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<title>05 November, 2023</title>
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<title>Covid-19 Sentry</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Frequency and determinants of COVID-19 prevention behaviours: assessment of large-scale programmes in seven countries</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Pre-existing health and economic challenges mean residents of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are likely to be particularly vulnerable to infectious disease pandemics. Limited access to hygiene facilities, water, soap and masks, and dense living environments impeded effective practice of preventive behaviours - handwashing with soap (HWWS), mask wearing and physical distancing - a key line of primary defence against COVID-19. Here we describe a multi-country analysis of prevalence of key hygiene prevention behaviours and their determinants associated with an international non-governmental organisation (WaterAid) hygiene behaviour change programmes for COVID-19 prevention. The goal of this analysis is to inform future outbreak preparedness and pandemic response in LMICs. Cross-sectional household surveys were conducted in October-November 2020 in seven countries where WaterAid worked (Ethiopia, Ghana, Nepal, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania and Zambia). Multivariable mixed-effects regression analyses were used to explore relationships between self-reported behavioural outcomes of interest (handwashing with soap, physical distancing, and mask use) and demographic characteristics, behavioural factors (knowledge, norms, barriers, motives), and exposure to COVID-19 communications. Most respondents (80%) reported increasing their handwashing behaviour after the pandemic, but practice of HWWS at COVID-19-specific prevention moments was low. Mask wearing (58%) and physical distancing (29%) varied substantially between countries. Determinants of key behaviours were identified, including age and socioeconomic status, perceived norms, self-regulation, and the motive of protecting others. These findings highlight that leveraging behaviour-specific emotional drivers and norms, reducing common barriers and promoting targeted messages about specific behaviours and actions individuals can take to reduce risk are necessary to support large-scale behaviour change. Learning from the COVID-19 response to more effectively integrate novel behaviours into existing health promotion will be vital for disease prevention and outbreak resilience.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.23298032v1" target="_blank">Frequency and determinants of COVID-19 prevention behaviours: assessment of large-scale programmes in seven countries</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Sufficient COVID-19 quarantine and testing on international travelers from China</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objectives Removal of zeroCOVID restrictions in China led to a surge in COVID19 cases. In response, countries imposed restrictions on Chinese travelers. However, border policies may not provide substantial benefits and their assessment depends on accurate prevalence data. Methods We analyzed quarantines and testing sufficient to prevent additional in country transmission for February 13 to 19, 2023 based on World Health Organization (WHO) and self reported infection rates to estimate prevalence. Results Here we have shown that self-reported prevalence data indicated more stringent border restrictions compared to WHOpublished prevalence statistics. No travel restrictions were required for Singapore for infections to not be greater than in complete border closure, while a 1day quarantine, 2day quarantine, and a 3day quarantine were indicated for England, Germany, and Scotland respectively. A 10day quarantine, 11day quarantine, and 13day quarantine were required for Italy, Japan, and France, respectively, to prevent an increase in the number of within country infections due to travel, while South Korea required a complete border shutdown. Conclusions Our results demonstrated the necessity for accurate and timely reporting of pandemic statistics to prevent an increase in viral spread. Through the minimum quarantine analysis, countries can use science to determine policy, minimize international friction, and improve the cost efficiency of interventions.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.23297426v1" target="_blank">Sufficient COVID-19 quarantine and testing on international travelers from China</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Real-world comparative effectiveness of a third dose of mRNA-1273 versus BNT162b2 among adults aged ≥65 years in the United States</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Introduction: To compare the real-world effectiveness of a third dose of mRNA-1273 versus a third dose of BNT162b2 against breakthrough COVID-19 hospitalizations among adults age ≥65 years who completed a primary series of an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine (regardless of which primary series was received). Materials and methods: This observational comparative vaccine effectiveness (VE) study was conducted using administrative claims data from the US HealthVerity database (September 22, 2021, to August 31, 2022). A third dose of mRNA-1273 versus BNT162b2 was assessed for preventing COVID-19 hospitalizations and medically attended COVID-19 among adults ≥65 years. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was applied to balance baseline characteristics between vaccine groups. Incidence rates from patient-level data and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using weighted Cox proportional hazards models were calculated to estimate relative VE for each outcome. Results: Overall, 94,587 and 92,377 individuals received a third dose of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2, respectively. Among the weighted population, the median age was 69 years (interquartile range, 66-74), 53% were female, and 46% were commercially insured. COVID-19 hospitalization rates per 1000 person-years (PYs) were 5.61 (95% CI, 5.13-6.09) for mRNA-1273 and 7.06 (95% CI, 6.54-7.57) for BNT162b2 (HR, 0.82; 0.69-0.98). Medically attended COVID-19 rates per 1000 PYs (95% CI) were 95.05 (95% CI, 93.03-97.06) for mRNA-1273 and 106.55 (95% CI, 104.53-108.57) for BNT162b2 (HR, 0.93; 0.89-0.98). Conclusions: Results from this observational comparative VE database study provide evidence that among older adults, a third dose of mRNA-1273 was more effective in preventing breakthrough COVID-19 hospitalization and medically attended COVID-19 infection compared with a third dose of BNT162b2.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.23298054v1" target="_blank">Real-world comparative effectiveness of a third dose of mRNA-1273 versus BNT162b2 among adults aged ≥65 years in the United States</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 variant</strong> -
<div>
In late 2023, a lineage of SARS-CoV-2 emerged and was named the BA.2.86 variant. BA.2.86 is phylogenetically distinct from other Omicron sublineages identified so far, displaying an accumulation of over 30 amino acid mutations in its spike protein. Here, we performed multiscale investigations to reveal the virological characteristics of the BA.2.86 variant. Our epidemic dynamics modeling suggested that the relative reproduction number of BA.2.86 is significantly higher than that of EG.5.1. Experimental studies showed that four clinically-available antivirals were effective against BA.2.86. Although the fusogenicity of BA.2.86 spike is similar to that of the parental BA.2 spike, the intrinsic pathogenicity of BA.2.86 in hamsters was significantly lower than that of BA.2. Since the growth kinetics of BA.2.86 is significantly lower than that of BA.2 in both in vitro cell cultures and in vivo, it is suggested that the attenuated pathogenicity of BA.2.86 is due to its decreased replication capacity.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.565304v1" target="_blank">Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 variant</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Leveraging a self-cleaving peptide for tailored control in proximity labeling proteomics</strong> -
<div>
Protein-protein interactions play an important biological role in every aspect of cellular homeostasis and functioning. Proximity labeling mass spectrometry-based proteomics overcomes challenges typically associated with other methods, and has quickly become the current state-of-the-art in the field. Nevertheless, tight control of proximity labeling enzymatic activity and expression levels is crucial to accurately identify protein interactors. Here, we leverage a T2A self-cleaving peptide and a non-cleaving mutant to accommodate the protein-of-interest in the experimental and control TurboID setup. To allow easy and streamlined plasmid assembly, we built a Golden Gate modular cloning system to generate plasmids for transient expression and stable integration. To highlight our T2A Split-link design, we applied it to identify protein interactions of the glucocorticoid receptor and SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and NSP7 proteins by TurboID proximity labeling. Our results demonstrate that our T2A split-link provides an opportune control that builds upon previously established control requirements in the field.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565112v1" target="_blank">Leveraging a self-cleaving peptide for tailored control in proximity labeling proteomics</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Resistance mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro to the non-covalent inhibitor WU-04</strong> -
<div>
Drug resistance poses a significant challenge in the development of effective therapies against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we identified two double mutations, M49K/M165V and M49K/S301P, in the 3C-like protease (3CLpro) that confer resistance to a novel non-covalent inhibitor, WU-04. Crystallographic analysis indicates that the M49K mutation destabilizes the WU-04 binding pocket, impacting the binding of WU-04 more significantly than the binding of 3CLpro substrates. The M165V mutation directly interferes with WU-04 binding. The S301P mutation, which is far from the WU-04 binding pocket, indirectly affects WU-04 binding by restricting the rotation of 3CLpro's C-terminal tail and impeding 3CLpro dimerization. We further explored 3CLpro mutations that confer resistance to two clinically used inhibitors: ensitrelvir and nirmatrelvir, and revealed a trade-off between the catalytic activity, thermostability, and drug resistance of 3CLpro. We found that mutations at the same residue (M49) can have distinct effects on the 3CLpro inhibitors, highlighting the importance of developing multiple antiviral agents with different skeletons for fighting SARS-CoV-2. These findings enhance our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 resistance mechanisms and inform the development of effective therapeutics.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.564972v1" target="_blank">Resistance mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro to the non-covalent inhibitor WU-04</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>OASIS: An interpretable, finite sample valid alternative to Pearson’s X2 for scientific discovery</strong> -
<div>
Contingency tables, data represented as counts matrices, are ubiquitous across quantitative research and data-science applications. Existing statistical tests are insufficient however, as none are simultaneously computationally efficient and statistically valid for a finite number of observations. In this work, motivated by a recent application in reference-free genomic inference (Chaung et. al. 2022), we develop OASIS (Optimized Adaptive Statistic for Inferring Structure), a family of statistical tests for contingency tables. OASIS constructs a test-statistic which is linear in the normalized data matrix, providing closed form p-value bounds through classical concentration inequalities. In the process, OASIS provides a decomposition of the table, lending interpretability to its rejection of the null. We derive the asymptotic distribution of the OASIS test statistic, showing that these finite-sample bounds correctly characterize the test statistic’s p-value up to a variance term. Experiments on genomic sequencing data highlight the power and interpretability of OASIS. The same method based on OASIS significance calls detects SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis strains de novo, which cannot be achieved with current approaches. We demonstrate in simulations that OASIS is robust to overdispersion, a common feature in genomic data like single cell RNA-sequencing, where under accepted noise models OASIS still provides good control of the false discovery rate, while Pearson’s <span class="math inline"><em>X</em><sup>2</sup></span> test consistently rejects the null. Additionally, we show on synthetic data that OASIS is more powerful than Pearson’s <span class="math inline"><em>X</em><sup>2</sup></span> test in certain regimes, including for some important two group alternatives, which we corroborate with approximate power calculations.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.533008v2" target="_blank">OASIS: An interpretable, finite sample valid alternative to Pearson’s X2 for scientific discovery</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Forecasting COVID-19 New Cases Using Transformer Deep Learning Model</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Making accurate forecasting of COVID-19 cases is essential for healthcare systems, with more than 650 million cases as of 4 January,1 making it one of the worst in history. The goal of this research is to improve the precision of COVID-19 case predictions in Russia, India, and Brazil, a transformer-based model was developed. Several researchers have implemented a combination of CNNs and LSTMs, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTMs), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to calculate the total number of COVID-19 cases. In this study, an effort was made to improve the correctness of the models by incorporating recent advancements in attention-based models for time-series forecasting. The resulting model was found to perform better than other existing models and showed improved accuracy in forecasting. Using the data from different countries and adapting it to the model will enhance its ability to support the worldwide effort to combat the pandemic by giving more precise projections of cases.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.23297976v1" target="_blank">Forecasting COVID-19 New Cases Using Transformer Deep Learning Model</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Serum Antibody Fingerprinting for SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Infected and Vaccinated Subjects by Label-Free Microarray Biosensor</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Both viral infection and vaccination affect the antibody repertoire of a person. Here we demonstrate that the analysis of serum antibodies carries information not only on the virus type that caused the infection, but also on the specific virus variant. We developed a rapid multiplex assay providing a fingerprint of serum antibodies against five different SARS-CoV-2 variants, based on a microarray of virus antigens immobilized on the surface of a label-free reflectometric biosensor. We analyzed serum from plasma of convalescent subjects and vaccinated volunteers and extracted individual antibody profiles of both total immunoglobulin Ig and IgA fraction. We found that Ig level profiles were strongly correlated with the specific variant of infection or vaccination and that vaccinated subjects displayed larger quantity of total Ig and lower fraction of IgA relative to the population of convalescent unvaccinated subjects.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.23297831v1" target="_blank">Serum Antibody Fingerprinting for SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Infected and Vaccinated Subjects by Label-Free Microarray Biosensor</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The more symptoms the better? Covid-19 vaccine side effects and long-term neutralizing antibody response</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Protection against SARS-CoV-2 wanes over time, and booster uptake has been low, in part because of concern about side effects. We examined the relationships between local and systemic symptoms, biometric changes, and neutralizing antibodies (nAB) after mRNA vaccination. Data were collected from adults (n = 364) who received two doses of either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273. Serum nAB concentration was measured at 1 and 6 months post-vaccination. Daily symptom surveys were completed for six days starting on the day of each dose. Concurrently, objective biometric measurements, including skin temperature, heart rate, heart rate variability, and respiratory rate, were collected. We found that certain symptoms (chills, tiredness, feeling unwell, and headache) after the second dose were associated with increases in nAB at 1 and 6 months post-vaccination, to roughly 140-160% the level of individuals without each symptom. Each additional symptom predicted a 1.1-fold nAB increase. Greater increases in skin temperature and heart rate after the second dose predicted higher nAB levels at both time points, but skin temperature change was more predictive of durable (6 month) nAB response than of short-term (1 month) nAB response. In the context of low ongoing vaccine uptake, our convergent symptom and biometric findings suggest that public health messaging could seek to reframe systemic symptoms after vaccination as desirable.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.23296186v3" target="_blank">The more symptoms the better? Covid-19 vaccine side effects and long-term neutralizing antibody response</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Urban and rural disparities in life expectancy drops during the COVID-19 pandemic were not uniform across European countries</strong> -
