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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies among vaccinated and non-vaccinated adults in the West Bank: Results of a repeated cross-sectional study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background Seroprevalence studies are known to provide better estimates of the proportion of people previously infected, which did not undertake diagnostic testing. Repeated cross-sectional sero-studies are encouraged in the same locations to monitor trends overtime. The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence among a random sample of vaccinated and non-vaccinated Palestinian adults living in the West Bank region of Palestine, irrespective of the source of antibodies, be it due to infection with COVID-19 or due to vaccination or both. Methods This repeated cross- sectional study used serologic testing on a random sample of vaccinated and non-vaccinated adults, 18 years and older residing in 11 governorates of the West Bank region of Palestine. Antibodies/Blood samples were taken using Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay by using the Cobas Analyzer cobas e 411 (Roche) for detection of antibody seropositivity against COVID-19. Seroprevalence was estimated as the proportion of individuals who had a positive result in the total SARS- CoV-2 antibodies in the immunoassay. Sociodemographic information and medical history data was collected using a questionnaire. Results Among 1451 total participants enrolled in the study, serum samples were tested from 910 persons. Study findings from this randomly selected sample indicated a seroprevalence 75.9%, 95% CI (73.1-78.7). The seroprevalence results indicated that the prevalence of antibodies among those who reported that they were not infected and did not get vaccinated was 45.2% with 95% CI (39.9-50.5%). The average age of participants was 37.6 years old. 49.2% were female and 50.8% were male. In relation to COVID-19, the following was found: Conclusion Our findings revealed a drastic rise in seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. This information is useful for assessing the degree of herd immunity, and provides for better understanding of the pandemic. Population-based seroprevalence studies should be conducted periodically to monitor the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Palestine and inform policymakers about the efficacy of the surveillance system.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.22274755v1" target="_blank">Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies among vaccinated and non-vaccinated adults in the West Bank: Results of a repeated cross-sectional study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron to mucosal immunity in vaccinated subjects.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Omicron s escape to vaccine-induced systemic antibody responses has been shown in several studies in Omicron- infected patients and vaccine controls. In the present study we compared mucosal antibody response to Omicron to mucosal antibody response to ancestral strain and Delta variant. This was done on nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) prospectively collected in 84 otherwise healthy healthcare workers who had never exhibited PCR-documented COVID-19 and had received three doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. NELF was collected prior to Omicron detection in the geographical area of inclusion. We show that NELF antibodies from vaccinated individuals were less efficient at inhibiting the binding of the Omicron Spike protein to ACE-2 compared to those of Delta or the ancestral strain. These findings may explain the increased risk of onward transmission of Omicron, consistent with its successful global displacement of Delta in countries with a high vaccination coverage.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html- link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.22274517v1" target="_blank">Escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron to mucosal immunity in vaccinated subjects.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Reporting Rates for VAERS Death Reports Following COVID-19 Vaccination, December 14, 2020-November 17, 2021</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Despite widely available safety information for the COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine hesitancy remains a challenge. In some cases, vaccine hesitancy may be related to concerns about the number of reports of death to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Objective: To provide information and context about reports of death to VAERS following COVID-19 vaccination. Design: Descriptive study; reporting rates for VAERS death reports. Setting: United States; December 14, 2020, to November 17, 2021. Participants: COVID-19 vaccine recipients. Measurements: Reporting rates for death events per million persons vaccinated; adverse event counts; data mining signals of disproportionate reporting. Results: 9,201 death events were reported for COVID-19 vaccine recipients aged five years and older (or age unknown). Reporting rates for death events increased with increasing age, and males generally had higher reporting rates than females. For death events within seven days and 42 days of vaccination, respectively, observed reporting rates were lower than the expected all-cause death rates. Reporting rates for Ad26.COV2.S vaccine were generally higher than for mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, but still lower than the expected all-cause death rates. Reported adverse events were non-specific or reflected the known leading causes of death. Limitations: VAERS data are subject to several limitations such as reporting bias (underreporting and stimulated reporting), missing or inaccurate information, and lack of a control group. Reported diagnoses, including deaths, are not causally verified diagnoses. Conclusion: Reporting rates for death events were lower than the expected all-cause mortality rates. Trends in reporting rates reflected known trends in background mortality rates. These findings do not suggest an association between vaccination and overall increased mortality. Funding Source: No external sources of funding were used.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.22274695v1" target="_blank">Reporting Rates for VAERS Death Reports Following COVID-19 Vaccination, December 14, 2020-November 17, 2021</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Assessing the feasibility of sustaining a ‘Zero-COVID’ policy in China in the era of highly transmissible variants</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
We developed a spatially structured, fully stochastic, individual-based SARS-CoV-2 transmission model to evaluate the feasibility of sustaining a 9Zero-COVID9 policy in mainland China in light of currently dominant Omicron variants, China9s current immunization level, and non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) strategies. We found that due to high transmissibility, neither Omicron BA.1 or BA.2 sublineages could be contained by China9s Pre-Omicron non- pharmaceutical intervention strategies which were successful at sustaining the 9Zero-COVID9 policy until March 2022. However, increased intervention intensity, such as enhanced population mobility restrictions and multi-round mass testing, could lead to containment success without the necessity of population-wide lockdown. As China9s current vaccination has yet to reach high coverage in older populations, non-pharmaceutical interventions remain essential tools to maintain low levels of infection while building protective population immunity, ensuring a smooth transition out of the pandemic phase, and minimizing the overall disease burden and societal costs.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.22274792v1" target="_blank">Assessing the feasibility of sustaining a ‘Zero-COVID’ policy in China in the era of highly transmissible variants</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>“Does a respiratory virus have an ecological niche, and if so, can it be mapped?” Yes and yes.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Although the utility of Ecological Niche models (ENM) and Species Distribution models (SDM) has been demonstrated in many ecological applications, their suitability for modelling epidemics or pandemics, such as SARS- Cov-2, has been questioned. In this paper, contrary to this viewpoint, we show that ENMs and SDMs can be created that can describe the evolution of pandemics, both in space and time. As an illustrative use case, we create models for predicting confirmed cases of COVID-19, viewed as our target ``species“, in Mexico through 2020 and 2021, showing that the models are predictive in both space and time. In order to achieve this, we extend a recently developed Bayesian framework for niche modelling, to include: i) dynamic, non-equilibrium ``species” distributions; ii) a wider set of habitat variables, including behavioural, socio-economic and socio-demographic variables, as well as standard climatic variables; iii) distinct models and associated niches for different species characteristics, showing how the niche, as deduced through presence-absence data, can differ from that deduced from abundance data. We show that the niche associated with those places with the highest abundance of cases has been highly conserved throughout the pandemic, while the inferred niche associated with presence of cases has been changing. Finally, we show how causal chains can be inferred and confounding identified by showing that behavioural and social factors are much more predictive than climate and that, further, the latter is confounded by the former.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.22274675v1" target="_blank">“Does a respiratory virus have an ecological niche, and if so, can it be mapped?” Yes and yes.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness against general SARS-CoV-2 infection from the omicron variant: A retrospective cohort study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objective: To estimate the effectiveness of 2-dose and 3-dose mRNA vaccination (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273) against any SARS-CoV-2 infection (asymptomatic or symptomatic) caused by the omicron variant. Design: Propensity-score matched retrospective Cohort Study. Setting: Large public university undergoing weekly Covid-19 testing in South Carolina, USA. Participants: Population consists of 24,145 university students and employees undergoing weekly Covid-19 testing between January 3rd and January 31st, 2022. The analytic sample was constructed via propensity score matching on vaccination status: Unvaccinated, completion of 2-dose mRNA series within previous 5 months, and receipt of mRNA booster dose within previous 5 months. The resulting analytic sample consists of 1,944 university students and 658 university employees. Intervention: Vaccination with a two dose or 3 dose regimen of the BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccine. Results: Booster protection against any SARS-CoV-2 infection was 66.4% among employees (95% CI: 46.1-79.0%; P&lt;.001) and 45.4% among students (95% CI: 30.0-57.4%; P&lt;.001). Compared to the 2-dose mRNA series, estimated increase in protection from the booster dose was 40.8% among employees (P=.024) and 37.7% among students (P=.001). We did not have enough evidence to conclude a statistically significant protective effect of the 2-dose mRNA vaccination series, nor did we have enough evidence to conclude that protection waned in the 5-month period after receipt of the 2nd or 3rd mRNA dose. Furthermore, we did not find evidence that protection varied by manufacturer. Conclusions: Covid-19 mRNA booster doses offer moderate protection against any SARS-CoV-2 infection caused by the omicron variant and provide a substantial increase in protection relative to the 2-dose mRNA vaccination series.