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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Keep kind and carry on. Everyday kindness enhances well-being and prosocial behavior in the time of COVID-19.</strong> -
<div>
Acts of everyday kindness are voluntary, low-cost actions aimed at the well-being of others in everyday situations. In two pre-registered studies, conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, we examined whether practicing everyday kindness can promote people’s well-being and prosocial orientation. In a correlational Study 1 (N = 497), self-reported everyday kindness was positively linked to well-being and a willingness to engage in personally costly prosocial behavior. In an experimental Study 2 (N = 482) practicing acts of everyday kindness increased well-being and actual prosocial behavior. The results suggest that simple online interventions can be used to elicit everyday kindness and have a positive effect even in the psychologically challenging times of a pandemic.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/n2g3m/" target="_blank">Keep kind and carry on. Everyday kindness enhances well-being and prosocial behavior in the time of COVID-19.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Factors Mediating the Psychological Well-Being of Healthcare Workers Responding to Global Pandemics: A Systematic Review</strong> -
<div>
The worldwide outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and the likelihood of future pandemics has raised the attention to the effects of pandemics on the psychological well-being of individuals. Given their indispensable role in such situations, healthcare workers are at greater risk of mental health issues. This paper aimed to review the mediators of psychological well-being among healthcare workers responding to global pandemics. After registration on PROSPERO, a systematic review was performed in four databases. Following study selection (PRISMA guidelines), inclusion criteria and analysis methods were assessed. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the EPHPP criteria. Out of 1467 references, 39 studies were included in this review. In most studies, worse well-being outcomes, such as stress, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and burnout were related to demographic characteristics, direct contact with infected patients, and poor perceived support. In turn, self-efficacy, coping ability, altruism, and support from employers and organisations were found to be protective factors. Despite some limitations in the quality of the available evidence, this review highlights the prevalence of poor mental health outcomes in healthcare workers responding to global pandemics. Future interventions should target the identified mediators to promote psychological well-being among this population, particularly social and organisational support, which may improve workers’ mental health and reduce burnout and turnover.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/c23tx/" target="_blank">Factors Mediating the Psychological Well-Being of Healthcare Workers Responding to Global Pandemics: A Systematic Review</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Individual differences in the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on optimism and meaning in life</strong> -
<div>
We investigated the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on optimism and meaning in life in a sample of the Netherlands Twin Register. Participants completed questions before (N=9964) and during the pandemic (N= 17464). A subsample completed both (N=6461). We applied twin models to investigate changes in the genetic architecture due to the pandemic. Around 15-20% of the sample was negatively affected by the pandemic, but the majority was stable (64-68%) or increased (15%) in optimism and meaning in life. Especially women, higher educated people, and people with poorer health experienced negative effects. Twin modelling indicated stable genetic variance and increasing person-specific environmental variance. The lower than unity genetic correlations across time (.75 and .63) suggest gene-environment interactions. Some people decrease in well-being, while others get more optimistic and consider their lives as more meaningful during the pandemic. These differences are partly explained by individual differences in genetic sensitivity.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/b2ge6/" target="_blank">Individual differences in the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on optimism and meaning in life</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic RNA kinetics in longitudinal clinical samples</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Given the persistence of viral RNA in clinically recovered COVID-19 patients, subgenomic RNAs (sgRNA) have been reported as potential molecular viability markers for SARS-CoV-2. However, few data are available on their longitudinal kinetics, compared with genomic RNA (gRNA), in clinical samples. We analyzed 536 samples from 205 patients with COVID-19 from placebo-controlled, outpatient trials of Peginterferon Lambda-1a (Lambda; n=177) and favipiravir (n=359). Nasal swabs were collected at three time points in the Lambda (Day 1, 4 and 6) and favipiravir (Day 1, 5, and 10) trials. N-gene gRNA and sgRNA were quantified by RT-qPCR. To investigate the decay kinetics in vitro, we measured gRNA and sgRNA in A549ACE2+ cells infected with SARS-CoV-2, following treatment with remdesivir or DMSO control. At six days in the Lambda trial and ten days in the favipiravir trial, sgRNA remained detectable in 51.6% (32/62) and 49.5% (51/106) of the samples, respectively. Cycle threshold (Ct) values for gRNA and sgRNA were highly linearly correlated (Pearsons r=0.87) and the rate of increase did not differ significantly in Lambda (1.36 cycles/day vs 1.36 cycles/day; p = 0.97) or favipiravir (1.03 cycles/day vs 0.94 cycles/day; p=0.26) trials. From samples collected 15-21 days after symptom onset, sgRNA was detectable in 48.1% (40/83) of participants. In SARS CoV-2 infected A549ACE2+ cells treated with remdesivir, the rate of Ct increase did not differ between gRNA and sgRNA. In clinical samples and in vitro, sgRNA was highly correlated with gRNA and did not demonstrate different decay patterns to support its application as a molecular viability marker.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.21256131v2" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic RNA kinetics in longitudinal clinical samples</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 infections in nasal epithelial cells from smokers versus non-smokers</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Whether smoking exacerbates Coronavirus disease 2019 is still debated. Ex-vivo Infection of reconstituted epithelial tissues from smoker versus non-smoker donors suggested comparable susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 in epithelia from both groups.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.21255760v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 infections in nasal epithelial cells from smokers versus non-smokers</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Early and ongoing importations of SARS-CoV-2 in Canada</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Tracking the emergence and spread of SARS–CoV–2 is critical to inform public health interventions. Phylodynamic analyses have quantified SARS–CoV–2 migration on global and local scales, yet they have not been applied to determine transmission dynamics in Canada. We quantified SARS-CoV-2 migration into, within, and out of Canada in the context of COVID-19 travel restrictions. To minimize sampling bias, global sequences were subsampled with probabilities corrected for their countries9 monthly contribution to global new diagnoses. A time–scaled maximum likelihood tree was used to estimate most likely ancestral geographic locations (country or Canadian province), enabling identification of sublineages, defined as introduction events into Canada resulting in domestic transmission. Of 402 Canadian sublineages identified, the majority likely originated from the USA (54%), followed by Russia (7%), India (6%), Italy (6%), and the UK (5%). International introductions were mostly into Ontario (39%) and Quebec (38%). Among Pango lineages, B.1 was imported at least 191 separate times from 11 different countries. Introduction rates peaked in late March then diminished but were not eliminated following national interventions including restrictions on non–essential travel. We further identified 1,380 singleton importations, international importations that did not result in further sampled transmission, whereby representation of lineages and location were comparable to sublineages. Although proportion of international transmission decreased over time, this coincided with exponential growth of within–province transmission – in fact, total number of sampled transmission events from international or interprovincial sources increased from winter 2020 into spring 2020 in many provinces. Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia acted as sources of transmission more than recipients, within the caveat of higher sequence representation. We present strong evidence that international introductions and interprovincial transmission of SARS–CoV–2 contributed to the Canadian COVID–19 burden throughout 2020, despite initial reductions mediated by travel restrictions in 2020. More stringent border controls and quarantine measures may have curtailed introductions of SARS–CoV–2 into Canada and may still be warranted.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.21255131v3" target="_blank">Early and ongoing importations of SARS-CoV-2 in Canada</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Information about herd immunity through vaccination and empathy promote COVID-19 vaccination intentions</strong> -
<div>
Objective: An effective vaccine against COVID-19 is a desired solution to curb the spread of the disease. However, vaccine hesitancy might hinder high uptake rates and thus undermine efforts to eliminate COVID-19 once an effective vaccine became available. The present contribution addresses this issue by examining two ways of increasing the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19. Methods: Two pre-registered online studies were conducted (N = 2,315 participants from the UK) in which knowledge about and beliefs in herd immunity through vaccination, as well as empathy for those most vulnerable to the virus, were either measured (Study 1) or manipulated (Study 2). As a dependent variable, individuals’ self-reported vaccination intention once a vaccine against COVID-19 became available was assessed. Results: In Study 1 (N = 310), the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 was correlated with knowledge about and belief in herd immunity (r = .58, p &lt; .001), as well as with empathy for those most vulnerable to the virus (r = .26, p &lt; .001). In Study 2 (N = 2,005), information about herd immunity (Cohen’s d = 0.13, p = .003) and empathy (Cohen’s d = 0.22, p &lt; .001) independently promoted vaccination intention. Conclusions: The motivation to get vaccinated against COVID-19 was related to and could be causally promoted by both mere information about herd immunity and by empathy. As such, the present research provides a better understanding of the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/wzu6k/" target="_blank">Information about herd immunity through vaccination and empathy promote COVID-19 vaccination intentions</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Mutation-specific SARS-CoV-2 PCR Screen: Rapid and Accurate Detection of Variants of Concern and the Identification of a Newly Emerging Variant with Spike L452R Mutation</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The emergence of more transmissible and/or more virulent SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) has triggered intensive genomic surveillance, which is costly and difficult to sustain operationally over the long-term. To address this problem, we developed a set of four multiplex mutation-specific PCR-based assays with same-day reporting that can detect five VOCs and three variants of interest (VOIs), as defined in the March 2021 guidelines from the United States (US) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The screening results were compared to the whole genome sequencing (WGS) and showed 100% concordance for strain typing for B.1.1.7 (25) and P.1 (5) variants using Spike (S) mutations N501Y, E484K and H69_V70del assays. The S L450R assay, designed to detect the B.1.427/429 VOCs, also identified multiple isolates of a newly emerging multiply-mutated B.1.526.1 variant that is now rapidly increasing in the Eastern US. PCR approaches can be easily adopted in clinical laboratories, provide rapid screening methods to allow early detection of newly emergent variants and to efficiently triage cases for full genomic sequencing.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.21255574v2" target="_blank">Mutation-specific SARS-CoV-2 PCR Screen: Rapid and Accurate Detection of Variants of Concern and the Identification of a Newly Emerging Variant with Spike L452R Mutation</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Children develop strong and sustained cross-reactive immune responses against Spike protein following SARS-CoV-2 infection, with enhanced recognition of variants of concern</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
