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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Supply Chain Resilience Strategies During COVID-19: A Case of Apparel Manufacturers</strong> -
<div>
There are many natural and other disruptions to businesses and supply chains in this dynamic and uncertain business world. Facing those disruptions and surviving the company becomes highly challenging. Global apparel value chains have been severely disrupted by the COVID- 19 pandemic, which has delayed their recovery in the short term. This study explores how the sector mitigates challenges during the pandemic and the steps the industry should focus on in the new-normal era. Using a multidisciplinary approach, this study conducted an evidence- based case study method. Through secondary data, it was examined short-term and long-term strategies executed by the industry. Due to the scattered nature of the supply chain and the labour intensity, the apparel sector faced significant challenges compared to other businesses. However, the industry rebounded after the pandemic by adopting short-term and medium-term resilient strategies. This cross-case analysis discusses the challenges faced by apparel manufacturers during the COVID-19 pandemic in different countries. The industry adopted short-term and long-term solutions to recoup from the COVID-19 storm. The findings provide an opening for the researchers to explore the viability of the strategies adopted by the industry. Also, the results open avenues how for exploring other techniques to be assumed to be resilient in unexpected situations like COVID-19.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/z7g9e/" target="_blank">Supply Chain Resilience Strategies During COVID-19: A Case of Apparel Manufacturers</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Occupational risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide register-based study of the Danish workforce during the Covid-19 pandemic 2020-21</strong> -
<div>
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Abstract (word count 246) Objectives Most earlier studies of occupational risk of Covid-19 covering the entire workforce are based on relatively rare outcomes such as hospital admission and mortality. This study examines the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection by occupational group based upon real-time polymerase chain reaction tests (RT-PCR). Methods The cohort includes 2.4 million Danish employees, 20-69 years of age. All data were retrieved from public registries. The sex-specific incidence rate ratios (IRR) of first-occurring positive RT-PCR test from week 8 of 2020 through week 50 of 2021 were computed by Poisson regression for each 4-digit DISCO-08 job code with more than 100 employees (337 in men; 297 in women). Occupational groups with low risk of workplace infection according to a job exposure matrix constituted the reference group. Risk estimates were adjusted by demographic, social and health characteristics including household size, completed Covid-19 vaccination, pandemic wave and occupation-specific frequency of testing. Results The IRR of a SARS-CoV-2 infection was elevated in 34 occupations comprising 12 % of male employees and 45 occupations comprising 41 % of female employees. All IRR estimates were below 2.0. Decreased IRRs were observed in 85 occupations in men but none in women. Discussion We observed a modestly increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among employees in numerous occupations indicating a large potential for prevention actions, especially in the female workforce. Cautious interpretation of observed risk in specific occupations is needed because of methodological issues inherent in analyses of RT-PCR-test results and because of multiple statistical tests.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.22281247v1" target="_blank">Occupational risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide register-based study of the Danish workforce during the Covid-19 pandemic 2020-21</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Which curve are we flattening? The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 among economically marginalized communities in Ontario, Canada, was unchanged from wild-type to omicron</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Economically marginalized communities have faced disproportionately higher risks for infection and death from COVID-19 across Canada. It was anticipated that health disparities would dissipate over time and during subsequent waves. We used person-level surveillance and neighbourhood-level income data to explore, using Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients, magnitude of inequalities in COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths over five waves of COVID-19 in Ontario, Canada (population 14 million) between February 26, 2020 and February 28, 2022. We found that despite attempts at equity-informed policies alongside fluctuating levels of public health measures, inequalities in hospitalizations and deaths by income remained at levels observed during the first wave - prior to vaccination, discussion or implementation of equity-informed policies - and despite rising levels of hybrid immunity. There was no change in the magnitude of inequalities across all waves evaluated. Our findings indicate that interventions did not sufficiently address differential exposure risks amplified at the intersections of household crowding and size, workplace exposures, and systemic barriers to prevention and care (including access to therapeutics). Equity and effectiveness of programs are inherently linked and ongoing evaluation of both is central to inform the public health response to future waves of COVID-19 and other rapidly emergent pandemics.