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<title>10 June, 2023</title>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Attitudes towards science during the COVID-19 pandemic: A psychological network approach</strong> -
<div>
A better understanding of the public attitude towards science could be crucial to tackle the spread of mis- and disinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. We here contribute to this understanding by conceptualizing and analyzing the attitude toward science as a psychological network. For this analysis, we utilized data from a German probability sample (N = 1,009), the “Science Barometer”, collected during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, our network analysis revealed that especially the perceived value of science for curbing the pandemic is central to the attitude towards science. Beliefs about this value are related to trust in science and trust in scientific information and to positive and negative evaluations of scientific controversy and complexity. Further, valuing common sense over science was related to seeking less scientific information on official websites, suggesting that this belief, in particular, may drive mis- and disinformation and could be a promising target for interventions. Finally, we found no evidence that seeking scientific information on social media had detrimental consequences for the attitude towards science. Implications for health communication and science communication, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/zrwy9/" target="_blank">Attitudes towards science during the COVID-19 pandemic: A psychological network approach</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>How do Good and Bad News Impact Mood During the Covid-19 Pandemic? The Role of Similarity</strong> -
<div>
How do media reports about the Covid-19 pandemic influence our mood? Building on the social comparison theory, we predicted that reading negative news affecting a similar group would result in an impaired mood. In contrast, reading negative news about a dissimilar group should lead to improved mood. To test this, 150 undergraduate students read positive or negative news about the well-being of a similar or dissimilar group during the pandemic. As predicted, a mood assimilation effect occurred for similar groups, whilst a contrast effect occurred for a dissimilar group. The findings suggest that media reports can have a strong impact on mood. The direction of these effects, however, seems to depend strongly on social comparison processes.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/sy2kd/" target="_blank">How do Good and Bad News Impact Mood During the Covid-19 Pandemic? The Role of Similarity</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The Perception of Infection Risks during the Early and Later Outbreak of COVID-19 in Germany: Consequences and Recommendations</strong> -
<div>
In three studies (N = 1,055), we investigated the determinants and consequences of the perception of infection risks during the early and later outbreak of COVID-19 in Germany. Individuals’ perceived COVID-19 infection risk was reasonably in line with experts’ assessment but changed over time. The probability of the rare event of getting severely sick and hospitalized was overestimated. Overestimation increased in the exponential growth phase of the pandemic and later on decreased again, showing an inverse U-shaped pattern. Individuals showed biases in their risk perception concerning overconfidence and the underestimation of exponential growth of infection cases in the early phase of the pandemic. Forecasts were more accurate after the growth curve had flattened. Risk perceptions increased with perceived dread and tended to increase with perceived control over infection, the evaluation of scientific and own knowledge about the pandemic. Approval for the introduction of stricter governmental measures and acceptance of future vaccination measures was mainly influenced by rational utilitarian factors of risk perception (probabilities and utilities of outcomes). These rational influences were mediated by dread, but dread had an additional potentially irrational effect. Adherence to governmental recommendations was mainly driven by dread and positive expected long-term consequences of the measures. To a smaller degree, adherence increased with perceived personal consequences of infection and decreased with negative expected short-term consequences of these measures. Implications for theory development are discussed and recommendations to handle virus outbreaks are derived.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/wdbgc/" target="_blank">The Perception of Infection Risks during the Early and Later Outbreak of COVID-19 in Germany: Consequences and Recommendations</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Prolonged viral shedding from noninfectious individuals confounds wastewater-based epidemiology</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Wastewater surveillance has been widely used to track and estimate SARS-CoV-2 incidence. While both infectious and recovered individuals shed virus into wastewater, epidemiological inferences using wastewater often only consider the viral contribution from the former group. Yet, the persistent shedding in the latter group could confound wastewater-based epidemiological inference, especially during the late stage of an outbreak when the recovered population outnumbers the infectious population. To determine the impact of recovered individuals9 viral shedding on the utility of wastewater surveillance, we develop a quantitative framework that incorporates population-level viral shedding dynamics, measured viral RNA in wastewater, and an epidemic dynamic model. We find that the viral shedding from the recovered population can become higher than the infectious population after the transmission peak, which leads to a decrease in the correlation between wastewater viral RNA and case report data. Furthermore, the inclusion of recovered individuals9 viral shedding into the model predicts earlier transmission dynamics and slower decreasing trends in wastewater viral RNA. The prolonged viral shedding also induces a potential delay in the detection of new variants due to the time needed to generate enough new cases for a significant viral signal in an environment dominated by virus shed by the recovered population. This effect is most prominent toward the end of an outbreak and is greatly affected by both the recovered individuals9 shedding rate and shedding duration. Our results suggest that the inclusion of viral shedding from non-infectious recovered individuals into wastewater surveillance research is important for precision epidemiology.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.23291144v1" target="_blank">Prolonged viral shedding from noninfectious individuals confounds wastewater-based epidemiology</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Intragroup differences in COVID-19 vaccine attitudes among Black Americans</strong> -
<div>
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Black Americans threatens to further magnify racial inequities in COVID-19 related health outcomes that emerged in the earliest stages of the pandemic. Here we shed new light on attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines by considering intragroup variation. Rather than analyzing Blacks as a homogenous group, we examine the relationship between COVID-19 vaccine attitudes and the extent to which participants are aligned with African American versus White culture (i.e., level of “acculturation”). In a sample of N=997 Black Americans, we find that stronger alignment with African American culture predicts substantially more negative attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination, above and beyond variation explained by age, gender, education, and socioeconomic status. This relationship was substantially attenuated when controlling for suspicion of the healthcare system, but not perceptions that healthcare system treats Blacks unfairly, science knowledge, or cognitive reflection. The intragroup differences among Blacks in COVID-19 vaccine perceptions uncovered here provide insights into designing interventions that provide health information that targets the relevant factors for vaccine hesitancy in differing subgroups.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/r3vem/" target="_blank">Intragroup differences in COVID-19 vaccine attitudes among Black Americans</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>On the disposition to think analytically: Four distinct intuitive-analytic thinking styles</strong> -
<div>
Many measures have been developed to index intuitive versus analytic thinking. Yet it remains an open question whether people primarily vary along a single dimension or if there are genuinely different types of thinking styles. We distinguish between four distinct types of thinking styles: Actively Open-minded Thinking, Close-minded Thinking, Preference for Intuitive Thinking, and Preference for Effortful Thinking. We discovered strong predictive validity across several outcome measures (e.g., epistemically suspect beliefs, bullshit receptivity, empathy, moral judgments), with some subscales having stronger predictive validity for some outcomes but not others. Furthermore, Actively Open-minded Thinking, in particular, strongly outperformed the Cognitive Reflection Test in predicting misperceptions about COVID-19 and the ability to discern between vaccination-related true and false news. Our results indicate that people do, in fact, differ along multiple dimensions of intuitive-analytic thinking styles and that these dimensions have consequences for understanding a wide range of beliefs and behaviors.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/r5wez/" target="_blank">On the disposition to think analytically: Four distinct intuitive-analytic thinking styles</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Concerns about data integrity of 30 randomized clinical trials from one author.</strong> -
<div>
Introduction In 2021, we learnt about the problems in studies on ivermectin and hydrocholoroquine in COVID-19. We noticed an appreciable number of unfunded randomised clinical trials (RCTs) on the treatment of COVID-19 conducted across three centres in Egypt (Tanta University, Assiut University, Ain-shams University) on COVID-19 patients with similar inclusion criteria and overlapping time frames. Dr Sherief M Abd-Elsalam ran seven such RCTs across these three centres; four of these RCTs have since been retracted. We therefore set out to systematically analyse the integrity of all RCTs (co-)authored by Dr Abd-Elsalam, in particular 23 RCTs on Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Methods We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and clinical trial registries for RCTs published by Dr Sherief M Abd-Elsalam, affiliated with the Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt. We assessed trial registration, tables for identical data values, statistical errors, and improbable data trends. We assessed the probability of true randomization by assessing baseline characteristics through a Monte Carlo Analysis. Results We report on 30 published randomized control trials (RCTs) of Dr. Sherief Abd-Elsalam, in particular 23 RCTs on Gastroenterology and Hepatology. We found important issues in all RCTs examined. Of these 23 RCTs, 10 RCTs had substantial trial registration inconsistencies. Only one of these 10 RCTs has been retracted to date. We found nine RCTs with substantial statistical mistakes, five RCTs with similarities between tables unlikely to happen by chance, four RCTs with implausible Gaussian distributions, three RCTs in which almost all dichotomous variables had even values, while part of at least one study was plagiarized. Monte Carlo analysis indicated that the probability that distribution of baseline characteristics due to randomisation was 0.0000228. According to the trial registration, Dr. Abd-Elsalam is coordinating 76 clinical trials with 45 trials currently marked as ‘Recruiting’ and 17 trials marked as ‘Unknown Status’ as of November 2022. Interpretation We strongly recommend a thorough investigation of the data integrity of all RCTs by Dr Sherief M Abd-Elsalam by journal editors. Until the completion of such an investigation, we suggest that none of these studies are used to inform clinical practice.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/vjcnp/" target="_blank">Concerns about data integrity of 30 randomized clinical trials from one author.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The Your COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool and the Accompanying Open Access Data and Materials Repositories</strong> -
<div>