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html- link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.22274771v1" target="_blank">Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness against general SARS-CoV-2 infection from the omicron variant: A retrospective cohort study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Managing COVID-19 in an Australian designated isolation facility: Implications for current and future healthcare crises</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The lived experiences of healthcare workers (HCWs) and their perceptions of the pandemic can prove to be a valuable resource in the face of a seemingly persistent Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to inform ongoing efforts, as well as identify components essential to a crisis preparedness plan and the issues pertinent to supporting relevant change. We employed a phenomenological approach and using purposive sampling conducted 39 semi-structured interviews with senior healthcare professionals who were employed at a designated COVID-19 facility in New South Wales (NSW), Australia during the height of the pandemic in 2020. Participants comprised administrators, heads of department and clinicians. We obtained from these HCWs (i) perspectives of their lived experience on what was done well and what could have been done differently and (ii) recommendations on actions for current and future crisis response. Four themes encapsulated insights of respondents that should inform our capacity to meet current needs, direct meaningful and in situ change, and prepare us for future crises. Observations and recommendations of respondents are informative for decision-makers tasked with mobilising an efficacious approach to the next health crisis and, in the interim, would aid the governance of a more robust workforce to effect high quality patient care in a safe environment.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.22274702v1" target="_blank">Managing COVID-19 in an Australian designated isolation facility: Implications for current and future healthcare crises</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Impact of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions on pneumococcal carriage prevalence and density in Vietnam</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented to contain SARS-CoV-2 have decreased invasive pneumococcal disease. We undertook an observational study to evaluate the impact of NPIs on pneumococcal carriage and density, drivers of transmission and disease, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. While NPIs did not significantly impact pneumococcal carriage, mean capsular pneumococcal density decreased by up to 91.5% (1.07 log<sub>10</sub>genome equivalents/mL, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.74-1.41) after NPI introduction compared with the pre- COVID-19 period. As higher pneumococcal density is a risk factor for disease, the observed decline provides a plausible mechanism for the reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.22274646v1" target="_blank">Impact of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions on pneumococcal carriage prevalence and density in Vietnam</a>
</div></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Screening for safe opening of universities under Omicron and Delta variants of COVID-19: When less is more</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
As new COVID-19 variants emerge, and disease and population characteristics change, screening strategies may also need to change. We develop screening guidelines for the safe opening of college campuses, considering COVID-19 infections/hospitalizations/deaths; peak daily hospitalizations; and the tests required. Our compartmental model simulates disease spread on a college campus under co-circulating variants with different disease dynamics, considering:</p></div></li>
</ul>
<ol type="i">
<li>the heterogeneity in disease transmission and outcomes for faculty/staff and students based on vaccination status and level of natural immunity; and (ii) variant- and dose-dependent vaccine efficacy. Using the Spring 2022 academic semester as a case study, we study various routine screening strategies, and find that screening the faculty/staff less frequently than the students, and/or the boosted and vaccinated less frequently than the unvaccinated, may avert a higher number of infections per test, compared to universal screening of the entire population at a common frequency. We also discuss key policy issues, including the need to revisit the mitigation objective over time, effective strategies that are informed by booster coverage, and if and when screening alone can compensate for low booster coverage.
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.22274667v1" target="_blank">Screening for safe opening of universities under Omicron and Delta variants of COVID-19: When less is more</a>
</div></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><strong>Longitudinal analysis reveals elevation then sustained higher expression of autoantibodies for six months after SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
High autoantibody levels are found in individuals hospitalized for COVID-19. The temporal trajectories and levels of these autoantibodies months into convalescence after SARS-CoV-2 infection are unclear. It is also unknown if the composite autoantibody signatures of convalescent SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals resemble those with diagnosed autoimmune diseases. We measured the circulating levels of 17 autoantibodies associated with autoimmune connective tissue diseases from SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized and outpatient subjects, as well as from individuals with scleroderma (SSc), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and uninfected pre-pandemic controls. Seven of the 17 autoantibodies measured were higher in hospitalized and/or outpatient SARS-CoV-2 individuals an average of six months after symptom onset compared with controls, with multivariate analyses revealing links between SARS-CoV-2 infection and positivity of SSB- La, Sm, Proteinase 3, Myleoperoxidase, Jo-1, and Ku reactive IgG six months post-symptom onset. Autoantibody levels from SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals were followed over time from initial symptom onset for an average of six months, and different temporal autoantibody trajectories were classified. A 9negative, then positive9 expression pattern was found for at least one autoantibody in 18% of the outpatient and 53% of the hospitalized subjects, indicating initiation and durable expression of self-reactive immune responses post-infection, particularly with severe acute illness. Analysis of individual subject autoantibody expression patterns revealed similar patterns between pre-pandemic and convalescent SARS-CoV-2 infected groups that are distinct from both the SSc and SLE subjects. As autoantibody positivity can occur years prior to autoimmune disease onset, the possibility that SARS-CoV-2-associated autoantibodies are a herald of future autoimmune disorders requires further investigation.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.22274681v1" target="_blank">Longitudinal analysis reveals elevation then sustained higher expression of autoantibodies for six months after SARS-CoV-2 infection</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness during a prison outbreak when the Omicron was the dominant circulating variant, Zambia, December 2021</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Abstract: During a COVID-19 outbreak in a prison in Zambia from 14th to 19th December 2021, a case-control study was done to measure vaccine effectiveness (VE) against infection and symptomatic infection, when the Omicron variant was the dominant circulating variant. Among 382 participants, 74.1% were fully vaccinated and the median time since full vaccination was 54 days. There were no hospitalizations or deaths. COVID-19 VE against any SARS-CoV-2 infection was 62.8% and VE against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection was 74.1%. COVID-19 vaccination helped protect incarcerated persons against SARS-CoV-2 infection during an outbreak while Omicron was the dominant variant in Zambia.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.22274701v1" target="_blank">COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness during a prison outbreak when the Omicron was the dominant circulating variant, Zambia, December 2021</a>
</div></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A quasi-experimental cohort study evaluating a conditional economic incentive on first-dose COVID-19 vaccination rates among older adults in South Africa</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Importance: COVID-19 vaccination coverage in South Africa remains low despite increased access to vaccines. On November 1, 2021, South Africa introduced the Vooma Voucher program, which provided a small guaranteed financial incentive, a Vooma Voucher redeemable at grocery stores, for COVID-19 vaccination among older adults, a population most vulnerable to serious illness, hospitalization, and death. However, the association of financial incentives with vaccination coverage remains unclear. Objective: To evaluate the association of the conditional economic incentive program with first-dose vaccination rates among older adults (aged ≥60 years) in South Africa. Design: A quasi- experimental cohort study using daily data on first doses administered. We ran interrupted time series (ITS) models to evaluate the Vooma Voucher program, launched on November 1, 2021, at national and provincial levels. We used data between October 1, 2021 and November 27, 2021 in models estimated at the daily level. Setting and participants: The Vooma Voucher program was a nationwide vaccination incentive program implemented for adults aged ≥60 years from November 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022. Intervention: Individuals who received their first vaccine dose received a text message to access a ~$7 (ZAR100) voucher that was redeemable at nationwide chain of grocery stores. Main outcome: Daily first COVID-19 vaccine doses administered per 10,000 individuals aged ≥60 years. Results: The Vooma Voucher program was associated with a of 7.15-12.01% increase in daily first-dose vaccination in November 2021 compared to late October</p></div></li>
</ul>
<ol start="2021" type="1">
<li>The incentive accounted for 6,476-10,874 additional first vaccine doses from November 1-27, 2021, or 8.31-13.95% of all doses administered to those aged ≥60 years during that period. This result is robust to the inclusion of controls for the number of active vaccine delivery sites and for the nationwide Vooma weekend initiative (November 12-14), both of which also increased vaccinations through expanded access to vaccines and demand creation activities. Conclusions/Relevance: Financial incentives for COVID-19 vaccination led to a modest increase in first dose vaccinations among older adults in South Africa. In addition to financial incentives, expanded access to vaccines may also results in higher vaccination coverage.
