seen here singing at his closing rally on October 18, is known for wielding a chainsaw at his events, symbolizing his plan to slash public spending and unravel Argentina’s generous safety nets.  | Tomas Cuesta/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Javier Milei emerged from the fringe and is leading the polls ahead of Sunday’s election.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VRbhlK">
<em><strong>Editor’s note, October 23, 10:30 am: </strong></em><em>After the first round of voting in Argentina’s presidential election Sunday, </em><a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/22/americas/argentina-vote-president-intl-latam/index.html"><em>Javier Milei will head to a runoff next month against left-wing candidate Sergio Massa</em></a><em>. Vox’s original story on Milei, published October 21, is below.</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5uJPNG">
Hernán Stuchi, a 29-year-old food delivery driver in greater Buenos Aires, grew up as a left-wing activist. During this weekend’s presidential election in Argentina, he will make a starkly different choice, and back Javier Milei, a far-right libertarian trumpeting socially conservative culture war issues and explosive proposals to reshape Argentine society.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eS27tG">
“It was a kind of innocence,” he said of his previous support for left-wing leaders. “It’s not like us poor people ever stopped being poor.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="N0v3ZD">
At the polls on Sunday, Stuchi will be far from alone.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ph3km5">
Milei <a href="https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/javier-milei-gano-las-paso-y-provoco-un-terremoto-en-la-politica-argentina-nid14082023/#:~:text=Nadie%20lo%20vio%20venir">shocked the country</a> when he <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-set-primary-vote-with-ruling-peronists-fighting-survival-2023-08-13/">defeated Argentina’s two main political forces in primary elections in August</a>. Now, he looks poised to <a href="https://www.axios.com/2023/10/19/javier-milei-argentina-presidential-elections">win the most votes </a>over the weekend (though he may be forced into a runoff). A main fount of that support is, surprisingly, young people — and young men in particular.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fBdspL">
Polls indicate <a href="https://www.pagina12.com.ar/593470-sergio-massa-se-acerca-a-javier-milei-patricia-bullrich-los-">almost 50 percent </a>of voters 29 and younger back Milei, the wild-haired outsider and self-described “anarcho-capitalist” who inveighs against traditional politicians, branding them as members of a “caste” that must be done away with. (His campaign slogan, “que se vayan todos,” or “get rid of them all,” carries echoes of the <a href="https://www.vox.com/donald-trump">Trumpian</a> “drain the swamp.”) A win by Milei’s ascendant campaign in Argentina would serve as yet another indicator of the far right’s <a href="https://elpais.com/internacional/2023-05-14/auge-de-la-extrema-derecha-y-declive-de-la-derecha-tradicional-chile-y-el-efecto-contagio-en-latinoamerica.html">rise across the Americas</a> and <a href="https://www.vox.com/world/2022/9/24/23366464/italy-elections-meloni-sweden-europe-far-right">around the world</a>. But young voters’ support sets Milei apart from the far-right stars he is often compared with, including Trump and Brazil’s Jair Bolsonaro, <a href="https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/lula-venceu-as-eleicoes-em-8-das-10-cidades-mais-jovens-do-brasil/">both of whom</a> were <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/election/2020/exit-polls/president/national-results">shut out by young voters</a> in their recent reelection bids.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EkIohg">
With over 100 percent inflation crushing Argentine pocketbooks, Milei’s proposed solution is a radical plan to abolish the central bank and dollarize the <a href="https://www.vox.com/economy">economy</a> by replacing the Argentine peso with the US dollar — a move untested by countries of Argentina’s scale. He has voiced support for other extreme positions, including liberalizing gun ownership and individuals’ freedom to sell their organs. He denies human-caused <a href="https://www.vox.com/climate">climate change</a> and opposes <a href="https://www.vox.com/abortion">abortion</a>. At rallies, he can often be seen <a href="https://www.lacapitalmdp.com/con-motosierra-en-mano-milei-paseo-su-caravana-por-la-calle-guemes/">wielding</a> a <a href="https://apnews.com/article/milei-argentina-chainsaw-fed35a37c6137b951e4adada3d866436">chainsaw</a>, symbolizing his plan to slash public spending and unravel Argentina’s generous safety nets. In Milei’s view, the state should largely limit itself to homeland security: To that end, he <a href="https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2023/08/30/milei-ministerios-eliminar-por-que-de-que-se-encargan-orix-arg/">has pledged to axe</a> the ministries of education; environment; and women, gender, and diversity, among others.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZtV4Z0">