In March 2020, the Your COVID-19 Risk tool was developed in response to the global spread of SARS-CoV-2. The tool is an online resource based on key behavioural evidence-based risk factors related to contracting and spreading SARS-CoV-2. This article describes the development of the tool, the produced resources, the associated open repository, and initial results. This tool was developed by a multidisciplinary research team consisting of more than 150 international experts. This project leverages knowledge obtained in behavioural science, aiming to promote behaviour change by assessing risk and supporting individuals completing the assessment tool to protect themselves and others from infection. To enable iterative improvements of the tool, tool users can optionally answer questions about behavioural determinants. The data and results are openly shared to support governments and health agencies developing behaviour change interventions. Over 60 000 users in more than 150 countries have assessed their risk and provided data.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/b8n5g/" target="_blank">The Your COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool and the Accompanying Open Access Data and Materials Repositories</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Anti-Viral and Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Effect of RAGE-Ig Protein Against Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Demonstrated in K18-hACE2 Mouse and Syrian Golden Hamster Models</strong> -
<div>
Significance: SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOCs) continue to evolve and re-emerge with chronic inflammatory long-COVID sequelae necessitating the development of anti-inflammatory therapeutic molecules. Therapeutic effects of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE) were reported in many inflammatory diseases. However, a therapeutic effect of the RAGE in COVID-19 has not been reported. In the present study, we investigated whether and how the RAGE-Ig fusion protein would have an anti-viral and anti-inflammatory therapeutic effect in the COVID-19 system. Methods: The protective therapeutic effect of RAGE-Ig was determined in vitro in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice and Syrian golden hamsters infected with six various VOCs of SARS-CoV-2. The underlying anti-viral mechanism of RAGE-Ig was determined in vitro in SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Results: Following treatment of K18-hACE2 mice and hamsters infected with various SARS-CoV-2 VOCs with RAGE-Ig, we demonstrated: (i) significant dose-dependent protection (i.e. greater survival, less weight loss, lower virus replication in the lungs); (ii) a reduction of inflammatory macrophages (F4/80+/Ly6C+) and neutrophils (CD11b+/Ly6G+) infiltrating the infected lungs; (iii) a RAGE-Ig dose-dependent increase in the expression of type I interferons (IFN-alpha;, and IFN-beta) and type III interferon (IFN lambda2) and a decrease in the inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) in SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung epithelial cells; and (iv) a dose-dependent decrease in the expression of CD64 (FcgR1) on monocytes and lung epithelial cells from symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: Our pre-clinical findings revealed type I and III interferons-mediated anti-viral and anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects of RAGE-Ig protein against COVID-19 caused by multiple SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544133v1" target="_blank">Anti-Viral and Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Effect of RAGE-Ig Protein Against Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Demonstrated in K18-hACE2 Mouse and Syrian Golden Hamster Models</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Potential for bias in (sero)prevalence estimates when not accounting for test sensitivity and specificity</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objectives: The COVID-19 has led to many studies of seroprevalence. A number of methods exist in the statistical literature to correctly estimate disease prevalence in the presence of diagnostic test misclassification, but these methods seem to be less known and not routinely used in the public health literature. We aimed to show how widespread the problem is in recent publications, and to quantify the magnitude of bias introduced when correct methods are not used. Methods: We examined a sample of recent literature to determine how often public health researcher did not account for test performance in estimates of seroprevalence. Using straightforward calculations, we estimated the amount of bias introduced when reporting the proportion of positive test results instead of using sensitivity and specificity to estimate disease prevalence. Results: Of the seroprevalence studies sampled, 80% failed to account for sensitivity and specificity. Expected bias is often more than is desired in practice, ranging from 1% to 10%. Conclusions: Researchers conducting studies of prevalence should correctly account for test sensitivity and specificity in their statistical analysis.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.24.22282720v6" target="_blank">Potential for bias in (sero)prevalence estimates when not accounting for test sensitivity and specificity</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>COVFlow: performing virus phylodynamics analyses from selected SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences</strong> -
<div>
Phylodynamic analyses generate important and timely data to optimise public health response to SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and epidemics. However, their implementation is hampered by the massive amount of sequence data and the difficulty to parameterise dedicated software packages. We introduce the COVFlow pipeline, accessible at https://gitlab.in2p3.fr/ete/CoV-flow, which allows a user to select sequences from the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) database according to user-specified criteria, to perform basic phylogenetic analyses, and to produce an XML file to be run in the Beast2 software package. We illustrate the potential of this tool by studying two sets of sequences from the Delta variant in two French regions. This pipeline can facilitate the use of virus sequence data at the local level, for instance, to track the dynamics of a particular lineage or variant in a region of interest.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496544v5" target="_blank">COVFlow: performing virus phylodynamics analyses from selected SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A Solution to the Kermack and McKendrick Integro-Differential Equations</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
In this manuscript, we derive a closed form solution to the full Kermack and McKendrick integro-differential equations (Kermack and McKendrick 1927) which we call the KMES. The KMES can be cast in the form of a step function response to the input of new infections; and that response is the time series of the total infections. We demonstrate the veracity of the KMES using independent data from the Covid 19 pandemic and derive many previously unknown and useful analytical expressions for diagnosing and managing an epidemic. These include new expressions for the viral load, the final size, the effective reproduction number, and the time to the peak in infections. Since the publication of the Kermack and McKendrick seminal paper (1927), thousands of authors have utilized the Susceptible, Infected, and Recovered (SIR) approximations; expressions which are putatively derived from the integro-differential equations, to model epidemic dynamics. Implicit in the use of the SIR approximation are the beliefs that there is no closed form solution to the more complex integro-differential equations, that the approximation adequately reproduces the dynamics of the integro-differential equations, and that herd immunity always exists. However, as we explicate in this manuscript, the KMES demonstrates that the SIR models are not adequate representations of the integro-differential equations, and herd immunity is not guaranteed. Our conclusion is that the KMES obsoletes the need for the SIR approximations; and provides a new level of understanding of epidemic dynamics.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.22274442v3" target="_blank">A Solution to the Kermack and McKendrick Integro-Differential Equations</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Psychometric validation of the Portuguese Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (PT-OCS)</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic had relevant psychological effects on the Portuguese population, partially related to repetitive and disruptive thoughts about the disease. Successive lockdowns contributed to an additional burden on parents’ family-work-life balance. This study intends to validate the Portuguese version of the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (OCS; Lee, 2020), drew upon a general sample from diverse country regions (n = 531) and a specific sample of Portuguese parents (n = 109). Confirmatory factor analysis’ results ensure the PT-OCS excellent psychometric properties both for the general sample [X2 (1) = 0.446, p = 0.504; CFI = 1.0; GFI = 1.0; RMSEA = 0.0; Standardized RMR = 0.003] and for the parents’ group [X2 (2) = 1.816, p = 0.403; CFI = 1.0; GFI = 0.99; RMSEA = 0.0; Standardized RMR = 0.016; p Bollen-Stine bootstrap = 0.65]. The scale had very good reliability results (0.84 &lt; α / ⍵ &lt; 0.88). As expected, obsession with COVID-19 was highly correlated with COVID-19 anxiety and women had higher PT-OCS scores. Findings suggest the PT-OCS as a reliable and valid measure to evaluate persistent and disruptive thinking about COVID-19, namely in different groups of the Portuguese population, with potentialities for future epidemic events.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/whm8s/" target="_blank">Psychometric validation of the Portuguese Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (PT-OCS)</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Emotional distress and affective knowledge representation one year after the Covid-19 outbreak</strong> -
<div>
This study examines whether the detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the affectivity of the population extend one year after the outbreak. In an online-mobile session, participants completed surveys (i.e. demographic characteristics, positive-negative affectivity, interoceptive awareness) and a similarity judgment task of triplets of emotional concepts, from which we derived 2D maps of their affective knowledge representation. Compared with pre-pandemic data derived from a comparable population, we report three main findings. First, we observed enhanced negative affectivity during the pandemic, but no changes in positive affectivity levels. Second, increased self-reported interoceptive awareness compared to pre-pandemic data, with greater attention to bodily sensations and adaptive aspects of interoceptive sensitivity. Furthermore, female participants reported higher scores than males on the questionnaire subscales of Emotional Awareness and Attention Regulation. Third, the effect of pandemic-related conditions is also apparent in the mental organization of emotional concepts, especially for female participants (i.e., reduced coherence in the organization of the concepts along the arousal dimension and more misclassification of concepts based on arousal) and participants who did not perform physical activity (a collapse of the arousal dimension). Some of the effects of the pandemic, thus, persist about a year after the outbreak. These results advise providing programs of psychological and emotional assistance throughout the pandemic beyond the outbreak, and that age-dependent gender differences should be accounted for to define tailored interventions. Physical activity might relieve pandemic-related stressors, so it should be promoted during particularly stressful periods for the population.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/gmazn/" target="_blank">Emotional distress and affective knowledge representation one year after the Covid-19 outbreak</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Towards Pandemic-Scale Ancestral Recombination Graphs of SARS-CoV-2</strong> -
<div>