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.22274712v1" target="_blank">A quasi-experimental cohort study evaluating a conditional economic incentive on first-dose COVID-19 vaccination rates among older adults in South Africa</a>
</div></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><strong>Deep learning identified genetic variants associated with COVID-19 related mortality</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Analysis of host genetic components provides insights into the susceptibility and response to viral infection such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To reveal genetic determinants of susceptibility to COVID-19 related mortality, we train a deep learning model to identify groups of genetic variants and their interactions that contribute to the COVID-19 related mortality risk using the UK Biobank data. We refer to such groups of variants as super variants. We identify 15 super variants with various levels of significance as susceptibility loci for COVID-19 mortality. Specifically, we identify a super variant (OR=1.594, p=5.47E-9) on Chromosome 7 that consists of the minor allele of rs76398985, rs6943608, rs2052130, 7:150989011_CT_C, rs118033050 and rs12540488. We also discover a super variant (OR=1.353, p=2.87E-8) on Chromosome 5 that contains rs12517344, rs72733036, rs190052994, rs34723029, rs72734818, 5:9305797_GTA_G and rs180899355.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.22274731v1" target="_blank">Deep learning identified genetic variants associated with COVID-19 related mortality</a>
</div></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Fertility recovery despite the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland?</strong> -
<div>
Finland’s increase in births, recorded in the months following the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, was among the strongest. We assess whether the fertility increase in Finland occurred because of or despite the pandemic, or both, by investigating the country’s fertility trends by women’s region of residence, age group, and parity. While the country as a whole was modestly hit by the pandemic in 2020, the capital region Helsinki-Uusimaa faced more severe restrictions. We used aggregate register data until September 2021 to assess monthly fertility. In 2020 and 2021, the relative annual increases in fertility were strongest among women aged 30–34 and 35–49. In 2021, but not in 2020, fertility increased most in Helsinki-Uusimaa, and across all parities. Model-based estimates provided tentative support for an overall pandemic fertility boost for the time period until September 2019. We conclude that the unusual fertility increases in 2021 in Finland broadly follow from pre-existing trends where the country recovers from its all-time low fertility, but do not exclude the possibility of an additional boost from the pandemic itself. The study highlights the importance of carefully considering existing fertility trends when studying fertility responses to the pandemic.
</div></li>
</ul>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/fxwe3/" target="_blank">Fertility recovery despite the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland?</a>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Decreased cerebral blood flow in non-hospitalized adults who self-isolated due to COVID-19</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The long-term consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on brain physiology and function are not yet well understood. From the recently described NeuroCOVID-19 study, we examined cerebral blood flow (CBF) in 50 participants recruited to one of two groups: 1) adults who previously self-isolated at home due to COVID-19 (n = 39; 116.5 ± 62.2 days since positive diagnosis), or 2) adults who experienced flu-like symptoms but had a negative COVID-19 diagnosis (n = 11). Participants underwent arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla to yield measures of CBF. Voxel-wise analyses of CBF were performed to assess for between-group differences, after controlling for age and sex. Relative to controls, the COVID-19 group exhibited decreased CBF in the thalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, and regions of the basal ganglia. Within the COVID-19 group, CBF differences in occipital and parietal regions were observed between those with (n = 11) and without (n = 28) self-reported on-going fatigue. These results suggest long-term changes in brain physiology in adults across the post-COVID-19 timeframe. Moreover, CBF may aid in understanding the heterogeneous symptoms of the post-COVID-19 condition. Future longitudinal studies are needed to further characterize the consequences of COVID-19 on the brain.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.22274208v1" target="_blank">Decreased cerebral blood flow in non-hospitalized adults who self-isolated due to COVID-19</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity and Safety of Fractional Booster Dose of COVID-19 Vaccines Available for Use in Pakistan/Brazil: A Phase 4 Dose-optimizing Trial</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Sinovac;   Biological: AZD1222;   Biological: BNT162b2<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Albert B. Sabin Vaccine Institute;   Aga Khan University;   Oswaldo Cruz Foundation;   Stanford University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of a Recombinant Protein COVID-19 Vaccine as a Booster Dose in Population Aged 12-17 Years</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   SARS-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: SCTV01E;   Biological: mRNA-1273<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Sinocelltech Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A First-In-Human Phase 1b Study of AmnioPul-02 in COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: AmnioPul-02<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Amniotics AB<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine (SYS6006) in Chinese Healthy Older Adults.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: 20 μg dose of SYS6006;   Biological: 30 μg dose of SYS6006;   Biological: 50 μg dose of SYS6006;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:  <br/>
CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity Study of a Lyophilized COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: A Lyophilized COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine;   Biological: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Jiangsu Rec-Biotechnology Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine (SYS6006) in Chinese Healthy Adults Aged 18 -59 Years.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: 20 μg dose of SYS6006;   Biological: 30 μg dose of SYS6006;   Biological: 50 μg dose of SYS6006;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:  <br/>
CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Use of Chinese Herbal Medicine and Vitamin C by Hospital Care Workers in HK to Prevent COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Chinese herbal medicine<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:  <br/>
Hong Kong Baptist University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Home-based Exercise Program in Patients With the Post-COVID-19 Condition</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Long COVID;   Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Home- based physical training<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Sao Paulo<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 2b/3 Trial of NuSepin® in COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pneumonia<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: NuSepin® 0.2 mg/kg;   Drug: NuSepin® 0.4 mg/kg;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shaperon<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Early Goal Directed Therapy for COVID-19 Moderate-to-Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): A Phase III Clinical Trial</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: EXOFLO<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Direct Biologics, LLC<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>High Frequency Percussive Ventilation in COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Acute Respiratory Failure<br/><b>Intervention</b>:  <br/>
Device: High frequency Percussive ventilation<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University Magna Graecia<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>VLA2001 Booster in Adult Participants After Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection or Priming With an mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   SARS-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: VLA2001<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:  <br/>
Valneva Austria GmbH<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Knowledge Mobilization Activities to Support Decision-Making by Youth, Parents and Adults: Study Protocol</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Plain Language Recommendation (PLR);   Other: Standard Language Version (SLV)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   McMaster University;   Western University;   The Hospital for Sick Children;   University of Alberta<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Use of Continuous Glucose Monitors in Coronavirus Disease 2019 ICU and Potential Inpatient Settings</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Covid19;   Diabetes Mellitus<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: continuous glucose monitoring<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Tanureet K Arora<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of STI-1558 in Healthy Volunteers</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: STI-1558;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:  <br/>
Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Loneliness is not a homogeneous experience: An empirical analysis of adaptive and maladaptive forms of loneliness in the UK</strong> - Understanding loneliness is pivotal to informing relevant evidence-based preventive interventions. The present study examined the prevalence of loneliness in the UK, during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the association between loneliness, mental health outcomes, and risk and protective factors for loneliness, after controlling for the effects of social isolation. It was estimated that 18.1% of the population in our study experienced moderately high to very high loneliness. We also found that…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Biological activity of interferons in the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19</strong> - CONCLUSION: The obtained data on deficiency of the functional biologically active IFN confirm the hypothesis about the predominant role of impaired IFN production of different types in the immunopathogenesis of the novel coronavirus infection.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bromhexine is a potential drug for COVID-19; From hypothesis to clinical trials</strong> - COVID-19 (novel coronavirus disease 2019), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has various clinical manifestations and several pathogenic pathways. Although several therapeutic options have been used to control COVID-19, none of these medications have been proven to be a definitive cure. Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is a protease that has a key role in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. Following the binding of the viral spike (S) protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The problem of the use of interferons in the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 (Coronaviridae: Coronavirinae: Betacoronavirus: Sarbecovirus)</strong> - By the end of 2021, about 200 studies on the effect of interferons (IFNs) on the incidence and course of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 (Coronaviridae: Coronavirinae: Betacoronavirus: Sarbecovirus) have been reported worldwide, with the number of such studies steadily increasing. This review discusses the main issues of the use of IFN drugs in this disease. The literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, RSCI databases, as well as in the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Challenges for rapamycin repurposing as a potential therapeutic candidate for COVID-19: implications for skeletal muscle metabolic health in older persons</strong> - The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has spread worldwide, resulting in over 6 million deaths as of March</li>
</ul>
<ol start="2022" type="1">