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.22281104v1" target="_blank">Which curve are we flattening? The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 among economically marginalized communities in Ontario, Canada, was unchanged from wild-type to omicron</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A rapid review of Supplementary air filtration systems in health service settings. September 2022.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The aerosol spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been a major challenge for healthcare facilities and there has been increased use of supplementary air filtration to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Appropriately sized supplementary room air filtration systems could greatly reduce aerosol levels throughout ward spaces. Portable air filtration systems, such as those combining high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and ultraviolet (UVC) light sterilisation, may be a scalable solution for removing respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. This rapid review aimed to assess the effectiveness of supplementary air cleaning devices in health service settings such as hospitals and dental clinics (including, but not limited to HEPA filtration, UVC light and mobile UVC light devices) to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. One systematic review (Daga et al. 2021), three observational studies (Conway Morris et al. 2022, Thuresson et al. 2022, Sloof et al. 2022), one modelling study, (Buchan et al. 2020) and two experimental studies (Barnewall &amp; Bischoff 2021, Snelling et al. 2022) were found. Outcome measures included symptom scores, presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sample counts, general particulate matter counts, viral counts, and relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure. From real world settings, the systematic review assessed the effectiveness of HEPA filtration in dental clinics (Daga et al. 2021), two additional observational studies assessed HEPA and UV light in UK hospital settings (Conway Morris et al. 2022, Sloof et al. 2022) and one observational study included mobile HEPA-filtration units in Swedish hospitals (Thuresson et al. 2022). Studies were published from 2020 onwards. Real world evidence suggests supplementary air systems have the potential to reduce SARS-CoV-2 in the air and subsequently reduce transmission or infection rates but further research, with study designs having lower risk of bias, is required. HEPA filters alongside UVC light could provide the most notable reductions in SARS-CoV-2 counts, although the supporting evidence relates to HEPA/UVC filtration, and this review does not provide evidence on the effectiveness of other potential supplementary air filtration systems that could be used. Evidence is limited on the optimum air changes per hour needed and the positioning of air filtration units in rooms.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.22281493v1" target="_blank">A rapid review of Supplementary air filtration systems in health service settings. September 2022.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>COVID-19 prognostic model using Bayesian networks learnt on patient data</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The response to the ongoing second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic can be helped by giving medical professionals access to models learned on patient data. To achieve this, we learned a Bayesian network model to predict risk of ICU admission, death and time of stay in the hospital from patient history, initial vital signs, initial laboratory tests and medication. Data were obtained from patients that were admitted to an HM hospital with suspicion of COVID-19 until 24/04/2020, excluding unconfirmed diagnosis, those who were admitted before the epidemic started in Madrid, had an outcome that was not discharge or death or died within 24 hours of presentation. Relevant variables for the model were selected with help from medical professionals. We learned the model using Bayesian search as implemented in GeNIe. Of 2,307 patients in the dataset, 679 were excluded. With the remaining 1,645 patients, we learned a model that predicted death with 86.4% accuracy. Some of the initial variables were discarded because they were independent of the outcomes of interest conditioned on some of the other variables. This high redundancy might be useful to build simpler tests for the severity of COVID-19. We show how the model can be used at different stages of patient admission and even with only partial information about the patient. This can be done by clinicians that want a fast second opinion or a summary of the available data from previous patients similar to the one at hand. We then include how we plan to improve the model with extra patient data and how it could be expanded to other contexts, like for example, an epidemiological one.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.22281436v1" target="_blank">COVID-19 prognostic model using Bayesian networks learnt on patient data</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Prospective cohort study of Cryptosporidium infection and shedding in infants and their households</strong> -
<div>
