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<title>09 October, 2023</title>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Non-pharmacological interventions aimed at promoting the mental health of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Interventions to promote mental health in pediatrics need to be effective, especially in crisis contexts. This systematic review proposes compile and analyze the findings of non-pharmacological interventions conducted in samples of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on mental health. Method: The research was carried out in PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science databases for empirical studies, including interventions in which measures of outcome variables were collected at least twice (pre and post). The studies samples were children and adolescents up to 19 years old, and interventions were developed throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. After eligibility analyses, 16 studies were included in this review. Results: Studies used different theoretical approaches, focusing on promotion, prevention and treatment in mental health in specifics contexts. Some were delivered online, in-person, or in hybrid formats. Particularly, depression, the most frequently assessed outcome, demonstrated more favorable results within the interventions. However, due to considerable risk of bias, the analysis of results of many included studies should be performed with caution. Conclusions: Most of the interventions necessitate further validation. However, the emergence of interventions during crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, provides an opportunity to expand evidence-based mental health practices, paving the way for their application in other crisis situations. Given that mental health prevention and promotion practices can be integrated into the roles of all healthcare providers, possessing insight into the most suitable evidence-based interventions can elevate the quality of care delivered.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.07.23296694v1" target="_blank">Non-pharmacological interventions aimed at promoting the mental health of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Conversations with a concern-addressing chatbot increase COVID-19 vaccination intentions among social media users in Kenya and Nigeria</strong> -
<div>
During mass vaccination campaigns, social media platforms can facilitate the dissemination of public health information but may also contribute to vaccine hesitancy by serving as a vehicle for the spread of false and misleading information. Although talking with health professionals is an important avenue to address individuals’ concerns, one-on-one conversations with healthcare providers are challenging to scale. Can automated, personalized messaging delivered by a chatbot address individuals’ concerns and increase vaccine acceptance? To answer this question, we designed and deployed a Facebook Messenger chatbot to address questions and concerns social media users in Kenya and Nigeria had about the COVID-19 vaccine. After optimizing messaging using an adaptive experimental design on 3,905 respondents, we compare the interactive concern-addressing chatbot to a chatbot that delivers a non-interactive public service announcement (PSA), as well as to a control, no information, chatbot condition. We find that the concern-addressing chatbot increases COVID-19 vaccine intentions and willingness by 4-5% compared to the control condition, and by 3-4% compared to the PSA intervention. Among the 22,052 respondents in our evaluation sample, who at the time of the survey in early 2022 had not yet received a single COVID-19 vaccine, we observe the largest treatment effects among those most hesitant at baseline. With advertising costs as low as $0.21 per person engaged and $4.33 per person influenced, policymakers may want to consider using personalized messaging on digital platforms to quickly and cheaply reach many people to encourage compliance with public health programs during disease outbreaks.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/mgyxu/" target="_blank">Conversations with a concern-addressing chatbot increase COVID-19 vaccination intentions among social media users in Kenya and Nigeria</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Understanding SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein clusters and their impact on immunity of the population from Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil</strong> -
<div>
SARS-CoV-2 genome underwent mutations since it started circulating intensively within the human populations. The aim of this study was to understand the fluctuation of the spike clusters concomitant to high rate of population immunity either due to natural infection and/or vaccination in a state of Brazil that had high rate of infection and vaccination coverage. A total of 1715 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, were retrieved from GISAID and subjected to cluster analysis. Immunoinformatics were used to predict T- and B-cell epitopes, followed by simulation to estimate either pro- or anti-inflammatory responses and correlate with circulating variants. From March 2020 to June 2022, Rio Grande do Norte reported 579,931 COVID-19 cases with a 1.4% fatality rate across three major waves: May-Sept 2020, Feb-Aug 2021, and Jan-Mar 2022. Cluster 0 variants (wild type strain, Zeta) were prevalent in the first wave and Delta in the latter half of 2021, featuring fewer unique epitopes. Cluster 1 (Gamma [P1]) dominated the first half of 2021. Late 2021 had Clusters 2 (Omicron) and 3 (Omicron sublineages) with the most unique epitopes, while Cluster 4 (Delta sublineages) emerged in the second half of 2021 with fewer unique epitopes. Cluster 1 epitopes showed a high pro-inflammatory propensity, while others exhibited a balanced cytokine induction. The clustering method effectively identified Spike groups that may contribute to immune evasion and clinical presentation, and explain in part the clinical outcome.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561101v1" target="_blank">Understanding SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein clusters and their impact on immunity of the population from Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Protection of second booster vaccinations and prior infection against SARS-CoV-2 in the UK SIREN healthcare worker cohort</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
<b>Background</b> &lt;br /&gt; The protection of fourth dose mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is relevant to current global policy decisions regarding ongoing booster roll-out. We estimate the effect of fourth dose vaccination, prior infection, and duration of PCR positivity in a highly-vaccinated and largely prior-COVID-19 infected cohort of UK healthcare workers. &lt;br /&gt; <b>Methods</b> &lt;br /&gt; Participants underwent fortnightly PCR and regular antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2 and completed symptoms questionnaires. A multi-state model was used to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against infection from a fourth dose compared to a waned third dose, with protection from prior infection and duration of PCR positivity jointly estimated. &lt;br /&gt; <b>Results</b> &lt;br /&gt; 1,298 infections were detected among 9,560 individuals under active follow-up between September 2022 and March 2023. Compared to a waned third dose, fourth dose VE was 13.1% (95%CI 0.9 to 23.8) overall; 24.0% (95%CI 8.5 to 36.8) in the first two months post-vaccination, reducing to 10.3% (95%CI -11.4 to 27.8) and 1.7% (95%CI -17.0 to 17.4) at 2-4 and 4-6 months, respectively. Relative to an infection &gt;2 years ago and controlling for vaccination, 63.6% (95%CI 46.9 to 75.0) and 29.1% (95%CI 3.8 to 43.1) greater protection against infection was estimated for an infection within the past 0-6, and 6-12 months, respectively. A fourth dose was associated with greater protection against asymptomatic infection than symptomatic infection, whilst prior infection independently provided more protection against symptomatic infection, particularly if the infection had occurred within the previous 6 months. Duration of PCR positivity was significantly lower for asymptomatic compared to symptomatic infection. &lt;br /&gt; <b>Conclusions</b> &lt;br /&gt; Despite rapid waning of protection, vaccine boosters remain an important tool in responding to the dynamic COVID-19 landscape; boosting population immunity in advance of periods of anticipated pressure, such as surging infection rates or emerging variants of concern. &lt;br /&gt; <b>Funding</b> &lt;br /&gt; UK Health Security Agency, Medical Research Council, NIHR HPRU Oxford, and others.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.23296330v3" target="_blank">Protection of second booster vaccinations and prior infection against SARS-CoV-2 in the UK SIREN healthcare worker cohort</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Quantitatively assessing early detection strategies for mitigating COVID-19 and future pandemics</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Researchers and policymakers have proposed systems to detect novel pathogens earlier than existing surveillance systems by monitoring samples from hospital patients, wastewater, and air travel, in order to mitigate future pandemics. How much benefit would such systems offer? We developed, empirically validated, and mathematically characterized a quantitative model that simulates disease spread and detection time for any given disease and detection system. We find that hospital monitoring could have detected COVID-19 in Wuhan 0.4 weeks earlier than it was actually discovered, at 2,300 cases (standard error: 76 cases) compared to 3,400 (standard error: 161 cases). Wastewater monitoring would not have accelerated COVID-19 detection in Wuhan, but provides benefit in smaller catchments and for asymptomatic or long-incubation diseases like polio or HIV/AIDS. Monitoring of air travel provides little benefit in most scenarios we evaluated. In sum, early detection systems can substantially mitigate some future pandemics, but would not have changed the course of COVID-19.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.23291050v2" target="_blank">Quantitatively assessing early detection strategies for mitigating COVID-19 and future pandemics</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Hill numbers at the edge of a pandemic: rapid SARS-COV2 surveillance using clinical, pooled, or wastewater sequence as a sensor for population change</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical role of genomic surveillance for guiding policy and control strategies. Timeliness is key, but rapid deployment of existing surveillance is difficult because current approaches are based in sequence alignment and phylogeny. Millions of SARS-CoV-2 genomes have been assembled, the largest collection of sequence data in history. Phylogenetic methods are ill equipped to handle this sheer scale. We introduce a pan-genomic measure that examines the information diversity of a k-mer library drawn from a country9s complete set of sequenced genomes. Quantifying diversity is central to ecology. Studies that measure the diversity of various environments increasingly use the concept of Hill numbers, or the effective number of species in a sample, to provide a simple metric for comparing species diversity across environments. The more diverse the sample, the higher the Hill number. We adopt this ecological approach and consider each k-mer an individual and each genome a transect in the pan-genome of the species. Applying Hill numbers in this way allows us to summarize the temporal trajectory of pandemic variants by collapsing each day9s assemblies into genomic equivalents. We do this quickly, without alignment or trees, using modern genome sketching techniques to accommodate millions of genomes in one condensed view of pandemic dynamics. Using data from the UK, USA, and South Africa, we trace the ascendence of new variants of concern as they emerge in local populations. This history of emerging variants uses all available data as it is sequenced, intimating variant sweeps to dominance or declines to extinction at the leading edge of the COVID19 pandemic. The surveillance technique we introduce in a SARS-CoV-2 context here can operate on genomic data generated over any pandemic time course and is organism agnostic.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.22276807v3" target="_blank">Hill numbers at the edge of a pandemic: rapid SARS-COV2 surveillance using clinical, pooled, or wastewater sequence as a sensor for population change</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Heterologous booster with a novel formulation containing glycosylated trimeric S protein is effective againstOmicron</strong> -