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">Older people have been disproportionately affected by the disease, as they have greater risk of hospitalization, are more vulnerable to severe infection, and have higher mortality than younger patients. Although effective vaccines have been rapidly developed…</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity and reactogenicity after booster dose with AZD1222 via intradermal route among adult who had received CoronaVac</strong> - CONCLUSION: Low-dose ID AZD1222 booster enhanced lower neutralizing antibodies at 3 months compared with IM route. Less systemic reactogenicity occurred, but higher local reactogenicity.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Treatment of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT)</strong> - Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a novel prothrombotic disorder characterized by thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation identified in hundreds of recipients of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford/AstraZeneca), an adenovirus vector coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine. VITT resembles heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) in that patients have platelet-activating anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies; however, whereas heparin typically enhances…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Type I interferon regulates proteolysis by macrophages to prevent immunopathology following viral infection</strong> - The ability to treat severe viral infections is limited by our understanding of the mechanisms behind virus-induced immunopathology. While the role of type I interferons (IFNs) in early control of viral replication is clear, less is known about how IFNs can regulate the development of immunopathology and affect disease outcomes. Here, we report that absence of type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) is associated with extensive immunopathology following mucosal viral infection. This pathology occurred…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Early and Rapid Identification of COVID-19 Patients with Neutralizing Type I Interferon Auto-antibodies</strong> - CONCLUSION: IFN-AABs may serve as early biomarker for the development of severe COVID-19. We propose to implement routine screening of hospitalized COVID-19 patients for rapid identification of patients with IFN-AABs who most likely benefit from specific therapies.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>25 (S)-Hydroxycholesterol acts as a possible dual enzymatic inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup> and RdRp-: an insight from molecular docking and dynamics simulation approaches</strong> - The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly extended globally and killed approximately 5.83 million people all over the world. But, to date, no effective therapeutic against the disease has been developed. The disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and enters the host cell through the spike glycoprotein (S protein) of the virus. Subsequently, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and main protease (M^(pro)) of the virus mediate viral…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dual targeting of RdRps of SARS-CoV-2 and the mucormycosis-causing fungus: an <em>in silico</em> perspective</strong> - During the past few months, mucormycosis has been associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections. Molecular docking combined with molecular dynamics simulation is utilized to test nucleotide-based inhibitors against the RdRps of SARS-CoV-2 solved structure and Rhizopus oryzae RdRp model built in silico. The results reveal a comparable binding affinity of sofosbuvir, galidesivir, ribavirin and remdesivir compared with the physiological nucleotide triphosphates against R. oryzae RdRp as well as the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 from <em>Neocarya macrophylla</em> (Sabine) Prance ex F. White: Chemoinformatic and Molecular Modeling Studies for Three Key Targets</strong> - CONCLUSION: The findings of this study have shown that N. macrophylla contains potential leads for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition and thus, should be studied further for development as therapeutic agents against COVID-19.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IL-25 blockade augments antiviral immunity during respiratory virus infection</strong> - IL-25 is implicated in the pathogenesis of viral asthma exacerbations. However, the effect of IL-25 on antiviral immunity has yet to be elucidated. We observed abundant expression and colocalization of IL-25 and IL-25 receptor at the apical surface of uninfected airway epithelial cells and rhinovirus infection increased IL-25 expression. Analysis of immune transcriptome of rhinovirus-infected differentiated asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) treated with an anti-IL-25 monoclonal…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Megakaryocytes in pulmonary diseases</strong> - Megakaryocytes (MKs) are typical cellular components in the circulating blood flowing from the heart into the lungs. Physiologically, MKs function as an important regulator of platelet production and immunoregulation. However, dysfunction in MKs is considered a trigger in various diseases. It has been described that the lung is an important site of platelet biogenesis from extramedullary MKs, which may play an essential role in various pulmonary diseases. With detailed studies, there are…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Curcumin inhibits spike protein of new SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) Omicron, an in silico study</strong> - CONCLUSION: To conclude, Curcumin can be considered as a potential therapeutic agent against the highly infectious Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Partisanship Is Biden’s Only Choice After the Supreme Court Leak</strong> - With the impending evisceration of Roe v. Wade, the President must contend with the reality of a broken system. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/what-choice-does-joe-biden-have">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Scooping the Supreme Court</strong> - The first Roe v. Wade leaks happened fifty years ago. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/05/16/scooping-the-supreme-court">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What J. D. Vance’s Victory in the Ohio Republican Primary Means for Trumpism</strong> - The “Hillbilly Elegy” author will be a strong favorite in the race for the U.S. Senate, where he would become one of its youngest and most controversial members. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-political-scene/what-j-d-vances-victory-in-the-ohio-republican-primary-%20means-for-trumpism">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Can Motherhood Be a Mode of Rebellion?</strong> - In “Essential Labor,” Angela Garbes argues that care work should be public and universal. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/under-review/can-motherhood-be-a-mode-of-rebellion">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sunday Reading: Abortion Rights and the Courts</strong> - From the archive: a selection of pieces about abortion rights and the courts. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/double-take/sunday-reading-abortion-rights-and-the-courts">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>The philosopher who warned us about loneliness and totalitarianism</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Photographic portrait of philosopher Hannah Arendt." src="https://cdn.vox-
cdn.com/thumbor/ObuifUyYhgngj5jXMzTqu1iJDjA=/0x0:4146x3110/1310x983/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70845236/135314633.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Hannah Arendt. | Fred Stein Archive/Archive Photos/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Revisiting Hannah Arendt’s ideas about social isolation and mass resentment.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="it1mIy">
If you asked me to name the most important political theorist of the 20th century, my answer would be Hannah Arendt.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rY5EPw">
You could make arguments for other philosophers — <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22822706/john-rawls-theory-of-justice">John Rawls comes to mind</a> — but I always come back to Arendt. She’s probably best known for her reporting on the 1961 trial of Nazi officer Adolf Eichmann, and for coining the phrase “the banality of evil,” a controversial claim about how ordinary people can<strong> </strong>commit extraordinarily evil acts.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Lb11Zt">
Like all the great thinkers from the past, Arendt understood her world better than most, and she remains an invaluable voice today. Arendt was born into a German-Jewish family in 1906, and she lived in East Prussia until she was forced to flee the Nazis in 1933. She then lived in Paris for the next eight years until the Nazis invaded France, at which point she fled a second time to the United States, where she lived the rest of her life as a professor and a public intellectual.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="J0FgzJ">
Arendt’s life and thought were shaped by her refugee experiences and by the horrors of the Holocaust. In massively ambitious books like <em>The Origins of Totalitarianism</em> and <em>The Human Condition</em>, she tried to make sense of the political pathologies of the 20th century. Reading her today can be a little disorienting. On the one hand, the way she writes, the regimes she describes, the technologies she’s worried about — it all feels very distant, from a totally different world, and she does have blind spots, namely on identity and race, that are glaring today.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IqsMrX">
And yet, at the same time, the threats she identifies and her insights about our inner lives seem as relevant today as they were 70 years ago. After Donald Trump was elected in 2016, her 1951 book on totalitarianism <a href="https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/19/trump-election-spurs-sales-of-books-about-white-working-class-and-
totalitarianism/">was selling</a> at 16 times its normal rate.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pUJzdg">
So I reached out to Lyndsey Stonebridge, a humanities professor at the University of Birmingham, for a recent episode of <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/vox-conversations/id1081584611"><em>Vox Conversations</em></a>. Stonebridge has written <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Judicial-Imagination-Writing-After-Nuremberg/dp/0748642358">two</a> <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/placeless-people-9780198797005?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;">books</a> about Arendt’s legacy and just finished a third about her life and ideas, coming out early next year. We talk about the relationship between loneliness and totalitarianism, what it means to <em>really</em> think, and what happens when the space for genuine political participation disappears.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SGFdjq">
Below is an excerpt, edited for length and clarity. As always, there’s much more in the full podcast, so listen and follow <em>Vox Conversations</em> on <a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/vox-conversations/id1215557536">Apple Podcasts</a>, <a href="https://podcasts.google.com/search/vox%20conversations">Google Podcasts</a>, <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/6NOJ6IkTb2GWMj1RpmtnxP">Spotify</a>, <a href="https://www.stitcher.com/show/vox-
conversations">Stitcher</a>, or wherever you listen to podcasts.
</p>
<div id="c149QK">
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rRPzVU">
</p>
<hr class="p-entry-hr" id="mSoTOi"/>
<h4 id="LtjDBX">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nWwODg">
Arendt was a political theorist who spent a lot of time thinking about loneliness, which seems like a subject for psychology, not political theory. Why did Arendt consider loneliness to be a political problem?
</p>
<h4 id="gCuEcf">
Lyndsey Stonebridge
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZuW7Kv">
It’s important not to separate loneliness from the material conditions that produce it. She’s talking about things like the disillusionment of people with the elites who are running Europe, unemployment, the end of the bourgeois dream, inflation — all these things. And like other thinkers, she understood loneliness as this peculiarly modern problem. It’s a problem that comes with individualism. It’s a problem that comes with capitalism. It’s a problem that comes with modernity.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="k04FDr">
Karl Marx will talk about alienation. Max Weber will talk about disenchantment. Simone Weil, another brilliant woman thinker who doesn’t get nearly enough attention, will also talk about uprootedness in the same way as Hannah Arendt. But [Arendt] talks about loneliness as a distinct modern problem.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YLWiwB">
When she finally gets to loneliness, she’s already been in America for 10 years and she’s looking in two directions. She looks both to Nazi totalitarianism, which just ended, but also to Soviet totalitarianism, which is still going mightily strong at the time. And she also looks toward her new home in America.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9yhoTi">
What she sees everywhere she looks is that loneliness is the result of a lack of a common ground of experience. This is what she’s getting at when she writes, “The ideal subject of totalitarian rule is not the convinced Nazi or the convinced Communist, but people for whom the distinction between fact and fiction, in other words, the reality of experience, and the distinction between true and false … people for whom those distinctions no longer exist.”