SARS-CoV-2 infection is generally mild or asymptomatic in children but the biological basis for this is unclear. We studied the profile of antibody and cellular immunity in children aged 3-11 years in comparison with adults. Antibody profiles in children were strong, with high titres against Spike protein and receptor binding domain (RBD). SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in children strongly boosted antibody responses against seasonal beta-coronaviruses, partly through cross-recognition of the S2 domain, indicating a broad humoral response that was not seen in adults. T cell responses against Spike were also &gt;2-fold higher in children compared to adults and displayed a strong Th1 cytokine profile. SARS-CoV-2 Spike-reactive cellular responses were present in more than half the seronegative children, indicating pre-existing cross-reactive responses or prior sensitization against SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, all children retained high antibody titres and cellular responses for more than 6 months after infection whilst relative antibody waning was seen in adults. Significantly Children at this timepoint also had high antibody titres to B1.1.7, B1.351 and P1 variants. Children thus distinctly generate robust, cross-reactive and sustained immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection, with focussed specificity against Spike protein. These observations demonstrate several novel features of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses in children and may provide insights into relative clinical protection in this group. Such information on the profile of natural infection will help to guide the introduction of vaccination regimens into the paediatric population.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.21255275v2" target="_blank">Children develop strong and sustained cross-reactive immune responses against Spike protein following SARS-CoV-2 infection, with enhanced recognition of variants of concern</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Prophylactic protection against respiratory viruses conferred by a prototype live attenuated influenza virus vaccine.</strong> -
<div>
The influenza A non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is known for its ability to hinder the synthesis of type I interferon (IFN) during viral infection. Influenza viruses lacking NS1 ({Delta}NS1) are under clinical development as live attenuated human influenza virus vaccines and induce potent influenza virus-specific humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses. Attenuation of {Delta}NS1 influenza viruses is due to their high IFN inducing properties, that limit their replication in vivo. This study demonstrates that pre-treatment with a {Delta}NS1 virus results in an immediate antiviral state which prevents subsequent replication of homologous and heterologous viruses, preventing disease from virus respiratory pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. Our studies suggest that {Delta}NS1 influenza viruses could be used for the prophylaxis of influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and other human respiratory viral infections, and that an influenza virus vaccine based on {Delta}NS1 live attenuated viruses would confer broad protection against influenza virus infection from the moment of administration, first by non-specific innate immune induction, followed by specific adaptive immunity.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441797v1" target="_blank">Prophylactic protection against respiratory viruses conferred by a prototype live attenuated influenza virus vaccine.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Nucleic acid delivery of immune-focused SARS-CoV-2 nanoparticles drive rapid and potent immunogenicity capable of single-dose protection</strong> -
<div>
Antibodies from SARS-CoV-2 vaccines may target epitopes which reduce durability or increase the potential for escape from vaccine-induced immunity. Using a novel synthetic vaccinology pipeline, we developed rationally immune focused SARS-CoV-2 Spike-based vaccines. N-linked glycans can be employed to alter antibody responses to infection and vaccines. Utilizing computational modeling and comprehensive in vitro screening, we incorporated glycans into the Spike Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) and assessed antigenic profiles. We developed glycan coated RBD immunogens and engineered seven multivalent configurations. Advanced DNA delivery of engineered nanoparticle vaccines rapidly elicited potent neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs, hamsters and multiple mouse models, including human ACE2 and human B cell repertoire transgenics. RBD nanoparticles encoding wild-type and the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 variant induced high levels of cross-neutralizing antibodies. Single, low dose immunization protected against a lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Single-dose coronavirus vaccines via DNA-launched nanoparticles provide a platform for rapid clinical translation of novel, potent coronavirus vaccines.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441474v1" target="_blank">Nucleic acid delivery of immune-focused SARS-CoV-2 nanoparticles drive rapid and potent immunogenicity capable of single-dose protection</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Recombination patterns in coronaviruses</strong> -
<div>
As shown during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, phylogenetic and phylodynamic methods are essential tools to study the spread and evolution of pathogens. One of the central assumptions of these methods is that the shared history of pathogens isolated from different hosts can be described by a branching phylogenetic tree. Recombination breaks this assumption. This makes it problematic to apply phylogenetic methods to study recombining pathogens, including, for example, coronaviruses. Here, we introduce a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach that allows inference of recombination networks from genetic sequence data under a template switching model of recombination. Using this method, we first show that recombination is extremely common in the evolutionary history of SARS-like coronaviruses. We then show how recombination rates across the genome of the human seasonal coronaviruses 229E, OC43 and NL63 vary with rates of adaptation. This suggests that recombination could be beneficial to fitness of human seasonal coronaviruses. Additionally, this work sets the stage for Bayesian phylogenetic tracking of the spread and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the future, even as recombinant viruses become prevalent.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441806v1" target="_blank">Recombination patterns in coronaviruses</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Regulation of Lysosome-Associated Membrane Protein 3 (LAMP3) in Lung Epithelial Cells by Coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1/2) and Type I Interferon Signaling</strong> -
<div>
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a major risk factor for mortality and morbidity in critical care hospitals around the world. Lung epithelial type II cells play a major role in several physiological processes, including recognition and clearance of respiratory viruses as well as repair of lung injury in response to environmental toxicants. Gene expression profiling of lung epithelial type II-specific genes led to the identification of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3 (LAMP3). Intracellular locations of LAMP3 include plasma membrane, endosomes, and lysosomes. These intracellular organelles are involved in vesicular transport and facilitate viral entry and release of the viral RNA into the host cell cytoplasm. In this study, regulation of LAMP3 expression in human lung epithelial cells by several respiratory viruses and type I interferon signaling was investigated. Coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 significantly induced LAMP3 expression in lung epithelial cells within 24 hours after infection that required the presence of ACE2 viral entry receptor. Time-course experiments revealed that the induced expression of LAMP3 by SARS-CoV-2 was correlated with the induced expression of interferon-beta1 (IFNB1) and signal transducers and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) mRNA levels. LAMP3 was also induced by direct IFN-beta treatment or by infection with influenza virus lacking the non-structural protein1(NS1) in NHBE bronchial epithelial cells. LAMP3 expression was induced in human lung epithelial cells by several respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3). Location in lysosomes and endosomes as well as induction by respiratory viruses and type I Interferon suggests that LAMP3 may have an important role in inter-organellar regulation of innate immunity and a potential target for therapeutic modulation in health and disease. Furthermore, bioinformatics revealed that a subset of lung type II cell genes were differentially regulated in the lungs of COVID-19 patients.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441840v1" target="_blank">Regulation of Lysosome-Associated Membrane Protein 3 (LAMP3) in Lung Epithelial Cells by Coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1/2) and Type I Interferon Signaling</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-COV-2 induced Diarrhea is inflammatory, Ca2+ Dependent and involves activation of calcium activated Cl channels</strong> -
<div>
Diarrhea occurs in 2-50% of cases of COVID-19 (~8% is average across series). The diarrhea does not appear to account for the disease mortality and its contribution to the morbidity has not been defined, even though it is a component of Long Covid or post-infectious aspects of the disease. Even less is known about the pathophysiologic mechanism of the diarrhea. To begin to understand the pathophysiology of COVID-19 diarrhea, we exposed human enteroid monolayers obtained from five healthy subjects and made from duodenum, jejunum, and proximal colon to live SARS-CoV-2 and virus like particles (VLPs) made from exosomes expressing SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins (Spike, Nucleocapsid, Membrane and Envelope). Results: 1) Live virus was exposed apically for 90 min, then washed out and studied 2 and 5 days later. SARS-Cov-2 was taken up by enteroids and live virus was present in lysates and in the apical&gt;&gt;basolateral media of polarized enteroids 48 h after exposure. This is the first demonstration of basolateral appearance of live virus after apical exposure. High vRNA concentration was detected in cell lysates and in the apical and basolateral media up to 5 days after exposure. 2 ) Two days after viral exposure, cytokine measurements of media showed significantly increased levels of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1. 3) Two days after viral exposure, mRNA levels of ACE2, NHE3 and DRA were reduced but there was no change in mRNA of CFTR. NHE3 protein was also decreased. 4) Live viral studies were mimicked by some studies with VLP exposure for 48 h. VLPs with Spike- D614G bound to the enteroid apical surface and was taken up; this resulted in decreased mRNA levels of ACE2, NHE3, DRA and CFTR. 4) VLP effects were determined on active anion secretion measured with the Ussing chamber/voltage clamp technique. S-D614G acutely exposed to apical surface of human ileal enteroids did not alter the short-circuit current (Isc). However, VLPS- D614G exposure to enteroids that were pretreated for ~24 h with IL-6 plus IL-8 induced a concentration dependent increase in Isc indicating stimulated anion secretion, that was delayed in onset by ~8 min . The anion secretion was inhibited by apical exposure to a specific calcium activated Cl channel (CaCC) inhibitor (AO1) but not by a specific CFTR inhibitor (BP027); was inhibited by basolateral exposure to the K channel inhibit clortimazole; and was prevented by pretreatment with the calcium buffer BAPTA-AM. 5) The calcium dependence of the VLP-induced increase in Isc was studied in Caco- 2/BBe cells stably expressing the genetically encoded Ca2+ sensor GCaMP6s. 24 h pretreatment with IL-6/IL-8 did not alter intracellular Ca2+. However, in IL-6/IL-8 pretreated cells, VLP S-D614G caused appearance of Ca2+waves and an overall increase in intracellular Ca2+ with a delay of ~10 min after VLP addition. We conclude that the diarrhea of COVID-19 appears to an example of a calcium dependent inflammatory diarrhea that involves both acutely stimulated Ca2+ dependent anion secretion (stimulated Isc) that involves CaCC and likely inhibition of neutral NaCl absorption (decreased NHE3 protein and mRNA and decreased DRA mRNA).