<div>
In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a heterologous three-dose vaccination schedule against the Omicron BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 variant infection using a mouse intranasal challenge model. The vaccination schedules tested in this study consisted of a primary series of 2 doses covered by two commercial vaccines: an mRNA-based vaccine (mRNA1273) or a non-replicative vector-based vaccine AZD1222/ChAdOx1, hereafter referred to as AZD1222). These were followed by a heterologous booster dose using one of the two vaccine candidates previously designed by us: one containing the glycosylated and trimeric spike protein (S) from the ancestral virus (SW-Vac 2 microg), and the other from the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 (SD-Vac 2 microg), both formulated with Alhydrogel as an adjuvant. For comparison purposes, homologous three-dose schedules of the commercial vaccines were used. The mRNA-based vaccine, whether used in heterologous or homologous schedules, demonstrated the best performance, significantly increasing both humoral and cellular immune responses. In contrast, for the schedules that included the AZD1222 vaccine as the primary series, the heterologous schemes showed superior immunological outcomes compared to the homologous 3-dose AZD1222 regimen. For these schemes no differences were observed in the immune response obtained when SW-Vac 2microg or SD-Vac 2 microg were used as a booster dose. Neutralizing antibody levels against Omicron BA.1 were low, especially for the schedules using AZD1222. However, a robust Th1 profile, known to be crucial for protection, was observed, particularly for the heterologous schemes that included AZD1222. All the tested schedules were capable of inducing populations of CD4 T effector, memory, and follicular helper T lymphocytes. It is important to highlight that all the evaluated schedules demonstrated a satisfactory safety profile and induced multiple immunological markers of protection. Although the levels of these markers were different among the tested schedules, they appear to complement each other in conferring protection against intranasal challenge with Omicron BA.1 in K18-hACE2 mice. In summary, the results highlight the potential of using the S protein (either ancestral Wuhan or Delta variant)-based vaccine formulation as heterologous boosters in the management of COVID-19, particularly for certain commercial vaccines currently in use.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.557343v1" target="_blank">Heterologous booster with a novel formulation containing glycosylated trimeric S protein is effective againstOmicron</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Interventions used to improve air flow in hospitals - a rapid review</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for improved air flow in hospitals, to reduce the transmission of airborne infections such as COVID-19. The aim of this review was to map the existing literature on intervention used to improve air flow in hospitals, understanding challenges in implementation and the findings of any evaluations. We reviewed peer-reviewed articles identified on three databases, MEDLINE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library with no restriction on date. 5846 articles were identified, 130 were reviewed and 18 were included: ten articles were from databases and eight articles were identified through hand searching. Results were discussed in terms of three categories: (i) concentration of aerosol particles, (ii) changes in/effect of air speed and ventilation and (iii) improvements or reduction in health conditions. Eight studies included an evaluation, the majority only had one comparator condition however three had multiple conditions. The most common device or method that was outlined by researchers was HEPA filters, which can remove particles with a size of 3 microns. Articles outline different interventions to improve air flow and some demonstrate their effectiveness in terms of improving health outcomes for patients, they also suggest either mechanical and natural ventilation are the best methods for dispersing particulate matter as well as perhaps two air cleaning units rather than one. With different methods comes different strengths and weaknesses however, the key finding is that air flow improvement measures reduce the likelihood of nosocomial infections.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.23296654v1" target="_blank">Interventions used to improve air flow in hospitals - a rapid review</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A portable, easy-to-use paper-based biosensor for rapid in-field detection of fecal contamination on fresh produce farms</strong> -
<div>
Laboratory-based nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are highly sensitive and specific, but they require the transportation of samples to centralized testing facilities and have long turnaround times. During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, substantial advancement has been achieved with the development of paper-based point-of-care (POC) NAATs, offering features such as low cost, being easy to use, and providing rapid sample-to-answer times. Although most of the POC NAATs innovations target clinical settings, we have developed a portable, paper-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) testing platform for on-farm applications, capable of detecting Bacteroidales as a fecal contamination biomarker. Our integrated platform includes a drop generator, a heating and imaging unit, and paper-based biosensors, providing sensitive results (limit of detection 3 copies of Bacteroidales per cm2) within an hour of sample collection. We evaluated this integrated platform on a commercial lettuce farm with a concordance of 100% when compared to lab-based tests. Our integrated paper-based LAMP testing platform holds great promise as a reliable and convenient tool for on-site NAATs. We expect that this innovation will encourage the fresh produce industry to adopt NAATs as a complementary tool for decision-making in growing and harvesting. We also hope that our work can stimulate further research in the development of on-farm diagnostic tools for other agricultural applications, leading to improved food safety and technology innovation.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560915v1" target="_blank">A portable, easy-to-use paper-based biosensor for rapid in-field detection of fecal contamination on fresh produce farms</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The more symptoms the better? Covid-19 vaccine side effects and long-term neutralizing antibody response</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Protection against SARS-CoV-2 wanes over time, and booster uptake has been low, in part because of concern about side effects. We examined the relationships between local and systemic symptoms, biometric changes, and neutralizing antibodies (nAB) after mRNA vaccination. Data were collected from adults (n = 364) who received two doses of either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273. Serum nAB concentration was measured at 1 and 6 months post-vaccination. Daily symptom surveys were completed for six days starting on the day of each dose. Concurrently, objective biometric measurements, including skin temperature, heart rate, heart rate variability, and respiratory rate, were collected. We found that certain symptoms (chills, tiredness, feeling unwell, and headache) after the second dose were associated with increases in nAB at 1 and 6 months post-vaccination, to roughly 140-160% the level of individuals without each symptom. Each additional symptom predicted a 1.1-fold nAB increase. Greater increases in skin temperature and heart rate after the second dose predicted higher nAB levels at both time points, but skin temperature change was more predictive of durable (6 month) nAB response than of short-term (1 month) nAB response. In the context of low ongoing vaccine uptake, our convergent symptom and biometric findings suggest that public health messaging could seek to reframe systemic symptoms after vaccination as desirable.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.23296186v2" target="_blank">The more symptoms the better? Covid-19 vaccine side effects and long-term neutralizing antibody response</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>HERV activation segregates ME/CFS from fibromyalgia and defines a novel nosological entity for patients fulfilling both clinical criteria</strong> -
<div>
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and fibromyalgia (FM) are chronic diseases with poorly understood pathophysiology and diagnosis based on clinical assessment of unspecific symptoms. The recent post-COVID-19 condition, which shares similarities with ME/CFS and FM, has raised concerns about viral-induced transcriptome changes in post-viral syndromes. Viral infections, and other types of stress, are known to unleash human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) repression that if maintained could lead to symptom chronicity. This study evaluated this possibility for ME/CFS and FM on a selected cohort of female patients complying with diagnosis criteria for ME/CFS, FM, or both, and matched healthy controls (n=43). The results show specific HERV fingerprints for each disease, confirming biological differences between ME/CFS and FM. Unexpectedly, HERV profiles segregated patients that met both ME/CFS and FM clinical criteria from patients complying only with ME or FM criteria, while clearly differentiating patients from healthy subjects, supporting that the highly prevalent comorbidity condition must constitute a different nosological entity. Moreover, HERV profiles exposed significant quantitative differences within the ME/CFS group that correlated with differences in immune gene expression and patient symptomatology, supporting ME/CFS patient subtyping and confirming immunological disturbances in this disease. Pending issues include validation of HERV profiles as disease biomarkers of post-viral syndromes and understanding the role of HERV during infection and beyond.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561025v1" target="_blank">HERV activation segregates ME/CFS from fibromyalgia and defines a novel nosological entity for patients fulfilling both clinical criteria</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Who Saves the Saviours During a Pandemic? Career Calling Protects Healthcare Workers from Burnout and Resigning</strong> -
<div>
This study investigates whether career calling protects from the detrimental effects of fear of COVID-19 and job demand on burnout and turnover intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected in a sample of 275 Italian healthcare workers in charge of COVID-19 patients. Direct, indirect, and conditional effects were tested using a path model. The results showed a significant sequential mediation effect: Demand partially mediates the relation between fear of COVID-19 and burnout; burnout completely mediates the impact of fear of COVID-19 on turnover intention. Career calling moderates the impact of fear of COVID-19 on demand and of burnout on turnover intentions. When calling is high, the effects of fear of COVID-19 on perceived job demand, and the effect of burnout on turnover intentions are null. This study supports the notion that career calling is a personal resource that protects people from the negative consequences of highly stressful work environments.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/snguz/" target="_blank">Who Saves the Saviours During a Pandemic? Career Calling Protects Healthcare Workers from Burnout and Resigning</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Relative Deprivation, Psychological Wellbeing, and Problematic Internet Use among Young Adults During COVID-19 Lockdown: A Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA)</strong> -
<div>