<div>
This paper explores differences in mortality dynamics between urban and rural areas of 20 European countries during the two pandemic years 2020 and 2021. The link between population density and the spread of communicable diseases is a well-established phenomenon, yet to what extent this results in a mortality gap after years of ongoing epidemics is a less explored question. We find pronounced and significant differences, with urban areas being harder hit by COVID-19 mortality in most countries.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/7rwck/" target="_blank">Urban and rural disparities in life expectancy drops during the COVID-19 pandemic were not uniform across European countries</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Non-generalizability of biomarkers for mortality in SARS-CoV-2: a meta-analyses series</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Rationale: Sophisticated prognostic scores have been proposed for SARS-CoV-2 but do not always perform consistently. We conducted these meta-analyses to uncover why and to investigate the impact of vaccination and variants. Methods: We searched the PubMed database for the keywords: SARS-CoV-2 with biomarker and mortality. All studies published from 01/12/2020 to 31/03/2023 were surveyed. To aggregate the data, the meta library in R was used, and a random effects model fitted to obtain pooled AUCs and 95% confidence intervals for the European/North American, Asian, and overall datasets. Results: Biomarker effectiveness varies significantly in different continents. Admission CRP levels are a good prognostic marker for mortality in Asian countries, with a pooled area under curve (AUC) of 0.83 (95%CI 0.80-0.85), but only an average predictor of mortality in Europe/North America, with a pooled AUC of 0.67 (95%CI 0.63-0.71, P&lt;0.0001). We observed the same pattern for D-dimer and IL-6. This variability explains why the proposed prognostic scores did not perform evenly. Notably, urea and troponin had pooled AUCs ≥0.78 regardless of location, implying that end-organ damage at presentation is a key prognostic factor. Very little data is available for vaccinated and variant cohorts but it appears that inflammatory biomarkers are performing less well. We note a significant lag from the pandemic advent to data availability and this has no doubt impacted on patient care. Conclusions: Biomarker efficacies vary considerably by region. It is imperative that the infrastructure for collecting clinical data should be put in place ahead of a future pandemic.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.22282974v2" target="_blank">Non-generalizability of biomarkers for mortality in SARS-CoV-2: a meta-analyses series</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A preliminary mindsponge-based analysis of Generation Z’s relationship with technologies</strong> -
<div>
In terms of human-machine relationship, Gen Z, those who were born between 1997-2012, is the first generation who becomes productive members of society under so much technological disruption in a short period of time. For example, as a consequence of remote work caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the global industry of emotional AI is forecasted to almost double from $19.5 in 2020 to $37.1 billion by 2026, at the compound annual growth rate of 11.3% in this period, according to Markets and Markets (Madhumita, 2021). Consequently, as Gen Z is poised to become the largest demographics for entry-level jobs (Pichler, Kohli &amp; Granitz, 2021), they are expected to confront with a so much uncertain time of the various effects of emotion auto-tracking practices on mental and physical health, productivity, security, etc., have only gathered research interests in recent years. In this essay, using the mindsponge framework (Vuong and Napier, 2015), I reflect on the relationship of Gen Z with emotional AI technologies.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/c864d/" target="_blank">A preliminary mindsponge-based analysis of Generation Z’s relationship with technologies</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Yếu tố văn hóa và tâm lý của Việt Nam trong ứng phó với COVID-19</strong> -
<div>
This paper points out some notable cultural and psychological factors that contribute to the success of Vietnam’s COVID-19 response.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/6w2sf/" target="_blank">Yếu tố văn hóa và tâm lý của Việt Nam trong ứng phó với COVID-19</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Learnings From The Case of Maple Refugees: A Story of Loot Boxes, Probability Disclosures, and Gamer Consumer Activism</strong> -
<div>
The article synthesises what we learned from reviewing the player activism of the “Maple refugee” incident and applies the insights to the European video game industry and commercial context. The Maple Refugee incident was perhaps one of the most disruptive video game incidents that occurred in South Korea in recent years. It saw tens of thousands of Korean players from the game Maple Story (Nexon, 2003) mobilised in unprecedented online and offline protests in Spring 2021. Together with players from other free-to-play (F2P) games, Maple Story players rallied against the industry norms of monetising with loot boxes and the industry self-regulatory approach to probability disclosures to address potential harms. This culminated in the social phenomenon of the proxy activism method of ’truck protests,’ rallies of crowdfunded rented trucks displaying protest messages instead of people mass-gathering in public during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the English timeline of the incident collated by Park et al. (2023), we dive deeper into the case with a multidisciplinary group of experts from game studies, law, and human-computer interaction and highlight various issues present in this case: the regulation of loot boxes and probability disclosures, the social pillars of player activism, player trust and theorycrafting, and game production. The paper contributes to the deepening of the industry’s understanding of F2P game business while diversifying the Western-centric discourse of the game research landscape by calling for further cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary inquiries into current video game issues.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/pmk2j/" target="_blank">Learnings From The Case of Maple Refugees: A Story of Loot Boxes, Probability Disclosures, and Gamer Consumer Activism</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A PhaseⅡ Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccine( ZSVG-02-O)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: SARS-CoV-2 Infection <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine (ZSVG-02-O); Biological: COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine (ZSVG-02-O); Biological: COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell) ,Inactivated <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Ltd. <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pilot Randomized Study of RD-X19 Tx Device in Subjects With PCC (Long Covid) in the Outpatient Setting</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post COVID-19 Condition (PCC) <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: RDX-19 <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: KNOWBio Inc.; NAMSA <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>CPAP Therapy Through a Helmet or an Oronasal Mask in Patients With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: Cross-over Study</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Pneumonia, Bacterial; Respiratory Failure; COVID-19 Pneumonia <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Diagnostic Test: Arterial blood gases; Diagnostic Test: Respiratory rate (RR); Diagnostic Test: Pulseoximeter; Diagnostic Test: Assessment of accessory respiratory muscles work; Diagnostic Test: Esophageal pressure measurement; Diagnostic Test: Discomfort Visual Analog Scale (VAS); Diagnostic Test: Noninvasive blood pressure; Diagnostic Test: Heart rate <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Investigation of Efficacy and Safety of Electrical Signal Therapy Provided by Dr Biolyse® Device in COVID-19 Disease</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 Pneumonia; Virus Diseases; COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: Signal Therapy provided by Dr.Biolyse device; Other: Liquid Support Treatment <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: AVB Biotechnology <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A PhaseⅠ Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccine( ZSVG-02-O)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: SARS-CoV-2 Infection <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine (ZSVG-02-O); Biological: Placebo; Biological: COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell) ,Inactivated <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Ltd.; Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SAFE Workplace Intervention for People With IDD</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Developement of Infectious Airborne Disease Prevention Workplace Curriclulm <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: SAFE Employment Training <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Temple University; National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effects of an EMDR Intervention on Traumatic and Obsessive Symptoms</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Adult ALL; Post-traumatic Stress Disorder; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Disgust; Guilt; Shame <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: EMDR <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of Pisa <br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Lithium Long COVID Dose-finding Study</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Dietary Supplement: Lithium <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: State University of New York at Buffalo <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pharmacokinetics and Safety of GST-HG171 Tablets in Subjects With Impaired and Normal Renal Function</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 Pneumonia <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: GST-HG171 Tablets <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Fujian Akeylink Biotechnology Co., Ltd. <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Preoperative Educational Videos on Maternal Stress Whose Children Received Congenital Heart Disease Surgery: During COVID-19 Panic</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Educational Videos; Maternal; Uncertainty; Anxiety; Depression; Congenital Heart Disease; Children <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Preoperative educational videos plus routine education; Other: Preoperative routine education <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Chung Shan Medical University <br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pharmacokinetics and Safety of GST-HG171 Tablets in Subjects With Impaired and Normal Liver Function</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 Pneumonia <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: GST-HG171 Tablets <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Fujian Akeylink Biotechnology Co., Ltd. <br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of Concordance Between Exhaled Air Test (eBAM-CoV) and RT-PCR to Detect SARS-CoV-2</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: SARS-CoV-2 Infection; COVID-19; Coronavirus <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: eBAM Cov Testing <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nīmes; University of Nimes; brains’ laboratory sas, FRANCE <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study to Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of EG-COVII in Healthy Adult</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: EG-COVII <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: EyeGene Inc. <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Aterixen 100 mg Tablets and Aterixen 100 mg Film-coated Tablets in Healthy Volunteers</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Viral Infection COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Aterixen <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Valenta Pharm JSC <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Long COVID Brain Fog: Cognitive Rehabilitation Trial</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID; Brain Fog; Cognitive Impairment; Cognitive Dysfunction; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Speed of Processing Training; Behavioral: In-lab Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Training; Behavioral: In-lab Brain Health Training; Behavioral: Transfer Package; Behavioral: Follow Up Phone Calls; Behavioral: Vocational Rehabilitation; Behavioral: Peer Mentoring <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of Alabama at Birmingham; National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Intracellular delivery of nuclear localization sequence peptide mitigates COVID-19 by inhibiting nuclear transport of inflammation associated transcription factors</strong> - The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, responsible for COVID-19, can trigger dysregulated immune responses known as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), leading to severe organ dysfunction and respiratory distress. Our study focuses on developing an improved cell-permeable nuclear import inhibitor, iCP-NI, capable of blocking the nuclear transport of inflammation-associated transcription factors (IATFs), specifically nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). By fusing advanced macromolecule transduction domains…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment for Long COVID: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Practice</strong> - Long COVID symptoms typically occur within 3 months of an initial COVID-19 infection, last for more than 2 months, and