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441695v1" target="_blank">SARS-COV-2 induced Diarrhea is inflammatory, Ca2+ Dependent and involves activation of calcium activated Cl channels</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A spike-ferritin nanoparticle vaccine induces robust innate immune activity and drives polyfunctional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells</strong> -
<div>
Potent cellular responses to viral infections are pivotal for long-lived protection. Evidence is growing that these responses are critical in SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Assessment of a SARS-CoV-2 spike ferritin nanoparticle (SpFN) immunogen paired with two distinct adjuvants, Alhydrogel (AH) or Army Liposome Formulation containing QS-21 (ALFQ) demonstrated unique vaccine evoked immune signatures. SpFN+ALFQ enhanced recruitment of highly activated classical and non-classical antigen presenting cells (APCs) to the vaccine-draining lymph nodes of mice. The multifaceted APC response of SpFN+ALFQ vaccinated mice was associated with an increased frequency of polyfunctional spike-specific T cells with a bias towards TH1 responses and more robust SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific recall response. In addition, SpFN+ALFQ induced Kb spike (539-546)-specific memory CD8+ T cells with effective cytolytic function and distribution to the lungs. This epitope is also present in SARS-CoV, thus suggesting that generation of cross-reactive T cells may provide protection against other coronavirus strains. Our study reveals that a nanoparticle vaccine, combined with a potent adjuvant, generates effective SARS-CoV-2 specific innate and adaptive immune T cell responses that are key components to inducing long-lived immunity.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441763v1" target="_blank">A spike-ferritin nanoparticle vaccine induces robust innate immune activity and drives polyfunctional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Oestrogen Treatment for COVID-19 Symptoms</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Transdermal estradiol gel<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Hamad Medical Corporation;   Laboratoires Besins International<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study to Evaluate a Single Dose of LTX-109 in Subjects With COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) Infection.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: LTX-109 gel, 3%;   Drug: Placebo gel<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Pharma Holdings AS;   Clinical Trial Consultants AB<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Virgin Coconut Oil as Adjunctive Therapy for Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Virgin Coconut Oil<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of the Philippines;   Philippine Coconut Authority;   Philippine Council for Health Research &amp; Development<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Impact of GSE and Xylitol (Xlear) on COVID-19 Symptoms and Time to PCR Negativisation in COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: GSE and Xylitol<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Larkin Community Hospital<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) for Prevention of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Covid19;   COVID-19 Prevention<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ);   Other: Standard care;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Detection of Covid-19 in Nasopharyngeal Swabs by Using Multi-Spectral Spectrophotometry</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Diagnostic Test: AP-23<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Fable Biyoteknoloji San ve Tic A.S<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety and Immunogenicity of Demi-dose of Two Covid-19 mRNA Vaccines in Healthy Population</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Diagnostic Test: immunogenicity after first and second dose<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Sciensano;   Mensura EDPB;   Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium;   Erasme University Hospital<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety and Efficacy of Niclosamide in Patients With COVID-19 With Gastrointestinal Infection</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Niclosamide;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   AzurRx BioPharma, Inc.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Immunobridging and Immunization Schedules Study of COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: 3-doses schedule 1 of COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated;   Biological: 3-doses schedule 2 of COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated;   Biological: 3-doses schedule 3 of COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated;   Biological: 2 doses of vaccine<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   China National Biotec Group Company Limited;   Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Estradiol and Progesterone in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Placebo injection and placebo pill;   Drug: Estradiol Cypionate 5 MG/ML;   Drug: Progesterone 200 MG Oral Capsule<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Tulane University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pilot Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of 5-ALA-Phosphate + SFC as an Immune System Enhancer Along With Vaccination Against COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   SARS-COV 2;   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Dietary Supplement: 5-ALA-Phosphate + SFC (5-ALA+SFC)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Medical University of Bahrain;   Bahrain Defence Force Hospital<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Close Contact Self-Testing Study</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: COVID-19 self-test;   Behavioral: COVID-19 test referral<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of Pennsylvania;   Public Health Management Corporation<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Lactoferrin in Covid-19 Hospitalized Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Dietary Supplement: Bovine lactoferrin;   Dietary Supplement: Placebo administration<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Paolo Manzoni<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Remdesivir Efficacy In Management Of COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Remdesivir;   Drug: Standard of care_1;   Drug: Standard of care_2<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Ain Shams University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Assessment of Efficacy of KAN-JANG® in Mild COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Kan Jang capsules;   Other: Placebo capsules<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Swedish Herbal Institute AB;   Tbilisi State Medical University;   Phytomed AB<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rapid endotheliitis and vascular damage characterize SARS-CoV-2 infection in a human lung-chip model</strong> - Severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection are characterized by hypercoagulopathies and systemic endotheliitis of the lung microvasculature. The dynamics of vascular damage, and whether it is a direct consequence of endothelial infection or an indirect consequence of an immune-cell mediated cytokine storm remain unknown. Using a vascularised lung-on-chip model, we find that infection of alveolar epithelial cells leads to limited apical release of virions, consistent with reports of monoculture…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A potently neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody inhibits variants of concern by binding a highly conserved epitope</strong> - With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with increased transmissibility and potential resistance, antibodies and vaccines with broadly inhibitory activity are needed. Here we developed a panel of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs that bind the receptor binding domain of the spike protein at distinct epitopes and block virus attachment to cells and its receptor, human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (hACE2). While several potently neutralizing mAbs protected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice against…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Multidose evaluation of 6,710 drug repurposing library identifies potent SARS-CoV-2 infection inhibitors In Vitro and In Vivo</strong> - The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused widespread illness, loss of life, and socioeconomic disruption that is unlikely to resolve until vaccines are widely adopted, and effective therapeutic treatments become established. Here, a well curated and annotated library of 6710 clinical and preclinical molecules, covering diverse chemical scaffolds and known host targets was evaluated for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in multiple infection models. Multi-concentration, high-content…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rapid decay of host basal mRNAs during SARS-CoV-2 infection perturbs host antiviral mRNA biogenesis and export</strong> - A key feature of the mammalian innate immune response to viral infection is the transcriptional induction of interferon (IFN) genes, which encode for secreted proteins that prime the antiviral response and limit viral replication and dissemination. A hallmark of severe COVID-19 disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is the low presence of IFN proteins in patient serum despite elevated levels of IFN -encoding mRNAs, indicative of post-transcriptional inhibition of IFN protein production. Herein, we show…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>FACT subunit SUPT16H associates with BRD4 and contributes to silencing of antiviral interferon signaling</strong> - FACT ( FA cilitates C hromatin T ranscription) is a heterodimeric protein complex composed of SUPT16H and SSRP1, and a histone chaperone participating in chromatin remodeling during gene transcription. FACT complex is profoundly regulated, and contributes to both gene activation and suppression. Here we reported that SUPT16H, a subunit of FACT, is acetylated at lysine 674 (K674) of middle domain (MD), which involves TIP60 histone acetyltransferase. Such acetylation of SUPT16H is recognized by…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A SARS-CoV-2 targeted siRNA-nanoparticle therapy for COVID-19</strong> - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in humans. Despite several emerging vaccines, there remains no verifiable therapeutic targeted specifically to the virus. Here we present a highly effective siRNA therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2 infection using a novel lipid nanoparticle delivery system. Multiple small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting highly conserved regions of the SARS-CoV-2 virus were screened and three…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nanotraps for the containment and clearance of SARS-CoV-2</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells through its viral spike protein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on the host cells. Here, we show that functionalized nanoparticles, termed “Nanotraps,” completely inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection by blocking the interaction between the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and the ACE2 of host cells. The liposomal-based Nanotrap surfaces were functionalized with either recombinant ACE2 proteins or anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Gene expression analysis of MCF7 cell lines of breast cancer treated with herbal extract of <em>Cissampelos pareira</em> revealed association with viral diseases</strong> - BACKGROUND: It is necessary to assess the cellular, molecular, and pathogenetic characteristics of COVID-19 and attention is required to understand highly effective gene targets and mechanisms. In this study, we suggest understandings into the fundamental pathogenesis of COVID-19 through gene expression analyses using the microarray data set GSE156445 publicly reachable at NIH/NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database. The data set consists of MCF7 which is a human breast cancer cell line with…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Developing effective siRNAs to reduce the expression of key viral genes of COVID-19</strong> - The COVID-19 pandemic has been raging worldwide for more than a year. Many efforts have been made to create vaccines and develop new antiviral drugs to cope with the disease. Here, we propose the application of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to degrade the viral genome, thus reducing viral infection. By introducing the concept of the probability of binding efficiency (PBE) and combining the secondary structures of RNA molecules, we designed 11 siRNAs that target the consensus regions of three…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A multi-targeting drug design strategy for identifying potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors</strong> - The COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is threatening public health, and there is no effective treatment. In this study, we have implemented a multi-targeted anti-viral drug design strategy to discover highly potent SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors, which