Individuals’ relative deprivation, psychological distress and addictive use of the internet are increasing concerns during the COVID-19 crisis. However, the related literature on these effects during the pandemic is lacking. We adopt social comparison theory as the framework to improve our understanding of the relationships between relative deprivation, psychological distress, life dissatisfaction, and problematic Internet use. In this study, young adult participants were recruited from one department of a university in China during the COVID-19 lockdown. A fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was employed to explore the effects of relative deprivation evoked by social comparison on individuals’ psychological distress, life dissatisfaction, and problematic Internet use. Our results—obtained by adopting fsQCA—demonstrate that relative deprivation evoked by upward comparison is a key predictor of psychological distress, life dissatisfaction, and problematic Internet use during the campus lockdown. Also, psychological distress is linked to problematic Internet use. Our results provide novel insights into the phenomenon of relative deprivation during the COVID-19 crisis. We propose measures to improve individuals’ psychological wellbeing and reduce their problem behaviors, including: conducting psychological lectures emphasizing the danger of social comparisons; balancing the needs of faculty members and students, and epidemic control; avoiding inconsistent closed-off campus rules in campus management; and developing a counseling program addressing relative deprivation, psychological wellbeing, and problematic Internet use.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/6u8nf/" target="_blank">Relative Deprivation, Psychological Wellbeing, and Problematic Internet Use among Young Adults During COVID-19 Lockdown: A Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA)</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Independent regulation of Z-lines and M-lines during sarcomere assembly in cardiac myocytes revealed by the automatic image analysis software sarcApp</strong> -
<div>
Sarcomeres are the basic contractile units within cardiac myocytes, and the collective shortening of sarcomeres aligned along myofibrils generates the force driving the heartbeat. The alignment of the individual sarcomeres is important for proper force generation, and misaligned sarcomeres are associated with diseases including cardiomyopathies and COVID-19. The actin bundling protein, -actinin-2, localizes to the Z-Bodies of sarcomere precursors and the Z-Lines of sarcomeres, and has been used previously to assess sarcomere assembly and maintenance. Previous measurements of -actinin-2 organization have been largely accomplished manually, which is time-consuming and has hampered research progress. Here, we introduce sarcApp, an image analysis tool that quantifies several components of the cardiac sarcomere and their alignment in muscle cells and tissue. We first developed sarcApp to utilize deep learning- based segmentation and real space quantification to measure -actinin-2 structures and determine the organization of both precursors and sarcomeres/myofibrils. We then expanded sarcApp to analyze M-Lines using the localization of myomesin and a protein that connects the Z-Lines to the M-Line (titin). sarcApp produces 33 distinct measurements per cell and 24 per myofibril that allow for precise quantification of changes in sarcomeres, myofibrils, and their precursors. We validated this system with perturbations to sarcomere assembly. Surprisingly, we found perturbations that affected Z-Lines and M-Lines differently, suggesting that they may be regulated independently during sarcomere assembly.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523681v3" target="_blank">Independent regulation of Z-lines and M-lines during sarcomere assembly in cardiac myocytes revealed by the automatic image analysis software sarcApp</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Fourth dose of Microneedle Array Patch of SARS-CoV-2 S1 Protein Subunit Vaccine Elicits Robust Long-lasting Humoral Responses in mice</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the pressing need for safe and effective booster vaccines, particularly in considering the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants and addressing vaccine distribution inequalities. Dissolving microneedle array patches (MAP) offer a promising delivery method, enhancing immunogenicity and improving accessibility through the skin’s immune potential. In this study, we evaluated a microneedle array patch-based S1 subunit protein COVID-19 vaccine candidate, which comprised a bivalent formulation targeting the Wuhan and Beta variant alongside a monovalent Delta variant spike proteins in a murine model. Notably, the second boost of homologous bivalent MAP-S1(WU+Beta) induced a 15.7-fold increase in IgG endpoint titer, while the third boost of heterologous MAP-S1RS09Delta yielded a more modest 1.6-fold increase. Importantly, this study demonstrated that the administration of four doses of the MAP vaccine induced robust and long-lasting immune responses, persisting for at least 80 weeks. These immune responses encompassed various IgG isotypes and remained statistically significant for one year. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants were generated, with comparable responses observed against the Omicron variant. Overall, these findings emphasize the potential of MAP-based vaccines as a promising strategy to combat the evolving landscape of COVID-19 and to deliver a safe and effective booster vaccine worldwide.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561047v1" target="_blank">Fourth dose of Microneedle Array Patch of SARS-CoV-2 S1 Protein Subunit Vaccine Elicits Robust Long-lasting Humoral Responses in mice</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study of the Vector Vaccine GamCovidVac-M (Altered Antigenic Composition)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: GamCovidVac-M vector vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19 with altered antigenic composition <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Health Ministry of the Russian Federation <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study of the Vector Vaccine GamCovidVac for the Prevention of COVID-19 With Altered Antigenic Profile With Participation of Adult Volunteers</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: GamCovidVac vector vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19 (with altered antigenic profile) <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Health Ministry of the Russian Federation <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Exercise Interventions in Post-acute Sequelae of Covid-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Exercise <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of Virginia <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effects of Cacao FLAvonoids in LOng Covid Patients (FLALOC)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long Covid19; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Dietary Supplement: Flavonoids <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Guillermo Ceballos Reyes; Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Efficacy of the 2023-2024 Updated COVID-19 Vaccines Against COVID-19 Infection</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Vaccine-Preventable Diseases; SARS CoV 2 Infection; Upper Respiratory Tract Infection; Upper Respiratory Disease <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: Novavax COVID-19 vaccine (2023-2024 formula XBB containing); Biological: Pfizer COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (2023-2024 formula XBB containing) <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Sarang K. Yoon, DO, MOH; Westat; Novavax <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Motivational Interviewing for Vaccine Uptake in Latinx Adults</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Vaccine Hesitancy <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: EHR alert; Behavioral: Motivational Interviewing; Behavioral: Warm hand off to nurse <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Boston College; East Boston Neighborhood Health Center; Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH); Boston Children’s Hospital; National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety of RQ-01 in SARS-CoV-2 Positive Subjects</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Infectious Disease; Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection Laboratory-Confirmed; SARS CoV 2 Infection <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Combination Product: RQ-001; Other: Placebo <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Red Queen Therapeutics, Inc.; PPD <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study of “Sputnik Lite” for the Prevention of COVID-19 With Altered Antigenic Composition.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: “Sputnik Lite” vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19 with altered antigenic composition <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Health Ministry of the Russian Federation <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study Will Assess the Safety, Neutralizing Activity and Efficacy of AZD3152 in Adults With Conditions Increasing Risk of Inadequate Protective Immune Response After Vaccination and Thus Are at High Risk of Developing Severe COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: Biological: AZD3152; Biological: Biological: Placebo <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: AstraZeneca <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Examining the Function of Cs4 on Post-COVID-19 Disorders</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Chinese medicine nutritional supplement Cs4 <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: The University of Hong Kong <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Amantadine Therapy for Cognitive Impairment in Long COVID</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID; Post-COVID19 Condition; Post-Acute COVID19 Syndrome <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Amantadine <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Ohio State University <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Stellate Ganglion Block With Lidocaine for the Treatment of COVID-19-Induced Parosmia</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Parosmia <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Procedure: Stellate Ganglion Block; Other: Placebo <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Lawson Health Research Institute <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>CPAP Efficacy in Post-COVID Patients With Sleep Apnea</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Sleep Apnea <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: Continuous positive airway pressure <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of Pittsburgh <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cell Therapy With Treg Cells Obtained From Thymic Tissue (thyTreg) to Control the Immune Hyperactivation Associated With COVID-19 (THYTECH2)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: Allogeneic thyTreg 5.000.000; Biological: Allogeneic thyTreg 10.000.000 <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon; Instituto de Salud Carlos III <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong><em>In silico</em> and <em>in vitro</em> inhibition of host-based viral entry targets and cytokine storm in COVID-19 by ginsenoside compound K</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that emerged as an epidemic, causing a respiratory disease with multiple severe symptoms and deadly consequences. ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 play crucial and synergistic roles in the membrane fusion and viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the ACE-2 receptor for viral entry, while TMPRSS2 proteolytically cleaves the S protein into S1 and S2 subunits, promoting membrane fusion. Therefore, ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 are potential drug…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Development and evaluation of a novel chromium III-based compound for potential inhibition of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused 403 million cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and resulted in more than 5.7 million deaths worldwide. Extensive research has identified several potential drug treatments for COVID-19. However, the development of new compounds or therapies is necessary to prevent the emergence of drug resistance in SARS-CoV-2. In this study, a novel compound based on hexaacetotetraaquadihydroxochromium(III)diiron(III) nitrate, which…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Curcumin-derived carbon-dots as a potential COVID-19 antiviral drug</strong> - Even entering the third year of the COVID-19 pandemic, only a small number of COVID-19 antiviral drugs are approved. Curcumin has previously shown antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid, but its poor bioavailability limits its clinical uses. Utilizing nanotechnology structures, curcumin-derived carbon-dots (cur-CDs) were synthesized to increase low bioavailability of curcumin. In-silico analyses were performed using molecular docking, inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid C-terminal…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Using a function-first ‘scout fragment’-based approach to develop allosteric covalent inhibitors of conformationally dynamic helicase mechanoenzymes</strong> - Helicases, classified into six superfamilies, are mechanoenzymes