cannot be explained by other diagnoses. The most common symptoms include fatigue, dyspnea, coughing, and cognitive impairment. The mechanisms of long COVID are not fully understood, but several hypotheses have been put forth. These include coagulation and fibrosis pathway activation, inflammatory and autoimmune manifestations, persistent virus presence, and Epstein-Barr virus…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Promising role of Vitamin D and plant metabolites against COVID-19: Clinical trials review</strong> - Vitamin D possesses immunomodulatory qualities and is protective against respiratory infections. Additionally, it strengthens adaptive and cellular immunity and boosts the expression of genes involved in oxidation. Experts suggested taking vitamin D supplements to avoid and treat viral infection and also COVID-19, on the other hand, since the beginning of time, the use of plants as medicines have been vital to human wellbeing. The WHO estimates that 80 % of people worldwide use plants or herbs…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Plant-Derived Antioxidants for Management of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review of Molecular Mechanisms</strong> - We aimed to review the literature to introduce some effective plant-derived antioxidants to prevent and treat COVID-19. Natural products from plants are excellent sources to be used for such discoveries. Among different plant-derived bioactive substances, components including luteolin, quercetin, glycyrrhizin, andrographolide, patchouli alcohol, baicalin, and baicalein were investigated for several viral infections as well as SARS-COV-2. The mechanisms of effects detected for these agents were…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 viral persistence in lung alveolar macrophages is controlled by IFN-γ and NK cells</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA generally becomes undetectable in upper airways after a few days or weeks postinfection. Here we used a model of viral infection in macaques to address whether SARS-CoV-2 persists in the body and which mechanisms regulate its persistence. Replication-competent virus was detected in bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) macrophages beyond 6 months postinfection. Viral propagation in BAL macrophages occurred from cell to cell and was…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A novel cell-permeable peptide prevents protein SUMOylation and supports the mislocalization and aggregation of TDP-43</strong> - SUMOylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) that exerts a regulatory role in different cellular processes, including protein localization, aggregation, and biological activities. It consists of the dynamic formation of covalent isopeptide bonds between a family member of the Small Ubiquitin Like Modifiers (SUMOs) and the target proteins. Interestingly, it is a cellular mechanism implicated in several neurodegenerative pathologies and potentially it could become a new therapeutic…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Much ado about nothing? Discrepancy between the available data on the antiviral effect of hydroxychloroquine in March 2020 and its inclusion in COVID-19 clinical trials and outpatient prescriptions</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: The number and size of (H)CQ clinical trials for COVID-19 launched in 2020 were not supported by the literature published before April 2020.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Type 1 interferon auto-antibodies are elevated in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis</strong> - Patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis, in particular those classified as Childs-Pugh class C, are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 upon infection with SARS-CoV-2. The biological mechanisms underlying this are unknown. We aimed to examine the levels of serum intrinsic antiviral proteins as well as alterations in the innate antiviral immune response in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Serum from 53 SARS-CoV-2 unexposed and unvaccinated individuals, with decompensated liver…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Surface enhanced Raman scattering investigation of tecovirimat on silver, gold and platinum loaded silica nanocomposites: Theoretical analysis (DFT) and molecular modeling</strong> - As of today, there have been 612 million confirmed cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) around the world, with over 6 million fatalities. Tecovirimat (TPOXX) is an anti-viral drug, and it was the first drug approved for the treatment of anti-pox virus in the US. However, the effectiveness of this drug against COVID-19 has not yet been explored. Since TPOXX is an anti-viral drug, an attempt has been made to determine its ability to act as a COVID inhibitor. Recent medical advances have…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Plasma cell leukemia in a 34-year-old male: rare scenario case report</strong> - CONCLUSION: This report showcases a rare age presentation with unique manifestations of secondary plasma cell leukaemia. Multiple myeloma should be a differential diagnosis for cases with unexplained back pain despite an unclassical age.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Exploring Pharmacy Student Experiences with Student Debt and Perspectives on Future Burnout and Loan Relief</strong> - CONCLUSION: Pharmacy students burdened with debt described a variety of different experiences and attitudes toward that debt and provided their perspectives on how student debt influences short-term education and career decisions. While students accept the trade-off of debt for their education as an inevitable burden, reported coping mechanisms and strategies shared suggest some solutions may be available to ameliorate this burden.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Potential PDE4B inhibitors as promising candidates against SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an RNA virus belonging to the coronavirus family responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It primarily affects the pulmonary system, which is the target of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), for which many new compounds have been developed. In this study, phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors are being investigated. The inhibition of PDE4 enzyme produces anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator effects in the lung…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Proteomic analyses of smear-positive/negative tuberculosis patients uncover differential antigen-presenting cell activation and lipid metabolism</strong> - CONCLUSION: Our study provides valuable insights into the differential molecular mechanisms underlying SNPT and SPPT, reveals the critical role of antigen-presenting cell activation in SNPT for effectively clearing the majority of Mtb in bodies, and shows the possibility of APC activation as a novel TB treatment strategy.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong><em>Antrodia cinnamomea</em> May Interfere with the Interaction Between ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in vitro and Reduces Lung Inflammation in a Hamster Model of COVID-19</strong> - CONCLUSION: AC shows potential as a nutraceutical for reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection by disrupting the interaction between ACE2 and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and for preventing COVID-19-associated lung inflammation.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Computational Screening Using a Combination of Ligand-Based Machine Learning and Molecular Docking Methods for the Repurposing of Antivirals Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease</strong> - CONCLUSION: Results demonstrated the efficiency of LBVS combined with MD. This combined strategy provided positive evidence showing that the top screened drugs, including CCX-140, which had the lowest MD score, can be reasonably advanced to the in vitro phase. This combined method may accelerate the discovery of therapies for novel or orphan diseases from existing drugs.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Donald Trump’s Sons Get Challenged on the Witness Stand</strong> - Eric and Donald, Jr., claim they had nothing to do with the fraudulent financial statements that inflated their father’s worth, but prosecutors provided evidence to the contrary. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/donald-trumps-sons-get-challenged-on-the-witness-stand">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Will Sam Bankman-Fried’s Guilty Verdict Change Anything?</strong> - The former C.E.O. of FTX now faces up to a hundred and ten years in prison. But, beyond resetting his personal fate, it’s not yet clear what the trial accomplished. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-local-correspondents/the-trials-of-sam-bankman-fried">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Not All of America’s National-Security Threats Are Overseas</strong> - Congress’s foreign-aid follies with Israel and Ukraine, and the fear of Trump in 2024. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/not-all-of-americas-national-security-threats-are-overseas">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Can Seawalls Save Us From Rising Seas and Surging Storms?</strong> - Huge coastal barriers could protect the world’s cities. But they’ll have unexpected costs. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-a-warming-planet/can-seawalls-save-us">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What Will It Take to Win Brooklyn’s First Majority-Asian District?</strong> - In a recently redrawn City Council district, two Chinese American candidates are both trying to claim the mantle of “public safety.” - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-local-correspondents/what-will-it-take-to-win-brooklyns-first-majority-asian-district">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>The Gaza war reveals how colleges lost their way on free speech</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Student protesters hold a large yellow banner that says “NYU Funds Genocide in Gaza” at a rally in New York on October 25, 2023. " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/idwL3_JjdAnw_5jwyw5oxdu79I8=/167x0:2834x2000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72830571/1749114909.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Students protesting the Israel-Hamas war call for a ceasefire in Gaza. | Michael Nigro/Pacific Press/LightRocket via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A First Amendment lawyer argues the university’s role in a crisis should be shutting up.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7ku6uF">
The <a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907683/israel-hamas-war-news-updates-october-2023">Israel-Hamas war</a> has brought the long-simmering debates over free speech on college campuses to a boiling point.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="v7O7TB">
If school leaders released statements, they were criticized — for not denouncing <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/10/10/23911661/hamas-israel-war-gaza-palestine-explainer">Hamas</a> and antisemitism or for ignoring the <a href="https://www.vox.com/palestine">Palestinian</a> plight. On campus, both Jewish and Palestinian students say they aren’t getting support from administrators and staff. Campus protests have put pressure on school leaders to choose a side or curb student speech and behavior.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="npVlQ2">
Emotions and fears are running high: Jewish students and student groups say they are fearful of antisemitism on campus. Palestinian students say they are facing Islamophobia and racism. Students who signed petitions that critics say supported Hamas in the wake of its October 7 attack are losing career opportunities or have been publicly named and investigated.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5vJW24">
The leading group advocating for free speech on campus<strong> </strong>argues that the problem is not that universities are doing too little to stifle hateful speech; it’s that they have already done too much. Amid the major social and political catastrophes of the past decade, higher education institutions have strayed away from their mission: to foster dialogue and the flow of different ideas, said Alex Morey, the director of the campus rights advocacy program at the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (FIRE).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="X9Zwdt">
Sometimes the free flow of dialogue can be uncomfortable, and FIRE often defends statements and individuals who are unpopular. Even as people on and off campus fear that heated rhetoric will lead to an <a href="https://www.vox.com/23930119/hate-crimes-muslims-jews-palestinians-arabs-fear">increase in Islamophobic or antisemitic violence</a>, Morey argues colleges should not stop their students from making statements that many find deeply upsetting or even dangerous. Instead, she said, colleges should focus on creating a safe environment where even jarring, hurtful, or racist notions can be discussed and debated.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ilN5qP">
It’s a lot to grapple with, and I talked to Morey about it all:<strong> </strong>school statements, student protests, faculty speech, whether words are violence, and why certain students are under more scrutiny than others. Our conversation has been edited for length and clarity.
</p>
<h4 id="IxvMPO">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ORxaPW">
What’s your broad assessment of how the conflict in the Middle East is playing out on college campuses?
</p>
<h4 id="Qg8RMW">
Alex Morey
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LjLJHb">
The zoom-out assessment is that it’s a really divisive topic. It’s a big controversy, whether you are looking at it on the ground in the Middle East, or if you are on a college campus. Wherever people are talking about what’s going on with Israelis and Palestinians, this is a hot-button issue.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XIPVLe">
Lots of people want to express their opinions about it, so it’s no surprise that on college campuses, we are seeing the same level of passion from students and faculty as we’re seeing from anybody who is confronting this long-running and really intractable conflict.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pZPIap">
That said, FIRE is always urging colleges and universities and members of those communities, whether you’re a student or the president or a faculty member, to recognize the university’s very special role when it comes to confronting these problems. [Universities] are not corporations. [School leaders] are not politicians.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EaiwuP">
We have found in recent years that universities are acting a lot more like corporations when it comes to making statements about big political and social issues. They’re worrying about, “Well, how does this look for the brand?” or “If there’s controversy on campus, is that going to make legislators mad at us and take away our funding?” The focus has been removed from what we think is the core mission of the university, which is to foster debate and discussion. It is to welcome not just a diversity of students and faculty and help them thrive, but to also embrace a diversity of views. The college campus is the place to have people’s different authentic views come together, where we can have discussions in a scholarly and civil way. That isn’t a top priority for many universities, it seems, and that is a big mistake.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RCCf1z">
The Israel-Hamas conversation has seemed to wake administrators up, at least a bit, to the realization that if they continue their practice of taking firm sides on political and social issues, they will, repeatedly, arrive at places like this, where there are conflicts on which there is no “right” side.