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Background. Cryptosporidium spp are responsible for significant diarrheal morbidity and mortality in under-five children. There is no vaccine, thus a focus on prevention is paramount. Prior studies suggest that person-to-person spread may be an important pathway for transmission to young children. Here we describe a longitudinal cohort study of 100 families with infants to determine rates of cryptosporidiosis within households during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. Families living in Mirpur, Bangladesh with one infant age 6-8 months were enrolled and followed with weekly illness survey and stool testing for Cryptosporidium for 8 months. Results. From December 2020 to August 2021, 100 families were enrolled. Forty-four percent of index children, and 35% of siblings had at least one Cryptosporidium infection. Shedding of Cryptosporidium occurred for a mean of 19 days (sd 8.3 days) in index infants, 16.1 days (sd 11.6) in children 1-5 years, and 16.2 days (sd 12.8) in adults. A longer duration of Cryptosporidium shedding was associated with growth faltering in infants. There was a spike in Cryptosporidium cases in May 2021, which coincided with a spike in SARS-CoV-2 cases in the region. Conclusion. In this intensive, longitudinal study of Cryptosporidium infection in families we found high rates of cryptosporidiosis in infants and children, and prolonged parasite shedding, especially among malnourished children. These data support that transmission within the household is an important route of exposure for young infants, and that treatment of non-diarrheal infection to interrupt person-to-person transmission within the home may be essential for preventing cryptosporidiosis in infants.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.22281515v1" target="_blank">Prospective cohort study of Cryptosporidium infection and shedding in infants and their households</a>
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<li><strong>Saliva-based COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test: a practical and accurate alternative mass screening method</strong> -
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As SARS-CoV-2 and its variants continue to spread, a reliable and convenient alternative to nasopharyngeal swabbing and RT-PCR testing is needed. To test the usability and performance of saliva sample collection, saliva, nasal and nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from a total of 338 individuals consisting of confirmed COVID-19 patients and healthy subjects. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of self-collected and performed SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test on saliva and nasal swabs specimens, we compared its performance to nasopharyngeal swab specimen RT-PCR as a comparator test. In saliva specimens, the positive percent agreement was 90.14%, and the negative percent agreement was 99.61%, while in nasal swab specimens, the positive percent agreement was 91.55%, and the negative percent agreement was 100%, both meeting the sensitivity and specificity criteria required by the FDA. Therefore, when considering both the reliability and convenience of testing, we found saliva testing to be the better method for large-scale and frequent self-testing.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.22278691v1" target="_blank">Saliva-based COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test: a practical and accurate alternative mass screening method</a>
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<li><strong>Bell’s Palsy Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</strong> -
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Background and Objective Bell9s palsy (BP) has been considered as a serious adverse event following the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Many studies have reported BP following vaccination, although neither a causative relationship nor a prevalence of the condition higher than the general population has been established. The outcomes of interest were to compare BP incidence among (a) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine recipients, (b) nonrecipients in the placebo or unvaccinated cohorts, (c) different types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and (d) SARS-CoV-2 infected vs. SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals. Methods We performed a systematic search through MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar from the inception to August 15, 2022. We included articles reporting individuals receiving any SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in whom BP had occurred. Studies reporting facial paralysis due to etiologies other than BP were excluded. Random- and fixed-effects meta-analyses using the Mantel-Haenszel method were conducted for the quantitative synthesis. Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality. The study was conducted in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline, and the protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022313299). Analyses were carried out using the R, version 4.2.1 (R package 9meta9 version 5.2-0). Results Fifty studies were included, of which 17 entered the quantitative synthesis. First, pooling four phase-3 randomized controlled trials (RCT) indicated BP occurrence was significantly higher in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (77, 525 doses) compared to placebo (66, 682 doses) (OR = 3.00, 95% CI = 1.10 - 8.18, I2 = 0%). Second, pooling nine observational studies of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses (13, 518,026) and matched unvaccinated individuals (13, 510,701) revealed no significant increase in the odds of BP in the vaccinated group compared to the unvaccinated group (OR: 0.70 (95% CI 0.42-1.16), I2=94%). The third meta-analysis suggested that post-vaccination BP among first dose Pfizer/BioNTech recipients (22,760,698) did not significantly differ from that in first dose Oxford/AstraZeneca recipients (22,978,880) (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.82 - 1.15, I2 = 0%). According to the fourth meta-analysis, BP was significantly more commonly reported after SARS-CoV-2 infection (2,641,398) than after SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations (36,988,718) (RR = 4.03, 95% CI = 1.78 - 9.12, I2 = 96%). Conclusion Our meta-analysis suggests a higher incidence of BP among vaccinated vs. placebo groups. BP occurrence did not significantly differ between Pfizer/BioNTech and Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 infection posed a significantly greater risk for BP than SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.22281537v1" target="_blank">Bell’s Palsy Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</a>