Recombination is an ongoing and increasingly important feature of circulating lineages of SARS-CoV-2, challenging how we represent the evolutionary history of this virus and giving rise to new variants of potential public health concern by combining transmission and immune evasion properties of different lineages. Detection of new recombinant strains is challenging, with most methods looking for breaks between sets of mutations that characterise distinct lineages. In addition, many basic approaches fundamental to the study of viral evolution assume that recombination is negligible, in that a single phylogenetic tree can represent the genetic ancestry of the circulating strains. Here we present an initial version of sc2ts, a method to automatically detect recombinants in real time and to cohesively integrate them into a genealogy in the form of an ancestral recombination graph (ARG), which jointly records mutation, recombination and genetic inheritance. We infer two ARGs under different sampling strategies, and study their properties. One contains 1.27 million sequences sampled up to June 30, 2021, and the second is more sparsely sampled, consisting of 657K sequences sampled up to June 30, 2022. We find that both ARGs are highly consistent with known features of SARS-CoV-2 evolution, recovering the basic backbone phylogeny, mutational spectra, and recapitulating details on the majority of known recombinant lineages. Using the well-established and feature-rich tskit library, the ARGs can also be stored concisely and processed efficiently using standard Python tools. For example, the ARG for 1.27 million sequences—encoding the inferred reticulate ancestry, genetic variation, and extensive metadata—requires 58MB of storage, and loads in less than a second. The ability to fully integrate the effects of recombination into downstream analyses, to quickly and automatically detect new recombinants, and to utilise an efficient and convenient platform for computation based on well-engineered technologies makes sc2ts a promising approach.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544212v1" target="_blank">Towards Pandemic-Scale Ancestral Recombination Graphs of SARS-CoV-2</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Extracorporeal Photopheresis as a Possible Therapeutic Approach to Adults With Severe and Critical COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Procedure: Extracorporeal photopheresis<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Del-Pest Central Hospital - National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Clinical Trial on Booster Immunization of Two COVID-19 Vaccines Constructed From Different Technical Routes</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Prototype and Omicron BA.4/5 Bivalent Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine(Adenovirus Type 5 Vector) For Inhalation;   Biological: Bivalent COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine;   Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (Adenovirus Type 5 Vector) For Inhalation<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Zhongnan Hospital;   Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, PLA of China<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety Study of COVID19 Vaccine on the Market</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: Recombinant new coronavirus vaccine (CHO cell)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biologic Pharmacy Co., Ltd.;   Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention;   Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention;   Hainan Center for Disease Control &amp; Prevention<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Community-engaged Optimization of COVID-19 Rapid Evaluation And TEsting Experiences</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: COVID-19 walk-up, on-site testing strategy;   Behavioral: Community Health Worker (CHW) leading testing navigation and general preventive care reminders;   Behavioral: No-cost self-testing kit vending machines<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of California, San Diego;   San Ysidro Health Center<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of Home Use COVID-19 Frequent Antigen Testing and Data Reporting</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Respiratory Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Diagnostic Test: SARS CoV-2 antigen tests<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   IDX20 Inc;   National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD)<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mitoquinone/Mitoquinol Mesylate as Oral and Safe Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   SARS-CoV Infection;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Mitoquinone/mitoquinol mesylate;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ACTIV-6: COVID-19 Study of Repurposed Medications - Arm F (Montelukast)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Placebo;   Drug: Montelukast<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Susanna Naggie, MD;   National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS);   Vanderbilt University Medical Center<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ACTIV-6: COVID-19 Study of Repurposed Medications - Arm B (Fluvoxamine)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Fluvoxamine;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Susanna Naggie, MD;   National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS);   Vanderbilt University Medical Center<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ACTIV-6: COVID-19 Study of Repurposed Medications - Arm D (Ivermectin 600)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Ivermectin;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Susanna Naggie, MD;   National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS);   Vanderbilt University Medical Center<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ACTIV-6: COVID-19 Study of Repurposed Medications - Arm E (Fluvoxamine 100)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Fluvoxamine;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Susanna Naggie, MD;   National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS);   Vanderbilt University Medical Center<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluating Emetine for Viral Outbreaks (EVOLVE)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Emetine Hydrochloride;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Johns Hopkins University;   Nepal Health Research Council;   Bharatpur Hospital Chitwan;   Stony Brook University;   Rutgers University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pycnogenol® in Post-COVID-19 Condition</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Post COVID-19 Condition;   Long COVID<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Pycnogenol®;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Zurich<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy of Bailing Capsule on Pulmonary Fibrosis After COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Pulmonary Fibrosis;   COVID-19 Pneumonia<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Bailing capsule<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>To Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of Sequential Booster Immunization of Recombinant Novel Coronavirus Vaccine (CHO Cells) for SARS-CoV-2</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: Recombinant Novel Coronavirus vaccine (CHO Cells)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biologic Pharmacy Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Learn About How Loss of Liver Function Affects the Blood Levels of the Study Medicine Called PF-07817883.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: PF-07817883<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Pfizer<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Multiscale Simulations of the Covalent Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: Four Compounds and Three Reaction Mechanisms</strong> - We report the results of computational modeling of the reactions of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^(Pro)) with four potential covalent inhibitors. Two of them, carmofur and nirmatrelvir, have shown experimentally the ability to inhibit M^(Pro). Two other compounds, X77A and X77C, were designed computationally in this work. They were derived from the structure of X77, a non-covalent inhibitor forming a tight surface complex with M^(Pro). We modified the X77 structure by introducing warheads…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Alpha-1-antitrypsin antagonizes COVID-19: a review of the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and clinical evidence</strong> - Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), a serine protease inhibitor (serpin), is increasingly recognized to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and counter many of the pathogenic mechanisms of COVID-19. Herein, we reviewed the epidemiologic evidence, the molecular mechanisms, and the clinical evidence that support this paradigm. As background to our discussion, we first examined the basic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and contend that despite the availability of vaccines and anti-viral agents, COVID-19 remains…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Serum proteomics hint at an early T-cell response and modulation of SARS-CoV-2-related pathogenic pathways in COVID-19-ARDS treated with Ruxolitinib</strong> - CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the mechanism of action of Ruxo in COVID-19-ARDS can be related to both known effects of this drug as a modulator of T-cells and the SARS-CoV-2-infection.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Elucidation of novel compounds and epitope-based peptide vaccine design against C30 endopeptidase regions of SARS-CoV-2 using immunoinformatics approaches</strong> - There has been progressive improvement in immunoinformatics approaches for epitope-based peptide design. Computational-based immune-informatics approaches were applied to identify the epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 to develop vaccines. The accessibility of the SARS-CoV-2 protein surface was analyzed, and hexa-peptide sequences (KTPKYK) were observed having a maximum score of 8.254, located between amino acids 97 and 102, whereas the FSVLAC at amino acids 112 to 117 showed the lowest score of 0.114. The…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Host microRNA interactions with the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome 3’-untranslated region</strong> - The 2019 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has marked the spread of a novel human coronavirus. While the viral life cycle is well understood, most of the interactions at the virus-host interface remain elusive. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms behind disease severity and immune evasion are still largely unknown. Conserved elements of the viral genome such as secondary structures within the 5’- and 3’-untranslated regions (UTRs) serve as…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Vascular Endothelial-derived SPARCL1 Exacerbates Viral Pneumonia Through Pro-Inflammatory Macrophage Activation</strong> - Inflammation upon infectious lung injury is a double-edged sword: while tissue-infiltrating immune cells and cytokines are necessary to control infection, these same factors often aggravate injury. Full appreciation of both the sources and targets of inflammatory mediators is required to facilitate strategies to maintain antimicrobial effects while minimizing off-target epithelial and endothelial damage. Recognizing that the vasculature is centrally involved in tissue responses to injury and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong><em>In vitro</em> reconstitution of SARS CoV-2 Nsp1-induced mRNA cleavage reveals the key roles of the N-terminal domain of Nsp1 and the RRM domain of eIF3g</strong> - SARS CoV-2 nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1) is the major pathogenesis factor that inhibits host translation using a dual strategy of impairing initiation and inducing endonucleolytic cleavage of cellular mRNAs. To investigate the mechanism of cleavage, we reconstituted it in vitro on β-globin, EMCV IRES and CrPV IRES mRNAs that use unrelated initiation mechanisms. In all instances, cleavage required Nsp1 and only canonical translational components (40S subunits and initiation factors), arguing…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Novel Viral Assembly Inhibitor Blocks SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Airway Epithelial Cells</strong> - The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 to evade vaccines and therapeutics underlines the need for novel therapies with high genetic barriers to resistance. The small molecule PAV-104, identified through a cell-free protein synthesis and assembly screen, was recently shown to target host protein assembly machinery in a manner specific to viral assembly. Here, we investigated the capacity of PAV-104 to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in human airway epithelial cells (AECs). Our data demonstrate that…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Virtual Health Promotion Work-Integrated Learning Placements: A COVID-19 Consequence or Preparation for the Future?