That Milei’s platform has seduced the likes of former <a href="https://www.vox.com/media">Fox News</a> firebrand <a href="https://twitter.com/TuckerCarlson/status/1700251942424109552">Tucker Carlson</a> isn’t surprising. But Argentina’s youth, in contrast, have traditionally not been associated with right-wing forces. For much of this century, the bulk of their support has gone to the left-wing Peronist coalition, a dominant electoral force in Argentina. As recently as 2019, when the last presidential election took place, young voters were seen as an <a href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/08/19/album/1566208029_440799.html">important group</a> in <a href="https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/the-gen-z-voices-shaping-argentinas-election/">favor of the left-wing candidate and eventual winner</a>. In the 1970s and ’80s, students and young people played a storied role in the <a href="https://www.educ.ar/recursos/157813/el-movimiento-estudiantil-en-los-anos-setenta-militancia-rep">opposition to the ruling military junta</a>. (Both <a href="https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/en-tucuman-javier-milei-polemizo-con-el-numero-de-los-desaparecidos-una-vision-tuerta-de-la-historia.phtml">Milei</a> and <a href="https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-09-25/victoria-villarruel-javier-mileis-running-mate-who-vindicates-the-dictatorship-and-opposes-abortion-and-gay-marriage.html">his controversial pick for vice president</a>, who has family ties to the military, have downplayed the dictatorship’s track record of human rights abuses.) In that historical context, young voters’ current pull toward Milei represents something of a paradigm shift.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RHcMbd">
Experts say there are many reasons for that shift, but chief among them is the pain of a prolonged and <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/04/06/why-70-inflation-is-just-one-of-argentina-s-problems-quicktake/0d56242a-d499-11ed-ac8b-cd7da05168e9_story.html">worsening economic crisis</a>, which has put many in the mood for a sharp turn away from politics-as-usual. It’s also a reactionary impulse: There is a strong backlash against pandemic-era restrictions, which helped popularize Milei’s anti-establishment rhetoric, and a spate of recent progressive wins in Argentina, including a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/30/argentina-legalises-abortion-in-landmark-moment-for-womens-rights">momentous bill that legalized abortion in 2020</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mGQZLG">
What started out as a youth movement powering <a href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-10-19/desperate-and-disaffected-argentines-to-vote-whether-upstart-milei-leads-them-into-the-unknown">Milei’s campaign has now widened</a> to <a href="https://www.latimes.com/espanol/internacional/articulo/2023-08-25/radiografia-del-voto-a-milei-ricos-y-pobres-jovenes-y-ancianos-hartos-de-la-politica">include groups of all ages,</a> all across the country — Stuchi called it a process of “intergenerational contagion” with people like him working to sway over older relatives. That expanding appeal has put Milei on the precipice of power.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EwFMMA">
In pursuit of that power, he has been accused of fomenting violence and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/world/americas/argentina-peso-javier-mile.html#:~:text=His%20ascent%20has%20dominated%20the,the%20peso%20by%2020%20percent.">deepening the socioeconomic crisis he says he wants to solve</a>. His rhetoric, according to <a href="https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/08/23/axel-kicillof-se-reune-con-sergio-berni-en-puente-12-para-monitorear-la-seguridad-en-el-conurbano/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email">Argentine officials from the current ruling party</a>, encouraged looting across the south of the country in August.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GOakmE">
A win for Milei would plunge Argentina into uncertainty at best, sheer dysfunction at worst.