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<li><strong>Covid-19 pandemic has polarized the society toward negative and positive traits depending on a person’s resilience and certain predispositions</strong> -
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The Covid-19 pandemic has caused a major disruption affecting almost all aspects of health, social and economic dimensions of our lives on an almost unprecedented global scale. While Covid-19 itself is, first and foremost, a pernicious physical illness, its highly contagious nature has caused significant psychological stress with occasional dire mental health consequences which are still not fully understood. To address this issue, we have conducted a longitudinal study by administering standard self-reporting questionnaires covering five major personalities and six mental traits of subjects before and a few months after the outbreak. Results revealed the distribution of population scores to become more extreme in either positive or negative trait directions despite the stability of average trait scores across the population. Higher resilience was found to be positively correlated with improved trait scores post-pandemic. Further investigations showed that certain predispositions could have an effect on trait score change post-Covid depending on the subject9s pre-Covid scores. In particular, in the subjects with moderate scores, there was a significant negative correlation between the positive trait scores and the post minus pre-positive trait scores. By examining various traits and personalities, these findings depict a more thorough picture of the pandemic9s impact on society9s psychological well-being and reveal certain predispositions and vulnerabilities that shape the mental health landscape in the post-Covid period with implications for mental health policies in dealing with Covid-19.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.22281466v1" target="_blank">Covid-19 pandemic has polarized the society toward negative and positive traits depending on a person’s resilience and certain predispositions</a>
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<li><strong>What is the current state of public health system preparedness for infectious disease emergencies? A scoping review</strong> -
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to demonstrate the risks and profound health impacts that result from infectious disease emergencies. Emergency preparedness has been defined as the knowledge, capacity and organizational systems that governments, response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals develop to anticipate, respond to, or recover from emergencies. This scoping review explored recent literature on priority areas and indicators for public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) with a focus on infectious disease emergencies. Methods: Using scoping review methodology, a comprehensive search was conducted for indexed and grey literature with a focus on records published from 2017 and 2020 onward, respectively. Records were included if they: a) described PHEP, b) focused on an infectious emergency, and c) were published in an Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development country. An evidence-based all-hazards Resilience Framework for PHEP consisting of 11 elements was used as a reference point to identify additional areas of preparedness that have emerged in recent publications. The findings were summarized thematically. Results: The included publications largely aligned with the all-hazards Resilience Framework for PHEP. In particular, the elements related to collaborative networks, community engagement, risk analysis and communication were frequently observed across the publications included in this review. Emergent themes were identified that expand on the Resilience Framework for PHEP. These were related to mitigating inequities, public health capacities (vaccination, laboratory system capacity, infection prevention and control capacity, financial investment in infrastructure, public health legislation, phases of preparedness), scientific capacities (research and evidence-informed decision making, climate and environmental health), and considerations for health system capacity. Conclusions: The themes from this review contribute to the evolving understanding of critical public health preparedness actions; however, there was a paucity of recent evidence on PHEP indicators. The themes can expand on the 11 elements outlined in the Resilience Framework for PHEP, specifically relevant to infectious disease emergencies and risks. Further research will be important to validate these findings, and expand understanding of how refinements to PHEP frameworks and indicators can support public health practice.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.22281308v1" target="_blank">What is the current state of public health system preparedness for infectious disease emergencies? A scoping review</a>
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<li><strong>Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital admissions and inpatient mortality in Kenya</strong> -