</p>
<h4 id="zQ8C7J">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CcdiTK">
In her book on totalitarianism, Arendt talks about the emergence of “the masses,” which is distinct from what we might think of as classes or interest groups, because those are groups that are by definition fighting for some common interest. She’s talking about the rise of an “unorganized mass” of “mostly furious individuals” with nothing in common except for their contempt for the present order. She calls this “negative solidarity” and it’s the raw material of totalitarianism, because it’s a world without connection and friendship, where the only basis of collective action is some kind of awful combination of anger and desperation.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="U9hED5">
How did the world get so lonely in the first place for her? Was it just the rise of capitalism and individualism?
</p>
<h4 id="BZJRyg">
Lyndsey Stonebridge
</h4></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4HBvlP">
Yeah, it’s that, but also much more. When I was re-reading<em> Origins of Totalitarianism </em>a couple of months ago, I was astonished by how often the word “hate” came into her conversation about the creation of the mass. She noticed that it’s really easy to work with people’s anger and whip up a mob, and she has this great statement in the book about the alliance between the mob and the elite and how the elite are quite good at spotting and using the hate that’s already there.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="j9hIeR">
I mean, she’s a historian, so she’s going to say it is things like unemployment. It is things like not being able to keep your home. And when you look at the early 20th century and look at those rates of inflation and unemployment, and then you have the World War and the civil wars across Europe, and then you have miss migration and so on, we’re not just talking about some kind of ennui here. This is raw, real stuff. It’s easy to raise a mob in these conditions. You’re starting with real anger.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zXB6tB">
This is the creation of the mass and it isn’t just fascism. This isn’t just populism. This is totalitarianism proper in Arendt’s mind. She says at one point, and this is a quote that’s resonated with me for a few years now, that “the masses’ escape from reality is a verdict against the world in which they’re forced to live.” Often the question is, well, how can people be so stupid? How can anyone fall for this? That’s the wrong way to think about it. Totalitarian politics is a verdict against the world in which people are forced to live. It’s a slap in the face. It’s a finger up against the real conditions of existence.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bxXcjC">
People will often refer to the masses as if they’re gullible and stupid, which on the one hand is just terrible politics. But on the other hand, it’s actually stupid. I mean, people aren’t stupid. A term that’s just as important as loneliness is cynicism. Totalitarianism works through cynicism. It’s crucial because it allows people to say, “They’re all the same, it’s all bullshit, isn’t it? It’s just politics, isn’t it?” What cynicism allows you to do is be gullible and disbelieving at the same time.
</p>
<h4 id="Y2gBzG">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pXSsOd">
Arendt thought that before a totalitarian ideology could overwhelm reality, it had to first ruin people’s relationship with themselves and others by making them so skeptical and so cynical that they could no longer rely upon their own judgment. So there’s that part of it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qMOXxk">
And then she imagines thinking as much more than an activity. She imagines it as a way of being. It is obviously something we do with ourselves, but the real gift of thinking isn’t all the great ideas and grand theories that intellectuals come up with. The gift of thinking is that as long as you’re doing it, you have the capacity to judge. Why is that so critical?
</p>
<h4 id="n2c6zP">
Lyndsey Stonebridge
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kArGGa">
So let’s just start with thinking, because getting from thinking to judgment is tricky in Arendt. Thinking, for her, is radically democratic. Everyone, she says, has that dialogue with themselves — not all the time, because obviously if you stop to think about what you’re doing all the time, you’d never get out of bed. But a lot of the time, we all have the capacity to think.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="S5g8eC">
We walk around the street. We lose ourselves in our thoughts, and being lost in thought is a gift for Arendt. She says this isn’t time-wasting. This isn’t frivolous. This is what thinking is and we need to take it seriously. She has this beautiful quote where she says, “What makes loneliness so unbearable is the loss of one’s own self, which can be realized in solitude, but confirmed in its identity only by the trusting and trustworthy company of my equals.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="s72NwP">
Solitude is very different from loneliness. Solitude is where I go to hear myself think, where I re-gather my thoughts, which makes me fit to return to the world, because I’m not clicking on a bloody “like” or “dislike” or I’m not following another pattern. I am thinking for myself, which, when things are really bad, is all we have.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vSDGcS">
But going back to judging, she argues that without the ability to think, there can not be any judgment. When she really saw that is when she looked at the Nazi officer Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem in 1961 in the courtroom: a self-important man chattering away, talking self-importantly, not even realizing who he was facing — the relatives and survivors of people he had murdered — and he just spoke in cliches. The longer she listened to him, the more obvious it became that his inability to speak was totally connected with his inability to think, namely, to think from the standpoint of someone else.
</p>
<h4 id="0PSAjg">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1eSfLr">
Arendt fled Nazism twice and eventually landed in New York in 1941. What did she make of America when she got here? Did she think we were lonely? Did she think Americans were thinking in ways that might help them avoid the totalitarian horrors she left behind in Europe?
</p>
<h4 id="tFQd9T">
Lyndsey Stonebridge
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oidvRE">
She had two visions of America. I often refer to Hannah Arendt having pigeon eyes because she tended to look at both sides of life. On the one hand, she was concerned about American culture, because she saw in the rise of consumer culture a tendency toward social conformity that had already been there.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OlbT5T">
When she arrived in America, she wrote to Karl Jaspers, her old teacher, and said, “It’s amazing. I can’t understand why a culture that has such a brilliant political foundation can be so socially conservative.” The more time she spent in America, the more worried she was about public relations and consumer capitalism and how that was taking America further and further away from what she understood to be its revolutionary tradition.
</p>
<h4 id="G33Vxj">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PeMi5p">
She lays all this out in a speech shortly after the Vietnam War ended, right?
</p>
<h4 id="2KBj4A">
Lyndsey Stonebridge
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2e3WMD">
Yeah, the last paper that she published was based on a talk that she gave in 1975. She was asked to speak a few weeks after the fall of Saigon, and she says, “this is what America has to face: It’s gone further and further away from itself into a culture in which politics is marketing, in which politics is PR.” For her, the fall of Saigon revealed that America had just suffered a humiliating and outright defeat.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5fXlqt">
Then she listed the things that led up to that. She talked about the Pentagon Papers and how they revealed that there was no purpose to that war other than maintaining the fiction that America was an all-powerful free nation — a fiction, by the way, that was good enough for other people’s children to die for. Watergate showed that this whole thing was being cooked up by a bunch of second-rate crooks. This was politics. This was American politics.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vyi7aw">
She insisted that we had to recognize that reality. And the reality was that America was not great and free and wonderful, it was not that powerful. We had just suffered a catastrophic loss, and we had jeopardized our politics at the same time. That’s what she called the “big lie,” a phrase that was picked up again when Trump pushed his own big lie about the election. She said that this is how totalitarianism works. You just invent an outrageous big lie and you stick to it.
</p>
<h4 id="RhWi0F">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3Ayx5x">
Would she say the algorithms are doing the thinking for us today?