</p>
<h3 id="Qhx3wD">
The politics of 100 percent inflation, explained
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KWwPBK">
No matter the economic indicator you consult, the takeaway is one and the same: Things in Argentina are dire. Annual inflation <a href="https://batimes.com.ar/news/economy/consumer-prices-up-100-since-turn-of-the-year-reveals-indec.phtml">hit 138 percent in September</a>, one of the world’s highest rates. Just <a href="https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-4-46#:~:text=INDEC%3A%20Instituto%20Nacional%20de%20Estad%C3%ADstica%20y%20Censos%20de%20la%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20Argentina&amp;text=Los%20resultados%20del%20primer%20semestre,%2C1%25%20de%20las%20personas.">over 40 percent of Argentines</a> currently live <a href="https://www.vox.com/poverty">in poverty</a>, up<a href="https://chequeado.com/el-explicador/como-evoluciono-la-pobreza-con-cada-presidente/"> from 25 percent in 2017</a>. The central bank <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/e907fec7-ee9f-4d63-8b12-1340c4a3798d">is almost out of reserves</a>, raising the risk of a potential currency devaluation and <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/5/22/argentina-defaults-again-as-debt-talks-progress">yet another default</a>. No one is unscathed by the economic malaise, but young people face <a href="https://www.infobae.com/economia/2023/06/24/el-desempleo-entre-los-jovenes-duplica-la-tasa-promedio-a-nivel-nacional/">higher unemployment</a>.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="People stand in line on wet pavement in front of a large blue and yellow billboard listing different cuts of meat alongside their varying prices." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/JwklOu3ohpL-Z9ivALHTSBlljfg=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/25018933/1663299522.jpg"/> <cite>Luis Robayo/AFP via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
People line up in front of a butcher shop next to signs with meat prices in Buenos Aires on September 11, 2023, a month after Argentina recorded its highest inflation rate in over two decades.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LiFfaZ">
“You go [buy something] and you find a price. You go back a couple of days later and it’s changed to something else … It’s like, every day, things get more difficult,” said Carolina Ramos, 19, a college student in the heartland city of Córdoba who will vote for Milei. “Inflation is so out of control that you lose the notion of how much things actually cost.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BFas47">
For many in Ramos’s generation, the only Argentina they’ve known is one in a state of crisis. Since 2012, the Argentine economy has been in recession <a href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=AR">more often than not</a>, and the International Monetary Fund has forecasted <a href="https://batimes.com.ar/news/economy/argentinas-economy-to-contract-25-this-year-says-imf.phtml">yet another economic contraction for 2023</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nvktfa">
“I only have memories of Argentina in decay,” said Adriel Segura, a 19-year-old based in Buenos Aires. “So, you look around and you associate all the political parties and all the movements that were in power during that time … to a decaying country. And you desperately search for other options.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="K7lsuD">
Valeria Brusco is a member of the Red de Politólogas, a group of women political scientists. She says the traditional center-left and center-right candidates in this election are so inexorably linked to the economic mismanagement at the origin of the ongoing crisis that it’s as though they were “invisible” to many young voters, leaving only Milei as a viable option.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tiaRtk">
“The more anger and rage a voter has, the more probable it is that they’ll vote for Milei,” said Pablo Vommaro, a University of Buenos Aires sociologist.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nI1pbl">
Milei’s signature proposal to curb inflation — dollarization — is viewed by <a href="https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/mileis-path-to-dollarization-riddled-with-doubts/">experts as likely unworkable</a>, in part because of how few greenbacks are left in the central bank’s coffers. Critics say it could wind up depreciating the peso even further and inducing more pain. In the 1990s, a dollar-peso peg proved <a href="https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20231002-why-hard-right-libertarian-javier-milei-wants-to-dollarise-argentina-s-economy">popular in the short term</a>, but it led to a crushing devaluation, skyrocketing poverty, and bloody riots. According to Vommaro, young Milei voters are nevertheless willing to “press the red button and let everything blow up.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ygY1pW">
“Their thinking is that it’s better for everything to explode than to keep living through this agony with the same leaders as always.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JYSQmC">
Some analysts say young voters are under the naïve impression Milei will be able to seamlessly turn around Argentina’s troubles. But the young people I spoke with have an almost nihilistic understanding that betting on the libertarian could end badly.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CXezJr">
“I know that those who are in power now and who were in power before will screw me over, that they’ll continue to steal,” said 24-year-old Buenos Aires resident Alan Monte Bello, referencing <a href="https://www.npr.org/2022/12/06/1141134320/argentina-cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-corruption-guilty">high-profile corruption cases</a>. “They won’t do a good job. With Javier, I at least have the possibility that he won’t be like that. And maybe it will end up being a failure and things will be worse than now. But at least the benefit of the doubt is there.”