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Background: The impact of COVID-19 in Africa remains poorly defined. We sought to describe trends in hospitalisation due to all medical causes, pneumonia-specific admissions, and inpatient mortality in Kenya before and during the first five waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based observational study of patients admitted to 13 public referral facilities in Kenya from January 2018 to December 2021. The pre-COVID population included patients admitted before 1 March 2020. We fitted time series models to compare observed and predicted trends for each outcome. To estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic we calculated incidence rate ratios (IRR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) from negative binomial mixed-effects models. Results: Out of 302,703 patients (range 7453 to 27168) hospitalised across the 13 surveillance sites 84,337 (55.2%) were aged 15 years and older. Compared with the pre-COVID period, hospitalisations declined markedly among adult (IRR 0.68, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.73) and paediatric (IRR 0.67, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.73) patients. Adjusted in-hospital mortality also declined among both adult (IRR 0.83, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.89) and paediatric (IRR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.94) admissions. Pneumonia-specific admissions among adults were higher during the pandemic (IRR 1.75, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.59), while the paediatric pneumonia cases were lower than pre-pandemic levels in the first year of the pandemic and elevated in late 2021 (IRR 0.78, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.20). Conclusions: Contrary to initial predictions, the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with lower rates of hospitalisation and in-hospital mortality, despite increased pneumonia admissions among adults. These trends were sustained after the withdrawal of containment measures that resulted in the disruption of essential health services, suggesting a role for additional factors that warrant further investigation.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.22281489v1" target="_blank">Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital admissions and inpatient mortality in Kenya</a>
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<li><strong>For She had Eyes and Chose Preprints - Social Media Impact, Citation and Publication rates of Ophthalmology preprints</strong> -
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Abstract Background: Preprinting, is the sharing of non-peer reviewed, unpublished scholarly manuscripts. Across many fields of medicine, an exponential rise of manuscripts being posted to preprint servers has been observed. This has exploded during the COVID19 pandemic where early dissemination of information was critical, or where COVID19 priority disrupted the publication dynamics and priorities in other areas. We examined the characteristics of ophthalmology related preprints in this study. Methods: We searched the bioRxiv and medRxiv servers for preprints relating to field of ophthalmology. Preprints were screened by title and abstract to ensure they were related to the field of ophthalmology. Outcomes included number of tweets, upper bound followers of tweeters, number of citations, news outlets reports and dates posted/published. If a preprint was published the same outcomes were collected for the published version to allow for comparisons, as well as journal publisher and cite score. Results: After screening, a total of 720 preprints met our inclusion criteria. 420 of the preprints went on to be published. The publication rate of the preprints was 58.3%. The median number of tweets received on preprints was 3.5, IQR 5.5. 98.75% of preprints were tweeted about. Citation rate was 40.14%. The average number of days from date posted on server to date published was 180.5+/-124 days. Regression analysis revealed that tweets as a preprint predicts tweets as a published article, P=0.0135. citations as a preprint predicts citations as a published article, P&lt;0.001. The average cite score was 8.5+/-6.2 among those preprints that we published in journals. 16.66% of papers were published by Elsevier (n = 70). 3.19% of preprints were COVID19 related, with significant differences found between them and non-COVID19 preprints in terms of number of tweets and number of citations. Conclusions: Ophthalmology preprints are increasing across preprint servers. This maybe to bypass publication times and allow early dissemination of work, as well as increase visibility and citations. We identified that preprint citations and tweets predict published version citation and tweets.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.22281523v1" target="_blank">For She had Eyes and Chose Preprints - Social Media Impact, Citation and Publication rates of Ophthalmology preprints</a>
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<li><strong>Severe COVID-19 is associated with fungal colonization of the nasopharynx and potent induction of IL-17 responses in the nasal epithelium</strong> -
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Recent case reports and epidemiological data suggest fungal infections represent an under-appreciated complication among people with severe COVID-19. However, the frequency of fungal colonization in patients with COVID-19 and associations with specific immune responses in the airways remain incompletely defined. We previously generated a single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset characterizing the upper respiratory microenvironment during COVID-19, and mapped the relationship between disease severity and the local behavior of nasal epithelial cells and infiltrating immune cells. Our study, in agreement with findings from related human cohorts, demonstrated that a profound deficiency in host immunity, particularly in type I and type III interferon signaling in the upper respiratory tract, is associated with rapid progression to severe disease and worse clinical outcomes. We have now performed further analysis of this cohort and identified a subset of participants with severe COVID-19 and concurrent detection of Candida species-derived transcripts