simultaneously act on the host ribosome, viral RNA as well as RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, and nucleocapsid protein of the virus, to impair viral translation, frameshifting, replication, and assembly. Driven by this strategy, three alkaloids, including…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunobiology and nanotherapeutics of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a current update</strong> - The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitutes the most significant global public health challenge in a century. It has reignited research interest in coronavirus. While little information is available, research is currently in progress to comprehensively understand the general biology and immune response mechanism against SARS-CoV-2. The spike proteins (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2 perform a crucial function in viral infection establishment. ACE2 and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Monoclonal antibody therapy in COVID-19 induced by SARS-CoV-2</strong> - Acute severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) which is associated with inflammation, thrombosis edema, hemorrhage, intra-alveolar fibrin deposition, and vascular and pulmonary damage. In COVID-19, the coronavirus activates macrophages by inducing the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF] that can damage endothelial cells, activate platelets and neutrophils to produce thromboxane A2…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein/ACE2 Protein-Protein Interactions: a Computational Study</strong> - The spike glycoprotein (S) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus surface plays a key role in receptor binding and virus entry. The S protein uses the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2) for entry into the host cell and binding to ACE2 occurs at the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S protein. Therefore, the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between the SARS-CoV-2 RBD and human ACE2, could be attractive therapeutic targets for drug discovery approaches designed to inhibit the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>NeutrobodyPlex-monitoring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing immune responses using nanobodies</strong> - In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an ongoing need for diagnostic tools to monitor the immune status of large patient cohorts and the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns. Here, we present 11 unique nanobodies (Nbs) specific for the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD), of which 8 Nbs potently inhibit the interaction of RBD with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the major viral docking site. Following detailed epitope mapping and structural analysis, we select two…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>New alpha-Hydrazinophosphonic acid: Synthesis, characterization, DFT study and in silico prediction of its potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease</strong> - A new α-Hydrazinophosphonic acid (HDZPA) has been synthesized and its molecular structure was determined using spectroscopic methods. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level was utilized to determine the electronic properties, vibrational modes and active sites of the examined molecule. In this context, some quantum chemical parameters have been calculated in order to discuss the reactivity of the studied molecule. Also, the inhibition activity of the investigated…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Compositions and methods for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU321590214">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>5-(4-TERT-BUTOXY PHENYL)-3-(4N-OCTYLOXYPHENYL)-4,5-DIHYDROISOXAZOLE MOLECULE (C-I): A PROMISING DRUG FOR SARS-COV-2 (TARGET I) AND BLOOD CANCER (TARGET II)</strong> - The present invention relates to a method ofmolecular docking of crystalline compound (C-I) with SARS-COV 2 proteins and its repurposing with proteins of blood cancer, comprising the steps of ; employing an algorithmto carry molecular docking calculations of the crystalized compound (C-I); studying the compound computationally to understand the effect of binding groups with the atoms of the amino acids on at least four target proteins of SARS-COV 2; downloading the structure of the proteins; removing water molecules, co enzymes and inhibitors attached to the enzymes; drawing the structure using Chem Sketch software; converting the mol file into a PDB file; using crystalized compound (C-I) for comparative and drug repurposing with two other mutated proteins; docking compound into the groove of the proteins; saving format of docked molecules retrieved; and filtering and docking the best docked results. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=IN320884617">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>AQUEOUS ZINC OXIDE NANOSPRAY COMPOSITIONS</strong> - Disclosed herein is aqueous zinc oxide nano spray compositions comprising zinc oxide nanoparticles and a synthetic surfactant for controlling the spread of Covid-19 virus. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=IN321836709">link</a></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bettverlängerungssystem</strong> -
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">Bettverlängerungssystem (1) für in Bauchlage beatmungspflichtige Patienten in Gestalt mit zumindest einer Platte (16), dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Platte (16) im Kopflagerungsbereich einen Luftwegezugangsdurchbruch (8) mit einem den Luftwegezugangsdurchbruch (8) umgebenden Auflagerbereich für ein durchbrochenes Kopfauflagepolster (14) aufweist, durch den von der Bettunterseite her und durch das Kopfauflagepolster (14) hindurch die Ver- und Entsorgungsschläuche für eine orotracheale Intubation oder eine nasotracheale Intubation ventral an das Gesicht des Patienten herangeführt werden können, und dass die Platte (16) im Bereich ihrer dem Kopfende eines Bettrosts (15) zugeordneten Stirnseite (6) ein Fixierelement (2) zur Befestigung der Platte (16) am Bettrost (15) nach Art eines einseitig frei über das Kopfende des Bettrosts hinausragenden Kragträgers aufweist.</p></li>
</ul>
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<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=DE322212040">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>一种肝素类药物组合物、喷鼻剂及其制备方法及应用</strong> - 本发明公开了一种肝素类药物组合物、喷鼻剂及其制备方法及应用。该肝素类药物组合物包括肝素钠和阿比朵尔。本发明中的肝素类药物组合物首次采用肝素钠和阿比朵尔联合使用，普通肝素钠联合1μM/L以上的阿比朵尔病毒抑制效率显著高于单独普通肝素钠或单独阿比多尔组（p&lt;0.05）。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN321712860">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>USING CLINICAL ONTOLOGIES TO BUILD KNOWLEDGE BASED CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) WITH THE ADOPTION OF TELECONFERENCING FOR THE PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRES/SATELLITE CLINICS OF ROYAL OMAN POLICE IN SULTANATE OF OMAN</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU320796026">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>抗SARS-COV-2中和抗体</strong> - 本公开提供了针对SARS‑COV‑2的新颖中和抗体和其抗原结合片段。还提供了包括其的药物组合物和试剂盒以及其用途。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN321712812">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Peptides and their use in diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU319943278">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Method and compositions for treating coronavirus infection</strong> - A method of treating viral infection, such as viral infection caused by a virus of the Coronaviridae family, is provided. A composition having at least oleandrin is used to treat viral infection. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU319943054">link</a></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Luftdesinfektionssäule</strong> -
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">Luftreinigungssäule (1) mit einer Luftaufnahme (2) und einer Luftausgabe (3), wobei zwischen der Luftaufnahme (2) und der Luftausgabe (3) ein luftleitender Bereich (4) mit einem Gebläse (7) und einer UV-Lichtdesinfektionseinrichtung (5) angeordnet ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der luftleitende Bereich (4) photokathalysatorisch beschichtete Oberflächen (9) aufweist und/oder ein photokathalysatorisch beschichtetes Gitter (11) angeordnet ist, wobei photokathalysatorisch beschichtetes Gitter (11) und die photokathalysatorisch beschichtete Oberflächen (9) mit Titandioxid (TiO<sub>2</sub>) beschichtet sind, wobei die UV-Lichtdesinfektionseinrichtung (5) UV-A-LEDs (12), die UV-A-Strahlung im Wellenlängenbereich 380-315 nm ausstrahlt und UV-C-LEDs (8) die UV-Strahlung im Wellenlängenbereich UV-C 280-200 nm (8) ausstrahlen aufweist und wobei ein Akku (13) zur netzunabhängigen Stromversorgung angeordnet ist.</p></li>
</ul>
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<ul>
<li><a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=DE322212010">link</a></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cuba After the Castros</strong> - Sixty years after the Bay of Pigs, the Castro brothers are gone from the main stage, and Cuba is a threadbare place facing an uncertain future. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/cuba-after-the-castros">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bridging the Divide Between the Police and the Policed</strong> - In New York, the Mayor and police leadership have repeatedly voiced commitments to “create a bond” between cops and communities of color. The problem, according to high-level officials, is that the city chose the wrong people for the right job. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-local-correspondents/bridging-the-divide-between-the-police-and-the-policed">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Secret Footage of the N.R.A. Chief’s Botched Elephant Hunt</strong> - Wayne LaPierre has cultivated his image as an exemplar of American gun culture, but video of his clumsy marksmanship—and details regarding his Rodeo Drive shopping trips—tells another story. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-secret-footage-of-nra-chief-wayne-lapierres-botched-elephant-hunt">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Renewable Energy Is Suddenly Startlingly Cheap</strong> - Now the biggest barrier to change is the will of our politicians to take serious climate action. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-a-warming-planet/renewable-energy-is-suddenly-startlingly-cheap">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>India’s Uncounted COVID-19 Deaths</strong> - Rukmini S, a data journalist in Chennai, speaks about the coronavirus cases and death toll in India, and why unofficial statistics suggest that the true numbers are likely far greater than reported. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/indias-uncounted-covid-19-deaths">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>The sleazy thrills of Temptation Island</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A group of contestants on “Temptation Island” wear skimpy costumes for a party and toast each other with drinks." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/c_kwHektYbaxdBONYx8zoI0dhDo=/118x0:869x563/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/69204224/NUP_193283_0002.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
USA Network
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The reality series is an appalling, appealing blend of barely ethical chaos, psychological warfare, and irresistible TV.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DgtNbw">
The premise of <em>Temptation Island, </em>a reality show that airs on USA Network, is simple enough: Troubled couples are flown to Hawaii, separated, and surrounded by hot singles to test their commitment to their relationships. Frankly, it’s a foolish endeavor.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IZhSgI">
If the contending pairs were meant to stay together, they likely would not go on the show at all. There’s no prize money at stake, just the opportunity to cheat while on a free vacation, the possibility of social media fame, and a chance to prove a convoluted point to their partners and to themselves. It’s a dizzying routine of mental gymnastics, and while the contestants often seem clout-crazed and possess the enviable trait of pure confidence, it is their self-assuredness that usually leads to their eventual downfall.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Rjvffy">
Like so many reality shows, <em>Temptation Island</em> reframes emotional volatility as entertainment. It promises a train wreck that viewers can’t look away from, and it delivers in every episode. The result is a bizarre TV series that operates under the guise of “the process” — the process being the implication that the mess it creates could possibly be a therapeutic one.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="e1KMSl">
Alcohol and partying are the crux of the show. Almost every night, participants drink and devolve into scandal after scandal. It is during the party scenes, of course, that most of the tempting and cheating occurs, between slurred words and sultry pool party madness. The atmosphere frequently teeters into spring break territory — nothing matters but feeling good, and decisions are fueled by hours in the hot sun, booze, and an array of sweaty, Instagram-perfect bodies. An intentional blurring of boundaries works to erase any feelings of possible consequences. It’s a fantasy, for both the participants and the viewers to indulge in.