</p>
<h3 id="3Kzgig">
A radicalizing pandemic
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="phyD0g">
Milei drastically raised his public profile during the pandemic, when he <a href="https://www.revistaanfibia.com/javier-milei-el-libertario-peinado-por-el-mercado/">joined anti-confinement protests organized by young people</a> and made frequent TV appearances, arguing that the toll of the government’s containment measures would wind up exceeding the toll of Covid itself. There was a receptive audience for those views, in part because of the lockdowns imposed by Argentina in 2020 that <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/coronavirus-argentina-million-quarantine-lockdown/2020/10/26/65eefde2-149c-11eb-bc10-40b25382f1be_story.html">lasted until November of that year</a>. That’s nowhere near the intensity of <a href="https://www.vox.com/world/2022/12/1/23486439/china-covid-zero-protests">China’s zero-Covid policy</a>, which only opened up restrictions earlier this year. But young people’s livelihoods were disproportionately compromised. In Argentina, <a href="https://www.eldiarioar.com/sociedad/no-derechos-laborales-no-temen-quiten-universo-jovenes-informales-seduce-milei_1_10453368.html">almost 45 percent</a> of all workers in the informal economy are between ages 18 and 29. Working remotely isn’t an option, so staying home means forgoing a paycheck.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Milei stands in the bed of a truck, waving and smiling at a crowd, many of whom wave small yellow flags and take photos. " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/EX73cVMsougo1m96fNO1O-4uubg=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/25019387/1727875796.jpg"/> <cite>Tomas Cuesta/Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Milei waves to supporters during a rally on October 16, 2023, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="l52d17">
“The people who wanted to [flout restrictions], they had Milei as their representative,” Brusco said. “He became their hero.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SwvBwQ">
In parallel, a right-wing social media ecosystem was gathering strength, with a cadre of Milei-supporting influencers growing significant audiences on <a href="https://www.vox.com/tiktok">TikTok</a> and <a href="https://www.vox.com/youtube">YouTube</a>. Clips of Milei’s TV appearances found a second life on those platforms, and they helped give the firebrand a social reach unrivaled by his competition in this election. On TikTok, Milei’s official account, <a href="https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/08/22/los-secretos-del-creador-de-la-cuenta-de-javier-milei-en-tik-tok-llegamos-a-300-millones-de-personas/">helmed by a 22-year-old staffer</a>, has garnered nearly four times as many followers as those of the center-left and center-right candidates combined.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="T0tIXl">
“[Milei’s] performance on social media is very strong … I’ve interviewed lots of young people who told me that, during the pandemic, they were at home, they didn’t know what to do, and they just started watching videos of Milei,” said Ezequiel Saferstein, a sociologist and researcher at the Universidad Nacional de San Martín.