</p>
<h4 id="807fd1">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Rzbomp">
You’re saying universities should not have come out to comment on Hamas’s attack on Israel or on Israel’s continued bombardment of Gaza. But we are now past that point at many schools, as you acknowledged.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="D5SEUx">
Now some students and faculty members are facing consequences as part of this environment you describe in which universities are trying to be arbiters of right and wrong when it comes to speech and actions. In light of this, what are the foundational speech protections that students, faculty, and school leaders have on campus for speaking out on this issue?
</p>
<h4 id="M4akcT">
Alex Morey
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3zU3Al">
It depends on whether or not you’re on a public or private campus. Public campuses have to follow the First Amendment, which means students and faculty have broad First Amendment rights. Students can express their views on anything on campus. They can protest. They can hand out leaflets, or, in line with the university’s posting policies, hang up posters. They have broad First Amendment rights that would apply to anyone in society when they’re speaking off campus in their free time and in many of the areas on campus. There are exceptions for in the classroom. They can’t get up in the middle of class and be screaming or something because faculty also have First Amendment rights, including the right to academic freedom, which entails, among other things, the right for them to control their classroom.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ibFoq1">
Faculty also have strong academic freedom rights, which is like a corollary of the First Amendment, to make extramural commentary. That means that on their own time they can talk about things that are related to issues of public concern. So something as politically dicey as what’s happening in the Middle East is an incredibly important issue of public concern.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xaoa8P">
Administrators actually have fewer rights. Of course they have their rights as citizens when they’re off the clock, but because they are effectively employees of the university, their speech can be restricted in ways that we don’t see for faculty and students, who have much broader rights.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aweBg2">
Private campuses that make free speech and academic freedom promises in their mission statements, which is most of them, have to keep those promises. These promises all basically say our students and faculty have free speech rights commensurate with the First Amendment.
</p>
<h4 id="3JP1Tv">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ReTV3o">
And how does counterspeech fit into that framework of protections?
</p>
<h4 id="0zIy5X">
Alex Morey
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="73BSnj">
Counterspeech is super important. The vision of the First Amendment is not just that people are allowed to say anything without the government suppressing it. It’s this idea that if we all talk together, we will have better outcomes for society. When somebody raises an idea that might be unpopular or wrongheaded or offensive, the idea is that other people will then lend their voices through counterspeech and say, “I disagree with that idea and here’s why. Here’s why my idea is better.”
</p>
<h4 id="Iofrbu">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="y226L2">
That gets complicated in practice.
</p>
<h4 id="RlImSN">
Alex Morey
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O42Gkp">
There are some nuances that are really important, that illustrate how universities could be doing a better job of explaining this to students and faculty and deans who are in charge of making sure different speaking events and protests go off without a hitch.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dWNGgN">
One is that when students are speaking in open outdoor areas of campus, areas that function like a public square, if a heated back-and-forth occurs between students, that’s protected speech. We’ve been seeing this a lot in recent weeks, where there might be a pro-Israel protest on the quad and a pro-Palestinian student comes up and says, “You all are a bunch of jerks!” This is all protected as long as there is no physical altercation or true threat, which has a specific legal definition.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6XpqFf">
Then another situation we often see these issues raised is when it comes to invited speakers or situations where a student group has reserved a space for a speaker or their members to speak. There’s been a lot of confusion about, “Well, can’t a protest group come marching through this speech and shout it down? Isn’t that our free speech?” The Supreme Court has firmly said no, that’s called a <a href="https://freespeechproject.georgetown.edu/hecklers-veto/">heckler’s veto</a>. It means if there is a particular forum that has been reserved for a particular type of speech, those students who are putting on that speaker or who are speaking, have the right to control that forum until they’re done speaking. What those protesters can do instead of censoring the speech is have space nearby outside the venue where they can protest contemporaneously.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HO6qv1">
Universities should support that kind of exchange and teach students it’s not actually free speech to shout down the speaker. They should facilitate that exchange of ideas. Relatedly, actions like ripping down posters also typically are not protected expression. Blocking access to or egress from buildings, trespassing, incitement — where you’re actively, intentionally encouraging someone to go commit a crime imminently and it’s likely that they will do it — those things are not protected. Most of what we see on campus is just students and some of the faculty having really heated debates and expressing opinions that a lot of people find hateful and offensive and that, without more, is all protected.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A poster includes a photo of a woman and the words “Kidnapped” and “Please help bring them home alive” printed in orange and white. " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/tJ0hdb_tUnexVxsPFV2_s6pugVo=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/25053494/1749114776.jpg"/> <cite>Michael Nigro/Pacific Press/LightRocket via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
A “Kidnapped from Israel” sign is taped to a light post during a rally as students at NYU call for a ceasefire in Gaza.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h4 id="u7Htpb">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kBMcnW">
But I feel like since 2020, a facet of our society now — and this especially plays out on college campuses — is that students look to administrators’ and leaders’ messages to feel safe. There’s the example of how after 9/11, <a href="https://www.vox.com/23930119/hate-crimes-muslims-jews-palestinians-arabs-fear">hate crimes against Muslims</a> <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2001/12/06/post-september-11-attitudes/">decreased</a> after <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/20-years-911-islamophobia-continues-haunt-muslims/story?id=79732049">President Bush</a> said that America will not tolerate Islamophobia. I spoke to the folks at Hillel International who told me Jewish students on campus don’t feel safe because they don’t believe they have the support of school leadership. A lawyer at Palestine Legal told me Muslim students don’t feel supported right now. And when they say support, it’s not necessarily like, are there more officers on campus to protect our safety, but it’s like, what is the administration communicating in its statement that can help us feel safe?
</p>
<h4 id="FOYw5u">
Alex Morey
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4y9qp7">
This is probably the most important change that we need to see on campuses if we are going to have the kind of speech and debate climate that’s ideal in these university spaces.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4BnHN5">
There’s been a lot of research about how this generation of students is dealing with more mental health issues than in other generations. One reason is these students have had very intensive parenting that didn’t expose them to views or ideas that could upset them. Now when they get to campus, they have similar expectations, that they can go to someone to say, “Fix this for me, I’m upset.” But universities really need to help teach them that words and ideas are incredibly powerful, but so are they. They can confront a lot of these ideas with confidence.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UgVTYs">
They need the skills to understand, “Why is it important to listen to people that I might not agree with? What are the contours of listening to an idea that I disagree with? I am actually strong enough to be able to handle that, and, in fact, it’s so much better than when these ideas have to be pushed underground and they fester, that they turn into actual violence.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nn9YRL">
There are benefits of genuinely confronting these ideas. We need to help students learn that while words and ideas are incredibly powerful, not only are they not “violence,” but, in fact, they’re the opposite of violence. And they are the best way that we, as humans, have ever devised to work out our problems without killing each other or without jailing each other.
</p>
<h4 id="A4VxZc">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vxDAKC">
Is all speech being treated the same right now? Are students who are speaking out in support of Israel being treated the same as students who speak out for Palestinian rights?
</p>
<h4 id="l7ukBJ">
Alex Morey
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xynu4v">
It depends on who you ask. That’s the heart of all of the discussion of “hate speech” right now. Like, if you say, “Free Palestine,” then you must mean that you’re pro-Hamas. Or if you say, “release the hostages,” then that must mean you are cool with genocide in Gaza. Of course, it’s much more nuanced than that. A lot of people are justifying not wanting to talk to each other because they think these are just war criminals on both sides.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VdPuE7">
From a First Amendment perspective, there should be no value judgment on speech other than is it protected or not. And when we’re asking that question, we’re asking, should the government or the institution that promises First Amendment commitments, should we put them in charge of deciding which is the appropriate view to have on Israel-Palestine?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RUIkpX">
We think the key to navigating these incredibly divisive and polarized times that are now in front of us, unlike any time in the past, is to have universities not take a stance on these issues for exactly the reason you raise. At the <a href="https://tucson.com/news/local/education/college/university-arizona-president-robbins-propalestine-protest-israel-hamas-attack/article_7678c602-6935-11ee-8da8-1bbc83f8c561.html">University of Arizona recently, the president came out saying</a>, “We condemn Hamas.” He also basically said, “I’m really nervous about the [Students for Justice in Palestine] chapter on our campus speaking up about Palestine and liberation, they’re going to do a rally on our campus and they have the right to do that, but I don’t really like it. It doesn’t align with our values.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="68C9Df">
Then SJP immediately <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/university-arizona-group-pulls-gaza-protest-after-university-president-letter-2023-10">canceled the rally</a> and said they didn’t feel safe doing it on campus. That was a grave situation in which nobody’s First Amendment rights were violated since everybody who was speaking and counterspeaking had the right to do that. But when that speech is coming from the institution itself, an institution that is supposed to embrace all views, the effect is that some views can be marginalized.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Rxua98">
We’re seeing many situations of students being investigated, like <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/11/us/nyu-law-harvard-hamas-israel.html">Ryna Workman</a>, who lost her big law job for saying Israel bears responsibility for the loss of life in Israel. NYU said they are <a href="https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/nyu-law-school-investigating-student-who-said-israel-bears-full-responsibility-2023-10-17/">investigating</a> her. We are definitely seeing the pro-Palestinian type of speech being less popular writ large on many campuses. One thing universities can do to signal that they are not elevating some protected speech over other protected speech is for the institution itself to not start from a place of bias.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="The trailer of a black truck is printed with the following text: “October 7th: Highest number of Jews murdered in a day since the Holocaust.”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5Ik7wRBfs23flsNdFIavQVS0WJ8=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/25053484/1749114662.jpg"/> <cite>Michael Nigro/Pacific Press/LightRocket via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
A truck with pro-Israel messaging parked near the pro-Palestine rally at NYU.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h4 id="jQemu9">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6Yybom">
You mention that students who are articulating pro-Palestinian views are being disproportionately challenged on their speech. Why do you think that is?
</p>
<h4 id="tF2Zqf">
Alex Morey
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FveCLd">
It’s probably because the pro-Palestinian students do feel more like the minority on most campuses, and because often they are. And so they feel less empowered and less supported by the university. If universities had come out and said, “We stand with the people of Gaza. End genocide now,” it might be a totally different situation where Palestinian students were feeling like their speech is the one that is important on campus.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kT3K24">
And then in broader society, we’re not seeing employers take people’s jobs because they condemned Hamas. The people that stand with Gaza, they’re the ones losing their jobs. The US government is fully behind Israel. Beyond campus, there’s this sense that most people are generally pro-Israel at this moment. So students who are pro-Palestine probably feel like their speech is unpopular and we’re seeing that play out on campuses. I don’t think we’ve yet had a situation where a pro-Israel student or professor is facing some kind of censorship attempt from the university. I could be mistaken but there’s lots coming from the other direction.