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<aside id="6RPDot">
<q>“I feel so bad for these people, but I can’t stop watching”</q>
</aside>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RTVfzM">
Then come the bonfire scenes — <em>Temptation Island</em>’s signature “event” — at the end of each episode, à la <em>Survivor</em>’s tribal council or <em>The Bachelor</em>’s rose ceremony. They create for the camera an intimate portrait of people in true distress, as contestants watch out-of-context clips of their partner’s personal conduct on the island. Located most recently at the Andaz Maui at Wailea Resort, the entire set is a panopticon of chaos and confusion. Contestants know that their partners will see footage of what they’ve been up to, but they have no idea what exactly will be shown.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rwDeGa">
The bonfires are what makes bad behavior on <em>Temptation Island</em> that much more egregious. Lots of participants simply want an excuse to cheat, and they know they might be seen doing so. While many cast members enter the “journey” with a strong belief in their ability to outsmart the show (and, in some cases, their significant others), they severely underestimate the psychological element of the situation. Isolation, inadequate mental health resources, and a seemingly endless amount of alcohol make for a series that fails the cast members who actually want to fix their love lives, and rewards those who couldn’t care less about their relationships or their significant others. All in all, it’s hypnotizing to the viewer. One fan summed it up clearly to me: “I feel so bad for these people, but I can’t stop watching.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ecTWeM">
The current iteration of <em>Temptation Island</em>, which just wrapped up its third season, is a revival of the series of the same name that ran on Fox from 2001 to 2003. Not much has changed about the basic premise; it feels like a relic, in that it’s primarily focused on shock value. Like early 2000s reality TV hits like <em>Fear Factor </em>or <em>What Would You Do?</em>, or modern relationship-based favorites like <em>Married at First Sight </em>and <em>Love Is Blind, Temptation Island</em> has a social experiment element to it that makes viewers wonder how they might fare in a similar situation. The original series was <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=111201&amp;page=1">controversial</a>, as was the way of early 2000s reality TV, and its function as a morality play about fidelity is undoubtedly part of its appeal.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/pNpM4XB4BI0vAOaweLbJ0yVcfnc=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22476401/NUP_193283_0004.jpg"/> <cite>USA Network</cite>
<figcaption>
<em>Temptation Island</em> host Mark L. Walberg.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vPtaeU">
The host of <em>Temptation Island</em>, Mark L. Walberg (not to be confused with <em>that </em><a href="https://www.vox.com/22380368/wahl-street-mark-wahlberg-hbo-review">Mark Wahlberg</a>), has been at it since the early 2000s series. His job on <em>Temptation Island</em> is more involved than, say, Chris Harrison’s is on <em>The Bachelor,</em> and he manages to stay out of <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/3/12/22308108/the-bachelor-racism-chris-harrison-rachael-kirkconnell-matt-james">controversies</a> too. While he tries his best to role-play a therapist of sorts and is a genuinely delightful host, his guidance isn’t nearly enough for people so in need of actual healing and advice. For example, one season three cast member broke down after revealing her brother had overdosed some time ago, and how it had strained her relationship. How can Walberg, the singles, or any of the contestants be expected to properly help manage those serious emotions when they come up?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3DLiOv">
“When I’m sitting across this bonfire with these young people grappling with all these questions and problems, I can’t help but coach them through things based on what I know from my own life,” Walberg said in a <a href="https://www.tvinsider.com/987006/temptation-island-season-3-mark-walberg-couples-covid/">February interview</a> with TV Insider. “I tell them the advice I give is exactly what they paid for it. I’m a game show host. I’m not a therapist.” Perhaps predictably, <em>Temptation Island</em> attracts couples who appear to need the counsel of an actual therapist, but for some reason or another have arrived before America to embarrass themselves.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Oeypwf">
The series’ shortcomings are exactly what make it a delicious watch. When the absurdity reaches its boiling point, contestants typically experience a revelation that is both horrifying and hilarious, especially if they aren’t great people to begin with. Take, for example, a sullen quote from season three contestant Tom Gipson, watching his girlfriend kiss another guy after seeing clips of Gipson’s constant, handsy flirtations with other women: “Congratulations, I played myself.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gdWbVR">
Isolation plays a huge factor in the way the show is able to guide, and often confuse, participants’ emotions. At bonfires, the videos shown are often incriminating, and clearly selected not to achieve a guaranteed outcome, but to sow doubt about the future of each couple. There is no way for contestants to fact-check or know the exact context of the flirtatious conversations they see. Other clips are straight-up humiliating.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/tsCKvj5309JjEuZURcwBCPshGvg=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22476428/NUP_193396_0004.jpg"/> <cite>USA Network</cite>
<figcaption>
Chelsea Orcutt and Erica Washington on <em>Temptation Island</em>.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cZsQ95">
Early in season three, contestant Erica Washington was made to watch her boyfriend, Kendal Kirkland, take two other women to bed with him. While many fans have speculated that Washington and Kirkland may have <a href="https://screenrant.com/temptation-island-kendal-eric-not-dating-rumor-cheating/">never really been together</a> in the first place, the pain she obviously felt, and the disregard Kirkland had for her on the show, seemed all too real. It would be traumatizing to be subjected to such lack of care in the real world, but having it unfold on television makes it even more disturbing. “I have never been surrounded by so many people, and still felt like I was all by myself,” Washington tearfully remarked at one point.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XV0hSP">
Contestants are constantly surrounded by strangers — not only the film crew, but <em>Temptation Island</em>’s swarms of eager singles. Quickly, they form attachments with a single or two and tend to stick with them until the end of the season. Attraction and producer prodding surely play a role, but friendships and romances are crucial for emotional survival on the show. The singles try to comfort the contestants but are naturally selfish in their intentions. After all, the main reason singles are present is to have fun and hook up, although some claim they are there to find true love. Overall, they’re waiting for an opening, whether emotional or physical.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ORTrJR">
In the finale, contestants can choose to leave the island with their significant other, with a new flame they met on the show, or to go home solo. It’s the first chance contestants have to confront their partners after a full season of flirting, partying, and bonfires full of maddening footage. And who among us can make a rational decision or adequately express our feelings in so little time, with so many lights and cameras around?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XTrISI">
In season three, a handful of couples left together. Kristen Ramos and Julian Allen actually got engaged on the show. And while it appears that they have come to learn more about themselves, their results are outliers. In past seasons, most of <em>Temptation Island</em>’s couples have broken up, whether on the show or shortly afterward in the real world. Those who stay together likely still need to put in effort to make their commitments last, especially after such an intense and bewildering experience.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BmLPAL">
Cali Estes, a life and addictions coach with a doctorate in clinical psychology who has actually had a <em>Temptation Island</em> contestant as a client in the past, says that all reality shows would benefit from having on-site, ongoing therapy services. However, most lack such a system, and often wreak havoc on the mental health of their participants. Shows like <em>Temptation Island </em>want to capture tears and turmoil, and build an environment that lends itself to that. Sometimes the results play like borderline psychological warfare.
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<aside id="5XTRnJ">
<q>“[Temptation Island] put her in a position where she’s afraid to date. She can’t move on. She’s terrified that every guy is going to cheat on her.” </q>
</aside>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xpOgWN">
“There needs to be some sort of de-escalation from being on the show, and there’s not,” Estes said. “I think they should have a real therapist or psychologist on there, but I don’t know if it would have the same amount of ratings.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WKiEBg">
Estes told me that her client who appeared on <em>Temptation Island</em> experienced real, lasting trauma.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="07gokJ">
“She didn’t go on there because she wanted to be an actress. She actually thought it would help. And it did the complete opposite,” Estes said. “She now has anxiety and PTSD from what happened on the show. Now I’m seeing her for all this other stuff that it brought out. [<em>Temptation Island</em>] put her in a position where she’s afraid to date. She can’t move on. She’s terrified that every guy is going to cheat on her.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tJrpMh">
Originally, the client sought help from Estes because her partner seemed to have an alcohol problem, and it was taking a toll on their relationship. They have since broken up, and she regrets their involvement with the show. While I did not get to talk to the client directly due to worries about violating her nondisclosure agreement with the show, Estes told me the client wants to cut ties with <em>Temptation Island</em>. However, her contract compels her to fulfill certain press requirements, so she’s still attached.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="INvnvB">
“I also have clients that are on the [Bravo <em>Real</em>] <em>Housewives</em> shows. On reality TV, they have a green room that has an open bar specifically for this type of stuff. When you see them on the show, they’d been drinking before filming, during filming, and after filming. If there’s other items you would like, it can be arranged, let me just put it that way,” Estes said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nocBCc">
The <a href="https://ticouples.castingcrane.com/">casting site</a> for <em>Temptation Island</em> boasts of a “safe, supportive, and fun environment,” and mostly delivers on the fun, but that’s about it. While the show doesn’t claim to be a heal-all for relationship issues, its narrative does imply that contestants might be able to fix their problems by participating.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dgstvI">
Estes challenged this implication: “There’s no way you can do any kind of conducive therapy if someone’s under the influence. It’s just not even possible,” she said.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/YHqRqrO5PpGvhhqhnBVp9te-9rI=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22476444/NUP_193346_0009.jpg"/> <cite>USA Network</cite>
<figcaption>
<em>Temptation Island</em>’s season three cast kicks off a round of drinks.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sNFNy9">
And under the influence they are. In season three, Blake Eyres, a dentist from Missouri, spent almost all his time with contestant Chelsea Orcutt, and their courtship escalated to an odd pool hookup scene where she looked almost too inebriated to be an active participant. Like the <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/6/19/15812238/bachelor-in-paradise-sexual-assault-allegations">consent fiasco</a> that happened on <em>Bachelor in Paradise</em> in 2017,<em> </em>in which one cast member was allegedly too drunk to consent to sex, the antics on <em>Temptation Island</em> often feel like a lawsuit waiting to happen.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fxhQXH">
<em>Temptation Island</em> appeals to its mind-boggled audience in spite of, and because of, its ridiculous and often unsettling premise. Jennifer Moore, a 47-year-old fan in Georgia, watched the original early-2000s version of <em>Temptation Island</em> when she was 27 years old. “At the time, I was going through a bad breakup, and it just seemed like the perfect trashy reality TV show. It was just an absolute train wreck, and I couldn’t stop watching it,” she said. “I saw USA was bringing it back, and I was like, ‘Oh, I remember this awfulness. I have to watch this.’”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JFYIot">
As far as Moore remembers, there’s not much difference between the original series and the current iteration. However, she does recall that in the original series, one couple was <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-mar-29-fi-44139-story.html">kicked off the show</a> when it came out that they had a child together. Producers did not want to play a part in breaking up a family; that’s where they drew the line.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="l5pAo9">
Still, <em>Temptation Island</em> readily ignores plenty of other glaring issues with its concept. “‘I’m not a huge fan of reality TV, but something about <em>Temptation Island</em> just grabs my attention,” Moore said. “Who would do this to their relationship? You’re having problems, so ‘let’s go on TV and do body shots off other people’? There’s nothing healthy about it.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1dSZX6">
And yet that is part of the appeal. If viewers have even an ounce of responsibility in their own lives, the show manages to make them feel like saints by comparison. In the lawless land of <em>Temptation Island, </em>anything goes, and viewers can easily judge the actions of the cast, strategize how they would have done better in the same shoes, and debate the right and wrong of it all without involving themselves in anything even remotely as risky in their own lives. Contestants play with fire, and the audience is dazzled by what catches.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ZJ53o1PLR9QOoT2fyyu71NK7wrE=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22476436/NUP_193969_0002.jpg"/> <cite>USA Network</cite>
<figcaption>
Thomas Gipson and Chelsea Orcutt on <em>Temptation Island</em>.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="X1OegV">
That’s not to say <em>Temptation Island </em>fans are unaware of the complicated nature of their viewership. Brianna Vega, a 24-year-old fan living in Boston, says she feels the show does prey on people who are in bad relationships. “That’s the biggest issue for me. Not only are you in this toxic relationship, but now it’s being exploited for the whole country to watch,” Vega said. “Like in season one [of the reboot] with Kaci and Evan? Her whole life fell apart on national television, and we had to watch her beg for him to take her back.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wwsWI0">
The relationship Vega is referring to was between contestant Evan Smith and his girlfriend of a decade, Kaci Campbell. Early on, Smith mentioned that his father had been <a href="https://people.com/crime/evan-smith-temptation-island-opens-up-fathers-murder/">murdered due to infidelity</a>, and it contributed to his hesitation to marry Campbell. However, he immediately became smitten with a single, Morgan Lolar, and left Campbell at the end of the season. He proposed to Lolar a few months after, but later the relationship fizzled due to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1_h5y0STI0">his alleged abusive behavior</a>.