that utilize energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to remodel DNA and RNA substrates. These enzymes have key roles in diverse cellular processes, such as genome replication and maintenance, ribosome assembly and translation. Helicases with essential functions only in certain cancer cells have been identified and helicases expressed by certain viruses are required for their pathogenicity. As a result, helicases are important targets…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Development of a mutant aerosolized ACE2 that neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 in vivo</strong> - The rapid evolution of variants of SARS-CoV-2 highlights the need for new therapies to prevent disease spread. SARS-CoV-2, like SARS-CoV-1, uses the human cell surface protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its native receptor. Here, we design and characterize a mutant ACE2 that enables rapid affinity purification of a dimeric protein by altering the active site to prevent autoproteolytic digestion of a C-terminal His10 epitope tag. In cultured cells, mutant ACE2 competitively…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Discovery of First-in-Class PROTAC Degraders of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease</strong> - We have witnessed three coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks in the past two decades, including the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Main protease (M ^(Pro) ) is a highly conserved and essential protease that plays key roles in viral replication and pathogenesis among various CoVs, representing one of the most attractive drug targets for antiviral drug development. Traditional antiviral drug development strategies focus on the pursuit of high-affinity binding inhibitors against M ^(Pro) . However,…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Human Airway Epithelium with a Xeno-Nucleic Acid Aptamer</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results suggest that FANA-R8-9 effectively prevents infection by specific SARS-CoV-2 variants and indicate that aptamer technology could be utilized to target other clinically-relevant viruses in the respiratory mucosa.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inhibiting Glutamine Metabolism Blocks Coronavirus Replication in Mammalian Cells</strong> - Developing therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 has gained widespread interest given the likelihood that new viral variants will continue to emerge. Here we describe one potential therapeutic strategy which involves targeting members of the glutaminase family of mitochondrial metabolic enzymes (GLS and GLS2), which catalyze the first step in glutamine metabolism, the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate. We show three examples where GLS expression increases during coronavirus infection of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Paxlovid mouth likely is mediated by activation of the TAS2R1 bitter receptor by nirmatrelvir</strong> - Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has remained a public health threat since late 2019. Among the strategies rapidly developed to prevent and treat COVID-19, the antiviral medication Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir combination) has shown remarkable efficacy in reducing viral load and relieving clinical symptoms. Unexpectedly, a persistent bitter/bad taste, referred to as “Paxlovid mouth”, has been frequently noted….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Monoclonal antibodies lock down SARS-CoV-2 spike</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 rapidly accumulated mutations in its immunodominant receptor-binding domain (RBD), rendering all clinically authorized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) ineffective. Liu et al. unveil potent human mAbs that neutralize all tested SARS-CoV-2 variants by locking the Spike protein RBD in a downward conformation, thus inhibiting receptor engagement.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>PBPK Modeling of PAXLOVID<sup>TM</sup>: Incorporating Rotamer Conversion Kinetics to Advanced Dissolution and Absorption Model</strong> - PAXLOVID^(TM) is a combination medicine of nirmatrelvir tablets co-packaged with ritonavir tablets. Nirmatrelvir is a peptidomimetic inhibitor of SARS-CoV2 main protease (M^(pro)), developed for the treatment of COVID-19. Ritonavir is co-administered as a pharmacokinetics (PK) enhancer to inhibit CYP3A mediated metabolism increasing exposures of nirmatrelvir. In the solid form, nirmatrelvir exists in a stable single conformational state (ANTI form). However, nirmatrelvir exhibits atropisomerism…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Induction of antiviral gene expression by cyclosporine a, but not inhibition of cyclophilin a or B, contributes to its restriction of human coronavirus 229E infection in a lung epithelial cell line</strong> - The development of antivirals with an extended spectrum of activity is an attractive possibility to protect against future emerging coronaviruses (CoVs). Cyclosporine A (CsA), a clinically approved immunosuppressive drug, has established antiviral activity against diverse unrelated viruses, including several CoVs. However, its antiviral mechanisms of action against CoV infection have remained elusive, precluding the rational design of non-immunosuppressive derivatives with improved antiviral…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Repurposing Navitoclax to block SARS-CoV-2 fusion and entry by targeting heptapeptide repeat sequence 1 in S2 protein</strong> - Along with the long pandemic of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has come the dilemma of emerging viral variants of concern (VOC), particularly Omicron and its subvariants, able to deftly escape immune surveillance and the otherwise protective effect of current vaccines and antibody drugs. We previously identified a peptide-based pan-CoV fusion inhibitor, termed as EK1, able to bind the HR1 region in viral spike (S) protein S2 subunit. This…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates SARS-CoV2 spike protein-induced interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 production in alveolar epithelial cells through activation of Mas receptor</strong> - BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (SP) can bind to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiC) and trigger an inflammatory process. Angiotensin-(1-7) may have an anti-inflammatory effect through activation of Mas receptor. This study aims to investigate whether SARS-CoV-2 SP can induce inflammation through ACE2 in the alveolar epithelial cells which can be modulated through angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antiviral opportunities of Mannich bases derived from triterpenic N-propargylated indoles</strong> - Oleanolic and glycyrrhetic acids alkyne derivatives were synthesized as a result of propargylation of the indole NH-group condensed with the triterpene A-ring, the following aminomethylation led to a series of Mannich bases. The synthesized compounds were tested for their potential inhibition of influenza A/PuertoRico/8/34 (H1N1) virus in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell culture and SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in baby hamster kidney-21-human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (BHK-21-hACE2) cells….</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How a New Approach to Public Defense Is Overcoming Mass Incarceration</strong> - Public defenders represent eighty per cent of all people charged with a crime in this country, and they typically work in offices that are underfunded and understaffed. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/how-a-new-approach-to-public-defense-is-overcoming-mass-incarceration">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>McCarthy’s Ouster Is Proof, Once Again, That Appeasement Doesn’t Work</strong> - The political-obituary writers will not be kind to one of the weakest House Speakers ever. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/mccarthys-ouster-is-proof-once-again-that-appeasement-doesnt-work">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Trump’s Bloody Campaign Promises</strong> - It’s tempting to ignore the former President’s expressions of rage, but the stakes for American democracy demand that attention be paid. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/trumps-bloody-campaign-promises">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Uyghurs Forced to Process the World’s Fish</strong> - China forces minorities from Xinjiang to work in industries around the country. As it turns out, this includes handling much of the seafood sent to America and Europe. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-uyghurs-forced-to-process-the-worlds-fish">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>When Massacre Came to a Music Festival in Israel</strong> - Music-festival attendees were dancing beneath the sky when Hamas attacked, firing into the crowd and taking hostages. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/when-massacre-came-to-a-music-festival-in-israel">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Why aren’t we watching more short films?</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A man looks at the camera, with a wall of books behind him." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/hviFU0eHrrdyhzFGr-tt7noBGjU=/378x0:2646x1701/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72736440/henrysugar1.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Benedict Cumberbatch in <em>The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar</em>, directed by Wes Anderson and now on Netflix. | Netflix
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Wes Anderson’s new Netflix shorts are the latest case for the form.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jw9dcZ">
The short film is a neglected form of American entertainment, prevalent — you can find them most anywhere, and pretty much every filmmaker <a href="https://collider.com/short-films-launched-the-careers-of-great-directors/">has made a few</a> — and yet barely watched or talked about. That’s strange, when you think about it. We talk about <a href="https://www.vox.com/movies">movies</a> (by which we mean features), and we talk about TV. Paramount recently <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/10/3/23901374/mean-girls-movie-streaming-tiktok-paramount-pictures-video-clips">uploaded all of <em>Mean Girls</em> to TikTok</a>, in 23 separate clips, and the platform’s subscriptions spiked.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="J6fsAe">
Short films, however, dwell in a liminal space between movies and TV, and they simply don’t get the same respect and interest. Even anthology shows like <em>Black Mirror</em>, which might be described as a collection of short films, are designed to generate meaning through their juxtaposition. I know the stand-alone short film is still a rarity on my entertainment menu, and I suspect I am not alone.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="m6anL3">
In a sense that may be because nobody really knows what a short film … is. According to the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences — the group that gives out the <a href="https://www.vox.com/oscars">Oscars</a>, including three for short films (animated, live action, and documentary) — a short film runs a maximum of 40 minutes, including credits. That’s about the length of a network TV drama episode, once you strip out the commercials, but a short film nominee could be, in theory, the length of an <a href="https://www.vox.com/instagram-news">Instagram</a> Reel.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="E0Hoql">
A feature-length film, <a href="https://www.indieshortsmag.com/news/film-festival/2023/05/96th-oscar-rules-announced-heres-what-short-film-documentary-filmmakers-should-know/#:~:text=Rules%20for%20Academy%20Awards%20Animated%20Short%20Film%20Category&amp;text=A%20short%20film%20is%20defined,or%20less%2C%20including%20all%20credits.">according</a> to the Academy, is anything over 40 minutes. But that has little to do with the length attributed to most movies. (When was the last time you went to the theater for a movie that was, say, 61 minutes long?) It’s vanishingly rare for any feature film to be less than around 82 minutes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZYJwkZ">
I tend to think of a short film as being an hourish and under, with its own defined arc, and a feature as anything longer. But when you think of it, the distinction is almost meaningless and randomly invented, the product of years of business and technological decisions and not having to do with any natural timeframe. Why <em>not</em> sit down and watch something for 25 minutes?