</p>
<h4 id="HwENT6">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="c3ImJ1">
What’s your assessment of how campus protests have played out? They appear to have gotten heated, with <a href="https://tulanehullabaloo.com/64556/news/pro-palestine-pro-israel-protestors-clash-at-tulane/">clashes</a> between dueling protests. Jewish students are fearful that some pro-Palestine rallies have been antisemitic. There have been images of students with signs that say “<a href="https://nypost.com/2023/10/25/metro/nyc-public-school-students-brandish-antisemitic-signs/">keep the world clean</a>” accompanied by an image of the Israeli flag in the trash. Palestinian <a href="https://prismreports.org/2023/11/01/college-students-backlash-support-palestine/">students</a> and <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/12/pressure-mounts-on-education-department-to-penalize-antisemitism-on-campus-00121174">advocates</a> report being <a href="https://www.wuft.org/news/2023/10/25/desantis-orders-universities-to-shut-down-pro-palestinian-student-clubs/">shut down</a>.
</p>
<h4 id="ACy6Hw">
Alex Morey
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="V8W4mN">
It’s all protected, as long as that’s all there is. As long as there is no true threat.
</p>
<h4 id="2IUbaI">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wA6U5Z">
What is a true threat in this context?
</p>
<h4 id="gjX699">
Alex Morey
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9YxZXn">
A true threat is a serious expression of an intent to commit unlawful violence that’s targeted toward a person or a specific group of people, like “Those people over there, we’re going to do something bad to them.” It’s a very high bar, so even stuff that people find very offensive or wrongheaded, like the Star of David in the trash can, is all protected unless there is some kind of substantial step that moves it toward meeting that true threat threshold.
</p>
<h4 id="qbYITd">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AMoglw">
And how are incitement and discriminatory harassment different?
</p>
<h4 id="Gq3yG7">
Alex Morey
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FOaktW">
Incitement is a statement in which the speaker is asking people to commit an unlawful act of violence. Again, it has to be targeted in the way that a true threat would need to be targeted, and it also has to be likely to occur.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MSbNeq">
A lot of this generalized, very heated rhetoric around Israel and Palestine is not going to meet that high bar. It’s the same with discriminatory harassment. In higher ed, discriminatory harassment is only those unwelcome statements that are so severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive. It is typically repetitive, targeted conduct or speech that is so serious that it deprives the victim of their ability to get an education at the university. So just walking around campus seeing a poster [with hateful language], that’s going to be upsetting. That’s going to make you want to speak out and counter that, but you can just walk away and still go to class.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lfC1yX">
Of course, universities can speak to campus communities and say, “Look, to the extent that our Jewish or Palestinian students are feeling unsupported or are worried that some of this speech might devolve into violence, here are the steps we’re taking.” And those steps can include ramping up security, providing the contact information for campus safety, and providing mental health resources, other health resources.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ypr6wu">
Universities can do what they can to make sure that they are creating a campus that’s not a tinderbox for violence. But beyond that, it is very important under the First Amendment that colleges and universities not try to sanitize or civilize a lot of this speech that is heated and passionate for a reason.
</p>
<h4 id="rQyBJk">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jRQyU0">
I am still trying to understand how really antisemitic or racist or Islamophobic/anti-Palestinian statements are akin to saying “<a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1970/299">Fuck the draft</a>,” particularly in this climate.
</p>
<h4 id="2A4Qcy">
Alex Morey
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yg3Ztj">
It’s a tough one. But I’ve got the answer for you. A lot of people are saying “hate speech isn’t protected speech.” But hate speech is protected speech because there is no legal definition of hate speech.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aOWwXg">
Israel thinks the Palestinians are engaging in hate speech and the Palestinians think Israel is engaging in hate speech. And who’s right? We can’t know. That’s sort of the idea that’s embraced by the First Amendment, that one man’s vulgarity is another man’s lyric.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4tH6dR">
Another example is stomping on the American flag. Some people think that we can all agree that stomping on the American flag is unpatriotic and hateful. But you could argue that the person stomping on the American flag loves America too, but maybe they don’t love how it’s being run right now and it’s their First Amendment right to raise those concerns.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3rxW5p">
The key Supreme Court case that talks about hate speech and why it has to be protected is <a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2010/09-751"><em>Snyder v. Phelps</em></a>, which is the Westboro Baptist Church case in which the church was outside military funerals with signs and shirts that said, “Thank God for dead soldiers” and “Fag troops.” The parents of some of these soldiers sued the church since they believed that the speech was so disgusting. The families believed that that kind of hate speech wasn’t protected.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oLOPCV">
But the Supreme Court unanimously said the church’s speech is protected. It’s because speech is so powerful. It can make people very upset. It can prompt people to do things and make change and raise their own voices in protest. In the US, we have a unique commitment to leaving debate as wide open as possible so that we don’t stifle debate.
</p>
<h4 id="LlMZBl">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ldw5QC">
Are there international comparisons that help us illustrate why America is so committed to protecting speech, even if it’s hate speech?
</p>
<h4 id="fTFh2L">
Alex Morey
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="g53jhg">
There have been attempts in other countries, [in] Europe, France and Germany, in particular, to pass antisemitism laws that make it illegal to say stuff like “I hate the Jews.” But there are a couple of interesting things about those antisemitism laws, about how they don’t work.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="apz0sV">
One, we have seen uneven implementation of those laws. For example, when the <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30708237">Charlie Hebdo newsroom</a> was shot up because they were making fun of the Prophet Muhammad, a lot of Muslims were saying they’ve been talking about issues that are important in the Muslim community but were being targeted under the antisemitism law. There have been Muslims put in jail for violating the antisemitism law when they were making statements like, “Maybe I can see why some of these Muslims are acting in violent ways.” Muslims have been jailed in France for that, but the Charlie Hebdo staff were making fun of Muslims and it was no big deal.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bStUbN">
Separately, Germany has some of the strictest antisemitism laws, where you can’t make certain statements about Jews. And they’ve also got the biggest underground growing ultra-right Nazi crisis — that German authorities can’t keep track of — in the world because we don’t know where these Nazis are. They can’t say this stuff, but they still hold those views.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A person wearing a checkered black and white headscarf holds up a sign that says “Israel is the terrorist,” on October 12, 2023." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/p7gz648DqmOG7cqua5X7fxc06MQ=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/25053582/1721978543.jpg"/> <cite>Michael Nigro/Pacific Press/LightRocket via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Students from Hunter College participate in a pro-Palestinian demonstration on campus. The student organization Students for Justice In Palestine (SJP) held protests in colleges across the nation to show solidarity with Palestine.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h4 id="CkeRxS">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="B4cgDF">
There’s the sense right now that this kind of hate speech is widespread, that students all across America are engaging in some kind of charged speech that is disrupting the ability of campuses to function right now. And the war in the Middle East is only intensifying. Is it the case that speech is getting worse on campuses because it is going unchecked?
</p>
<h4 id="VLQimz">
Alex Morey
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aubYHg">
I think, broadly, those kinds of very extreme statements are not rampant on college campuses. I know we have seen an uptick in this really heated rhetoric in the last few weeks. But a lot of the pushback that I get during this free speech work is like, well, if we allow speech to be that free, then KKK groups are going to be popping up on campuses everywhere. That is not happening. Most people are decent people who want to have these conversations, so universities should be fostering them rather than taking action to silence students.
</p>
<h4 id="w0lOCG">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="X6AcSj">
Can you talk about why you believe it feels so charged to call someone antisemitic right now, or to call someone a Zionist? Students are saying they’re afraid of being called one or the other, or are being called terrorists or terrorist sympathizers. Are these terms being weaponized in some way and why?
</p>
<h4 id="HxAImD">
Alex Morey
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="L9bs3m">
The zeitgeist for many people is to take a single view that someone might have and extrapolate that to an extreme, and say, “Well, if you believe this one thing then you must believe all these other things.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="M84YkA">
People are seeing that happening, and they’re very worried about being misunderstood. I don’t think there’s a lot of recognition in the world right now that people are more than just one particular view. We’re nuanced, complicated creatures. We’re afraid of what’s happening in our world right now and we want to be in our little boxes and look for any signal from other groups that they might be a danger to us.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HrKSIy">
</p></li>
<li><strong>Iran could determine how far the Israel-Hamas war spreads</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="LEBANON-PALESTINIAN-ISRAEL-CONFLICT" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/I6z4mzh0R2PasxTsC4GiJgVk9WM=/190x0:3902x2784/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72829381/1763181060.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Ahmad Al-Rubaye/AFP via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Hezbollah and other Iran-backed groups support Hamas, but haven’t opened new fronts
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O9jbPc">
In his first public statement about <a href="https://www.vox.com/israel">Israel</a>’s war with <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/10/10/23911661/hamas-israel-war-gaza-palestine-explainer">Hamas</a><strong>, </strong>Lebanese Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah on Friday indicated that the Shia militant group — though supportive of Hamas’ bloody <a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907683/israel-hamas-war-news-updates-october-2023">October 7 attack on Israel</a> — wouldn’t be opening up another front in the war just yet.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wH88Xt">
Hezbollah, which the US and other countries have designated as a terror group, has engaged in cross-border firefights with Israel since the October 7 attack. That’s not particularly new; there is regularly low-level conflict across the so-called Blue Line, the line of demarcation between Lebanon and Israel, which UN peacekeepers have been deployed<a href="https://unifil.unmissions.org/unifil-mandate"> to monitor since 2006</a>. But given its proximity to the conflict and Hezbollah’s close affiliation with <a href="https://www.vox.com/iran">Iran</a>, it’s a possible front to expand the war.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tonfTz">
Lebanon is not the only place at risk of spillover conflict; Iran-backed militias have been attacking US forces in Iraq and Syria, <a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/pentagon-27-attacks-target-us-forces-in-iraq-syria/7335584.html">launching 27 attacks</a> at US bases since October 17 after several months without any such attacks. And the Houthis, an Iran-backed Shia group <a href="https://acleddata.com/mapping-territorial-control-in-yemen/">which controls much of southern Yemen</a>, have lobbed missiles and drones in Israel’s direction, though those have been intercepted by US warships in the eastern Mediterranean, as well as by I<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/world/middleeast/yemen-houthi-militia-israel.html">sraeli missile defense systems.</a> “The Iranians are happy to activate their proxy groups and let other people do the fighting and dying — and frankly a lot of the proxy groups are happy to do the fighting and dying,” Jon Alterman, president of the Middle East Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, told Vox.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="e3nwmT">
Iran, to varying degrees, funds and provides resources to each of these groups, as well as Hamas. “Iran’s relationship with other groups really fits onto a spectrum,” Ali Vaez, director of the Iran project at the International Crisis Group, <a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/10/14/23917078/israel-hamas-war-gaza-iran-hezbollah-khamenei-lebanon">told Vox</a>. “At one side of the spectrum you have Hezbollah, because Iran’s relationship with Hezbollah is really like two NATO allies.” Hezbollah has only Iran as a state backer, while Hamas and militant groups in Iraq and Syria have relationships with other nations.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vv0vky">
Though Nasrallah and Iranian leadership have praised Hamas’ attack and threatened retaliation for Israel’s aggressive bombing and ground campaign in <a href="https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080046/gaza-palestine-israel">Gaza</a> — whether through a proxy group or outright — a “red line” for doing so isn’t clear nearly a month into the war.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="62KHWk">
All of these groups give Iran options about where and how it wants to send messages to its adversaries — the US and Israel — while ostensibly giving the Islamic Republic a measure of plausible deniability. But this tactic is not without risk, especially without direct diplomatic channels between the adversaries.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AO1c4a">
“To me, there are two ways this could expand: one is by calculation, and one is by miscalculation,” Alterman said. Iran likely would not want to attack Israel or the US decisively and directly, but an error or a step too far by Iran or any of its proxies could push the conflict outside the bounds of Gaza. “At a time of heightened alert … somebody’s missile could go awry, it may kill somebody. You could have commanders who are freelancing,” or working outside the directions of Iran or another proxy group,”anything can happen, and you can get yourself into a pretty rapid escalation pretty quickly.”