</strong> - We explored student and industry supervisors’ experiences of virtual work-integrated learning (vWIL) health promotion placements during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a descriptive phenomenological qualitative methodology, we conducted semi-structured interviews with eight students and eight supervisors of undergraduate health promotion-related placements at community, not-for-profit and government organizations. We asked participants about the aspects of their placement they found most enjoyable…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Designing for digital transformation of residency education - a post-pandemic pedagogical response</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: The study reflects the course leaders’ pedagogical response to the pandemic, as remote teaching became the only way to provide residency education. Initially, the sudden shift was perceived as constraining, but over time they found new affordances through the enforced use of digital technology that helped them not only to cope with the transition but also to innovate their pedagogical methods. After a rapid, forced shift from on-site to digital courses, it is crucial to utilize…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Eco-friendly and effective antimicrobial Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil Pickering emulsions stabilized with cellulose nanofibrils against bacteria and SARS-CoV-2</strong> - Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (MaEO) is a green antimicrobial agent suitable for confection eco-friendly disinfectants to substitute conventional chemical disinfectants commonly formulated with toxic substances that cause dangerous environmental impacts. In this contribution, MaEO-in-water Pickering emulsions were successfully stabilized with cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) by a simple mixing procedure. MaEO and the emulsions presented antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Porcine Deltacoronavirus Infection Disrupts the Intestinal Mucosal Barrier and Inhibits Intestinal Stem Cell Differentiation to Goblet Cells via the Notch Signaling Pathway</strong> - Goblet cells and their secreted mucus are important elements of the intestinal mucosal barrier, which allows host cells to resist invasion by intestinal pathogens. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteric virus that causes severe diarrhea in pigs and causes large economic losses to pork producers worldwide. To date, the molecular mechanisms by which PDCoV regulates the function and differentiation of goblet cells and disrupts the intestinal mucosal barrier remain to be…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs NK cell functions <em>via</em> activation of the LLT1-CD161 axis</strong> - CONCLUSION: We propose a novel mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 inhibition of NK cell functions via activation of the LLT1-CD161 axis.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>DPP-4 inhibitors for treating T2DM - hype or hope? an analysis based on the current literature</strong> - DPP-4 inhibition is an interesting line of therapy for treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and is based on promoting the incretin effect. Here, the authors have presented a brief appraisal of DPP-4 inhibitors, their modes of action, and the clinical efficiency of currently available drugs based on DPP-4 inhibitors. The safety profiles as well as future directions including their potential application in improving COVID-19 patient outcomes have also been discussed in detail. This review also…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Failure of TRPC6 inhibition to prevent COVID-19 deterioration: more questions than answers</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Trump Is Desperately Trying to Define the Narrative About His Federal Indictment</strong> - Days before he appears in court to face seven criminal charges, the former President is trying to rally his base and elected Republicans behind his false claim that the case is “a hoax.” - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/trump-is-desperately-trying-to-define-the-narrative-about-his-federal-indictment">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Supreme Court’s Surprise Defense of the Voting Rights Act</strong> - The Chief Justice appeared impatient with the maximalist demands that partisans on the right are placing on a Court they seem to feel they own. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-supreme-courts-surprise-defense-of-the-voting-rights-act">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Legal Dynamics of Trump’s Second Indictment</strong> - The case, which concerns the former President’s handling of classified documents, raises complicated questions about intent and national security. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-legal-dynamics-of-trumps-second-indictment">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The View from Inside Beatlemania</strong> - In 1964, on the band’s first world tour, Paul McCartney took pictures that have only recently been discovered. What do they show us? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-weekend-essay/the-view-from-inside-beatlemania">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Trump Indictment Speaks for Itself</strong> - Against the former President’s miasma of lies and disinformation, finally, a damning set of facts. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/the-trump-indictment-speaks-for-itself">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Labor unions aren’t “booming.” They’re dying.</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Protestors hold signs reading “STRIKE unfair labor practice”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/1F-zTNxn53zbyHz1BetNn3S0IaQ=/374x0:6347x4480/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72358163/1245190385.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Striking academic workers at the University of California, Los Angeles in November 2022. | Gary Coronado / Los Angeles Times via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Unions won’t come back without fundamental changes to bargaining.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ldnsYW">
Every once in a while, reporters see a few <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/17/briefing/union-drives-college-graduates.html">successful unionization drives</a> in the US, like at <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/may/12/starbucks-union-busting-nlrb-contract">Starbucks</a> or <a href="https://www.npr.org/2023/01/11/1125205641/amazon-warehouse-union-staten-island">Amazon</a>, and conclude that <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Business/amazon-starbucks-workers-led-union-resurgence-2022/story?id=95090198">the US is in the midst of a labor union resurgence</a>, that <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jul/27/us-union-boom-starbucks-amazon">unions are “booming,”</a> or that they’re <a href="https://rollcall.com/2023/05/31/young-educated-and-unionized-hill-staffers-at-vanguard-of-white-collar-labor-movement/">“suddenly and rapidly rebounding.”</a>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7hQlHQ">
I am, like all non-management Vox staff, a Writers Guild of America, East member, and a former member of Vox’s union bargaining committee, so I empathize with the urge to be optimistic about the future of organized labor, especially at a time when my comrades in the film and TV industries are striking for a better contract. I stand in solidarity with them and hope they get an excellent contract.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fIWmNo">
But I think it’s even more important to be honest about the situation. Organized labor is not booming, rebounding, or in a resurgence of any kind. Instead, it is in decline, as it has been for many years.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="W5y90k">
Official data from the <a href="https://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htm">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> starts in 1983. That year, 20.1 percent of all workers were in a union. That’s down to 10.1 percent as of 2022 — the lowest it’s ever been in that time frame. The decline has been basically continuous, with brief interruptions in 2008 and 2020 as non-unionized workers lost jobs faster than those with union protections. While public-sector unionization has fluctuated a bit (it fell from 36.7 percent to 33.1 percent from 1983 to 2022), by far the sharper decline is in the private sector, where rates fell from 16.8 to 6 percent.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Chart showing the decline of unions from 1983 to 2022" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/8NiCdHiIHos8XkTSD4NKUwenBUU=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24712090/cwi2f_the_share_of_americans_in_unions_has_fallen_by_half_since_1983__1_.png"/> <cite><a class="ql-link" href="https://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htm" target="_blank">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a></cite>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IKdaVZ">
Planet Money’s Greg Rosalsky put it well in a <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2023/02/28/1159663461/you-may-have-heard-of-the-union-boom-the-numbers-tell-a-different-story">piece earlier this year</a>: “While there was an uptick in labor organizing in 2022, we’re hardly witnessing a rejuvenated movement strong enough to dramatically reverse unions’ long-run decline.”
</p>
<h2 id="0o6WYT">
What’s driving the decline in unions?
</h2>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b3PU4j">
Starting the data at 1983 gives a misleading picture: The decline of unions began well before then.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HKTaN2">
Harvard economist Richard B. Freeman has <a href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w6012/w6012.pdf#page=58">put together data</a> on union membership going back over 100 years. It shows that the share of households with a union member was around 10-11 percent going into the Great Depression. Starting in 1937 (not coincidentally the year the Supreme Court upheld the pro-union National Labor Relations Act passed two years earlier), you see a dramatic rise in membership. The rate went from 13.2 percent in 1936 to 26.6 percent in 1938. The rate peaked at around a third of households, and stayed in that range for decades. But by the mid-1950s, a slight but perceptible decline was already starting, which has continued ever since.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Chart showing labor decline from 1917 to 1995" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MkriOuwkzHzlJkv_k_MaDZ44U6s=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24712093/Screen_Shot_2023_06_08_at_2.17.02_PM.png"/> <cite><a class="ql-link" href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w6012" target="_blank">Richard Freeman, 1997</a></cite>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IexjWs">
I’ve seen two major <a href="https://www.hamiltonproject.org/assets/files/UnionsEA_Web_8.19.pdf">theories for why this happened</a>. The first emphasizes politics: Countries with more left-wing governments have <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2338.2012.00675.x">seen smaller declines in unions</a>. In Canada, for instance, the share of workers in a union has fallen, but the <a href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/36-28-0001/2022011/article/00001-eng.htm">fall is less stark</a> than in the US, which <a href="https://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/canada-2012-08.pdf">might be explainable by its more pro-union laws</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tEgDlE">
The second emphasizes the fact that union firms tend to expand their workforces less quickly than other firms. That makes sense: Unions raise wages, so union workforces cost more. But over time, this effect means a greater and greater share of the workforce is non-unionized because non-unionized firms are able to grow faster.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3wUN2x">
In a <a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12122-001-1017-8.pdf">landmark 2001 paper</a>, economist Henry Farber and sociologist Bruce Western credited this as a major factor behind union decline in the US. They estimated that unions would have to increase their organizing rate sixfold just to keep the US membership rate constant. To increase unionization, they’d need an even more dramatic and improbable explosion in organizing.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BsCYaU">
I lean toward the latter theory. It helps explain why you didn’t see a collapse in union rates when hostile governments (like those of Ronald Reagan or George W. Bush) came to power, but instead the same gradual decline as occurred under Democrats.