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A man and a boy stand in a wheat field." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_RMZ9XaQp1jUJKFeMBC-05kdkig=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24977509/the_swan_review.jpg"/> <cite>Netflix</cite>
<figcaption>
Rupert Friend stars in <em>The Swan</em>, a new short film from Wes Anderson.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lyKVdT">
There’s something uniquely pleasurable about watching a tight, elegant short that’s exactly the length it needs to be, not inflated to an arbitrary length. Topics that would be brutal at full length (palliative care, for instance, as in the 2019 Oscar-nominated <a href="https://www.netflix.com/title/80210691"><em>End Game</em></a>) are not just bearable but moving at 40 minutes. Jokes and punchlines land perfectly in shorts, without requiring a lot of exposition or character development. (Those of us raised on <a href="https://www.vox.com/2015/6/25/8837377/best-pixar-shorts-films-ranking">Pixar shorts</a> know this well.) Short films give filmmakers permission to take risks and play, in part because the audience might tolerate experimentation or frustration better if they know it won’t take up their whole afternoon.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4YwuMG">
Shorts generally get the most airtime at film festivals, and some garner significant fanfare. Just this year, <em>The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar</em> premiered at the prestigious Venice Film Festival. Pedro Almodovar’s 31-minute gay cowboy film, <em>Strange Way of Life</em>, starring Ethan Hawke and Pedro Pascal, premiered at Cannes this year and has been making the festival rounds ever since. (It’s bankrolled in part by Saint Laurent Productions, part of the Yves Saint Laurent fashion empire.) <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDnhl79hpp8"><em>Once Within a Time</em></a>, an experimental creation fable from the iconic documentarian Godfrey Reggio, clocks in at 52 minutes, which is just right for the material, and its release <a href="https://www.moma.org/calendar/film/5622">was accompanied</a> by a retrospective series at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bDJW34">
And consider the recent shorts from Wes Anderson, whose work is easy for me to admire but difficult for me to love. His stylistic tics, not in any sense bad, are difficult for me to track at length. I find myself rewinding and rewinding because I keep getting snagged on details or zone out while narrators talk. By about the 40-minute mark, my brain has entered stasis. (Yes, I always take a couple cracks at watching before I write a review.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nW6pXg">
Luckily, <em>The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar</em> — one of a whopping four Anderson films that dropped on <a href="https://www.vox.com/netflix">Netflix</a> last week — clocks in at a cool 39 minutes, and it’s the longest of them. Anderson has adapted author Roald Dahl before (in 2009’s <em>The Fantastic Mr. Fox</em>), and as is his custom, he works with a bevy of familiar actors, like Benedict Cumberbatch, Ralph Fiennes, Rupert Friend, and Ben Kingsley. (New to Anderson’s stable are Dev Patel and Richard Ayoade.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="H8Mev2">
<em>Henry Sugar</em> and the three other films (<em>The Swan, The Rat Catcher</em>, and <em>Poison</em>, each of which run 17 minutes) are also recognizably Andersonian in their aesthetic, design, and thematic obsessions. I sat down to watch the longest, <em>Henry Sugar,</em> with a little trepidation, knowing my spotty history with Anderson. But though I did have to rewind a couple times, I found myself buzzing with enjoyment. <em>Henry Sugar</em> is the story of a very wealthy cad who goes through some very unexpected personal growth, and as I watched I could also feel myself growing: Did I finally feel Wes Anderson’s work, in my very soul?
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Two men stand in a darkened room, looking a bit stunned." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/C1A9qARKVXYxJ2_AtTVZrH3t7mI=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24977512/poison.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Ben Kingsley and Dev Patel in <em>Poison</em>, a new Wes Anderson short on Netflix.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="G3lhrp">
Maybe. But watching the other three, much shorter films — all of which are pretty intense — proved that they’re enjoyable and digestible because they simply begin and end pretty quickly. I didn’t have to lock in for an hour and a half. I could throw it on and have a whole, lovely, freestanding cinematic experience with my morning coffee.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sJuwUA">
If anything good can come out of the streaming revolution, it could be (or, at least, could have been) the cultivation of an audience and a market for short films. That would go a long way toward expanding the voices, perspectives, stories, styles, and creative visions we encounter. Film students, budding artists raising funds, filmmakers who want to test out a concept or technique, and directors from marginalized regions and communities who can’t get major studio or investor backing often start out making shorts. With an audience and enough interest, that could be funneled into further work — not just directing a big-budget movie, but telling more stories that work best at shorter lengths.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wUcaSW">
Of course, that would require us to go find them, and the companies that distribute them to put more heart into directing audiences toward them. You probably have easy access to some world-class shorts right now. Netflix, like other streamers, has an entire “<a href="https://www.netflix.com/browse/genre/3345391?bc=34399">Shorts</a>” genre category under “Movies” on its site, which includes many documentaries, but scripted fiction and animated shorts, too. The internet, quite literally, is awash with short films, whether on <a href="https://www.vox.com/youtube">YouTube</a> or some specialty site.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5fZwJl">
The Anderson shorts weren’t particularly easy to find on Netflix in the first few days after release, and it’s not totally clear to the casual viewer that they’re linked without digging into the interface. Streaming platforms have a long way to go before they figure out how to coax viewers into watching the shorts.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YxotMj">
But in a world where so much attention is drawn toward very short-form content — recall <a href="https://www.vox.com/tiktok">TikTok</a> <em>Mean Girls</em> — this can’t be rocket science. Maybe <em>The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar</em> is a feint in the right direction. Who says how long a movie has to be, anyway?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1Kj8fW">
The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar, The Swan, The Rat Catcher, <em>and</em> Poison <em>are all streaming on Netflix.</em>
</p></li>
<li><strong>Hamas has launched an unprecedented strike on Israel. Here’s what you need to know.</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Soldiers surround a smoking tank." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/fh1IbimUuHhm2C2ux3j3ubW1lsk=/0x0:4000x3000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72731356/1711779874.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Hamas’s armed wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, destroy an Israeli tank in Gaza City on October 7, 2023. | Hani Alshaer/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The IDF has launched retaliatory strikes after hundreds of Israeli citizens are dead and thousands wounded.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WC5gZF">
Israel <a href="https://apnews.com/live/israel-hamas-war-live-updates">has officially declared war</a> against Hamas following an unprecedented assault on Israeli territory by the Gaza-based militant group. The declaration comes after the Biden administration’s promise of <a href="https://apnews.com/live/israel-hamas-war-live-updates#0000018b-0fb5-d540-af9b-0ff50b270000">additional support</a> for Israel and the announced movement of <a href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3551716/statement-from-secretary-lloyd-j-austin-iii-on-us-force-posture-changes-in-the/">several US Navy warships</a> and aircraft squadrons into the Eastern Mediterranean. Several countries, including <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/08/world/israel-gaza-attack-hamas-news/egypt-and-jordan-are-trying-to-calm-the-conflict?smid=url-share">Egypt and Jordan</a>, have volunteered to try to defuse the situation diplomatically.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bch0Td">
Meanwhile, fighting in southern Israel and Gaza continued on Sunday after the Palestinian militant group<strong> </strong>Hamas launched a large, complex, and well-coordinated attack on <a href="https://www.vox.com/israel">Israel</a> early Saturday from the territory it controls in Gaza.<strong> </strong>This comes after <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack/palestinians-israelis-recent-violence?smid=url-share">months of simmering conflict between Israel and Palestinians</a> in Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Gaza.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4RSct1">
A group of fighters from Hamas’s military arm, the Al-Qassam brigades, entered <a href="https://www.vox.com/israel">Israel</a> Saturday — an unprecedented breach of the security apparatus that controls Palestinian movement in and out of Israel — killing at least <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/08/world/israel-gaza-attack-hamas-news/heres-the-latest-on-the-fighting-in-israel-and-gaza?smid=url-share">700 Israelis</a>, and at least 2,243 were injured, according to the New York Times. At <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/08/world/israel-gaza-attack-hamas-news/heres-the-latest-on-the-fighting-in-israel-and-gaza?smid=url-share">least 413 Palestinians have been killed</a> and more than 2,300 injured, the Palestinian Health Ministry in Gaza reports, both in retaliatory strikes and in gunfights. There have also been reports of Hamas fighters taking hostages back into Gaza, holding Israelis hostage in their homes, and of gunfights in southern Israeli towns. US Secretary of State <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/live-updates/israel-gaza-hamas/blinken-says-americans-believed-to-be-among-dead-and-missing-103818776?id=103804516">Antony Blinken stated on Sunday</a> that his office is working to confirm that Americans are among the missing and dead.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HDKIwm">
Hamas has launched thousands of rockets and mortars into Israeli territory after the initial barrage of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/timeline-gaza-israel-attacks-hamas.htmlhttps://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/timeline-gaza-israel-attacks-hamas.html">at least 2,200</a> on Saturday morning with additional volleys happening throughout Saturday and Sunday. That number is indicative of the massive scale of this operation; in the whole of a 50-day war between Hamas and Israel in 2014, the group, alongside others, launched a total of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/world/middleeast/gaza-strip.html">4,564 rockets and mortars into Israel</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="c6nriE">
“Our enemy will pay a price the type of which it has never known,” Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south">said about the attacks</a>. “We are in a war and we will win it.” Under Netanyahu’s leadership, Israel has become increasingly hostile to Palestinians and encouraged Israeli settlements in parts of the West Bank, another Palestinian enclave.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="v7K0Xf">