</p>
<h3 id="SXrU4i">
<strong>Hezbollah has fought Israel before — and it’s better-equipped now</strong>
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YSIvXf">
Though none of the proxy groups would act without Iran’s go-ahead, Hezbollah is in lock-step with Iran ideologically and tactically; Nasrallah and his group are not acting independently. But Lebanon has its own longstanding conflict with Israel, and Hezbollah plays a big role in that.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2AL5Ig">
Israelhas occupied the Shebaa farms area, which was once part of southern Lebanon, since 1967, and invaded southern Lebanon in 1978 and 1982, ultimately occupying part of the country south of the Litani river until 2000. Lebanon was in the midst of a brutal, sectarian civil war, and Hezbollah emerged in the early 1980s in part to serve and represent the Shia population in the south, which was<strong> </strong>being marginalized by the Lebanese Christian ruling minority as well as an influx of Sunni Muslim <a href="https://www.vox.com/palestine">Palestinian</a> refugees and resistance groups, upsetting Lebanon’s precarious political balance.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sHyytE">
Over time, and with significant Iranian support, Hezbollah emerged as a potent political and militant force in southern Lebanon and on the national stage. Militarily, Hezbollah aimed to push the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) out of southern Lebanon. When Hezbollah in <a href="https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/israellebanonhezbollah-conflict-2006">July 2006</a> fired rockets at Israeli positions and crossed the border to kill and kidnap IDF soldiers, Israel attacked Lebanon, setting off just over a month of war until a UN-mediated ceasefire took effect August 14.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JS4sf2">
Since that conflict, Hezbollah has grown its capabilities; Nasrallah claims his group<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/lebanons-hezbollah-what-weapons-does-it-have-2023-10-30/"> has 100,000 fighters,</a> thousands of whom have been honing their skills by supporting Bashar al-Assad’s forces in Syria over the past 12 years. Iran has also maintained its support, helping the group obtain a vast arsenal of rockets and artillery, including longer-range Iranian models with higher payloads. Hezbollah also now possesses the ability to retrofit older rockets and turn them into precision-guided missiles, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/lebanons-hezbollah-what-weapons-does-it-have-2023-10-30/">according to Reuters</a>. That means Hezbollah could fire deeper into Israel and target critical infrastructure.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xjsrt9">
Hezbollah is also a political actor, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hezbollah-allies-win-62-seats-lebanon-parliament-losing-2018-majority-reuters-2022-05-17/">holding 62 seats</a> as part of a coalition in Lebanon’s parliament. It lost a number of seats in the last round of elections and a war would be extremely unpopular in Lebanon, which is undergoing both a political and economic crisis; the country has been without a government for a year, and its currency, the lira, is at an all-time low value of <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/3/14/lebanons-currency-value-plunges-to-100000-against-the-dollar">100,000 to the dollar</a>. US officials have met with the Lebanese caretaker government in an effort to try and prevent the conflict from spreading into Lebanon.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9nqq0O">
Hezbollah maintaining power in Lebanon also means Iran keeping power in the country — power which it aims to deploy when necessary. “Once Iran needs to use Hezbollah, they will, despite what happens to Lebanon,” Hanin Ghaddar, a senior fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy told Vox. And though it has a larger ground force than Hamas “they would be running up against probably 100,000 fully alert, dug-in Israeli troops — and that is a suicidal mission,” James Jeffrey former US special envoy to the Coalition to Defeat ISIS, told Vox. For now, Iran has likely calculated the threat of Hezbollah’s increased missile arsenal is enough to keep Israel from taking significant action in Lebanon.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hXCfUC">
Hamas officials have met with Hezbollah senior leaders in Lebanon — and likely encouraged them to do more to support Hamas or otherwise challenge Israel, Ghaddar said. But whether they do so will depend entirely on Iran, Ghaddar said. “Hezbollah’s job today is to protect Iranian interests, not to support Hamas or the Palestinians.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="e15npF">
Though Hamas and Hezbollah do coordinate regarding attacks on Israel, Ghaddar said, “Hamas’ expectation was a lot more [support]” against Israel. “I think what happened is [Hamas] realized they are being thrown into the fire for Iran to establish certain political gains,” such as <a href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/10/what-iran-stands-to-gain-from-the-israel-hamas-war.html">scuttling normalization processes between Israel and Arab states</a>. ‘Hezbollah’s job is to protect these gains and help Iran use the Hezbollah threat to translate these gains into more political, economic gains. And Hamas really has been duped into this [conflict].”
</p>
<h3 id="Ps8n9o">
<strong>More peripheral groups also present a risk </strong>
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FRyybf">
The US, meanwhile, has launched multiple airstrikes against proxy groups in Iraq and Syria since attacks on US installations resumed on October 17. But rather than real threats of a new front in the war, these and Houthi missiles launched toward Israel look more like a signal of Iran’s displeasure about Israel and the US’ military actions than they do a real threat of escalation — for now.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="o3Zwq3">
“There is a core network of Iranian-controlled groups in Iraq that run these front groups” which are carrying out rocket attacks on US bases in Iraq and Syria, according to Phillip Smyth, an independent analyst who focuses on Hezbollah and jihadi groups in the region. Several core jihadi groups affiliated with the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Force, or IRGC, are directing a number of front groups in Iraq and Syria.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AmLUm7">
These groups have been launching rocket attacks since about 2020, after the assassination of Qasem Suleimani, a revered leader in the Iranian military. Some of the groups have been around much longer — since 2005 at least — and are trusted allies of the Iranian regime. They’re unlikely to deviate from Iran’s strategy and interests in the region. But other, smaller front groups aren’t necessarily quite so closely aligned, Smyth said, and can sometimes mistakenly<a href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/khazali-isolated-over-international-zone-protests"> go off-</a>course or outright flout Iran’s orders.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6Y683L">
Hamas official Osama Hamdan did meet with the leader of the front group Asaib Ahl Al Haq, according to the UAE outlet <a href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/iraq/2023/10/30/hamass-osama-hamdan-meets-iran-backed-shiite-militias-in-iraq/">the National</a>. Hamdan told Lebanese pro-Iran TV channel Al Mayadeen that Hamas is ”looking forward to an important role to be played by Iraq for the Palestinian cause.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7sPMGh">
But that meeting doesn’t signal that these front groups will do anything more than lob rockets at US military installations — unless Iran decides it serves their interest.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="I3Xtdx">
<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/2/analysis-houthis-declare-war-on-israel-but-their-real-target-is-elsewhere?traffic_source=KeepReading">As for the Houthis</a>, many factions of the group are intensely loyal to Iran, but they have their own interests, too — namely regaining control in Yemen. For 1,000 years a Zaydi Shia imamate ruled Yemen, but it was overthrown in 1962 and Yemen’s Zaydi Muslims — of which the Houthis are part — were stripped of their political power. The <a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/who-are-yemens-houthis">Houthi movement </a>started in the 1990s, as a protest against increasing <a href="https://merip.org/1997/09/a-clash-of-fundamentalisms/">Saudi financial and religious power</a> in northern Yemen. Iran and Hezbollah support the Houthis because they see the Houthis as part of a Shia revival and struggle against Sunni Islam.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kZhHfQ">
Yemen has been in a brutal civil war between the Houthis and the Saudi-backed central government, creating the <a href="https://www.unrefugees.org/news/yemen-crisis-explained/">worst humanitarian crisis in the world</a>, according to the UN. Though the Houthis have made gestures of solidarity with Hamas by launching rockets, they’re also unlikely to open up another front in the war simply because they have their own concerns, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/war-yemen">namely trying to negotiate a political settlement and officially end the conflict.</a> There’s also the issue of serious, unrelenting poverty in Yemen and increased terrorist violence by al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fg6z5T">
Iran, for its part, also has significant domestic problems that make it difficult to imagine they’d risk direct<strong> </strong>conflict with the US and Israel; the government and the Supreme Leader are extremely unpopular, as evidenced by widespread protests over the past year. Surging poverty, unemployment, and inflation are further angering ordinary Iranians; open conflict isn’t likely to help the government’s problems.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VpaN0p">
Public sentiment in the US, though generally supportive of Israel, would not support further US involvement in the Middle East. And <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/4/israel-hamas-war-live-20-dead-in-israeli-attack-on-school-ministry">growing protests </a>against the war and <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CzPE_wKOYwI/?img_index=1">calls for an immediate ceasefire</a> given the devastation Israel has brought on Palestinian civilians in Gaza are<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/02/politics/biden-administration-warning-israel-gaza-civilians/index.html"> pushing US officials to de-escalate the conflict</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WlWB43">
Israel has thus far ignored those calls —from the US, its neighbors, and <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/protest-leaders-ex-security-chiefs-step-up-calls-for-netanyahu-to-resign-amid-war/">from its own citizens</a>. So far in the conflict IDF strikes have killed <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-arab-leaders-meet-over-gaza-palestinian-deaths-mount-2023-11-03/">9,488 Palestinians</a> according to the Gaza Health Ministry, and 12 Hamas leaders, according to the IDF.