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<h3 id="eaekno">
Laws, not vibes
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Whatever explanation you choose, any attempt at union revitalization will require much more than organizing a few Starbucks locations. It will require wholesale change to labor law.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="C658rp">
The political scientist David Madland’s book <a href="https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9781501755378/re-union/"><em>Re-Union</em></a> gets into the details well, but the gist is you need to find <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/9/2/20838782/unions-for-all-seiu-sectoral-bargaining-labor-unions">ways to organize unions across whole sectors,</a> not just workplace by workplace. In many European countries, firms don’t pay a penalty for paying good union wages; union contracts are “extended” to whole sectors. If UPS drivers win a good contract, FedEx would then have to abide by those terms too, even though it doesn’t have a staff union.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wpovIX">
This would be an ambitious change. The <a href="https://www.vox.com/22319838/house-passes-pro-act-unions">PRO Act</a>, the labor movements’ big priority in Congress (which is currently dead in the water given Republican control of the House), wouldn’t do much to further it; that act would mostly strengthen the existing workplace-based system, which is valuable but insufficient. Some states like <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/8/15/23296481/fast-food-ab257-california-sectoral-labor-unions">California are experimenting with sectoral bargaining</a>, but we’re in very, very early days yet.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZxFSsR">
The future of labor, I think, lies much more heavily in legal reform efforts meant to enable that kind of broader bargaining than it does in a few heavily publicized elections at individual companies. It’s not sexy work, but it’s the only thing that could return organized labor to the power it once had in the US.
</p></li>
<li><strong>Are you sleepy or just tired?</strong> -
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<img alt="A pink pillow against a blue backdrop. White, airy clouds surround the pillow." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/KVBLO__ejnszhkIwNm0-kEv2UdQ=/0x61:6800x5161/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72358088/GettyImages_564949023.0.jpg"/>
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Getty Images/Westend61
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The telltale signs of fatigue — and why it’s different from sleepiness.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="y9qci8">
The mortal urge for sleep frequently hits at the most inopportune times: on your commute to work, during the post-lunch slump, the exact moment you should depart in order to make it to an exercise class on time. The simple act of getting some shut-eye isn’t necessarily the best remedy for each of these bouts of languor. That’s because each lethargic experience isn’t created equally. In some instances, you may be <a href="https://www.vox.com/even-better/23366918/unconventional-sleep-advice">feeling “sleepy”; in others, you may be “tired.”</a>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="d4qZLL">
There are different underlying reasons for both sleepiness and tiredness — and different ways they manifest in the body. It’s important to know the difference between the two “because they’re addressed differently,” says <a href="https://indianasleepcenter.com/physicians/abhinav-singh/">Abhinav Singh</a>, a medical review expert at <a href="https://www.sleepfoundation.org/">SleepFoundation.org</a> and the medical director of the Indiana Sleep Center. “Sleepy and tired are just like hunger and thirst. Can they be close to each other? Sure they can,” he says. “But they are quenched by different things, like hunger with food, thirst with water.” There are ways to address sleepiness and tiredness, experts say, but first you need to know which sensation you’re experiencing.
</p>
<h3 id="WmbgXu">
The difference between sleepy and tired
</h3>
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Sleepiness is marked by drowsiness and a strong desire for sleep, says <a href="https://www.drshelbyharris.com/">Shelby Harris</a>, a clinical psychologist who specializes in behavioral sleep medicine. Signs of sleepiness include heavy eyelids, frequent yawning, nodding off, blurred vision, impaired coordination, slowed thinking, and increased irritability, Harris says. Sleepiness is caused by lack of sleep or poor sleep due to insomnia or sleep apnea or even being up all night with a sick toddler.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mNGQrI">
On the other hand, tiredness or fatigue is “a state of physical or mental exhaustion that typically comes along with a lack of energy,” Harris says. Tiredness can present with a heavy and weary sensation in your body, but you feel cognitively tapped out, too. Mental and emotional stress — say, from a long day at work — can make you tired. So can physical exertion, medical conditions like anemia or diabetes, or recovering from an illness, like the flu, says <a href="https://www.vumc.org/neurology/person/beth-ann-malow-md">Beth Malow</a>, the director of the Vanderbilt Sleep Division at Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NQqPqc">
The inevitable “cure” for sleepiness is sleep. However, fatigue is usually not abated by sleep. You can be tired from a hard workout but won’t drift off to sleep if you sit down for a few minutes afterward. “I’m just so achy, I’m so tired all over — that’s fatigue,” Malow says. “While sleepiness is more about you’re apt to fall asleep, anytime, anywhere.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Gn35Ve">
It is possible to be both sleepy and tired, Singh says. If you’re sleeping only five hours a night and overextending yourself at work and socially, you can end up with an exhausting mix of both sensations. Symptoms include irritability, difficulty focusing, making mistakes at work, and increased hunger. If you find yourself canceling plans to stay in and watch TV to recuperate, only to fall asleep on the couch after a few minutes, that’s a sign you’re both sleepy and tired, Singh says.
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<h3 id="jN1F8u">
How to tell if you’re tired or just sleepy
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="t9pLL6">
To determine whether you’re tired or sleepy, you have to look at what is causing your desire to crawl into bed. When you wake up in the morning, evaluate how you slept, Singh says: Did you get the advised <a href="https://www.vox.com/even-better/23366918/unconventional-sleep-advice">seven to nine hours of sleep?</a> Were you uninterrupted during that time, or did you toss and turn or periodically wake up? If you share a bed with a partner, they can fill you in on whether you were restless overnight, snored, or slept soundly. Interruptions to your sleep will make you sleepy.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UqhEnR">
Another way to determine if you’re sleepy is to use the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/emres/longhourstraining/scale.html">Epworth Sleepiness Scale,</a> Malow says, where you can rank your likelihood of nodding off during activities like watching TV or as a passenger in a car. A score of 10 or higher indicates you need to get more sleep or higher-quality sleep.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="c7cMcz">
Homing in on the underlying cause of tiredness is more difficult, since there are many contributors to fatigue, from side effects of medication to a day of back-to-back meetings. “I truly believe that people can feel fatigued from interacting with people all day and you hit this limit,” Malow says. In those situations, you may be tired, but not ready for bed and just want some time alone.
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For ongoing bouts of fatigue, you’ll want to check with your doctor who’ll do tests to determine if you have thyroid disease, anemia, hormone imbalances, or infection. “Fatigue is more medical,” Malow says, “and sleepiness is more of a sleep disorder.” If you don’t have a primary care doctor or haven’t been to one in years, check your insurance carrier’s website for a physician in your area that’s accepting patients. If you <a href="https://www.freeclinics.com/">don’t have insurance</a>, <a href="https://nafcclinics.org/">free clinics</a> or <a href="https://findahealthcenter.hrsa.gov/">federally qualified health centers</a> in your area provide medical care for no or low cost.
</p>
<h3 id="Cx61oB">
What to do if you’re feeling sleepy
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vr3SgC">
The most straightforward remedy for sleepiness is, well, to get some sleep. Try to squeeze in a 5- to 10-minute power nap if you can, Malow says. Parents of newborns or kids with irregular sleep patterns won’t be able to prioritize uninterrupted nights of sleep, but try to fit in a nap when time allows.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="j4fABG">
Many schedules don’t allow for midday snoozes. Harris suggests physical activity, like stretching, light exercises, or a walk outside, to help wake yourself up. If there are factors impacting your sleep — say you wake up frequently throughout the night or snore — you may want to seek out a sleep specialist, Malow says, who can help diagnose any sleep disturbances and treat you for them. You can <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep/how-to-choose-a-sleep-specialist#finding-a-specialist">find a sleep specialist</a> by asking your primary care doctor for a referral or you can search through your insurance provider’s list of covered physicians online. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine also maintains <a href="https://sleepeducation.org/sleep-center">a directory</a> of sleep specialists and facilities.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="baVLJt">
Check with your insurance carrier to determine how much the appointment will cost, if it’s covered, or if you have to hit your deductible before they’ll provide a copayment. Depending on where you live, whether you have insurance, and if you’re doing a sleep study at home or in a lab, a sleep study <a href="https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-studies/how-much-does-a-sleep-study-cost">can cost anywhere from $150 to $10,000</a>, so make sure to <a href="https://www.vox.com/even-better/23661759/reduce-health-care-costs-medical-bills">ask about prices before</a> booking any appointments or procedures.