Meanwhile, discussions about forming <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-07/ty-article/.premium/israeli-opposition-lapid-says-open-to-unity-govt-with-netanyahu-after-gaza-attacks/0000018b-0b0b-d8fc-adff-6b6f271e0000">an emergency unity government</a> between Netanyahu, Israel’s opposition leader Yair Lapid, and National Unity party leader Benny Gantz happened, but no clear resolution had been made as of Sunday.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="T1NtXx">
The Israeli Defense Forces have already retaliated with airstrikes against Gaza, which has suffered from blockades by Israel and Egypt for years and has been described as an “<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza-israels-open-air-prison-15">open-air prison</a>.” Meanwhile, <a href="https://www.vox.com/iran">Iran</a> and Hezbollah, the <a href="https://www.vox.com/iran">Iran</a>-backed Shia militant group based in southern Lebanon, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/sirens-warning-incoming-rockets-sound-around-gaza-near-tel-aviv-2023-10-07/">have praised the attacks</a>. Saudi Arabia, which is in negotiations to normalize relations with Israel, <a href="https://twitter.com/KSAmofaEN/status/1710629609757086172?s=20">issued a statement calling for de-escalation</a>, specifically calling out Israel for its “continued occupation, the deprivation of the Palestinian people of their legitimate rights, and the repetition of systematic provocations against its sanctities.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FggeDk">
In Gaza, fears of a ground assault are growing as residents have been warned in a speech by Netanyahu to <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/world-is-watching-fears-grow-of-a-massive-gaza-invasion-by-israel">“leave now”</a> after he threatened to turn Hamas strongholds <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack">“into rubble.” </a>Many Palestinian civilians have <a href="https://apnews.com/live/israel-hamas-war-live-updates#0000018b-0f54-d540-af9b-0f7454ed0000">sought shelter at schools</a> set up by the UN agency for Palestinian Refugees, UNRWA, as Israel hits Gaza with repeated air strikes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VMxwFI">
Hamas leadership is calling the operation “Al-Aqsa Flood” or “<a href="https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/al-aqsa-storm-militants-infiltrate-israel-after-gaza-rockets-10-07-intl-hnk/h_644aa5e5d02286051f5cc307e229566a">Al-Aqsa Storm</a>” after the mosque in Jerusalem, which is Islam’s third-holiest site. Palestinian worshippers have been repeatedly <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/17/israeli-forces-attack-palestinian-worshippers-at-al-aqsa-mosque">harassed and attacked</a> by Israeli police and settlers at the site.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PYy03h">
The attacks came on the final day <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2023/09/29/sukkot-jewish-holiday-when-what-is-it/71000911007/">of Sukkot</a>, a Jewish<a href="https://reformjudaism.org/jewish-holidays/sukkot"> celebration of the harvest</a>, as well as on the <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fifty-years-divided-israel-remembers-war-its-survival-2023-10-06/">50th anniversary of the start of the 1973 Yom Kippur War</a>, in which Egypt and Syria attacked Israel, threatening the existence of the young nation. That, too, was a surprise offensive, and though Israel eventually won the war, victory in that conflict was far from assured.
</p>
<h3 id="4ZMLhw">
Israel’s security lapse is shocking
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5tOUsg">
Hamas managed to pull off a stunning assault on several fronts, not only shooting mortars and rockets into Israeli territory but also staging an invasion via air and sea. That infiltration, as many experts have noted, is particularly shocking given Israel’s Mossad intelligence service and the tight control under which Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank live.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YBasLL">
“The Israelis pride themselves on having world-class intelligence, with the Mossad, with Shin Bet, with Israeli military intelligence,” Colin Clarke, director of research at the Soufan Group, a global intelligence and security consultancy, told Vox. “They do — from the most exquisite human sources to the most capable technical intelligence gathering capabilities [including] cyber and signals intelligence.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lcd5ZJ">
That’s coupled with the basic surveillance that Gazans and other Palestinians live under all the time, like checkpoints to enter and exit Palestinian territory.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AoufFi">
That culture of extreme surveillance made Saturday’s unprecedented infiltration all the more shocking; the fact that Hamas was able to pull off an operation of this size and complexity, not to mention infiltrate Israel and, as has been reported, take hostages, would have been almost unthinkable before Saturday. Yet fighters <a href="https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2">infiltrated as many as 22 Israeli sites</a> as far as 15 miles away from Gaza’s border with Israel.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="r6AgmQ">
Though there is speculation about Iranian and Hezbollah involvement in the operation, there are no concrete details about what that entails as of yet. “Iran has played a major role in helping Hamas with its rocket and missile programs, and mortar programs,” Daniel Byman, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, told Vox. “There’s no question about that, which was a big part of the attack,” he added.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7Y1zCd">
Iran and Hezbollah also provide funding, training, and intelligence to Hamas fighters, all of which could have contributed to Saturday’s attack, both Byman and Clarke said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="M6WRlj">
However, given the tensions within Israeli society and the simmering conflict between Israel and Palestine over settlements in the West Bank and traditionally Palestinian sites in East Jerusalem, a conflict of some sort was likely.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="A7lBjE">
Israel’s internal politics under Netanyahu have created a maximally polarized society under minority rule by Netanyahu’s Likud party and its right-wing coalition partners, who favor Jewish settlements in Palestinian territory as well as other conservative religious values. A recent decision to change <a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/7/23/23804795/israel-protests-judicial-reforms-netanyahu-likud-idf">the balance of power between Israel’s Supreme Court and its parliament</a>, the Knesset, sent shockwaves through secular Israeli society, sparking mass protests across several sectors of the country, including <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-07-21/ty-article/over-1-000-israeli-air-force-personnel-to-suspend-reserve-duty-if-judicial-coup-continues/00000189-782c-d09f-a3a9-ffad0a150000">Israeli Defense Force reservists</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="Ddomy0">
The important question: Why did Hamas attack Israel?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="owN1F4">
Hamas is likely seeking the return of Palestinian prisoners in Israel, according to experts. In the past, the group has successfully traded a small number of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/hamas-hostages-israel-video.html">Israeli hostages for Palestinians held in Israel</a>, notably keeping Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit for five years before exchanging him for 1,000 Palestinian prisoners, the New York Times reported.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AVSbsD">
The number of hostages is as yet unknown, but they are reportedly being held both within Gaza itself and in Israeli villages where Hamas and Islamic Jihad fighters have been able to infiltrate. The hostages include a “<a href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-07/ty-article/.premium/israeli-civilians-and-soldiers-held-hostage-in-gaza-army-spokesperson-says/0000018b-0ac3-dae3-a1cb-bfcb54c90000">substantial</a>” number of both civilians and IDF soldiers, the Israeli military <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/hamas-hostages-israel-video.html">confirmed Saturday</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3o3t2G">
Saturday’s attack, though it’s unprecedented in scale, complexity, and surprise factor is all happening in the context of increased settlements in the West Bank, a brutal, 16-year blockade on Gaza by Israel and Egypt, the political vacuum in the Palestinian territories, the displacement of generations of Palestinians since the founding of the Israeli state, and the apartheid under which Palestinians live.
</p>
<aside id="kXBmut">
<div>
</div>
</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NkpZIj">
Most Gazans are either refugees from the 1948 Nakba, when mass numbers of Palestinians were displaced during the Arab-Israeli War, or descendants of those refugees, said Zaha Hassan, a human rights lawyer and fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. They’ve lived under a strict blockade by Israel and Egypt, relying on foreign aid to access basic necessities, and about one-third of Gazans live in extreme poverty according to the <a href="https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/post.aspx?lang=en&amp;ItemID=3568">Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics</a>. There is also little mobile connectivity, Hassan said, making communication with the outside world difficult.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6NHPXK">
Diana Buttu, a Haifa-based analyst and former legal adviser to the Palestine Liberation Organization and Palestinian negotiators, told Vox in an interview that many Palestinians were jubilant at the start of the attacks. “When you punch your abuser in the face, it feels good,” she said. “The first reaction was elation — we saw that both in Gaza and in the West Bank. In Ramallah [in the West Bank] people were over-the-top happy because it was not just a punch in the face,” but also because Hamas was able to breach the security state that defines and diminishes so many Palestinians’ lives.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vTTKoG">
Palestinians have also lived without real political representation or power for decades, both within Israel and within the Palestinian territories. Though <a href="https://ecfr.eu/special/mapping_palestinian_politics/ismail_haniyeh/">Hamas</a> nominally controls Gaza and the Palestinian Authority the West Bank, these parties have been unable to negotiate a solution to the crisis or to uphold democracy within the Palestinian territory. Mahmoud Abbas, president of the PA, has been in office since 2005, and neither Gaza nor the West Bank has held elections <a href="https://www.usip.org/palestinian-politics-timeline-2006-election">since 2006</a> when Hamas and Fatah, Abbas’s party, failed to make a coalition government for the West Bank and Gaza.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lW8SoH">
With Israel normalizing relationships with Arab nations — including, potentially, Saudi Arabia — and the<a href="https://twitter.com/elgindy_/status/1710664019319689513"> US unlikely to take an active role in negotiations between Israel and Palestinian leadership</a>, some Palestinians feel they have no other choice, Hassan said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HldRMt">
“The message has been clear to Palestinians,” Hassan said. “They can’t wait on some Arab savior and they can’t wait on the US government to act as peace broker — that they’re going to have to take matters into their own hands, whatever that looks like.”