</p>
<div id="f2fxNC">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Is it ever okay for an ENGAGED man to leave his fiancé across the country to “work” but actually has nightly sleepovers with 21yo Instagram models? Oh, and his phone happens to “die” every night at the same time. I know, I’m a dumb ass and everyone saw it coming, but me <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/played?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#played</a>
</p>
— Morgan Lolar (<span class="citation" data-cites="morganlolar">@morganlolar</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/morganlolar/status/1215882863389876224?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 11, 2020</a>
</blockquote></div></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OArFdJ">
Lolar has <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gEs5lQqtBQ">since bonded</a> with Campbell over Smith’s toxic patterns, but at the end of Campbell’s time on <em>Temptation Island</em>, she had a breakdown that I have never forgotten. She screamed, cried, and hyperventilated, addressing the cameraman directly to ask if what she was experiencing was real — could this nightmare actually be happening to her?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="T7ZxNo">
“I don’t even remember a lot of it. I feel like I kind of blacked out,” Campbell said in a <a href="https://people.com/tv/temptation-island-finale-kaci-campbell-interview-evan-smith/">2019 interview</a> with People. “I was in complete and total shock and panic mode.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Kcqxne">
While the entire drama between Campbell and Smith was disturbing to watch, it also spoke to the extremeness of <em>Temptation Island</em>, and it stands as a classic example of the dynamics that might fuel a holier-than-thou feeling among viewers. Most people probably think they wouldn’t leave a significant other sobbing on television, much less after 10 years together. Watching couples like those on <em>Temptation Island </em>helps smooth any cracks in our own relationship histories, because hey, at least things never got <em>that</em> bad.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MRUB5n">
“I had a toxic and abusive ex-boyfriend,” Vega told me. “If the end of our relationship played on national TV, I don’t know how I would have lived through that,” she said. “For me, watching from that perspective, it’s kind of horrifying.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wdmdBc">
Ethics are not typically reality television’s forte, but <em>Temptation Island</em> consistently wades into murky waters. Yet, I’m an avid viewer because, despite the series’ inherent problems, it is deeply fascinating. Like TLC’s popular <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/15/arts/television/90-day-fiance-immigration.html">reality franchise</a> <em>90-Day Fiancé</em>, <em>Temptation Island</em> at times feels obscene. Many of the couples on the show seem like they would benefit from professional guidance, but a reality show<em> </em>is a shoddy replacement for therapy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YMnoCA">
It is easy to imagine that we would never let such misguided disaster strike our own lives. It is even easier to imagine that we would be faithful to our partners if we were to appear on the show<em> </em>ourselves, despite never having experienced the engineered, alcohol-soaked complexities of <em>Temptation Island</em>’s bubble world. The concept is so unbelievable, so unsound, and so, so bad that it’s difficult to ignore the pull.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BxpKDx">
The fact is, participants on the show get reduced to caricatures of modern relationships. There’s the manipulative cheater, the ladykiller, the devoted girlfriend, the “crazy” (soon-to-be) ex. It’s a soap opera of epic proportions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DPIWmt">
Vega tells me she’s converted plenty of people into fans. “Coworkers, ex-boyfriends, old roommates, my best friend, and even my current boyfriend. He hates reality TV, but literally can’t look away after watching just a handful of episodes,” she said. “Watching <em>Temptation Island </em>will make you feel better about your own life decisions. That’s how I always hook people.”
</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Poorer countries might not get Covid-19 vaccinated until 2023</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/QD93wnbpE7euE5LSBKMNoeotDcg=/253x0:4284x3023/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/69199363/1232574406.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Relatives, friends, and graveyard workers prepare to lower the body of a Covid-19 coronavirus victim during the burial at a graveyard in New Delhi on April 28, 2021. | Sajjad Hussain/AFP via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
This inequality is baked into every step of the vaccine manufacturing process.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="72V6LL">
High-income countries have purchased more than half of the Covid-19 vaccine supply to date, and low-income countries, just 9 percent, according to Duke University’s Global Health Innovation Center. This is why a country like the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations">US is close to vaccinating half its population</a> with one dose while the rate in a place like <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations">Guinea is less than 1 percent</a> and not budging.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Ei3449j4NtiLDmOTXCjyeHC0Na4=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22475295/coronavirus_data_explorer.png"/> <cite>Our World In Data</cite>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uA235G">
If these glaring inequities in vaccine access continue, it will take at least two years for the world’s poorest countries, which couldn’t afford to compete for early doses of vaccines, to immunize <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/coronavirus-vaccine-inequality-global/">the majority of their populations</a>. And we’re on track for a long period where people in rich countries enjoy the benefits and safety of being fully immunized, while people in poorer countries continue to get sick and die from the coronavirus.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OIGx85">
“That’s not just unconscionable, but it also is very much against the interests of high-income countries,” Georgetown global health law professor Lawrence Gostin told <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/1/29/22253908/rich-countries-hoarding-covid-19-vaccines">Vox in January</a>. With the virus continuing to circulate, and variants picking up pace around the globe, outbreaks in the poorest countries will pose a threat to the world.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0oqsdI">
To learn more about the root causes of the problem, and how inequalities are baked into the vaccine manufacturing system, check out our new Vox video and read on.
</p>
<div id="wxeiXP">
<div class="volume-video" id="volume-placement-369">
</div></div></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="bC8eCj">
Wealthier countries had a home-court advantage to<strong> </strong>develop vaccines
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gmail-RBJueu">
It’s not an accident that many of the world’s first-approved Covid-19 vaccines — from companies like Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Moderna — were developed and rolled out in high-income countries. As the pandemic took hold last year, wealthier nations — including the US, UK, and EU block — began making deals with the pharmaceutical companies that were developing Covid-19 vaccines, which also happened to be headquartered within their borders.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JRzV5H">
These bilateral deals involved governments essentially giving the companies billions of dollars to speed up research and development in exchange for priority access to vaccines, should they prove to be effective. But the deals also pushed poorer countries, which didn’t have the resources to pre-purchases millions of doses of vaccines that might not even get approved for market, further down the access line.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gmail-r2Img8">
In May 2020, for example, the US government gave <a href="https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/05/21/trump-administration-accelerates-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-to-be-available-beginning-in-october.html">AstraZeneca $1.2 billion for 300 million</a> doses — a Covid-19 vaccine that still hasn’t even been approved in the US. That was just one deal of many. By January 2021, rich countries had already pre-purchased <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m4809">96 percent</a> of the doses BioNTech/Pfizer was scheduled to make for the year, while <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m4809">100 percent of Moderna’s</a> supply was spoken for. And the EU now appears ready to finalize a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/28/world/europe/european-union-pfizer-von-der-leyen-coronavirus-vaccine.html">1.8 billion-dose deal</a> with Pfizer.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eFvkY3">
Together, the early agreements covered the populations of rich countries many times over in the event that some of the vaccines failed. By March, Canada had secured enough vaccine for<a href="https://launchandscalefaster.org/covid-19/vaccineprocurement"> five times its population</a>, and the US bought <a href="https://launchandscalefaster.org/covid-19/vaccineprocurement">at least double</a> the amount of vaccine it’d need. In terms of doses administered, while high-income countries are home to 16 percent of the world’s population, they’ve doled out 46 percent of the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html?action=click&amp;module=Top%20Stories&amp;pgtype=Homepage">one billion Covid-19 vaccine doses</a> already administered. The poorest countries, home to 10 percent of the world’s population, have given out just 0.4 percent of doses, according to <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations">Our World In Data</a>, and lower-middle income countries, with 40 percent of the world population, 19 percent of doses.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="U04qAt">
“[Since] vaccine makers are headquartered in high-income countries, and [vaccines are] developed there for the most part, many of the ones that made it across the finish line first were from high-income countries, and because of that, they had a home-court advantage,” said <a href="https://globalhealth.duke.edu/people/taylor-andrea">Andrea Taylor</a>, a researcher with <a href="https://globalhealth.duke.edu">Duke Global Health Institute</a> who has been analyzing the deals.
</p>
<h3 id="yeETN1">
Vaccine-producing nations have used export controls to hoard supplies
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yBGTXv">
Through this home-court advantage, wealthier countries not only ensured first dibs — they’ve also used export restrictions to control vaccine supplies and doses leaving their borders.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NxQMYb">
On April 16, for example, the head of the Serum Institute of India — the world’s biggest producer — <a href="https://twitter.com/adarpoonawalla/status/1382978713302683653">took to Twitter</a> to ask President Joe Biden to lift embargoes on raw material exports that were hampering vaccine production there:
</p>
<div id="lKFShr">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Respected <a href="https://twitter.com/POTUS?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"><span class="citation" data-cites="POTUS">@POTUS</span></a>, if we are to truly unite in beating this virus, on behalf of the vaccine industry outside the U.S., I humbly request you to lift the embargo of raw material exports out of the U.S. so that vaccine production can ramp up. Your administration has the details.
</p>
— Adar Poonawalla (<span class="citation" data-cites="adarpoonawalla">@adarpoonawalla</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/adarpoonawalla/status/1382978713302683653?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 16, 2021</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8ZTxFc">
The result of the pressure: The <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/24/climate/inda-covid-vaccines.html">US lifted the restrictions</a> to help speed production overseas, and President Biden vowed to share <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/db461dd7-b132-4f08-a94e-b23a6764bdb3">60 million doses of the AstraZeneca</a> vaccine. <a href="https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2021/04/22/american-export-controls-threaten-to-hinder-global-vaccine-production">India</a> — currently battling a <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/4/24/22400986/india-coronavirus-surge-hospitals-deaths">devastating Covid-19 outbreak</a> — is also now using export restrictions to hang on to Covid-19 doses produced there.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uIevRQ">
<a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-eu-vonderleyen-idUSKBN2AP2RS">American and British vaccine export bans</a>, meanwhile, have been a source of diplomatic tensions with the EU, which put in <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/23/world/europe/eu-curbs-vaccine-exports.html">place its own export restrictions</a> in March to alleviate supply shortages.
</p>
<h3 id="nrrWwA">
Rich countries undermined Covax, the global group set up to deliver vaccines to the world’s poor
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uu1klk">
The vaccine hoarding has happened in parallel with an unprecedented multilateral effort to support the development and equitable distribution of 2 billion doses of Covid-19 vaccines to the world’s poorest countries before the end of 2021, called Covax.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LtKJyM">
The initiative has two parts: a purchasing pool for higher-income countries, and a fundraising effort for poorer countries. By promising to buy a certain number of vaccine doses from manufacturers, countries that join get access to any <a href="https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/covid-19-vaccine-race">vaccines that are approved</a> in Covax’s portfolio, while also creating a global market for the shots and driving prices down.