</p>
<h4 id="YlbTY1">
Lyndsey Stonebridge
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QdnPxs">
Yeah, she would. You know, Arendt was often appalling on American race relations. She didn’t get Black America at all. But what she would’ve liked about Black Lives Matter, what she liked about the student movement at the time, was that it demonstrated the power of free people acting in concert, and she thought that would always be the saving grace because it was about the possibility of new beginnings.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="u2rJjj">
What she would’ve thought was tragic was everything being algorithmized into social media because then you don’t get the very messy business of politics, which is about sitting in rooms with people who are really pissy and annoying and trying to get something done. It’s not about clicking on theories. You actually have to deal with the messy reality of politics and action. What really would’ve appalled her today is the hemorrhaging of so much political energy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FyJLy1">
<em>To hear the rest of the conversation, </em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/6WyUeq4M5d9cDRQrVaJWVo?si=ShmmuFGFRV2D0sOTjGG0Zw"><em>click here</em></a><em>, and be sure to subscribe to </em>Vox Conversations<em> on </em><a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/vox-
conversations/id1215557536"><em>Apple Podcasts</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://podcasts.google.com/search/vox%20conversations"><em>Google Podcasts</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/6NOJ6IkTb2GWMj1RpmtnxP"><em>Spotify</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.stitcher.com/show/vox-conversations"><em>Stitcher</em></a><em>, or wherever you listen to podcasts.</em>
</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Biden’s 3 choices on student loans</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A person wearing a medical jacket holds a sign during a Cancel Student Debt rally outside the
US Department of Education in Washington, DC" src="https://cdn.vox-
cdn.com/thumbor/Ju1wNJhWRZHdyCXTBC0QpNhNZLw=/208x0:5541x4000/1310x983/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70845153/1239749458.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
A person wearing a medical jacket holds a sign during a Cancel Student Debt rally outside the US Department of Education. | Stefani Reynolds/AFP via Getty
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
As liberal pressure builds on Joe Biden to cancel some student loan debt, here are options he might consider.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jzDVHC">
Before abortion rights seized the national spotlight this week, student loans, and competing proposals for how to handle the nearly $1.7 trillion of debt owed by more than 40 million Americans, were at the top of the White House’s agenda. President Joe Biden seems to be warming up to a plan to cancel at least some amount of debt before the current pause on loan payments expires in September — just weeks before the midterm elections.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cZrJ4d">
Biden was never a big fan of using the presidency to cancel debt, but after <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/04/26/biden-cancel-student-loans/">meeting</a> with members of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus last week and facing plummeting approval ratings in an election year, <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/27/administration-signals-student-loan-forgiveness-decision-may-come-
soon.html">reports</a> <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/mass-student-debt-cancellation-legally-risky-says-top-
obama-education-lawyer-11651689489">suggest</a> that action is coming. His press secretary and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CZZv_vNxiU">chief of staff</a> have both said that he’ll announce a plan, or extend the current payment pause again to have more time to make a decision.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="y20QK8">
Biden has already extended the pause four times (former president Donald Trump issued the first pause, then extended it twice), amounting to about $200 billion <a href="https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2022/03/student-loan-repayment-during-the-
pandemic-forbearance/">worth of savings</a>, but pressure from liberal activists and Democratic lawmakers is building. Student loan experts told Vox it’s important to use two frames to understand what kind of debt relief is coming: the amount of money that would be forgiven and who receives that forgiveness.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RzTIct">
Progressives want Biden to go big, pushing for the maximum amount of forgiveness with the lightest eligibility requirements. They say the stakes are high for Biden and his party, given the high likelihood that Democrats lose control of Congress after elections this year—in part because of low turnout from Democratic voters in midterm elections and lackluster enthusiasm from activist-minded young voters and other members of the party base.
</p>
<h3 id="w0KXmo">
The first scenario: Biden cancels up to $10,000 of student loans
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="U2sUj7">
This seems to be a likely option. In the 2020 Democratic primaries, Biden said he supported congressional action to eliminate up to $10,000 of student loans, while his rivals to the left argued for more ambitious proposals. Reports <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2022/04/30/white-house-
student-loans/">suggest</a> he has since become more amenable to using executive action to cancel federal loans, but he doesn’t seem likely to implement this option without some conditions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="snSjAP">
“[T]he goal, right, is to make sure it’s targeted at people who need help the most,” White House press secretary Jen Psaki said last week. Administration officials have been debating those eligibility requirements, which could include an income-based limit using tax returns or pay stubs (likely to be a <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-03/biden-team-
eyes-125-000-income-cutoff-for-student-debt-relief">$125,000 income cap</a>), whether the institution a borrower attended was a public or private school, the kind of loan that was taken out, and whether the loan was used for undergraduate or graduate studies.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lOMcM0">
The move would definitely provide relief, canceling out debt for about 32 percent of borrowers, or about 13 million people, according to an <a href="https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Eaton%20et%20al%20analysis_05.03.22.pdf">analysis</a> prepared for Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) by scholars for the Roosevelt Institute, a progressive think tank. Two million Black borrowers would see their debt erased, and among those borrowers who now owe more than they did when they took out a loan, this level of relief would zero out the debt of 14 percent of those borrowers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fUaWHQ">
But the average student debt that Americans hold is about $30,000 — meaning the vast majority of debt holders would still be on the hook for payments. Any amount of forgiveness is unpopular with <a href="https://thehill.com/policy/finance/3474583-gop-
steps-up-attacks-on-canceling-student-debt/">conservative figures</a>, and progressives like Rep. Alexandria Ocasio- Cortez (D-NY) argue that the figure wouldn’t make a meaningful amount of difference for many people. And the $10,000 figure would cost about <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/02/12/putting-student-loan-forgiveness-in-
perspective-how-costly-is-it-and-who-benefits/">$373 billion</a> to roll out— about as much as the amount the federal government has spent on welfare (the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program) in the last <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/02/12/putting-student-loan-forgiveness-in-perspective-how-costly-is-
it-and-who-benefits/">20 years</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="o6zwGo">
Still, this move has broad <a href="https://www.filesforprogress.org/datasets/2022/2/dfp_student_split_tabs.pdf">support</a>, including among <a href="https://allianceforyouthaction.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2022/01/National-Survey-Results-Young-People-on-
the-State-of-the-Nation.pdf">young people</a>, and if canceling any amount of student debt contributes to inflation, this option inflicts the least damage.
</p>
<h3 id="gNF01D">
The second scenario: Biden cancels between $10,000 and $50,000 of student loans
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ts4ADE">
This option seems a little less likely, but not out of the question. Biden has said he is looking at under $50,000 of forgiveness per person, about what Warren and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) have <a href="https://thehill.com/news/senate/3266646-schumer-white-house-closer-to-cancelling-student-
debt-than-ever-before/">demanded</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hZ0xrC">
Biden likely wouldn’t go to the maximum dollar amount here and would probably stick to the $125,000 income cap, experts told me. But any additional $10,000 in relief over the first $10,000 would make massive differences for the least well-off borrowers, according to the Roosevelt authors: “Every dollar of student debt cancellation counts, but bigger is better for advancing racial equity and economic security,” Charlie Eaton, an assistant professor at UC Merced, and four other scholars write.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TZqz15">
With $20,000 of relief, student loan debt for half of borrowers, about 20 million people, would be erased. Each additional $10,000 increase <a href="https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Eaton%20et%20al%20analysis_05.03.22.pdf">results</a> in nearly an additional 10 percent increase in debt-free borrowers. But that full $50,000 figure would cost about $1 trillion — more than has been spent on Pell Grants or housing assistance since 2000 — and has lower though <a href="https://www.filesforprogress.org/datasets/2022/2/dfp_student_split_tabs.pdf">broad support</a> among Democrats, independents, and <a href="https://allianceforyouthaction.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2022/01/National-Survey-
Results-Young-People-on-the-State-of-the-Nation.pdf">young people</a>. It would also likely <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/28/politics/biden-student-loan-debt-forgiveness-problem/index.html">worsen</a> inflation somewhat, though not as much as full debt cancellation.
</p>
<h3 id="sYpf5R">
The third scenario: Biden cancels all student loan debt for everyone, or for borrowers with more than $50,000 of debt
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ls7POa">
This option has extremely low odds of happening, not only because Biden has said that more than <a href="https://nypost.com/2022/04/28/biden-concerned-about-possible-2023-recession/">$50,000</a> of relief is off the table. The full $1.7 trillion price tag would be more than the federal government has spent on either the earned income tax credit or unemployment insurance since 2000, and would increase the inflation rate by between 0.1 and 0.5 percentage points over a 12-month period, according to the fiscally conservative <a href="https://www.crfb.org/blogs/cancelling-
student-debt-would-add-inflation">Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget</a>. Universal debt cancellation would also <a href="https://www.crfb.org/blogs/means-testing-student-debt-cancellation-still-costly-and-
regressive">disproportionately</a> <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/student-loan-forgiveness-is-regressive-
whether-measured-by-income-education-or-wealth/">benefit</a> a lot of the wealthiest Americans, since more than half of outstanding debt is owed by people with <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/10/09/who-owes-the-most-
in-student-loans-new-data-from-the-fed/">graduate degrees</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CDfE1s">
Still, progressives are pushing for this option hardest, and groups like the Student Debt Crisis Center are calling for a suspension of any eligibility requirements or applications. Herein lies a tension: Targeting relief at all goes a long way toward making sure the lowest-income borrowers get the bulk of the help, but the Department of Education lacks the means to implement a massive screening effort to review applications. Right now, the Department is already struggling to implement smaller, targeted relief efforts the Biden administration has already rolled out, according to Adam Minsky, an independent student debt lawyer.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9nh5WX">
“Even if it’s fairly broad [requirements], there are a lot of legitimate concerns that some sort of means testing or other mechanisms to limit eligibility could be a huge problem administratively,” he said. “The Department of Education is already strapped trying to rapidly implement all of these changes, and you’re going to add something else on top of that that potentially could impact millions and millions of borrowers.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gBoA6p">
Inaction seems unlikely, but any of these moves is a political gamble. Though some kind of relief polls well, it is <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/04/should-biden-forgive-student-loan-
debt/629700/">not the top concern</a> of most voters. As the Atlantic’s David Frum <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/biden-student-loan-forgiveness-popularity/629752/">has written</a>, student-loan forgiveness carries the risk of being seen as “a tax on the voters whom the Democratic Party most desperately needs to regain,” non-college-educated and working-class Americans, while also slowing efforts to combat inflation and only leaving some of the most progressive members of his party happy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HGegaZ">
Regardless of which path is chosen, Natalia Abrams, the president of the Student Debt Crisis Center, told me progressives will have won at least one battle. The president’s legal authority to cancel student debt is an open question, but “if this happened, President Biden will be agreeing that the President and the Department of Education do have the authority to cancel student debt,” Abram said. “We can continue to push for more. We can agree that this is a lever and if they can cancel $10,000, they can cancel $50,000. And then they can cancel all of it.”