</p>
<h3 id="G3eIyu">
Backlash against historic abortion laws and other progressive wins
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Fipar5">
In 2021, a landmark law legalizing abortion went into effect. It capped a series of legislative advances — around issues such as <a href="https://www.vox.com/gender">gender identity</a>, gender equality, sexual education, and gay marriage — that put Argentina on the progressive vanguard of Latin America. Since then, the government has <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-65772878">removed barriers to contraception</a> and established a <a href="https://eeeuu.cancilleria.gob.ar/en/equal-opportunities-argentine-government-establishes-trans-labor-quota-national-public-sector">trans labor quota</a> in the public sector. The current president has <a href="https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/alberto-fernandez-volvio-a-usar-el-lenguaje-inclusivo-y-agradecio-a-cada-argentine-que-se-censo-nid19052022/">publicly used gender-neutral Spanish</a> — a lightning rod of controversy across the Americas.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2NuANE">
Some see Milei’s rise as aided by a backlash against those changes. That may explain the gender imbalance in his youth support, which is a <a href="https://www.mdzol.com/sociedad/2023/8/24/un-estudio-revela-por-que-tantos-jovenes-votaron-javier-milei-363211.html">majority male phenomenon</a>. (“I’m not going to apologize for having a penis,” Milei once said <a href="https://www.cronica.com.ar/politica/Milei-polemico-No-voy-a-pedir-perdon-por-tener-pene-20220515-0013.html">in an interview</a>.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vqRYAi">
In addition to opposing abortion rights, Milei has denied the existence of the gender wage gap and dodged a question on a debate stage about gender violence. Those positions fueled large feminist demonstrations across the country late last month, with participants reporting fear that their <a href="https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-09-29/argentinas-feminist-movement-mobilizes-against-javier-milei.html">rights would be in jeopardy</a> under a Milei presidency.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tpVFMZ">
Saferstein told me that right-wing affiliation has carried a degree of stigma for much of the last 40 years because of the long shadows cast by the military dictatorship. But the institutionalization of progressive <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy">policies</a> has changed the way the right is perceived.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gj6CpD">
“Historically, it’s the left that has been associated with being revolutionary … [but] the left has in a way become the status quo,” he said. “The conservative reaction that we have seen has positioned itself as anti-system … Milei has made a cult out of that anti-system rebelliousness.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lkspeD">
Other young voters are less moved by the culture wars and might even disagree with many of Milei’s controversial beliefs. But amid the severe economic crisis, their top priority is Milei’s proposal to stabilize the country’s economy. Most of the young people I spoke with in Argentina, for instance, say they denounce Milei’s <a href="https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-08-15/whats-going-on-inside-javier-mileis-head.html">assertion</a> that climate change is a <a href="https://www.anred.org/2021/08/09/javier-milei-sobre-el-calentamiento-global-es-otra-de-las-mentiras-del-socialismo/">“socialist lie.”</a> Their votes, however, are not based on that.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qbbmE1">
“It’s not that the people who vote for Milei are saying, ‘Screw the climate.’ … It’s just that I need to get some money in my pocket first. Then I can worry about the climate,” Stuchi said. “I think the only people that can care about climate change are people who have full fridges. … And it’s like that with every controversial policy item Milei might have, from the sale of organs to abortion.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9sPEgE">
Still, Brusco says electing a president who represents a brand of “angry masculinity” is a real worry. Milei might find it significantly more difficult once in office to implement his radical economic reforms than, for instance, to undermine the implementation of the abortion law.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XNqBWL">
“Honestly, if we weren’t living through it, this [election] would seem like something out of a movie,” Brusco said.
</p>
<h3 id="CqRGjk">
What’s next?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Zt1sgr">
Despite its moribund economy, Argentina has enjoyed a relatively stable political system in recent years. A Milei win could change that, with analysts predicting a high risk <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentine-presidential-primary-voters-propel-far-right-outsider-to-surprise-win-ec24e5b4">of social upheaval</a>. Among his first priorities would be to shrink the footprint of the Argentine state, drastically reining in spending and setting up an austerity regime to try to get the country’s books in order. Such moves would disproportionately affect the working class and be almost guaranteed to mobilize powerful <a href="https://www.vox.com/unions">unions</a> and social movements, paralyzing cities nationwide.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="National Gendarmerie guards walk past market stalls full of fruits and vegetables, wearing army green uniforms, helmets, and black flak jackets." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/EibW2EKBVEQdNIhGqFZBFslhBMU=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/25018944/1626444447.jpg"/> <cite>Pablo Barrera/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Argentina deployed members of the National Gendarmerie in August after acts of violence and looting that government officials said Milei’s rhetoric helped incite.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4lCIkF">
But it’s unclear whether Milei would even be able to enact reforms in the first place. Functionally a one-man party, the libertarian would have scant allies in the legislature and none in provincial governorships across the country — an<a href="https://www.ft.com/content/ce3d73e3-60be-467c-9b09-f8f17dfc57dd"> unprecedented lack of support</a> for an Argentine president. Coalition building might prove complicated given the Milei camp’s lack of governing experience. Resorting to decrees and referendums would <a href="https://www.eldiarioar.com/economia/milei-candidato-fanatico-mercado-no-convence-mercado_1_10499753.html">be largely off-limits</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="76Ozaa">
Those governability challenges could make it difficult for Milei to inspire confidence in the investor class — an ironic twist given his market absolutism. After Milei came out on top during preliminary elections in August, the<a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentinas-dollar-bonds-plummet-after-far-right-outsider-wins-primary-vote-b7ab9b72"> country’s financial markets plummeted</a>, accelerating the peso’s decline against the dollar.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="unVcF6">
“His government will face so many obstacles and I’m afraid there will be lootings, I’m afraid there will be revolutionaries in the streets,” said Natalia Fernandez, a lawyer in Córdoba. “That’s what I’m most worried about [if Milei wins]: the potential for unrest.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bGZcme">
If no candidate clears one of two bars Sunday (either receiving more than 45 percent of the vote, or notching 40 percent while also finishing more than 10 points ahead of the closest candidate), the top two contenders will advance to a runoff on November 19.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="G74qNY">
“Milei won’t have an easy time governing,” Vommaro said. “All those problems young people have, they will get worse … and that is going to generate more anger, without a doubt.”