</p>
<h3 id="Emcrv8">
Israel’s response is already ramping up
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fxTPjh">
If <a href="https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/crown-conversations/cc-10.html">the past is any indication</a>, Israel’s response will be intended to be deterrent, not proportional — and Palestinian casualties will be heavy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nqKS2h">
“All means are relevant, all means are legitimate against this barbaric and horrific attack toward innocent civilians — women, children. This is a barbaric organization and it is going to pay an extremely heavy price for its crimes,” Amichai Chikli, Israeli minister of diaspora affairs, said on <a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/6f23ICath2kNaNzaKoC9kG">the BBC’s <em>Newshour</em> program on Saturday</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uuYSE5">
Israeli airstrikes have already completely flattened several <a href="https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2">residential buildings in Gaza</a> as well as a building that held Hamas offices. Previous conflicts between Hamas and Israel have caused disproportionate devastation for Palestinians, including decimation of their infrastructure and civilian deaths from airstrikes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vaRVjn">
Because Israel was caught so off guard, it is likely to hit back hard. “Deterrence is about disproportionality,” Byman said. “Hamas has to take a lot more to be deterred.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Y8PrfW">
“Netanyahu in the past has tried to avoid significant ground operations in Gaza, because he knows it will be messy — really messy,” Byman said. The presence of Israeli citizens in Gaza complicates any retaliation effort, though, due to the sensitivity of that issue in Israeli consciousness. “The question is, will the political dynamic push him to that, even if it might be self-defeating for Israel in the long term?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="btAryX">
<em><strong>Correction, October 7, 3:15 pm ET:</strong></em><em> A previous version of this story misstated that the Al-Aqsa Mosque is the second-holiest site in Islam. It is the third.</em>
</p></li>
<li><strong>Things are about to get much worse in the war between Israel and Hamas</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Young children, among others, walk in front of a destroyed, partially collapsed building. The ground is covered in dusty rubble and debris. " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/qZ921qfJs1zoNPG8BTKFwzaUeUI=/618x0:5574x3717/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72735245/1713400973.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Palestinians walk past the rubble of destroyed buildings after an Israeli air strike in Gaza City on October 8, 2023. | Sameh Rahmi/NurPhoto via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Here’s how a war between Israel and Hamas could play out.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cNCpYr">
<a href="https://www.vox.com/israel">Israel</a> suffered its most devastating attack in decades Saturday when Hamas militants launched thousands of rockets from Gaza and infiltrated several Israeli towns, killing hundreds of people and taking an as-yet-unknown number of hostages, both military and civilian.
</p>
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Given the scale and brutality of the attack, Israel may launch a ground invasion in Gaza, in addition to the airstrikes the military is already conducting in the region. That could mean a long, bloody battle with significant deaths on both sides, but with Palestinians bearing the brunt of the casualties and destruction.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mORXZk">
The death toll on both sides is already in the hundreds, with injuries from airstrikes in Gaza and rocket attacks and gunfights in southern Israel numbering in the thousands. The Israel Defense Forces, or IDF, began launching retaliatory strikes shortly after the initial shock invasion Saturday; on Sunday, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu officially declared war against Hamas. Although the next phase of Israel’s operation in Gaza hasn’t yet unfolded, it’s likely to be catastrophic given previous conflicts between Israel and Gaza, as well as Netanyahu’s heightened rhetoric.
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“In a way, this is our 9/11,” IDF spokesperson Lt. Col. Richard Hecht <a href="https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1711027540536471994">said in a video statement posted to the social network X</a> on Sunday. Videos have circulated showing dead Israelis, as well as Israeli civilians being captured by Hamas militants, presumably to be held in Gaza. Though some hostages in Israeli towns near the Gaza border have been freed and their captors killed, many remain in captivity and <a href="https://twitter.com/IDF/status/1710784783381393515">some are presumed dead</a>.
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Netanyahu, meanwhile, has told Gazans to leave the territory and threatened to turn it into “a deserted island,” Al Jazeera <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/world-is-watching-fears-grow-of-a-massive-gaza-invasion-by-israel">reported Sunday</a>; many civilians are sheltering at schools built by <a href="https://apnews.com/live/israel-hamas-war-live-updates#0000018b-0f54-d540-af9b-0f7454ed0000">the UN agency for Palestinian Refugees, UNRWA</a>, some of which have been damaged by Israeli airstrikes, <a href="https://apnews.com/live/israel-hamas-war-live-updates#0000018b-0f54-d540-af9b-0f7454ed0000">the Associated Press reports</a>.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mWnfGK">
Israel has fought multiple wars against Palestinians and Arab nations including Syria and Egypt; it has also launched ground operations in Gaza, <a href="https://www.unrwa.org/2014-gaza-conflict">most recently in 2014</a>. Though Israeli military policy is to use disproportionate force in Gaza as a <a href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9975.html">deterrent strategy</a>, that has so far failed to enact durable security, limit Hamas’s ability to strike Israel, or allow space in Israeli politics for any sort of political negotiation which could lead to a more peaceful future.
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Civilians have reportedly left Gaza City and areas near the border in anticipation of a ground invasion, according to the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/08/world/israel-gaza-attack-hamas-news/heres-the-latest-on-the-fighting-in-israel-and-gaza?smid=url-share">New York Times</a>, and Netanyahu has called up IDF reservists and ordered 24 villages and towns near the border to be evacuated. The government has also <a href="https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1710867507836297726">shut off electricity to the region and halted the flow of fuel and goods to Gaza</a>, which has been under blockade by Israel and Egypt for 16 years.
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What are the odds of a ground invasion of Gaza?
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“I don’t know the likelihood of a ground invasion — I would say, if I were calculating odds, the chances of a ground invasion are greater than they were in previous rounds of violence in Gaza,” Khaled Elgindy, director of the Middle East Institute’s Program on Palestine and Palestinian-Israeli Affairs, told Vox. “In the past, we’ve seen reports of ground invasions being imminent and they’ve turned out to be inaccurate or even deliberate misinformation put out there by the Israeli military.”
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The Netanyahu government has typically preferred airstrikes to retaliate against Hamas’s rocket attacks, as they minimize Israeli casualties and inflict serious damage in Gaza. During the last major attack on Gaza, in <a href="https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/israeli-palestinian-conflict">May 2021</a>, Israeli airstrikes ostensibly targeting Hamas leadership and targets also hit civilian sites including media offices, residential buildings, and health care facilities. More than 250 Palestinians and 13 Israelis were killed in the 11-day conflict.
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“Netanyahu … he’s always been very cautious around widespread use of military force,” Daniel Byman, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, told Vox. “He hasn’t done the kind of big wars like we saw in Lebanon in 2006, so he tends to be cautious. But it may be hard to be cautious in these circumstances.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IBBAN1">
Israel has put boots on the ground in Gaza before, and occupied the territory from <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/06/israel-occupation-50-years-of-dispossession/">1967 to 2005</a>, when it unilaterally withdrew from the region.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QyVMF3">
When they are ordered, ground incursions tend to be horrific, causing devastating infrastructure damage and heavy civilian casualties on the Palestinian side. In 2014, simmering conflict in Gaza exploded into a major Hamas rocket offensive into Israel, which responded with a 19-day ground invasion. Though there was an Egypt-mediated ceasefire in August of that year, 2,251 Palestinians — including 1,462 civilians — and 73 Israelis were killed in the fighting, according to the <a href="https://www.ochaopt.org/content/key-figures-2014-hostilities">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>.
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Natan Sachs, director of the Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, told Vox that, given the nature of the attack and current public and political sentiment in Israel, a ground invasion was “very likely.”
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“The mood in Israel is such that another round of airstrikes or something like that is seen to pale in comparison to the task,” he said, “not only for the general mood of vengeance in the country — which is certainly there — but also the question of how can Hamas capabilities actually be degraded and a repeat of some sort be prevented.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7S3rCT">
<a href="https://imeu.org/article/operation-cast-lead">Operation Cast Lead</a> in 2008 and 2009 wreaked havoc on the Gaza Strip; the first day of airstrikes alone <a href="https://imeu.org/article/operation-cast-lead">killed 230 Palestinians</a>. After a week of intensive aerial bombardment, Israeli forces launched a two-week invasion from the north and the east while Israel’s navy shelled the area from the sea. Overall, <a href="https://imeu.org/article/operation-cast-lead">though sources vary in specifics</a>, around 1,400 Palestinians and nine Israelis were killed during that operation.
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Israel’s asymmetric response is supposed to serve a deterrent purpose, Byman told Vox, but the country has also, at least in the past, had a vested interest in keeping Hamas in power. According to a 2017 research brief by <a href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9975.html">the RAND corporation</a>, Israel has the military capability to wipe out Hamas, but doing so could perhaps be even riskier than not, given that an even more extreme organization could come into power — or that Israel could be put into the position of governing the territory itself. “As such, Israel’s grand strategy became ‘mowing the grass’ — accepting its inability to permanently solve the problem and instead repeatedly targeting leadership of Palestinian militant organizations to keep violence manageable.”
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“We want to break their bones without putting them in the hospital,” one Israeli defense analyst told the research brief’s authors.