</p></li>
<li><strong>The EU can’t quite get it together on a Russian oil embargo</strong> -
<figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><img alt="European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen announced a proposed Russian oil embargo,
but it has yet to be adopted." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/UB8i8wwi-
aaKXmi5vFSqRCVJuX4=/232x0:3944x2784/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70843851/1240482031.0.jpg"/></p>
<figcaption>
Can the European Union effectively say goodbye to Russian oil? | Pau Barrena/AFP via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Even if an embargo takes effect, Russia may not feel it much in the short term.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AFc3hc">
European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen announced a proposal this week for the European Union to <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-lay-out-new-sanctions-russia-targeting-oil-
imports-2022-05-04/">impose a gradual embargo on Russian oil</a> as part of its harshest sanctions package yet. The biggest obstacle to such a move? The bloc has yet to agree on when and how those controls will be instituted — not only signaling disunity in the bloc’s response to the invasion of Ukraine, but also potentially softening the embargo’s intended economic blow, at least in the short term.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ta76jG">
Von der Leyen, who heads the legislative arm of the EU, announced the plan as part of a broader sanctions package, which includes banning Russian propaganda outlets from broadcasting in the EU, imposing individual sanctions on Russian generals involved in the massacre at Bucha and the siege at Mariupol in Ukraine, and removing three banks, including SberBank — Russia’s largest — from the SWIFT payments system. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/2/germany-drops-opposition-to-russian-oil-ban">EU member nations like Germany</a> previously resisted the call to cut off Russian oil, citing the damage it could have on their own economies; von der Leyen addressed those concerns, saying, “Let us be clear: it will not be easy. Some Member States are strongly dependent on Russian oil. But we simply have to work on it.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PmQ17Q">
Von der Leyen further explained that the embargo will apply to “all Russian oil, seaborne and pipeline, crude and refined,” and that the EU will eliminate its dependence on Russian oil in “an orderly fashion,” by “[phasing] out Russian supply of crude oil within six months and refined products by the end of the year.” But shortly after the announcement, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia piped up with<a href="https://www.ft.com/content/b859a4b0-65ed-49ff-ba6d-6bd9569d04ff"> concerns that they wouldn’t have enough time</a> to transition away from Russian oil before their extended deadlines— which would wreak havoc on their economies. Hungary, whose leader <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/hungarys-orban-
says-he-asked-putin-apply-ceasefire-ukraine-2022-04-06/">Viktor Orbán</a> has maintained ties with Russian President Vladimir Putin, threatened to reject the EU’s sanctions package should Hungary not be permitted to continue importing Russian crude oil via pipelines. Since EU proposals require unanimity from all member states to enact, Hungary’s veto would torpedo the whole package.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LtCVe0">
And Greece, Malta, and Cyprus brought up issues of their own, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-eu-cyprus/eu-must-heed-greece-malta-cyprus-concerns-on-oil-ban-
cyprus-idUSL5N2WY4QQ">Reuters reported Friday</a>. Those nations have the largest shipping fleets in the EU; they raised concerns about the effect the embargo would have on their shipping industries. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/world/europe/eu-russia-oil-
embargo.html?action=click&amp;module=RelatedLinks&amp;pgtype=Article">Greek tankers in particular</a> shipped about half of all Russian oil exports in the weeks following the invasion.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OZ1uHG">
“We are against the Russian invasion and of course in favor of sanctions. But these sanctions should be targeted, and not selective in serving some member states and leaving others exposed,” Cyprus’s President Nicos Anastasiades said at a press conference.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="X7Z1dT">
As of this weekend, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-tweaks-russia-oil-sanctions-plan-bid-
win-over-reluctant-states-source-2022-05-06/">negotiations are ongoing</a> to turn around a sanctions package that meets the needs of all member nations, but it’s unclear when the bloc will agree on a final deal — and why von der Leyen announced the package before all states were in agreement.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="k5729m">
Vox made several attempts to reach the European Commission for comment on the status of the negotiations, but did not receive a response by press time.
</p></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Rd0niV">
This is the EU’s sixth sanctions package — and its most complicated yet
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="L4zojA">
As von der Leyen said, this is the most significant and complex sanctions package the EC is poised to impose on Russia for its invasion of Ukraine. That means engaging in difficult negotiations and balancing competing needs and priorities.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EzKCFa">
Upon Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on February 24, “there were calls for an embargo almost immediately,” Thane Gustafson, a political science professor at Georgetown University and author of the book <em>Klimat: Russia in the age of Climate Change,</em> told Vox on Saturday. “It’s taken some time to put things on the drawing board.” Given the challenge of getting all 27 member states on board with an oil embargo, Wednesday’s announcement actually came about fairly quickly; but that also indicates that EC members and leadership are “playing this by ear,” Gustafson said, hence the outcry from Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and others.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="E5hbdh">
Those nations don’t have energy alternatives to sustain their economies as of right now, which is why Hungary and Slovakia were initially offered an additional year — until the end of 2023 — to comply with the embargo. Hungary has requested an exemption to the import of crude oil by pipeline, and Slovakia and the Czech Republic are arguing for longer transition periods, according to <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/b859a4b0-65ed-49ff-ba6d-6bd9569d04ff">the Financial Times.</a> Although the details are still under discussion, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-tweaks-russia-oil-sanctions-plan-bid-win-
over-reluctant-states-source-2022-05-06/">reporting from Reuters on Friday</a> indicated that the EC will extend the timelines for those countries to wean themselves off of Russian oil and provide assistance for refinery upgrades.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7emu3V">
“The key thing is to bring the Hungarians on board,” Gustafson said. “There will be bargaining both ways,” he told Vox. That’s because of the EC principle of unanimity, not because Hungary — or, for that matter, Slovakia or the Czech Republic — consume enough Russian oil for their participation in the ban to matter in an economic sense, since Hungarian and Slovak imports account for only about 6 percent of the EU’s Russian oil imports, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-tweaks-russia-oil-sanctions-plan-bid-win-over-reluctant-states-
source-2022-05-06/">according to Reuters</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="qrbKbE">
Will these sanctions deliver the intended blow to the Russian economy?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="r9FR6k">
While Gustafson believes that there will be a decision on the oil embargo, “in the near term, it’s going to be a muted blow.” For one, there are still nations that will purchase Russian oil in the short term — although eventually, Gustafson told Vox, Russia will run out of the capacity to ship or store enough oil to make up for the losses from the EU embargo, thus forcing the industry to slow production, resulting in prices being driven down.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NF9p5y">
But according to <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/04/eu-russia-oil-
phaseout-ukraine/">the Wednesday Group</a>, which tracks Russian oil exports, price increases on fuel have meant that Russia is raking in about as much money from sales as it did prior to the<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/03/08/biden-bans-russian-oil-imports/"> US decision to ban Russian oil imports back in March</a>. Though <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/03/08/russia-oil-imports-
ban/">the EU is the largest importer of Russian oil</a>, the staggered transition timeline that the EC is proposing could potentially give Russia more time to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/03/business/russia-china-energy-
ukraine.html">negotiate exports to other nations</a>; that’s already happening with India, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/04/eu-russia-oil-phaseout-ukraine/">the Washington Post reports</a>,
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1zRn59">
The proposed ban is a major shift from EU policy just two months ago, when the bloc refused to join the full US embargo on Russian energy products. At that time, the bloc unveiled a plan to <a href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-europe-paris-european-
union-f48482d9cc49497c186f85f556181322">cut down on natural gas dependence by two-thirds by the end of this year</a>; Wednesday’s announcement didn’t address that pledge or the topic of natural gas at all.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wHyvlo">
The natural gas question is complex, certainly, and Russia has been able to weaponize the resource, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/04/26/russia-cuts-gas-bulgaria-poland-gazprom/">cutting off flows to Poland and Bulgaria</a> for their refusal to buy it with rubles last month. Part of the issue, Gustafson explained, is that natural gas exports are governed by <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-05/austria-could-
require-years-to-cut-off-russian-gas-entirely">long-term contracts </a>which can employ “take-or-pay” clauses — as in, a country either takes the product or pays for a specific amount even if it doesn’t take the gas. Shutting off access, therefore, isn’t just a matter of refusing to purchase the commodity. Finding an alternative source for natural gas isn’t that straightforward, either. The infrastructure to replace natural gas imports from Russia with imports from other countries like the US <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/business/energy-environment/natural-gas-europe-