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Siddharth won the Smt. Teegala Sulochana Reddy Memorial Cup</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ICC World Cup: SA vs BAN | de Kock, Markram and Klaasen take South Africa to massive total</strong> - This is the third century for the South African opening batsman Quinton de Kock in five World Cup games.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dream Seller and Jendayi catch the eye</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Greater Cochin Development Authority rules out structural issues to Kaloor stadium in Kerala after Asian Football Confederation raised concerns</strong> - Asian Football Confederation had raised infrastructure and safety concerns about Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium at Kaloor in Kochi. The stadium is the home ground of ISL team Kerala Blasters FC</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Brook, Root among players to get ECB multi-year central contract; Stokes in one-year category</strong> - While Brook, Root and Wood got three-year central contract, England Test captain Ben Stokes received a one-year deal and his white-ball counterpart Jos Buttler was given a two-year contract</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Filmmaker Lokesh Kanakaraj injured in an unprecedented rush of fans at theatre in Palakkad</strong> - Gokulam Movies, which is distributing ‘Leo’ in Kerala, says despite heavy security being arranged for the film promotion, there has been an “unstoppable flow” of fans who came to see the director</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>BJP takes swipe at Congress over ‘corruption’ in poll-bound Chhattisgarh with cartoon portraying CM Baghel as Ravan</strong> - Abusing the backward classes, tribals and Dalits has been a tradition of former Chief Minister Raman Singh and his party, reacted Bhupesh Baghel</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A six-member team starts examining Medigadda barrage</strong> - A small portion of the bridge caved in on October 21</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Native grasses, shrubs planted as part of habitat restoration project in Ooty school</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Greater Cochin Development Authority rules out structural issues to Kaloor stadium in Kerala after Asian Football Confederation raised concerns</strong> - Asian Football Confederation had raised infrastructure and safety concerns about Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium at Kaloor in Kochi. The stadium is the home ground of ISL team Kerala Blasters FC</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Avdiivka civilians cling on amid Russian assault</strong> - Just over 1,000 civilians remain in Avdiivka, focus of a bloody Russian assault in eastern Ukraine.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Double murderer Yousef Palani given life sentences</strong> - Yousef Palani murdered two men in Sligo, after seeking them out under the pretence of dating.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>One dead after ships collide in North Sea - officials</strong> - The British Verity has reportedly sank after it crashed into the Bahamian Polesie on Tuesday morning.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Brussels shooting: Gunman who killed two Swedes had escaped Tunisian prison</strong> - Abdesalem Lassoued shot dead two Swedes before a Euro 2024 qualifier game last week.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Iceland’s PM strikes over gender pay gap</strong> - Katrín Jakobsdóttir is refusing to work on Tuesday in protest at the gender pay gap.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>NASA wants the Voyagers to age gracefully, so it’s time for a software patch</strong> - Around a half-dozen full-timers and a few part-timers are keeping Voyager alive. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1977686">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Amazon’s Fallout TV series gets a 2024 release date</strong> - TV series will be part of games’ official canon, Amazon says. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1978108">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>India celebrates “first major milestone” on path to launching astronauts</strong> - This was a test of the launch abort system for India’s Gaganyaan spacecraft. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1977979">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>1Password detects “suspicious activity” in its internal Okta account</strong> - 1Password CTO says investigation found no compromise of user data or sensitive systems. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1978094">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tesla’s misleading driving range claims trigger DOJ probe</strong> - Tesla SEC filing on Monday revealed that the DOJ is investigating the EV maker. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1978067">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A shepherd is tending his flock in a remote pasture…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