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<h3 id="1o4jrI">
Here’s what a ground war might look like, given what we know
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="otAzrG">
Just two days into the war, what comes next is impossible to predict. But given what’s known about previous conflicts and the capabilities of both sides, the coming weeks are likely to be bloody. <a href="https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/statement-unicef-executive-director-catherine-russell-violence-israel-and-state">UN agencies</a> have urged both sides to <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2023/10/comment-un-human-rights-chief-unfolding-situation-israel-and-gaza">avoid civilian casualties</a>, though reports of civilian deaths on both sides are already high.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PkfvyG">
“The immediate phase will be Israel sweeping up its own villages and towns, making sure that there are no Hamas fighters left there,” Sachs said. The IDF confirmed that assessment in an email statement to Vox.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="t7rklI">
Israel will then need to gather intelligence on where Hamas leadership is and determine the number of hostages missing and their locations, which will be a challenging task, Sachs said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iFA2Ri">
International leaders have affirmed unwavering support for Israel, and the US has pledged to <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/08/biden-major-weapons-transfer-israel-00120520">send additional military materiel</a>, “including munitions,” according to <a href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3551716/statement-from-secretary-lloyd-j-austin-iii-on-us-force-posture-changes-in-the/">a press release from the Department of Defense</a>, with the first tranche of security assistance headed to Israel today.
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In addition to the materiel support, Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin said in Sunday afternoon’s statement that the USS Gerald R. Ford Carrier Strike Group, which includes an aircraft carrier and multiple guided missile destroyers, has been deployed to the Eastern Mediterranean.
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“We have also taken steps to augment U.S. Air Force F-35, F-15, F-16, and A-10 fighter aircraft squadrons in the region,” the statement reads. The Department of Defense did not respond to Vox’s additional questions about this change in force posture by publication time Sunday, but such a show of force is likely meant to serve as a deterrent to other actors like Hezbollah or Iran.
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Despite the overwhelming Israeli and US military might it faces, Hamas has not yet shown signs of backing down.
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“Hamas has lost the element of surprise but it has likely prepared to stick in for the long haul, probably has a lot of supplies,” Colin Clarke, research director at the Soufan Group, told Vox in an email. “I think Hamas still has a robust arsenal of rockets and could be planning more ambushes. I wouldn’t be surprised to see suicide bombings, if Hamas is able to infiltrate more operatives onto Israeli soil. But once Israel gears up and mobilizes, its military is likely to make quick work of Hamas, killing and capturing its leaders and decimating its infrastructure.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9xTcRZ">
And despite the possibility — even likelihood — of serious casualties in the coming days and weeks, Sachs said, “Israel is not about to de-escalate now.”
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Enabler, It’s My Time and Cellini show out</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Shubman Gill ruled out of India’s World Cup clash against Afghanistan</strong> - Ahead of the Australia game, the BCCI said Gill was under the weather and did not specify the nature of his illness.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cricket World Cup 2023: NZ vs NED | Netherlands win toss, elected to field; New Zealand bring in Ferguson for Neesham</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mitchell Starc becomes quickest to take 50 wickets in ICC World Cup</strong> - Starc has taken his 50 World Cup wickets in just 941 balls, becoming the fastest to reach the milestone in terms of balls taken</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Morning Digest | Israel, Gaza reel as death toll soars above 1,100 in war with Hamas; NC-Congress alliance sweeps Kargil election with 21 of 26 seats, and more</strong> - Here is a select list of stories to start the day</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>JD(S)-BJP to discuss seat sharing after Dasara celebrations, says H. D. Deve Gowda</strong> - H.D. Kumarasway or H.D. Deve Gowda will hold one more round of talks with Union Home Minister Amit Shah</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>NC, Congress to hold chief executive councillor post in LAHDC-Kargil in rotation: Omar Abdullah</strong> - Asked if his party was ready for a pre-poll alliance with Congress in other elections in Jammu and Kashmir, Mr. Abdullah said the National Conference was open to discussions on the issue.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ICMR to set up study to develop solutions to remedy childhood undernutrition</strong> - While acknowledging poor dietary practises in early childhood, the ICMR announced the constitution of a study to ensure adequate and optimum nutrition amongst infants</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Karnataka urges Centre to increase employment days to 150 under MGNREGS as State faces severe drought</strong> - Karnataka has also asked the Centre to release approximately ₹475 crore, which has not been paid to the labourers employed under the MGNREGS</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Teaching, non-teaching associations of Madurai Kamaraj University stage demonstration over unpaid salaries</strong> - Officials said the university is facing a funds crunch, and has appealed to the T.N. government to grant it funds to disburse salaries and pensions</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bavaria election results: Scholz coalition dealt a blow</strong> - Conservative and right-wing gains in Bavaria and Hesse will be felt across Germany.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Irish-Israeli woman missing in Israel</strong> - The Irish Department of Foreign Affairs says it is aware of the case and is in contact with the family.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine dam: Rebuilding shattered lives after Ukraine’s dam collapse</strong> - Despite water shortages, losing loved ones, homes and crops, people affected by the collapse of Ukraine’s Kakhovka dam are determined to rebuild.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Juan Carlos: Court throws out ex-lover’s €145m legal case</strong> - A court in London has thrown out a legal case brought by a former lover of the ex-king of Spain.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Every family in Hroza village affected by missile attack</strong> - At least 52 people, including a child, were killed in Thursday’s Russian missile strike, Ukraine says.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Enhance your calm: Demolition Man turns 30</strong> - The film remains an under-appreciated gem of ‘90s comedy/action flicks. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1973721">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Lamplighters League is light stealth, heavy pulp style, and XCOM gun battles</strong> - There’s a lot to dig in this intriguing blend, especially the voice acting. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1974242">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Amazon’s Project Kuiper satellites add to astronomers’ light-pollution woes</strong> - Scientists search for solutions as Amazon plans to launch 3,200 satellites. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1974159">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Vaccine may save endangered California condors from succumbing to bird flu</strong> - Avian flu vaccines are being used on birds for the first time in the US. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1974145">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Thousands of Android devices come with unkillable backdoor preinstalled</strong> - Somehow, advanced Triada malware was added to devices before reaching resellers. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1974179">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Classic Winston Churchill wit….</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
These are old and possibly apocryphal, but just in case of the younger redditors haven’t heard them:
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Bessie Braddock: “Sir, you are drunk.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Churchill: “And you, Bessie, are ugly. But I shall be sober in the morning.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Truman to Churchill on Churchill’s replacement as PM, Clement Atlee: “he seems like a modest fellow.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Churchill: “He has much to be modest about.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Actor friend sent telegram to Churchill: “MY NEW SHOW OPENS IN WEST END TOMORROW NIGHT. HAVE RESERVED TWO TICKETS. BRING FRIEND, IF ANY.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Churchill responded: “CANNOT ATTEND OPENING NIGHT. WILL ATTEND SUBSEQUENT SHOW, IF ANY”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“The best argument against democracy is a five minute conversation with the average voter.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“I know that history will treat me kindly, for I intend to write it.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/mralex"> /u/mralex </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/173ix3d/classic_winston_churchill_wit/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/173ix3d/classic_winston_churchill_wit/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>There’s a depressed king back in the 14th century</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
And nothing could cheer him up. Eventually the royal advisor hired a new fool to entertain the king. The clown was very funny, and most of the court laughed, but the king merely sighed, and then turned towards his advisor.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“I don’t think this worked Henry, but I appreciate the jester.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/HorsesSuck120"> /u/HorsesSuck120 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/173gfun/theres_a_depressed_king_back_in_the_14th_century/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/173gfun/theres_a_depressed_king_back_in_the_14th_century/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Three weddings were occurring the same hotel one weekend.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
After the ceremonies and wedding meals, all three grooms happened to be at the bar at the same time and they got talking about how they were looking forward to their wedding nights.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The first groom said “Hey we should let each other know how we got on. How about, at breakfast, the number of pieces of toast we order is the number of times we, er, consummated our marriages?!”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The other two grooms agreed, and they went on their way, partying until the small hours, where upon they took their respective brides to their respective rooms for their respective wedding nights.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The next morning at breakfast, they all gave each other little smiles until the waiter asked the first groom how many pieces of toast he would like.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Just three pieces of toast for me!” he announced, and the other two groom gave him appreciative nods.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The second groom, when asked by the waiter said in a slightly louder voice “I shall have five, yes five, pieces of toast please.” And with a big grim, he looked around and saw the other two grooms winking and raising their glasses of orange juice in his direction.
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Finally, the waiter approached the third groom and ask him how many pieces of toast he would like.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The man answered “I will have seven pieces of toast please….. and can you make 2 of them brown?!”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/DoorbellEndoscopy"> /u/DoorbellEndoscopy </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1736xpr/three_weddings_were_occurring_the_same_hotel_one/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1736xpr/three_weddings_were_occurring_the_same_hotel_one/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>I seem to stopped masturbating recently but it’s no big deal…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Just haven’t been feeling myself lately.
</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/MaenHoffiCoffi"> /u/MaenHoffiCoffi </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/173ivre/i_seem_to_stopped_masturbating_recently_but_its/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/173ivre/i_seem_to_stopped_masturbating_recently_but_its/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>I accidentally sprayed deodorant in my mouth</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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Now everytime I speak, I have a weird Axe scent
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Logamer1012"> /u/Logamer1012 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/173izsy/i_accidentally_sprayed_deodorant_in_my_mouth/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/173izsy/i_accidentally_sprayed_deodorant_in_my_mouth/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
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