russia-ukraine.html">doesn’t yet exist at the necessary scale</a> — and increased production and use would likely severely compromise climate goals.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fB10Mf">
Furthermore, Russia’s natural gas exports — both shipments as liquid natural gas and via pipelines like the now-scuttled Nord Stream 2 — have actually increased since the beginning of the war, according to the <a href="https://energyandcleanair.org/publication/russian-fossil-exports-first-two-
months/">Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4qzkig">
But “the biggest question is Germany,” Gustafson said. The biggest economy in the EU, Germany relies heavily on Russian natural gas to heat homes and power its economy; dismantling that infrastructure without triggering a recession with wide-ranging effects will be a delicate negotiation indeed. Germany long ago developed “very elaborate” partnerships with Russia, Gustafson noted, particularly after the fall of the Soviet Union. Germany’s thinking was that <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/08/podcasts/the-daily/germany-russia-oil-gas.html">such economic interdependence would ensure peace in Europe</a>, which The Daily explained in an episode last month. The invasion of Ukraine undid decades of peace, and Germany’s energy transition will have to undo decades of cooperation with and dependence on Russian sources.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IYFwm5">
If and when the EC unanimously decides a path forward to wrest EU member nations from dependence on Russian fuel, it’s not clear what the desired effect of an oil or all-out fuel embargo would be. Theoretically, the goal of cutting off profits from Russia’s fuel industry is to stop Putin’s war machine by bleeding the Russian economy. It could take quite a long time before the EU’s embargo has that significant of an effect, though.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2EWVJy">
Wednesday’s announcement doesn’t appear to have altered Putin’s viewpoint, either. The Kremlin’s response to the embargo proposal has been in line with its attitude toward Western involvement in the war, Gustafson told Vox: “The dominant response, and certainly the public response, is defiance, and defiance toward the West.”
</p>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>La Liga: Barcelona secure Champions League spot with 2-1 Betis win</strong> - Barcelona veterans Alba and Dani Alves combined in the final seconds of the game, and the left-back lashed the ball past goalkeeper Rui Silva with a superbly-taken, first-time volley</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Forest Flame and Triple Wish please</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Premier League: It’s not a funeral, says Klopp after Spurs draw</strong> - Liverpool manager Juergen Klopp told his side to stop behaving as if they had attended a funeral after a 1-1 draw against Tottenham Hotspur on Saturday dealt a serious blow to their title challenge and handed the advantage to Manchester City</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Miami Grand Prix | Leclerc seizes pole position in Ferrari front row sweep</strong> - Verstappen lines up third; Hamilton sixth for Mercedes</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pujara scores fourth successive ton in county cricket for Sussex</strong> - Pujara came out on top against Middlesex’s Shaheen Afridi, and completed 500 runs for the season in only four games</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cong. failed as able Oppn., allowing BJP to run amok: TRS</strong> - Implement your Warangal promises in States ruled by Cong. first, Rahul told</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dindigul Reader’s Mail</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>BJP seeks DGP probe into inter-faith marriage murder</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Lord Ram doesn't bless those with ‘fake’ emotions: Sanjay Raut on Raj Thackeray's upcoming Ayodhya visit</strong> - BJP MP Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh has also opposed Raj Thackeray's visit to Ayodhya</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>TS wait for Centre’s nod for raising OMBs continues</strong> - Delay cause of concern due to Rythu Bandhu kharif instalment in June</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>‘We tried not to watch’ - escapees recount terror of Russian-occupied Izyum</strong> - Two women recall what happened when Russia took over a strategically-important city in the Donbas.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Civilians now out of Azovstal plant in Mariupol</strong> - All elderly people, women and children have left the Azovstal plant in Mariupol, say Ukraine and Russia.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Returning to the place my father was killed</strong> - As Vadim and his father tried to rescue their dogs, they were fired upon by a convoy they believe was Russian.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Moskva sinking: US gave intelligence that helped Ukraine sink Russian cruiser - reports</strong> - The Pentagon has not commented, but a spokesman said the US gave intelligence to help Ukraine’s defence.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Who is Alina Kabaeva, Putin’s alleged girlfriend?</strong> - The EU is proposing to sanction Alina Kabaeva, an ex-gymnast turned media boss close to President Vladimir Putin.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Museum rigs up multi-screen N64 GoldenEye to prevent “screencheating”</strong> - Step one: Spend thousands on outdated CRT signal processing tech. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1852894">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Corals convert sunscreen chemical into a toxin that kills them</strong> - The chemical in the sunblock is fine until the coral alters it. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1852873">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Small drones are giving Ukraine an unprecedented edge</strong> - Consumer drones are having a huge impact on the country’s defense against Russia. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1852831">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>An encyclopedia of geology that’s less a reference than a journey</strong> - Rocks are not nouns but verbs, says Marcia Bjornerud in her new book. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1830359">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Why Severance is one of the best shows on TV</strong> - This Apple TV+ show is bonkers in the best way. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1852550">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>what is Amber Heard’s favorite board game?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
<strong>SCATAGORIE</strong>
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/CautiousTeam3220"> /u/CautiousTeam3220 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ukww30/what_is_amber_heards_favorite_board_game/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ukww30/what_is_amber_heards_favorite_board_game/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Guy is at the doctor.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He says “Doc. I can’t fart. I feel like I’m gonna explode because I’m so full of gas, but I just can’t fart.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
So the Doc says “Okay show me.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
So Guy pushes really hard and tries his best to make a fart. Eventually he makes a little fart that goes “Pfft, honda.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The doc has a look and he says “I see what the problem is. You have an abscess.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
So they book Guy in for surgery and when he wakes up Doc goes to see him. He says “How are you feeling.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Guy says “Not good I still really need to fart.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Doc says “Well go ahead.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
So Guy farts and it goes “KAWASAKI!!!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Guy says “Wow that’s much better. How did you know that was the problem.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Docs says “Ahh. Abscess makes the fart go Honda.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/flodge123"> /u/flodge123 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/uku5dn/guy_is_at_the_doctor/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/uku5dn/guy_is_at_the_doctor/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>“As one door closes, another one opens,” he said.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“That’s all well and good,” I said, “But until you fix it, I’m not buying the car.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/kickypie"> /u/kickypie </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ukq55e/as_one_door_closes_another_one_opens_he_said/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ukq55e/as_one_door_closes_another_one_opens_he_said/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>PETA is like a box of chocolates</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
They kill dogs
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/YZXFILE"> /u/YZXFILE </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/uke84r/peta_is_like_a_box_of_chocolates/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/uke84r/peta_is_like_a_box_of_chocolates/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>A Californian, a Texan and a local are drinking at a bar in Big Sky, MT</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
After a little bit, The Californian finishes his martini, turns and throws his glass against the wall.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The Bartender, shocked, asks him why the hell he did that.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Californian replies that where he’s from, they make so much money they don’t have to drink out of the same glass twice.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The Texan then finishes his whiskey, turns, and throws his glass against the wall as well.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Bartender looks at him and asks why he did that.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Texan replies that where he’s from they have so much oil they don’t have to drink out of the same glass twice.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
About this time the local Montanan finishes his beer, turns to the other patrons, draws his gun and shoots them both dead.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Without waiting he tells the Bartender that around here there’s so many Californians and Texans he doesn’t have to drink with the same ones twice.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/RelentlessSA"> /u/RelentlessSA </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ukiwt9/a_californian_a_texan_and_a_local_are_drinking_at/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ukiwt9/a_californian_a_texan_and_a_local_are_drinking_at/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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