</p>
<h3 id="IiMoLh">
What to do if you’re feeling tired
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fxcAMc">
For sporadic bouts of fatigue that aren’t influenced by underlying health issues, Harris suggests taking regular breaks at work, school, or in between tasks, getting <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-sleep-daylight/morning-daylight-exposure-tied-to-a-good-nights-sleep-idUSKCN18E23E">exposure to natural light (especially in the morning)</a>, and staying hydrated. Any way you can lighten your mental load if your energy is zapped will help rejuvenate you. “Sitting down and resting and doing something that minimizes your energy load is really good,” Malow says. “Maybe not interacting with other people for 30 minutes or being able to put your feet up.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="g0uwpV">
Should none of these options ease your fatigue and you suspect a health issue is at play, Singh and Malow recommend seeking the help of a medical professional who can work with you to determine if you need a tweak in your nutrition, level of physical activity, or require medication to correct an imbalance.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FbDAX5">
“Everybody experiences tiredness and fatigue in different ways: Some people become more irritable, crabby, some people become more lethargic, some people become more forgetful,” Singh says. “It’s tough to say that everybody’s going to feel it in this algorithmic way. It’s very non-algorithmic when it comes to causes and treatment.”
</p></li>
<li><strong>A guide to understanding the Ukrainian counteroffensive</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Soldiers on tanks with large guns. " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/AQer775cgi0x0pVub4IQ3fKy7gQ=/0x0:7339x5504/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72358029/1252073559.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Members of Ukrainian Armed Forces are seen during their shooting training with heavy weapons at the areas close to the frontline in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine on April 20, 2023. | Muhammed Enes Yildirim/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Cool it with the predictions, for one.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="loFoOj">
“When we start the counteroffensive, everyone will know about it, they will see it,” top Ukrainian security official Oleksiy Danilov<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/jun/07/russia-ukraine-war-live-updates-nova-kakhovka-dam-collapse-kherson-oblast-floods-evacuations-flood-flooding-latest-news"> said Wednesday</a>. Danilov was responding to Russian claims that Kyiv had finally — for real, for real — launched <a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/4/22/23693259/ukraine-counteroffensive-russia-spring">its anticipated counteroffensive</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dxwuv4">
Russia is not alone in speculating about the significance of recent movements of Ukrainian troops. US officials interpreted an intensification of artillery strikes and ground attacks in eastern Ukraine this week as <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/05/world/russia-ukraine-news#the-us-and-russia-say-that-a-major-ukrainian-operation-has-begun">a possible sign of the offensive’s start</a>. On Thursday, Ukrainian troops reportedly <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/08/russia-ukraine-war-news-counteroffensive/">stepped up assaults</a> on the frontlines in the southeast, and those attack units had Western-made weapons, which were expected to be deployed in any Ukrainian operation. On Friday, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy alluded to <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/09/russia-ukraine-war-news-counteroffensive/">“very tough battles” </a>in the eastern Donetsk region.
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All of which are signs that, yes, <a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/4/22/23693259/ukraine-counteroffensive-russia-spring">the counteroffensive is finally here</a>. But the is-it-or-is-it-not-officially-happening question about the counteroffensive has, in lots of ways, always been besides the point. Ukraine has closely guarded its operational security (even from its Western partners to a degree), and Kyiv is not going to make any public announcements that could jeopardize its strategy or give away its plans. Or as Ukraine’s Ministry of Defense <a href="https://twitter.com/DefenceU/status/1665800958662549504?s=20">tweeted </a>Monday: “Shhhhhh.”
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<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
“Words are very unnecessary<br/>They can only do harm”<br/><br/>(c) Depeche Mode <a href="https://t.co/0Ul78wSv9q">pic.twitter.com/0Ul78wSv9q</a>
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— Oleksii Reznikov (<span class="citation" data-cites="oleksiireznikov">@oleksiireznikov</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/oleksiireznikov/status/1665368742354731045?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">June 4, 2023</a>
</blockquote></div></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gJ4Hms">
And the counteroffensive exists on a sort of continuum. All the ingredients of a successful counteroffensive have been unfolding over the past weeks. Ukraine has targeted Russian <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/15/storm-shadow-ukraine-missiles-russia/">frontlines with long-range attacks</a> and <a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/ukrainian-troops-not-backing-down-despite-russias-claim-of-victory-in-bakhmut">carried out localized attacks in places like Bakhmut</a>. Ukraine has its fingerprints on diversionary tactics, like the cross-border attacks into Belgorod led by <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/05/belgorod-russia-ukraine-counteroffensive-militias/">pro-Ukrainian militias</a>. “Ukrainian forces are already shaping the battlefield,” said Robert Murrett, a former naval intelligence officer and professor of practice at Syracuse University.
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As those tactical operations continue, as more Western tanks and newly NATO-trained Ukrainian troops move to the frontlines, as Ukraine advances toward or challenges <a href="https://www.reuters.com/graphics/UKRAINE-CRISIS/COUNTEROFFENSIVE/mopakddwbpa/">Russian defensive lines and fortifications</a>, all of it will help reveal the course of the counteroffensive. But the details are mostly just speculation at this point. And as experts emphasized, both Russia and Ukraine want to manipulate the narrative, and so information warfare is deliberately going to obscure what’s happening on the battlefield.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="w8Q6eZ">
It will likely take more weeks, and maybe months, to fully understand what this counteroffensive might yield. “Everything doesn’t need to happen in a span of a few weeks. It can be a bigger process, and it most likely will also be a bigger process,” said Emil Kastehelmi, an open source intelligence and military analyst.
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“Whatever happens at the moment might not determine the whole course of the counteroffensive,” Kastehelmi added.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="g8odYL">
The only thing that’s actually certain is that Russia’s war in Ukraine <a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/4/22/23693259/ukraine-counteroffensive-russia-spring">is entering a new phase</a>: an all-out effort by Ukraine to liberate Russian-occupied territory and to reshape the course of the war. Ukraine could retake a lot of territory, but the amount likely matters less than how Kyiv alters the strategic picture, seizing key areas that would leave Russia exhausted and in a weaker position than before. Kyiv must prove to its Western backers that it can put resources and advanced equipment to successful use, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/6/6/23744349/ukraine-artillery-counteroffensive-united-states-europe">and reaffirm and bolster outside support</a>.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PDPBMw">
Because whatever success looks like in the Ukrainian counteroffensive, it is unlikely to usher in the end of Russia’s war.
</p>
<h3 id="sVdS7r">
Where are we with the counteroffensive right now?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FI4ijh">
Ukrainian forces liberated the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/9/11/23347304/ukraine-russian-war-kharkiv-liberation">Kharkiv</a> region in late summer 2022, and forced a Russian retreat to the other side of the Dnipro River in <a href="https://www.vox.com/world/2022/11/9/23449707/kherson-russia-retreat-ukraine-war">Kherson</a> last November. (The area was inundated by an <a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/6/6/23750879/ukraine-nova-kakhovka-dam-kherson-russia">exploded dam this week</a>.) Ukraine had momentum going into winter, though the war then entered something of a <a href="https://www.vox.com/world/23552619/ukraine-war-germany-leopard-tanks-zelenskyy-russia-putin">holding pattern</a>: Fighting continued along the frontlines, but Russia also dug into its defensive positions. Russia launched an offensive this winter to try to seize <a href="https://www.euronews.com/2023/04/03/ukraine-war-russian-winter-offensive-falling-short-of-kremlins-goals-rosgvardia-admits#:~:text=%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8Srpski-,Ukraine%20war%3A%20Russian%20winter%20offensive%20falling,of%20Kremlin's%20goals%2C%20Rosgvardia%20admits&amp;text=Russian%2C%20Ukrainian%2C%20and%20Western%20sources,administrative%20borders%20by%20March%2031.">Luhansk and Donetsk</a>, but didn’t end up with that much to show for it, except for <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60506682">some minor territorial gains</a> and, finally, after about nine months, <a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/5/22/23732453/bakhmut-ukraine-war-russia-wagner-zelenskyy-counteroffensive">Bakhmut</a>, a mid-size city that isn’t all that strategically important.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xfBcIR">
Both Ukraine and Russia expended a lot of manpower and firepower in the battle over Bakhmut, a reality that hung over both Kyiv and Moscow as the world began <a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/4/22/23693259/ukraine-counteroffensive-russia-spring">expecting Ukraine’s counteroffensive</a> this spring. The assumption was that Kyiv would launch such operations after receiving new military equipment and support from Western backers, after replenishing and training new troops, probably <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/countdown-to-counteroffensive-when-will-mud-season-end-in-ukraine/a-65204612">after mud season</a>, and after Russia exhausted itself in its own offensive operations.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4PpyPN">
Those conditions have largely been met.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NSXQxu">
Counteroffensives, though, are complex, multifaceted operations, and they tend to unfold in phases. At least one of those phases has been happening: the so-called “shaping” or “preparation” phase, as the military wonks might call it. It’s also pretty self-explanatory: Ukraine is trying to create battlefield conditions that will set its forces up for success once it starts the main event.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b4gvDR">
Ukrainian forces have attacked Russian troops along different parts of the frontlines, including at long ranges. They’re <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/crescendo-of-attacks-target-russian-supply-lines-ahead-of-expected-offensive-5bd48a28">targeting and destroying</a> supply lines. They’re <a href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2023/06/05/looting-reported-in-belgorod-region-amid-shelling-evacuation-a81400">engaged in sabotage</a>, things like the cross-border attacks into Belgorod, and even that weird <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/30/europe/moscow-drone-attack-intl/index.html">drone incident in Moscow</a>, designed to divert Russian attention or resources. Ukraine is using these tactics to probe or soften Russian defenses, said Franz-Stefan Gady, a senior fellow at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and also to “make sure that the Russians are spreading out along the frontline, not concentrating, also perhaps, [to] move away their operational reserves or commit their forces somewhere where the Ukrainians are not probably going to try their main effort.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7arYGs">
No one knows where that main effort (or efforts) is going to be, although experts and observers have some ideas of where Ukraine might try. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ukraine-launches-counteroffensive-russia-zaporizhzhia-rcna88332">One of these is around Zaporizhzhia</a>, in the south, where Ukraine might try to push toward the Sea of Azov, allowing Ukraine to slice up Russia’s so-called “land bridge” linking Crimea to the rest of Ukraine, and potentially giving Kyiv a position to strike Crimea directly.