</p></li>
<li><strong>Will an Israel-Hamas ceasefire happen? The reasons and roadblocks, explained.</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/cV9K1dkgtvwwZW4QrRzLr8-iFX0=/667x0:6000x4000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72828046/1757058374.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
An Israeli army self-propelled artillery howitzer moves past waiting traffic while crossing a road along the border with the Gaza Strip in southern Israel on November 1, 2023 amid ongoing battles between Israeli forces and Hamas. | Menahem Kahana/AFP via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
What history can — and can’t — tell us about the hope for a Gaza ceasefire.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="N6lNG2">
The last time that Israel and Hamas engaged in <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/20/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-ceasefire.html">hostilities</a> that had the potential to ignite a larger war was in May 2021. At the time, National Security Adviser <a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/10/27/23933817/israel-palestine-biden-policy-jake-sullivan">Jake Sullivan</a> flew to Cairo and worked with Egyptian officials to negotiate a ceasefire. He drew from his own experience: In November 2012, as an aide to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, he and his Egyptian counterparts had locked in a ceasefire after <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/21/gaza-ceasefire-announced-cairo">a different outburst</a> of conflict.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xcLxQi">
So I found it revealing about where this war currently stands, and how different it is from the past, when Clinton dismissed any possibility of a ceasefire while speaking last week at Rice University’s Baker Institute. “People who are calling for a ceasefire now do not understand Hamas. That is not possible,” she <a href="https://www.bakerinstitute.org/sites/default/files/2023-10/BI-30th-Transcript_1.pdf">said</a>. “It would be such a gift to Hamas, because they would spend whatever time there was a ceasefire in effect rebuilding their armaments, creating stronger positions to be able to fend off an eventual assault by the Israelis.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rjV4W3">
Historically, these ceasefires have worked for both Israel and Hamas, until they haven’t.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zZeDmH">
But the previous logic of Israel-Hamas wars no longer holds after the October 7 attacks on Israel, in which 1,400 people were killed and 242 people were taken hostage. That has fundamentally altered Israel’s security thinking: It now wants to eliminate Hamas entirely. Israel’s existential catastrophe has changed its approach to security, as we’re seeing through its intensive bombardment of Gaza and its ongoing ground incursion, with more than <a href="https://www.ochaopt.org/">9,000 Palestinians killed</a>, including 3,000 children.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="n8K8UJ">
“The technique before was to convince the Israelis that Hamas can be under control,” Nabeel Khoury, a career US diplomat focused on the Middle East who retired as a minister-counselor, told me. “Israelis are way beyond that. They want something much more radical than what happened in the past.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mfad1p">
The fact that nearly everyone powerful in the US is also rejecting a ceasefire now doesn’t mean one is impossible. What it shows is that Israel just doesn’t want one, period, and the US has largely followed Israel’s lead.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NxJzXc">
The old paradigm of ceasefires between Israel and Hamas appears to have been broken, but that doesn’t mean that the many examples of the two parties engaging in talks and upholding agreements are not relevant. Even with Israel locked in what it sees as an existential battle with Hamas, the door isn’t, and can’t be, totally closed to diplomacy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DufOBA">
There are lessons about who can exert pressure; who has the expertise to work with Hamas; how these talks happen behind closed doors; and, crucially, how the US can play a key role in Israel’s decision-making.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BuRbc9">
With Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu <a href="https://www.axios.com/2023/11/03/blinken-netanyahu-israel-hamas-gaza-ceasfire-hostages">insisting</a> Friday that Israel will continue its military operations in Gaza “with full force,” it seems that a ceasefire will only come from a US initiative. Biden hinted as much and discussed the need for a humanitarian “<a href="https://apnews.com/article/biden-minnesota-phillips-primary-challenger-show-force-339fea50abd9a2d98c3533342c7a1111">pause</a>” and the release of hostages when interrupted by a protester at a Minnesota event on Wednesday, and the next day Secretary of State Antony Blinken traveled to the Middle East. As the death toll among Palestinians has grown, the Biden administration has continually readjusted its language with a recognition of the humanitarian catastrophe in Gaza and the need for a political process that would culminate in a Palestinian state.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Antony Blinken with his hand on his forehead." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/IvVln93mWACbTPd_Z-oA9Pdoc3s=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/25056556/1761366057.jpg"/> <cite>Jonathan Ernst/POOL/AFP via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Secretary of State Antony Blinken onboard a plane as he departs Israel from Tel Aviv en route to Jordan, amid the ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas on November 3, 2023.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KBs2MS">
But perhaps the most important lesson to take from those ceasefires past is that they were, in a certain sense, failures: They couldn’t hold in the long-term because they were not tied to a bigger political framework that could lead to a Palestinian state alongside Israel. They ultimately proved unsatisfactory both for the situation of Palestinians in Gaza, and throughout the occupied territories, and for Israel’s own sense of security. That they were ceasefires alone meant they wouldn’t lead to anything that could secure the future for Israelis and Palestinians.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="T7Fxmt">
However this immediate violence ends — Israel declaring victory, a ceasefire, or something else — ultimately the war will only be resolved by difficult diplomacy and US leadership toward a Palestinian state.
</p>
<h3 id="1OHRne">
How previous Israel-Hamas wars have ended, briefly explained
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PqCqCO">
Since 2007, Hamas and the state of Israel have existed in a “violent equilibrium,” as Tareq Baconi of the Palestinian research network Al-Shabaka describes it. That year, Hamas seized control of the Gaza Strip after <a href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/04/gaza200804">winning the 2006 Palestinian elections</a>; Israel then imposed a crippling blockade on the territory. That led to <a href="https://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip">extreme rates of poverty</a> in Gaza; over 60 percent of people need food assistance, and access to health care is extremely limited. About a quarter of Palestinians in Gaza, and nearly <a href="https://www.ochaopt.org/content/fifteen-years-blockade-gaza-strip">80 percent of youth</a>, are unemployed.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JYiM96">
“What we see is every few years, or really every few months, a situation occurs where Hamas fires rockets at Israel, when the restrictions of the blockade become too stifling, and essentially force an escalation where a ceasefire is eventually negotiated, and Israel is forced to ease restrictions into the blockade,” Baconi said recently on <a href="https://thedigradio.com/podcast/hamas-w-tareq-baconi/"><em>The Dig</em></a> podcast.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Jy7lCA">
A review of the recent Israel-Hamas wars shows that after each conflict stopped, that violent equilibrium was restored. At times there were <a href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/01/30/from-clinton-to-obama-u.s.-peace-deals-have-paved-path-to-apartheid-pub-80938">peace talks</a>, but they were not really tied to a bigger political process that could lead to a larger settlement of the Israel-Palestine conflict.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ohrh70">
Israel’s Operation Cast Lead in 2008-2009 lasted 22 days. In the conflict, 1,400 Palestinians, among them at least <a href="https://www.btselem.org/download/201305_pillar_of_defense_operation_eng.pdf">759 civilians</a>, were killed, as well as 10 Israeli soldiers and three civilians. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice worked to secure a ceasefire. “We need urgently to conclude a ceasefire that can endure and that can bring real security,” she <a href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009/01/113629.htm">told</a> the UN on January 6, 2009. “This would begin a period of true calm that includes an end to rocket, mortar, and other attacks on Israelis, and allows for the cessation of Israel’s military offensive.”
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/SkbOSb9lAKtudkCfAuyfo3nA0Qo=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/25056571/1623853661.jpg"/> <cite>Mohammed Abed/AFP via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
A Palestinian boy peers into the Awaja family’s tent in Beit Lahia, in the northern Gaza Strip, on December 27, 2009, one year after their home was destroyed in Israel’s offensive against the Gaza Strip.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/PBZkfxaqxhMr_ipdAJPOn5poo2U=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/25056578/1760137980.jpg"/> <cite>Mahmud Hams/AFP via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
People queue for bread in front of a bakery that was partially destroyed in an Israeli strike, in the Nuseirat refugee camp in the central Gaza Strip, on November 2, 2023, as battles continue between Israel and Hamas.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="T79LvI">
This all came on the eve of President Barack Obama coming into the White House. He initially prioritized talks between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, and put limited pressure on Israel to halt the construction of new settlements in the occupied West Bank. Despite that, little progress was made.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vCZHwl">
That ceasefire held until November 2012, with an <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2012/11/22/world/meast/gaza-israel-strike/index.html">eight-day conflict between Israel and Hamas</a>; <a href="https://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20130509_pillar_of_defense_report">167 Palestinians</a> and six Israelis died. Clinton was secretary of state, and Sullivan played a <a href="https://cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/pdf/Jake%20Sullivan%20bio.pdf">key role</a> in negotiating a ceasefire.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EPgojM">
That truce broke in the summer of 2014, when a <a href="https://www.ochaopt.org/content/key-figures-2014-hostilities">50-day war between Israel and Hamas</a> left 2,251 Palestinians dead, among them 1,462 civilians, and 67 Israeli soldiers and six civilians. Talks between Israelis and Palestinians <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/kerrys-nine-month-quest-for-middle-east-peace-ends-in-failure/2014/04/29/56521cd6-cfd7-11e3-a714-be7e7f142085_story.html">had collapsed</a> the spring before and have not relaunched since.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SUPtdR">
Each time, the US and Egypt have played important roles in cementing these ceasefires, even as Egypt and Israel restricted movement in and out of the occupied territory of Gaza. Since the US designates Hamas a terrorist group, it depends on third parties for talks with the militant group. “Negotiating between Israel and Hamas has been one of the niche kind of activities that Egypt specialized in,” Ezzedine Choukri Fishere, a former Egyptian diplomat, told me. “For the last 16 years, the Egyptian policy on Gaza has been a stopgap — de-escalate.” In more recent years, Turkey and Qatar have also held indirect talks with Hamas.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MWIRRE">
When the Biden White House faced another Israel-Hamas conflict in May 2021, US officials followed the <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/05/20/biden-israel-gaza-ceasefire-shorter-war-490017">playbook</a> from the two wars that happened under Obama — prevent UN Security Council resolutions and work the backchannel with Hamas. The war lasted 11 days in May 2021, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/20/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-ceasefire.html">killing</a> 230 Palestinians and 12 Israelis. The lesson Biden took from the Obama years was that all clashes with Israel must happen in private if at all, that there should be no daylight between the countries, and that conflict between allies is detrimental to the point of being unbearable.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0vZflE">
So Biden’s method to ending the May 2021 conflict was quiet diplomacy with Prime Minister Netanyahu. The US <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/17/no-us-action-after-third-unsc-meeting-on-israel-palestine">blocked</a> United Nations resolutions and stood by Israel, to a point. Biden “held his tongue” when he learned that Netanyahu’s military operation had “no defined objective,” as journalist Franklin Foer recounts in his book <a href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/534055/the-last-politician-by-franklin-foer/"><em>The Last Politician</em></a>. After four phone calls between the two leaders, Biden was blunt to Netanyahu: “Hey man, we’re out of runway here … It’s over.” And then it was.
</p>
<h3 id="KNEh5C">
What’s different this time
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zthUmJ">
This Middle East war could last longer than any recent <a href="https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-gaza-rockets-attack-palestinians/card/israel-and-gaza-have-a-long-history-of-armed-conflict-ABpQbI9cnOgmpJpytQOr">previous conflict between Israel and Hamas</a>. The scope of Hamas’s attack, the ensuing Israeli bombardment and ground incursion, and the level of the death toll is already much more drastic than previous rounds of violence.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4HTFIM">
The understandable focus on the destruction of Gaza and the tremendous loss of human life there perhaps obscures what has really happened from an Israeli point of view. “I don’t think there’s enough appreciation of the impact of October 7,” Fishere, who is now a visiting professor at Dartmouth College, told me. “For Israel, this is a new moment. This is not a repetition.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pJKmhr">
Netanyahu says <a href="https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-10-28-2023-c9bd7ecc5f4a9fe9d46486f66675244c">Israel’s goals</a> are the elimination of Hamas and the return of hostages.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" Rows of yellow chairs, each with images of a person’s eyes pasted to the top." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0q8YZ-oXj2oyepbKk9VcDSRZb6g=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/25056593/1761737411.jpg"/> <cite>Gili Yaari/NurPhoto via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
240 chairs, one for each Israeli held hostage by Hamas in Gaza, are placed at the ‘’Hostages Square’’ outside the Art Museum of Tel Aviv, on November 03, 2023.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HgdI3m">
But it’s not at all clear how Hamas could be removed with force alone — and should it be, what party would govern Gaza. US and Israeli officials have floated trial balloons in unattributed quotes to the press that include a new Palestinian Authority, Egypt stepping in, or a <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-31/us-and-israel-weigh-peacekeepers-for-the-gaza-strip-after-hamas?utm_source=google&amp;utm_medium=bd&amp;cmpId=google&amp;sref=yYYRek8e">multinational force</a>, and Biden has urged Israel not to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/15/us/politics/biden-israel-gaza.html">take over</a> the territory.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bGqP55">
None of those would be good options. Any day-after plan for Gaza would require some buy-in from Hamas leadership — an agreement that its military wing and affiliated forces like Islamic Jihad would drop their weapons.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="g8iqj8">
This is the paradox: The ferocity of October 7 has convinced Israeli leadership that it must utterly destroy Hamas, yet there is little evidence it can achieve that goal. In the past, Israel was satisfied with damaging the militant group before settling into a ceasefire state. But this time, Israel is not seeking the kind of cessation of hostilities that defined the end to four previous rounds of conflict. “The only possible ceasefire would be a ceasefire that disarmed Hamas,” Fishere says. “And I don’t think anybody can offer that.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GcIJvM">
But there is another difference to this war: Hamas is holding 242 hostages, a number that dwarfs previous instances of hostage-taking. That gives Hamas leverage, and pretty much precludes Israel from agreeing to unilaterally stop its assault on Gaza.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EqLzyo">
In public, there seems to be no path forward: Hamas has said that it won’t negotiate over the hostages until there is a ceasefire, and Israel seems to say it would only go for a ceasefire with unconditional release of hostages.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oeoykO">
What has been floated is a temporary ceasefire — a situation where Hamas’s hostages are exchanged, in essence, for a respite from the fighting and, likely, the release of Palestinian prisoners.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="m0kOuy">
The exact mechanics of such exchanges are closely held secrets. The Israeli peace activist Gershon Baskin worked directly with a Hamas interlocutor to secure the release of Gilad Shalit, who in 2011 was exchanged for 1,000 Palestinian prisoners and Hamas members. “Negotiating for the release of hostages may also be less popular this time around,” Baskin <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/21/opinion/israel-hamas-hostage.html">wrote</a> in an opinion column for the New York Times earlier this month. The price for the hostages would be just as high as before.