…when suddenly a shiny red BMW appears. The driver is a young man in an Armani suit, Ferragamo shoes and Polarized sunglasses.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He sticks his head out the window and asks the shepherd, “Hey! If I can tell you how many sheep you have in your flock, will you give me one?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The shepherd looks at him, and agrees. The driver plugs his cell phone into a laptop and connects it to a GPS and starts a remote body-heat scan of the area. During the process he sends some e-mails. After receiving the answers, he prints a 100 page report on the portable printer in his glove compartment, and proudly announces to the shepherd: “You have exactly 1,478 sheep.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
To which the shepherd answers: "Impressive. You can choose one sheep out of my flock’.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He observes the man pick up an animal and load it into his car. Then the shepherd says: “If I can tell you exactly what your business is, will you give me back my animal?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“You’re on.” the young man answers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“You are a Mckinsey consultant,” says the shepherd promptly.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“You are right! How could you possibly guess?” says the man, visibly surprised.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“It wasn’t a guess,” the shepherd replies. “You drive into my field uninvited. You want me to pay you for a piece of information I already know. You answer questions I haven’t asked, and you know nothing about my business. Now give me back my dog.”
</p>
</div>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/its_black_panther1"> /u/its_black_panther1 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17ezr6c/a_shepherd_is_tending_his_flock_in_a_remote/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17ezr6c/a_shepherd_is_tending_his_flock_in_a_remote/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Horse and chicken are hanging in farmer Brown’s yard.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Horse laid down in great big mud puddle to cool off. He took a nap and when he woke, he was sunk to his haunches and couldn’t get up.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“He-e-e-lp me chicken! I’m stuck! Go get farmer brown to pull me out with the tractor.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
《Buak》" can’t do it. Farmer brown’s out plowing the back 40. It’ll take me all day. But i gotcha."
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Chicken jumped in farmer brown’s wife’s bmw and backed up to horse. He threw a harness on horse and tied it off to the frame. He threw the car in gear and popped horse out.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Tha-ank you chicken, anything you need i got you bro.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
So time goes by and it’s all forgotten. Chicken is hot on a sunny day hey cools off in the biggest mud puddle you’ve ever seen and next thing you know he’s sunk up to his wings and can’t get out.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
&lt;Squak&gt; “help me horse” &lt;squak&gt; get the bmw!"
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Na-ah bro, i got you”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Horse straddled the puddle and said
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Grab hold of my weiner”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Chicken says
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Squat?!?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
" ne-igh, it’s okay just garb onto my wang, pull my peter with your pecker" So chicken did and horse pulled him out…
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
AND THE MORAL OF THE STORY IS…
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
if you’re hung like a horse, you don’t need a bmw to pick up chicks!
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I’ll see myself out.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/KarmicComic12334"> /u/KarmicComic12334 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17f1kjw/horse_and_chicken_are_hanging_in_farmer_browns/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17f1kjw/horse_and_chicken_are_hanging_in_farmer_browns/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The guys were on a bike tour. …</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
No one wanted to room with Mick, because he snored so badly. They decided it wasn’t fair to make one of them stay with him the whole time, so they voted to take turns.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The first guy slept with Mick and comes to breakfast the next morning with his hair a mess and his eyes all bloodshot. They said, “Man, what happened to you? He said,”Mick snored so loudly, I just sat up and watched him all night."