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<div id="s1aIul">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
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NEW: <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Ukraine?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Ukraine</a> has conducted <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/counteroffensive?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#counteroffensive</a> operations with differential outcomes in at least three sectors of the front as part of wider counteroffensive efforts that have been unfolding since Sunday, June 4.<br/><br/>Latest assessment w/ <a href="https://twitter.com/criticalthreats?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"><span class="citation" data-cites="criticalthreats">@criticalthreats</span></a>: <a href="https://t.co/A1Y19HR1xc">https://t.co/A1Y19HR1xc</a> <a href="https://t.co/K2jwvQmVsb">pic.twitter.com/K2jwvQmVsb</a>
</p>
— ISW (<span class="citation" data-cites="TheStudyofWar">@TheStudyofWar</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/TheStudyofWar/status/1666970725415100419?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">June 9, 2023</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8m0DeH">
Fighting has been intensifying near Zaporizhzhia and outward from there, <a href="https://twitter.com/J_JHelin/status/1665510652318822402?s=20">including around Velyka Novosilka</a>, an area between Zaporizhzhia and Donetsk. But it’s not yet clear if Ukraine will seek to concentrate in specific areas, or attack from multiple fronts. Especially now, spreading out helps — if Ukraine has a breakthrough in one area, Russia might be forced to respond and bring in reinforcements, creating vulnerabilities elsewhere — <em>maybe</em> in the place that Ukraine really wanted to go all along. “I think it also creates just a sensation of ‘we’re being attacked from every every angle,’ and creates a sense of momentum and overwhelming,” said Margarita Konaev, deputy director of analysis and research fellow at the Center for Security and Emerging Technology at Georgetown University.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cti6NW">
It’s in Ukraine’s interests to kind of be everywhere all at once right now, just as it’s also in <a href="https://meduza.io/en/feature/2023/06/05/seeing-is-believing">Russia’s interests</a> to identify particular spots and claim they’re slowing Ukrainian advances there. The frontline in Ukraine <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/12/ukraine-prepares-to-take-back-territory-from-russia-step-by-step-roman-kostenko">is some 900 miles long</a> — think Chicago to New Orleans, said Murrett. So the PSA still holds: Chill on the geographic speculation.
</p>
<h3 id="TWvVkr">
How will we know if Ukraine is winning? (Spoiler: You won’t.)
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0Cg4yj">
The anticipation around this counteroffensive has, maybe a tiny bit, raised expectations for Ukraine. Ukrainian officials have tried to temper that a bit, <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/ukraine-risk-devastating-setback-1804854">saying this isn’t make-or-break for the war</a>. While that is likely true, the pressure is on Ukraine to retake territory and prove to domestic and international audiences that it can continue to challenge, and even defeat, Russia on the battlefield.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mbGf1Z">
Whether or not Ukraine can achieve those lofty aims is uncertain, but what is clear is that it’s way, way, way too early to make those assessments — probably weeks, maybe months away. Ukraine has some advantages this summer that it did not have last year — like more advanced Western equipment — but it also faces new challenges, like a potentially more prepared Russian military, and potentially more challenging targets.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FXIFUh">
The influence of Western equipment on the battlefield is still an open question. One of the reasons everyone was so hyped this week about the start of the counteroffensive was based <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/08/russia-ukraine-war-news-counteroffensive/">on reports</a> that Ukrainian troops along the front included specialized units that had advanced Western weapons and newly NATO-trained troops. A Russian military blogger also <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/05/world/russia-ukraine-news#the-us-and-russia-say-that-a-major-ukrainian-operation-has-begun">reported that German-made Leopard tanks</a> were involved in heavy fighting in Donetsk. “Western-made battle tanks on the front — this would be a good sign the counteroffensive is starting,” Kastehelmi said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4I0f7f">
Quietly, slowly, but over time, all these Western military donations have transformed Kyiv’s forces. “By European standards, Ukraine is a military juggernaut,” Murrett said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sASyMr">
But exactly how successful Ukraine will be at maneuvering these tools at scale — conducting what the military folks call “combined arms warfare” — is a big question. Ukraine has a lot of different military systems or platforms, including tanks and infantry-fighting vehicles, drones, and artillery systems. They sometimes complement each other, sometimes cancel each other out. “You can think of it as a deadly game of rock, paper, scissors,” Gady said. If done right, you maximize the losses for the enemy (in this case, Russia) and minimize them for Ukraine. It also means Ukraine will use less of everything: less artillery, less tanks, less troops, because everything is working together, rather than relying heavily on just one thing (like artillery), or one thing at a time. And that means Ukraine gets more done, with about the same effort.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kpIGDu">
This counteroffensive will test whether Ukrainian forces can pull this off. And Kyiv faces additional logistical and supply challenges. There are different types of tanks and armored fighting vehicles, which all have different specifications, and those need to be supplied and serviced and replaced in real-time, and that needs to be sustained over many weeks and months. “You can have a breakthrough and you can move forward. But if you’re not able to continue to resupply your troops, to bring in fresh troops to the frontlines to, fix your equipment, restore any sort of broken equipment, or equipment lost, then you’re in real trouble,” Konaev said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tVT1rF">
Ukraine is likely going to lose equipment as it tries to push through Russian defenses. Russia <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-fortifies-600-mile-front-line-with-trenches-mines-reports-2023-5">has built robust fortifications</a> across that massive frontline, stretching from the south, in Kherson, all the way to the north. Some areas are likely spicier than others, but they include trenches, anti-tank bunkers, and they are heavily, heavily mined; Western intelligence officials said earlier this month that Russian minefields are so extensive, breaking through such defenses would be a monumental achievement for any force. Russia also has pretty impressive <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-losing-10000-drones-month-russia-electronic-warfare-rusi-report-2023-5">electronic warfare capabilities</a> along the frontlines, able to jam up drones — Ukraine is losing thousands of drones each month — and <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/05/politics/russia-jamming-himars-rockets-ukraine/index.html">the GPS</a> for things like high-mobility artillery rocket systems.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gSzGHJ">
If Ukraine gets through these fortifications easily, some experts said that would be a pretty good sign of Ukrainian success and Russian problems. But experts also said that it is not a precise metric: Russia’s first and second frontlines are basically made to be broken — to slow and wear Ukraine down, and to make it very costly for Kyiv, so they suffer losses to equipment and personnel, and that gives time to Russia to bring in reinforcements.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qEyGeh">
Which brings us to the recurring theme of not counting the counteroffensive chickens before they hatch. This is going to be a slog, and a very, very difficult and devastating slog at that.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="V9D1l8">
For now, expect a lot more of these probing attacks, as Ukraine pokes at Russian defenses, trying to see what they can exploit, or where they can break through. If they do, here is where you might see Ukrainians send in their mechanized columns — that is, the main battle tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personal carriers — where Ukrainian forces seek to advance as fast as possible and seize as much territory as possible.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="F1tWrK">
But this is going to take time, likely punctuated by small Ukrainian successes, but also stalls and setbacks. Don’t read too much into a town taken here, a town contested there.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6nVtFy">
Even liberating a major place, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/5/17/23037687/mariupol-evacuation-ukraine-russia">like Mariupol</a>, would be an incredible victory, but not all Ukrainian successes will have that kind of narrative power. And the the less high-profile moves might mean more in the long-run. “Just focusing on these dynamics: What is important because it is a symbol and what is important because it’s part of a calculated set of moves, that is going to lead to a real, operationally vital accomplishment,” Konaev said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yzgS7V">
“They’re not always one of the same by any means,” she added.