</p>
<div id="G0PYMR">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Israel has a moral responsibility to bring home all of the hostages. Israel failed to provide security for them. The proposal: all of the hostages for all of the Palestinian prisoners is very difficult to accept but Israel must consider it &amp; if yes, it has to be done quickly.
</p>
— Gershon Baskin جرشون باسكين (<span class="citation" data-cites="gershonbaskin">@gershonbaskin</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/gershonbaskin/status/1718879360822718921?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">October 30, 2023</a>
</blockquote></div></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TI8h46">
Netanyahu <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/30/netanyahu-declares-it-is-time-for-war-as-israel-hails-hostage-release">says</a> the Israeli military incursion will press Hamas to release the hostages. But for now, Israel’s ongoing bombardment of Gaza has seemingly not encouraged Hamas to release hostages. “My analysis is that this Israeli government has in the most cynical way simultaneously written off the lives of the hostages, while using them as political capital in convincing the world that no one can tell them what they can or can’t do in Gaza,” Lara Friedman, president of the Foundation for Middle East Peace, told me. “The hostages will be released despite the government of Israel, not because of it.”
</p>
<h3 id="Lo8Yjr">
A ceasefire — or more war
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BpkNuW">
The Financial Times was the first international editorial page to call for a ceasefire. UNICEF, the World Health Organization, the World Food Program, the United Nations secretary general, and the Pope now have, too.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MCSTuT">
Israel categorically <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/israels-military-says-gaza-city-surrounded-rejects-ceasefire-calls">rejects</a> these calls. Yet the composite picture is of dwindling international support for Israel’s military campaign, which appears to be putting some pressure on Biden. You can see it in the very gradual shift in action and tone from the administration. Vice President Kamala Harris <a href="https://twitter.com/vp/status/1720264166907281601?s=46o">called for</a> “the urgent need to increase humanitarian aid to civilians in Gaza.” Blinken <a href="https://twitter.com/statedept/status/1720187520309235994?s=46">arrived</a> in the Middle East and pushed Netanyahu to <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/blinken-returns-israel-press-protection-gaza-civilians-2023-11-03/">temporarily pause</a> its military campaign to allow in humanitarian aid.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WGLZXl">
There is no easy way to secure a ceasefire. One is only likely to happen if the US and Israel together felt like enough Hamas leaders have been taken out and their military capabilities sufficiently immobilized, and that there is a chance to negotiate some kind of hostage exchange.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Em8Fy3">
While the previously negotiated ceasefires have limited applicability, they do offer faint lessons. One: Third parties like Egypt, Qatar, and Turkey will be integral to the process.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rsG4f4">
Khoury, the former American diplomat who is now at the Arab Center Washington DC, says Qatar may have more power to influence Hamas than Egypt. Earlier this week, the head of the Mossad, Israel’s intelligence services, <a href="https://www.axios.com/2023/10/30/hamas-gaza-hostages-mossad-barnea-war-israel">traveled</a> to Doha. “If Israel and the US would give the Qataris a carte blanche, they can come up with something,” Khoury told me. “But the US and Israel will have to be ready to accept a continued role for Hamas in some capacity. They could say disarm Hamas. But if they wish to obliterate Hamas, Qatar cannot help with that.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4za0aC">
Two: The US has to play a major role behind the scenes. At some point, Biden’s team is going to spell out more clearly to the Israelis that the US is not going to countenance this anymore.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dBI9wp">
And, perhaps most importantly, three: There must be a clearer picture of what happens after any ceasefire.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dVRlIR">
“If there’s no political path to deal with the question of occupation, then whatever Israel will do now, regardless of how long it’s gonna take and how many people gonna kill, is not gonna resolve the issue,” Fishere told me. “It will come back and hit us again, at some point in the future, probably not too far.”
</p>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>‘You have to take the bull by its horns’, says Sumariwalla on tackling the doping problem</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IND vs SA | Rohit smashes quick-fire 40 but India lose two wickets against SA at 15-over mark</strong> - South Africa have brought in spinner Tabraiz Shamsi in place of pacer Gerald Coetzee.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cricket World Cup 2023 | India-South Africa contest at Eden set to be match of the tournament</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2023 Semifinal | Punjab and Baroda in the final</strong> - Chasing 184, Abhishek and Mandeep add 102 off just 58 deliveries to guide the team home with eight balls to spare; pacer Abhimanyusingh’s four-for, including Parag’s wicket, turns the tide in Baroda’s favour</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Northern Lights primed to keep the winning form going</strong> -</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Telangana terms NDSA report on Medigadda unreasonable, hasty</strong> - Irrigation Special CS writes to NDSA Chairman stating correct causes could be assessed only after thorough inspection of barrage foundation</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bengaluru Kambala to attract stars including Aishwarya Rai and Anushka Shetty</strong> - The event organisers are expecting a crowd between three and five lakhs over the two days to watch</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>CM Siddaramaiah urges JD(S) to convince Modi-led Centre to provide drought relief in Karnataka</strong> - The Chief Minister pointed out that of the 236 taluks in the State, 216 taluks have been declared as drought affected and crop losses have been estimated to be around ₹33,710 crore</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Fire in Raigad factory: Eight bodies recovered</strong> - Police in Raigad district, however, place the number of deceased at seven; NDRF stated that a search for three missing persons is continuing</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Modi seeks support for BJP from ‘family’ in Mizoram</strong> - In a video message for the people of the poll-bound State, PM Modi reiterates BJP’s commitment to build a ‘marvellous Mizoram’</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Zelensky says Israel-Gaza conflict taking focus away from fighting</strong> - One of Russia’s goals is to draw global attention away from the war in Europe, says Ukraine’s president.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hamburg Airport: Four-year-old hostage held on tarmac</strong> - The suspect has shot a weapon twice and thrown burning bottles from the vehicle, police say.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tuscany storm and floods ravage central Italy leaving six dead</strong> - Six people are confirmed dead and several more are missing as winds and rain buffet parts of Italy.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Germany: Illegal migration rise prompts border crackdown</strong> - Soaring numbers of illegal migrants is sharpening a growing debate about migration in Germany.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Maersk cuts 10,000 jobs as shipping demand falls</strong> - One of the world’s largest export firms reported a huge drop in profits as freight costs have plunged.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>When the natural gas industry used the playbook from Big Tobacco</strong> - As early as the 1970s, research showed that gas stoves produced indoor air pollution. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1981166">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hitting the trails with a low-priced e-mountain bike</strong> - SWFT takes its price- and corner-cutting to a bike format that skews high-end. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1968309">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>No, Okta, senior management, not an errant employee, caused you to get hacked</strong> - If a transgression by a single employee breaches your network, you’re doing it wrong. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1981227">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A historic Falcon 9 made a little more history Friday night</strong> - SpaceX didn’t stop at 10 or 15 flights per booster, and probably won’t stop at 20. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1981177">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>It’s almost showtime for SpaceX’s massive Starship rocket</strong> - SpaceX will again target a morning liftoff for the rocket. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1981155">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A mathematician comes home from a symposium to be met at the door by his furious wife.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“What’s the big idea, coming home at three in the morning in this state?” she yells.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Dear,” says the moderately refreshed gentleman, “what time did I say I would be home?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Quarter of twelve, that’s what you said!” screams the wife.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“…Well?” demands the mathematician.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Gil-Gandel"> /u/Gil-Gandel </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17o8ksc/a_mathematician_comes_home_from_a_symposium_to_be/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17o8ksc/a_mathematician_comes_home_from_a_symposium_to_be/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A 90 year old man goes to the doctor for his annual checkup.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Fifteen minutes later, the doctor says,“Your health is good physically, but what about mentally? How is your connection with God?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The old man replies,“Me and God are tight. We are in a real connection. He has even fixed my eyesight for me! Whenever I go to the bathroom to pee, the light turns on and when I exit, the light turns off!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The doctor, astonished, calls his wife and says,“Madam, your husband’s physical heath is good. I’m calling as I’m surprised with his connection to God! Is it true that When he goes to the toilet to urinate the light turns on and when he exits, the light turns off?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The wife says,“Stupid Robert! He’s been peeing in the fridge again!”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Admirable_Fun7509"> /u/Admirable_Fun7509 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17o6mqx/a_90_year_old_man_goes_to_the_doctor_for_his/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17o6mqx/a_90_year_old_man_goes_to_the_doctor_for_his/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A man stumbles upon a genie in the desert</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The genie pops up and says “congratulations, you may now request 2 wishes.” Feeling confused, the man asks “why isnt it 3 wishes? Isnt it always 3?” After which, the genie tells the man to look in his pants. After a few seconds of amazement by the man, the genie explains, “listen kid, ive been doing this a long time”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/banana_hammock_815"> /u/banana_hammock_815 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17nxddy/a_man_stumbles_upon_a_genie_in_the_desert/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17nxddy/a_man_stumbles_upon_a_genie_in_the_desert/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>My wife claims that I’m cheap</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
But I’m not buying it
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Einstine1984"> /u/Einstine1984 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17o80jb/my_wife_claims_that_im_cheap/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17o80jb/my_wife_claims_that_im_cheap/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Three men are driving in a car</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
One is white, one is Mexican and one is Asian. While driving they get into an accident and are rushed to the hospital.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The three men were in comas when they arrived. After being admitted the nurse found that non of the men had ID’s on them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
While thinking of what to do the doctor walks up and asks what’s the problem. The nurse says that she doesn’t know how to identify the three men.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The doctors say for now they will have to get generic names. The doctor says:
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
This is John Doe This is Juan Doe This is Tae Kwon Doe
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/gino562"> /u/gino562 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17nvkuh/three_men_are_driving_in_a_car/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17nvkuh/three_men_are_driving_in_a_car/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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