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<aside id="iICKzj">
<q>Covax has only delivered about one in five of the doses that were expected by the end of May</q>
</aside>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UdNnb8">
More than <a href="https://www.gavi.org/sites/default/files/covid/pr/COVAX_CA_COIP_List_COVAX_PR_15-12.pdf">190 countries signed on</a> — including rich ones. “Covax was trying to create a reality — they appealed to the better angels of all countries,” said Saad Omer, director of the Yale Institute for Global Health.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AiGzSt">
But the bilateral deals took a lot of power away from Covax. Rich countries “want to have it both ways,” Gostin said. “They join Covax so they could proclaim to be good global citizens, and at the same time rob Covax of its lifeblood, which is vaccine doses.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dBLsCf">
Rich countries also <a href="https://www.devex.com/news/covax-facility-seeks-an-additional-2b-for-covid-19-vaccines-99671">didn’t fund Covax’s</a> purchasing pool to the levels the group called for. And <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/indias-covid-19-agonies-highlight-growing-rich-poor-gap-in-vaccinations-11619542171">for the majority of its supply,</a> Covax also relies on India, which, again, is currently restricting exports.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8IkYfH">
The result: Covax, according to Duke, has only delivered about one in five of the doses that were expected by the end of May.
</p>
<h3 id="IN59vl">
There are other bottlenecks even waiving patents can’t fix
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="42B7KK">
<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/apr/02/india-in-charge-of-developing-world-covid-vaccine-supply-unsustainable">Some have suggested</a> Covid-19 vaccine-makers should <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/white-house-says-its-considering-intellectual-property-waiver-covid-19-vaccines-2021-04-27/">waive their patents</a>, making it possible for more manufacturers to come online and produce vaccines. But that’s only part of the solution to vaccine inequality, Taylor said. “We know there is manufacturing capacity that isn’t being used.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3a68q3">
That’s because of another bottleneck that’s emerged in recent months. Vaccine makers have been reporting that they’re struggling to access basic supplies needed to safely manufacture vaccines. For example, there have been reports that the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/10/global-covid-vaccine-rollout-threatened-by-shortage-of-vital-components">filters used in the manufacturing process</a>, and <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/b2f4f9cf-af80-428f-a198-2698ceb4c701">large plastic bags</a> (for lining bioreactors where pharmaceutical ingredients are mixed) have run short. It’s unclear how big this problem is — we don’t have systematic data on global shortages — but many suppliers and even countries have cited these shortages as a reason for delays.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="M5VnaK">
Companies can’t just turn to anybody to meet their needs — they can only use qualified suppliers that meet the global standards set by regulators like the US Food and Drug Administration. These suppliers sell products that have been vetted through studies proving their plastic bags, for example, don’t leak toxins into vaccines or cause allergic reactions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CkmeeO">
“Those tests take time — it’s months of lab studies and animal studies,” said Matthew Johnson, associate director of the Duke Human Vaccine Institute. So even companies that could pivot to producing the vaccine products in short supply would need to take time to study them and ensure safety.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1evySM">
There’s another problem IP waivers can’t solve: Technology transfer, from one vaccine maker to another, involves sharing trade secrets, know-how, and even trained personnel. The companies currently making Covid-19 vaccines “might not have 20 to 40 people to send to these other locations” to help new producers get up to speed, Johnson added. So while waiving patents would help — it’s only part of the solution.
</p>
<h3 id="1lEdla">
Vaccinating the world doesn’t need to take so long — rich countries could take action now
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MlqsFW">
Still, it’s not a given that it’ll take years to vaccinate the world from Covid-19. There are ways to speed up the process.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TS8mEJ">
Rich countries could donate more doses to poorer countries — a move global health groups have been calling for for months and one that’s starting to <a href="https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2021/04/indias-covid-19-crisis-prompts-global-response">happen in response to the crisis in India</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0Jy01n">
Rich countries could also simply start investing more in helping poorer countries respond to the crisis. They could answer <a href="https://www.devex.com/news/covax-facility-seeks-an-additional-2b-for-covid-19-vaccines-99671">Covax’s call for more donor funds</a>, for example. Or Omer called for something akin to <a href="https://www.pepfar.gov/about/">PEPFAR</a>, America’s global health program to combat AIDS around the world. Launched under George W. Bush in 2003, to date, it’s provided $90 billion toward fighting AIDS.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7Ysv9X">
“It sounds lofty but the cost to everyone, including high-income countries, is huge with each passing month or week where there is transmission going on around the world,” Omer added. “What is happening in India can happen in other large chunks of population and that should concern us all.”
</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>The myth of a president’s “first 100 days”</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/40Ufu_nr1tdCHygVfJX70rPqYQM=/295x0:4295x3000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/69204124/GettyImages_1232562265.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
President Joe Biden speaks in front of the White House on April 27, 2021. | Brendan Smialowski/AFP/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
It’s a media construct that’s out of step with the modern presidency.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OY2nt6">
President Joe Biden’s 100th day in office is Thursday, April 29, and with that fairly arbitrary milestone comes media hype and “<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/04/26/biden-first-100-days-report-card-power-ranking/">report</a> <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/23/biden-100-day-report-card/">card</a>” <a href="https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-climate-iran-nuclear-immigration-de7b288aa2b4315b5b7fe38559a6e666">articles</a> from journalists and pundits assessing how the new president has been doing so far (a tradition I’ve <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/4/28/15326036/trump-100-days-accomplishments-achievements">indulged in in the past</a>).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="joNrpM">
The 100 days concept is grounded in some history (Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first to use this framing <a href="https://www.npr.org/2017/04/29/525810758/the-first-100-days-a-standard-that-not-even-roosevelt-achieved">to brag about</a> his early New Deal accomplishments), and Biden himself scheduled his <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/4/27/22404275/biden-congress-address-state-of-the-union-policing-infrastructure-wednesday">first major address to Congress</a> to coincide with it. But this cutoff point doesn’t have any substantive consequence, and the focus on it seems to be out of step with the nature of the modern presidency.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kleaKk">
The conventional wisdom about the importance of the 100 days goes something like this: When a new president takes office, he begins with a “honeymoon” period in which he’s quite popular. However, there’s a time limit on this as presidents tend to see an <a href="https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden-approval-rating/">approval rating drop</a> as they stay in office. Therefore, time is of the essence. The new president should rush to enact as much of his agenda as possible before the honeymoon ends because he’ll find it more difficult to do so afterward.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Xro714">
But there are a few problems with this analysis. First off, the presidential “honeymoon” approval boost is no longer so apparent in our age of polarization — Biden <a href="https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden-approval-rating/">isn’t really getting one</a> and Trump didn’t either. (Neither did George W. Bush, for that matter.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WT9HKJ">
Second, since FDR’s presidency, it has been quite rare for major legislation to get passed in the first 100 days. In times of crisis, both Biden and Obama managed to pass large stimulus bills quickly, but most other signature legislative accomplishments for presidents fell outside the 100-day window. The true deadline here is probably the 2022 midterm elections, which are still a way off.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="V5KPfM">
Finally, when it comes to executive actions, there’s no real reason the president’s important accomplishments “have” to come during the first 100 days, and indeed, they’ve often historically come later. In part that’s because presidents tend to <a href="https://www.vox.com/2014/9/9/5964421/obama-lawsuit-republicans-abuse-of-power">turn to executive power</a> more once their hopes of scoring major legislative victories are frustrated.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yY4XKB">
So really, it’s silly to assess the president’s performance after so short a time. The only appropriate grade is “incomplete.”
</p>
<h3 id="I3zkTs">
The presidential honeymoon has been canceled
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="15xi7x">
For most of the mid-to-late 20th century, there was a common pattern in the approval ratings of new presidents: They’d <a href="https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden-approval-rating/">often start off very popular</a>. Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Jimmy Carter started off with approval ratings in the high 60s or low 70s. Others — Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and George H.W. Bush — got smaller or later bounces. Still, the belief that a new president usually gets a honeymoon was well-grounded.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3zYada">
That has been changing, though. Only one of the past four presidents — Barack Obama — started out with an approval rating north of 60 percent, per FiveThirtyEight’s <a href="https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden-approval-rating/">tracker</a>. Donald Trump’s approval was in the 40s for his whole first 100 days, and George W. Bush (coming into office after the divisive, contested 2000 election) had approval ratings in the low-to-mid 50s.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="y57NKD">
Biden’s approval rating is about where George W. Bush’s was — it’s <a href="https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/biden-approval-rating/">currently 54 percent</a>. But, significantly, his disapproval rating at this point is higher than any other modern president’s except for Trump’s (though Bill Clinton’s was close around day 100). This likely reflects polarization — it’s just harder now for a new president to get the benefit of the doubt from the other side. (Indeed, the only 21st-century president to ever top 70 percent approval for a prolonged period was George W. Bush in the months after 9/11.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oChYy5">
It’s still possible that this will prove to be the high-water mark of Biden’s popularity — his approval rating has been stable, but his disapproval rating has risen about 5 points since he took office. But the broader point is that he did not start off with a special honeymoon that gave him widespread popularity.
</p>
<h3 id="ufNQP3">
Big legislation takes longer in the modern Congress
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UFUzkz">
The assumption that the first 100 days presents a unique opportunity to get things through Congress is also complicated by the reality that, in practice, major legislation takes longer.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3VIfbc">
The original 100 days concept, as framed by FDR, was specifically about major bills Congress had passed as a response to the crisis of the Great Depression. Helpfully, Democrats came in with massive congressional majorities (311 of 430 House seats and 58 of 96 Senate seats). And they did indeed manage to pass a flurry of major bills (though Roosevelt’s own role in dictating that agenda <a href="https://www.npr.org/2017/04/29/525810758/the-first-100-days-a-standard-that-not-even-roosevelt-achieved">has been overstated</a>).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UHjjxI">
In any case, FDR was an exception — no subsequent president has replicated anything like this in the 100-day period. Generally, what we’ve seen since is that the most a new president can expect before April is passing a big emergency spending bill, and perhaps some smaller bills. One reason for this is that a lot of the Senate’s time is chewed up confirming the president’s nominees, but it’s also that serious reforms inherently seem to take some time.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1itDkQ">
The signature economic and tax bills of Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump, for instance, didn’t become law until after the first 100 days had ended (May for Bush, August for Reagan and Clinton, December for Trump). Obama didn’t sign the Affordable Care Act until March 2010 (14 months after he took office). A 100-day count for Lyndon Johnson is complicated by his unexpected ascendancy to the presidency in November 1963, but the Civil Rights Act of 1964 took longer than 100 days after that, and most of his major Great Society bills didn’t pass until the summer and fall of 1965.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JbOvzD">
In contrast to FDR, Biden has the narrowest Senate majority possible, and a pretty narrow House majority too. He also has to deal with the routine use of the Senate filibuster, which means a 60-vote supermajority is required to advance almost all bills. He has the <a href="https://www.vox.com/22310269/third-stimulus-update-2021-package">American Rescue Plan</a> as a legislative accomplishment to his name, but as far as whether he’ll be able to pass anything broader, it’s too early to say.