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The next night it was a different guy’s turn. In the morning, same thing, hair all standing up, eyes all bloodshot. They said, “Man, what happened to you? You look awful! He said, ’Man, that Mick shakes the roof with his snoring. I just sat up and watched him all night.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The third night was Bill’s turn. He was a tanned, older biker, a man’s man.. The next morning he came to breakfast bright-eyed and bushy-tailed. “Good morning!” he said. They couldn’t believe it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
They said, “Man, what happened?” He said, "Well, we got ready for bed. I went and tucked Mick in, patted him on the arse, and kissed him good night.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Mick sat up and watched me all night."
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/iamdecal"> /u/iamdecal </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17f735d/the_guys_were_on_a_bike_tour/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17f735d/the_guys_were_on_a_bike_tour/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>One-liners from the old version of Hollywood Squares</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
It’s 1977, I’m 9 years old. My mom and dad are roaring with laughter and I don’t understand what’s so funny.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q . Paul, what is a good reason for pounding meat?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Paul Lynde: Loneliness! (The audience laughed so long and so hard it took up almost 15 minutes of the show!)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. It is the most abused and neglected part of your body, what is it?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Paul Lynde: Mine may be abused, but it certainly isn’t neglected.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. Do female frogs croak?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Paul Lynde: If you hold their little heads under water long enough.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. If you’re going to make a parachute jump, at least how high should you be?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Charley Weaver: Three days of steady drinking should do it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. True or False, a pea can last as long as 5,000 years?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. George Gobel: Boy, it sure seems that way sometimes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. You’ve been having trouble going to sleep. Are you probably a man or a woman?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Don Knotts: That’s what’s been keeping me awake.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. According to Cosmopolitan, if you meet a stranger at a party and you think that he is attractive, is it okay to come out and ask him if he’s married?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A.. Rose Marie: No, wait until morning.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. Which of your five senses tends to diminish as you get older?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Charley Weaver: My sense of decency.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. What are ‘Do It,’ ‘I Can Help,’ and ‘I Can’t Get Enough’?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A.George Gobel: I don’t know, but it’s coming from the next apartment.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. As you grow older, do you tend to gesture more or less with your hands while talking?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Rose Marie: You ask me one more growing old question Peter, and I’ll give you a gesture you’ll never forget.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. Paul, why do Hell’s Angels wear leather?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Paul Lynde: Because chiffon wrinkles too easily.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. Charley, you’ve just decided to grow strawberries. Are you going to get any during the first year?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Charley Weaver: Of course not, I’m too busy growing strawberries.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. In bowling, what’s a perfect score?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Rose Marie: Ralph, the pin boy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. During a tornado, are you safer in the bedroom or in the closet?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Rose Marie: Unfortunately Peter, I’m always safe in the bedroom.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. Can boys join the Camp Fire Girls?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Marty Allen: Only after lights out.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. When you pat a dog on its head he will wag his tail. What will a goose do?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Paul Lynde: Make him bark?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. If you were pregnant for two years, what would you give birth to?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Paul Lynde: Whatever it is, it would never be afraid of the dark..
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. According to Ann Landers, is there anything wrong with getting into the habit of kissing a lot of people?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Charley Weaver: It got me out of the army.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. Back in the old days, when Great Grandpa put horseradish on his head, what was he trying to do?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. George Gobel: Get it in his mouth.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. Jackie Gleason recently revealed that he firmly believes in them and has actually seen them on at least two occasions. What are they?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Charley Weaver: His feet.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Q. According to Ann Landers, what are two things you should never do in bed?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A. Paul Lynde: Point and laugh.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/racinjunki"> /u/racinjunki </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17f93np/oneliners_from_the_old_version_of_hollywood/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17f93np/oneliners_from_the_old_version_of_hollywood/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Two dudes meet in a bar…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Two dudes meet in a bar and have a good time.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Then the door opens and two women enter the pub. Both men jump behind the bar, trying to hide.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
They look at each other and one says “Do you see those two women? The one on the left is my wife and I’m having an affair with the one on the right!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The other one answers “Well, no shit? With me it’s the other way round!”
</p>
</div>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Crass_Spektakel"> /u/Crass_Spektakel </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17ex5g1/two_dudes_meet_in_a_bar/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17ex5g1/two_dudes_meet_in_a_bar/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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