</p>
<h3 id="D6VAbV">
Why the counteroffensive matters
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MiZtEF">
Ukraine’s objectives have not changed: to end Russian occupation within the country’s internationally recognized borders, including areas Moscow has controlled since 2014, including Crimea.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eLKfvx">
Ukraine is not going to accomplish all of that with this counteroffensive. But that does not change the stakes for Ukraine’s military and political goals. “Ukrainians need to succeed here,” Kastehelmi said. “They need to show the Western countries that Ukraine actually can achieve its goals, which are to liberate all territories under Russian occupation.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OMi6r9">
Ukraine also needs to prove to its domestic audience that it is defending its people and territories. Right now, Ukrainian morale and support for its efforts are high; Russia has tried, and failed, to erode public support <a href="https://www.vox.com/world/2022/10/11/23398192/ukraine-airstrikes-putin-russia-war">through relentless bombing campaigns</a>, but it, if anything, it has only hardened resolve.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NwLpfO">
But the West may be the most important audience, and the most complicated. The United States and its allies made big commitments to Ukraine ahead of this counteroffensive. Together, the US and its European allies have spent or pledged billions. There are <a href="https://www.vox.com/world/23552619/ukraine-war-germany-leopard-tanks-zelenskyy-russia-putin">the tanks</a>. The United States also finally agreed to support a <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/22/biden-f-16s-ukraine-g7-00098243">coalition to train</a> Ukrainian troops on F-16 fighter jets<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/22/biden-f-16s-ukraine-g7-00098243">,</a> which could eventually allow countries to transfer planes to Kyiv.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LalsAV">
Ukraine has to show that the supplies and support are paying off, and that more is warranted. The US and (especially) Europe don’t have unlimited stockpiles of military equipment, and both Washington and Brussels are using <a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/6/6/23744349/ukraine-artillery-counteroffensive-united-states-europe">political capital to invest in ramp-ups</a> for things like artillery. Voices of skepticism in Western capitals are still the minority, but they could intensify if Ukraine struggles in this counteroffensive, especially as the Republican primary for the US presidential election gets underway, which includes some <a href="https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2023/06/08/we-get-some-specifics-on-ramaswamys-ukraine-plan-00100987">Ukraine-support-skeptic candidates</a>, including <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/10/politics/ukraine-russia-putin-trump-town-hall/index.html">the frontrunner and former president</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b0IzND">
Of course, unless Ukraine faces a startling defeat (which seems unlikely), the West is unlikely to start rushing Kyiv to the negotiating table. This is more about the calculus softening or changing over time, but even subtle shifts could be huge for Ukraine, which ultimately is reliant on the West to fight and defend itself.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1mFyYb">
If Ukraine can achieve what many think it wants to achieve, which is to push through the south or southeast to reach the Sea of Azov, cut the Russian front into two, and get close enough to Crimea to show the Russians their position is tenuous — well, that is sort of the dream scenario. It is by no means impossible, but nobody thinks it’s going to be easy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jduabw">
Beyond that, reclaiming and recapturing territory from Russia — and how quickly it does so — is probably going to be another metric on which Ukraine is judged. In the long run, Ukraine ultimately has to liberate all Russian-occupied territories, but that, too, may not be the best frame for this counteroffensive. “In the short-run, it’s much more important how the Ukrainian Armed Forces are going to emerge out of this offensive relative to how the Russians are going to emerge out of it,” Gady said. “Because this is going to determine the character of future military operations in Ukraine and whether we are going to see another offensive at some point, or who’s going to be faster in terms of reconstituting their combat power.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="voVF5B">
This war is not going to end with these Ukrainian operations, and much of this conflict has been defined by incremental gains and attritional warfare. The Ukrainian counteroffensive might not shift the map all that drastically, but Kyiv does need to emerge stronger, Russia weaker.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wWH5DE">
Russian President Vladimir Putin likely believes he has the advantage, that he can wait out Ukraine and its Western backers. But if Ukraine can batter Russia’s forces, or even leave Russia with less territory than it had at the start of this offensive, it will be hard for Russia to continue to claim it is winning. That likely does not usher in the war’s end, but it will transform this conflict once again.
</p>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Review of The Miracle Makers — A hat-tip to Indian, Aussie cricket</strong> - As two great rivals play the World Test Championship final at the Oval, a spotlight on the heroes of the 2020-21 season Down Under</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Long jumper Murali Sreeshankar finishes third in Diamond League</strong> - The Indian long jumper secured third place with a jump of 8.09m in the Paris Diamond League</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>“Pressure always on my shoulders,” Novak Djokovic after reaching 7th French Open final</strong> - Djokovic will race for record 23rd major trophy against Norwegian fourth seed Casper Ruud on June 11</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Morning Digest | International referee says he witnessed WFI chief’s inappropriate behaviour towards female wrestlers; U.S. court unseals Trump indictment in documents probe, and more</strong> - Here’s a select list of stories to read before you start your day</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Alcaraz will learn from French Open anguish, says Djokovic</strong> - Alcaraz was a shadow of the unshakeable, all-action player who began the match, barely able to move as Djokovic breezed through the rest of the set</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>New spider species named after Keralite arachnologist</strong> - Draposa sebastiani named after P.A. Sebastian, who was the pioneer spider taxonomist from the State</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Telangana to train staff of roadside amenities in aiding NH accident victims</strong> - The long task aims at reducing the response time during major accidents on the highways, says the DGP</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Andhra Pradesh: Literature, history are guiding forces for the next generation, says Revenue Minister Dharmana Prasada Rao</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>PM betrayed Manipur, his stoic silence rubbing salt in wounds of people of state: Kharge</strong> - The Congress has accused the BJP of being responsible for the present state of affairs in the northeastern state and has blamed the ruling party and its “divisive politics” for it.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ennum Ezhuthum Mission, T.N. scheme to bridge learning gap, to begin with baseline survey this month for classes 4 and 5</strong> - All government and aided schools are to conduct a baseline survey for students of class 5 from June 21 to June 30 onwards in Tamil, English and Maths; teachers have been given resource material and a handbook as well as training, to help students</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Annecy stabbings suspect held over attempted murders</strong> - Four children and two adults were attacked in a park in France’s Alpine region on Thursday.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine’s counter-offensive against Russia under way</strong> - It’s been talked of for months, now it looks like Ukraine is finally launching its plan to recapture land.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine dam: The friends who escaped Russian occupation in Kherson floods</strong> - Maryna and Valentyna found themselves trapped on the Dnipro River when Russia invaded last year.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>France knife attack: ‘Backpack hero’ praised for facing attacker</strong> - Catholic pilgrim Henri said he simply followed his instincts when confronting the Annecy attacker.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cryptoqueen: Adviser to missing fugitive disappears</strong> - Frank Schneider, a former spy, faces a maximum of 40 years in prison for his role in a crypto scam.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Here’s a rough estimate of how many people recent SCOTUS rulings might kill</strong> - In addition to deaths, the decisions will lead to significant morbidity. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1946895">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Acer reportedly sent Russia $70M in PC gear after saying it paused business there</strong> - Reuters says Acer used Swiss subsidiary to send Russia “at least” 744 shipments. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1946819">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Researchers discover that ChatGPT prefers repeating 25 jokes over and over</strong> - When tested, “Over 90% of 1,008 generated jokes were the same 25 jokes.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1946662">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Musk on path to turn Twitter into the next MySpace or Yahoo, co-founder suggests</strong> - Ev Williams: Generally, “the new thing does not come from the old thing.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1946831">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Billion-year-old grease hints at long history of complex cells</strong> - Our ancestors once thrived on cholesterols that are now just reaction intermediates. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1946823">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The shutdown was really bad for everyone in the service industry, but it especially sucked for men…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Men lost $1 for every $.79 women were losing
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/HelpingHandsUs"> /u/HelpingHandsUs </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/145hl5m/the_shutdown_was_really_bad_for_everyone_in_the/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/145hl5m/the_shutdown_was_really_bad_for_everyone_in_the/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>My wife yells from the kitchen “Do you ever get a shooting pain, like someone’s stabbing a voodoo doll?”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I answered “No”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
She asks “How about now?”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Major_Independence82"> /u/Major_Independence82 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/145lfe5/my_wife_yells_from_the_kitchen_do_you_ever_get_a/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/145lfe5/my_wife_yells_from_the_kitchen_do_you_ever_get_a/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>If “tomb” is pronounced “toom”, “womb” is pronounced “woom” then shouldn’t…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“bomb” be pronounced “BOOM”.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I hope that blew your minds.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/HelpingHandsUs"> /u/HelpingHandsUs </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/145e9b4/if_tomb_is_pronounced_toom_womb_is_pronounced/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/145e9b4/if_tomb_is_pronounced_toom_womb_is_pronounced/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>I need to tell my girlfriend that she’s using way too much teeth when she goes down on me, but I don’t want to hurt her feelings.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
How do I soften the blow?
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/KairuSmairukon"> /u/KairuSmairukon </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/145h4s4/i_need_to_tell_my_girlfriend_that_shes_using_way/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/145h4s4/i_need_to_tell_my_girlfriend_that_shes_using_way/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Two cannibals are eating a rich kid.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
One turns to the other and says “does this taste a bit spoiled to you?”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/burnzy71"> /u/burnzy71 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/145my8b/two_cannibals_are_eating_a_rich_kid/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/145my8b/two_cannibals_are_eating_a_rich_kid/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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