</p>
<h3 id="wgfld7">
Presidents’ most significant executive actions often happen later in their terms
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="v7mE98">
When I took stock of <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/4/28/15326036/trump-100-days-accomplishments-achievements">Donald Trump’s first 100 days in office</a>, I said he may have missed his “best chance to transform America,” arguing that his governing agenda lay in “tatters” because courts blocked his “Muslim ban” and the GOP’s effort to repeal Obamacare was foundering. More broadly, I pointed out that Trump had embraced Republican establishment policies on trade and foreign policy and had neglected to shake up partisan dynamics by backing infrastructure reform.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LtWwNV">
With hindsight, a lot of that holds up, but there were certain areas where Trump at least sort of learned from his mistakes. He <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/26/us/politics/supreme-court-trump-travel-ban.html">crafted</a> a more limited version of the travel ban that got the Supreme Court’s blessing in 2018. He eventually <a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/robert-lighthizer-blew-up-60-years-of-trade-policy-nobody-knows-what-happens-next">empowered economic advisers</a> who were more willing to wage trade war. He ultimately set the US on a course for <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54968200">withdrawal of its troops from Afghanistan</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1es92E">
The common thread here is that these were policy changes Trump could enact through the executive branch. Indeed, though his administration generally continued to be a chaotic mess, he did get at least somewhat better at getting what he wanted from his appointees as his presidency went on.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Z7udNK">
Barack Obama also didn’t start really pushing the limits of policymaking by executive power until <a href="https://www.vox.com/2014/9/9/5964421/obama-lawsuit-republicans-abuse-of-power">several years into his presidency</a>. This was partly out of frustration with his inability to get priorities past the Republican House. But often, the flurry of executive actions a president announces at the start of his term are low-hanging fruit. More consequential actions require more deliberation — if they’re sloppily crafted, they can be thrown out by the courts — and often happen later.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qhd6Hf">
When it comes to matters of war and peace, and foreign policy more generally, the timeline is even less predictable — George W. Bush’s first 100 days ended up being largely irrelevant to his legacy because his presidency was so shaped by his response to 9/11. Overall, though, there’s no 100th-day deadline on when the president can use his executive power, as he’ll have that authority for his whole term. So again, the only defensible “grade” for Biden right now is: incomplete.
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Covid-19 | South Korea inoculates Olympic athletes ahead of Tokyo Games</strong> - A total of 930 athletes, coaches, officials and other support staff will be vaccinated ahead of the Tokyo Games, which is set to open on July 23.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2021 | Rajasthan Royals announces contribution of ₹7.5 crores for COVID-19 relief</strong> - A few days back, Pat Cummins had donated $50,000 to purchase oxygen supplies for Indian hospitals.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Indian Premier League 2021 | Samson, Buttler take Royals to competitive total against Mumbai</strong> - Mumbai Indians made one change while Rajasthan Royals decided to field unchanged playing XI.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2021 | Punjab Kings have task cut out against RCB</strong> - Punjab’s inconsistent batting has been a letdown so far.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mumbai Cricket Association defers T20 League</strong> - The MCA had planned to start the league from June 4 but the plan was shelved after the recent resurgence of COVID-19.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Woman drowns while trying to save child</strong> - A 25-year-old woman drowned while trying to save a child who fell into Nayikali river in Mattannur on Thursday morning. The deceased has been identifi</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Plea seeks relief for migrant labour amid fresh lockdowns</strong> - Activists approach SC to ensure dry rations, transport as curbs hit workers again</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Centre, States failed to prepare for predictable second wave: ICJ</strong> - Follow judicial orders regarding medical care and vaccines, it says</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Reviving memories of Cochin State Forest Tramway in Parambikulam Tiger Reserve</strong> - A short film clip shows the Cochin State Forest Tramway in Parambikulam Tiger Reserve making it way through the Western Ghat forest with lumber. Considered an engineering marvel, it connected Chalakudy and Chinnar</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Covid-19 | Delhi LG seeks report on vaccination drive after GNCTD Act comes into force</strong> - Anil Baijal’s office creates a Twitter handle saying it will share official announcements, press releases, reactions and other useful information.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Covid: Turkey prepares for its first full lockdown</strong> - Turkey was seen as a success story early in the pandemic but now has the highest infection rate in Europe.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Checkers: Furore over Russian draughts player’s flag removal</strong> - Poland apologises but says it had to remove a Russian draughts player’s flag mid-game.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>German climate change law violates rights, court rules</strong> - Germany’s highest court says the current law puts the burden of curbing CO2 emissions on the young.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Italy theft: Two suspects die in jewellery shop robbery</strong> - The owner opened fire after armed thieves broke into his shop on Wednesday, Italian media report.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>El Risitas: Man behind ‘Spanish laughing guy’ meme dies</strong> - Spanish comedian Juan Joya Borja, known as The Giggles, was famous for his infectious laughter.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Returnal review: Roguelite arcade combat has never felt this epic—or hard</strong> - Legendary dev Housemarque nails its most ambitious game yet, but beware its pitfalls. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1760537">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>This is the slightly sportier, slightly more efficient 2022 Honda Civic</strong> - The next Civic looks less like a starfighter, inside and out. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1761031">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Facing uncharted waters, Apple reports 54% year-over-year revenue increase</strong> - Chip shortages and a waning pandemic might make growth unsustainable, though. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1761059">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Office default Calibri will join Clippy, Internet Explorer in Windows retirement</strong> - “Calibri in Office” could almost drive (15 years old), but a new sans serif will soon emerge. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1760924">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Verizon “leads” all US carriers in mmWave 5G availability at 0.8%</strong> - Phones capable of using mmWave 5G access it less than 1% of the time. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1761029">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>If you like lawyer jokes, here are some of the best recorded interactions that have happened in actual courts or trials</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: What was the first thing your husband said to you that morning?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: He said, ‘Where am I, Cathy?’
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: And why did that upset you?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: My name is Susan!
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: What gear were you in at the moment of the impact?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Gucci sweats and Reeboks.
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: Are you sexually active?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: No, I just lie there.
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: What is your date of birth?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: July 18th.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: What year?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Every year.
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: How old is your son, the one living with you?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Thirty-eight or thirty-five, I can’t remember which.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: How long has he lived with you?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Forty-five years.
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: This myasthenia gravis, does it affect your memory at all?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Yes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: And in what ways does it affect your memory?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: I forget..
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: You forget? Can you give us an example of something you forgot?
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: Now doctor, isn’t it true that when a person dies in his sleep, he doesn’t know about it until the next morning?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Did you actually pass the bar exam?
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: The youngest son, the 20-year-old, how old is he?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: He’s 20, much like your IQ.
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: Were you present when your picture was taken?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Are you shitting me?
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: So the date of conception (of the baby) was August 8th?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Yes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: And what were you doing at that time?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Getting laid
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: She had three children , right?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Yes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: How many were boys?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: None.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: Were there any girls?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Your Honor, I think I need a different attorney. Can I get a new attorney?
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: How was your first marriage terminated?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: By death..
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: And by whose death was it terminated?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Take a guess.
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: Can you describe the individual?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: He was about medium height and had a beard
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: Was this a male or a female?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Unless the Circus was in town I’m going with male.
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: Is your appearance here this morning pursuant to a deposition notice which I sent to your attorney?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: No, this is how I dress when I go to work.
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: Doctor , how many of your autopsies have you performed on dead people?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: All of them. The live ones put up too much of a fight.
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: ALL your responses MUST be oral, OK? What school did you go to?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Oral…
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: Do you recall the time that you examined the body?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: The autopsy started around 8:30 PM
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: And Mr. Denton was dead at the time?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: If not, he was by the time I finished.
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: Are you qualified to give a urine sample?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Are you qualified to ask that question?
</p>
<hr/>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: Doctor, before you performed the autopsy, did you check for a pulse?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: No.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: Did you check for blood pressure?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: No.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: Did you check for breathing?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: No..
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: So, then it is possible that the patient was alive when you began the autopsy?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: No.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: How can you be so sure, Doctor?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Because his brain was sitting on my desk in a jar.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
ATTORNEY: I see, but could the patient have still been alive, nevertheless?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
WITNESS: Yes, it is possible that he could have been alive and practicing law.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/UKxFallz"> /u/UKxFallz </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/n0o3cl/if_you_like_lawyer_jokes_here_are_some_of_the/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/n0o3cl/if_you_like_lawyer_jokes_here_are_some_of_the/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Corona must have hit India hard…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I´ve not recieved a single phone call this week from Microsoft to warn me about a virus on my computer.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/r3ap4r"> /u/r3ap4r </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/n0zqm9/corona_must_have_hit_india_hard/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/n0zqm9/corona_must_have_hit_india_hard/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>My favorite Dad joke, because it’s my cake day.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Why does a chicken coup only have two doors?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Because if it had four doors, it would be a sedan.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Daddywags42"> /u/Daddywags42 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/n0iwvm/my_favorite_dad_joke_because_its_my_cake_day/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/n0iwvm/my_favorite_dad_joke_because_its_my_cake_day/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>200 IQ baby</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Father: “Say Daddy”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Baby: “Mommy”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Father: “No, say Daddy”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Baby: “Mommy”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Father: “Fuck you! Say Daddy!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Baby: “Fuck you”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
<em>Mother arrives home</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Mother: Honey, I’m back! How’s the baby?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Baby: “Fuck you”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Mother: “What?! Who taught you that awful word?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Baby: “Daddy”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/CyberGuy419"> /u/CyberGuy419 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/n10ek1/200_iq_baby/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/n10ek1/200_iq_baby/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Two Jews, Moishe and Abram, are arguing.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Moishe: Black is a color
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Abram: No it is not.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Moishe: I’m telling you, black is a color.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Abram: No, it’s not.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
They go to the rabbi.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Moishe: Rebbe, is black a color?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Rabbi: Yes, Moshe, black is indeed a color.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Moshe: See, Abram, I told you.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Abram: Okay, but white is not a color,
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Moishe: Yes it is.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Abram: No, it is not.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Moishe: Rebbe, is white a color?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Rabbi: Yes, Moishe, white is indeed a color.
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Moishe: See, I told you I sold you a color TV.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/MudakMudakov"> /u/MudakMudakov </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/n0f2mc/two_jews_moishe_and_abram_are_arguing/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/n0f2mc/two_jews_moishe_and_abram_are_arguing/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
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