within samples collected from the nasopharynx and trachea. Here, we present the clinical characteristics of these individuals, including confirmatory diagnostic testing demonstrating elevated serum (1, 3)-β-D-glucan and/or confirmed fungal culture of the predicted pathogen. Using matched single-cell transcriptomic profiles of these individuals9 respiratory mucosa, we identify epithelial immune signatures suggestive of IL-17 stimulation and anti-fungal immunity. Further, we observe significant expression of anti-fungal inflammatory cascades in the nasal and tracheal epithelium of all participants who went on to develop severe COVID-19, even among participants without detectable genetic material from fungal pathogens. Together, our data suggests that IL-17 stimulation - in part driven by Candida colonization - and blunted type I/III interferon signaling represents a common feature of severe COVID-19 infection.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.22281528v1" target="_blank">Severe COVID-19 is associated with fungal colonization of the nasopharynx and potent induction of IL-17 responses in the nasal epithelium</a>
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<li><strong>A Digital Biomarker for Identifying Changes in Daily Activity Patterns</strong> -
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Malnutrition and dehydration are strongly associated with increased cognitive and functional decline in people living with dementia (PLWD), as well as an increased rate of hospitalisations in comparison to their healthy counterparts. Extreme changes in eating and drinking behaviours can often lead to mal- nutrition and dehydration, accelerating the progression of cognitive and functional decline and resulting in a marked reduction in quality of life. Unfortunately, there are currently no established methods by which to objectively detect such changes. Here, we present the findings of a quantitative analysis conducted on in-home monitoring data collected from 73 households of PLWD. The Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has previously been shown to have dramatically altered the behavioural habits, particularly the eating and drinking habits, of PLWD. Using the COVID-19 pandemic as a natural experiment, we show that there are significant changes in eating and drinking habits at the group level within a subset of 21 households of PLWD that were continuously monitored for 499 days, with an overall increase in day-time activities and a decrease in night-time activity observed in both single and multiple occupancy households. We further present preliminary results suggesting it is possible to proactively detect episodic and gradual changes in behaviours. Together, these results pave the way to introduce improvements into the monitoring of PLWD in naturalistic settings and for shifting from reactive to proactive care.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.22281467v1" target="_blank">A Digital Biomarker for Identifying Changes in Daily Activity Patterns</a>
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<li><strong>Epigenetic and transcriptomic reprogramming in monocytes of severe COVID-19 patients reflects alterations in myeloid differentiation and the influence of inflammatory cytokines</strong> -
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COVID-19 manifests with a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes, ranging from asymptomatic and mild to severe and critical. Severe and critical COVID-19 patients are characterized by marked changes in the myeloid compartment, especially monocytes. However, little is known about the epigenetic alterations that occur in these cells during hyperinflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients. In this study, we obtained the DNA methylome and transcriptome of peripheral blood monocytes from severe COVID-19 patients. DNA samples extracted from CD14+CD15- monocytes of 48 severe COVID-19 patients and 11 healthy controls were hybridized on MethylationEPIC BeadChip arrays. In parallel, single-cell transcriptomics of 10 severe COVID-19 patients were generated. CellPhoneDB was used to infer changes in the crosstalk between monocytes and other immune cell types. We observed DNA methylation changes in CpG sites associated with interferon-related genes and genes associated with antigen presentation, concordant with gene expression changes. These changes significantly overlapped with those occurring in bacterial sepsis, although specific DNA methylation alterations in genes specific to viral infection were also identified. We also found these alterations to comprise some of the DNA methylation changes occurring during myeloid differentiation and under the influence of inflammatory cytokines. A progression of DNA methylation alterations in relation to the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was found to be related to interferon-related genes and T-helper 1 cell cytokine production. CellPhoneDB analysis of the single-cell transcriptomes of other immune cell types suggested the existence of altered crosstalk between monocytes and other cell types like NK cells and regulatory T cells. Our findings show the occurrence of an epigenetic and transcriptional reprogramming of peripheral blood monocytes, which could be associated with the release of aberrant immature monocytes, increased systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and changes in immune cell crosstalk in these patients.
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.22281485v1" target="_blank">Epigenetic and transcriptomic reprogramming in monocytes of severe COVID-19 patients reflects alterations in myeloid differentiation and the influence of inflammatory cytokines</a>
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</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Use of Multiple Doses of Convalescent Plasma in Mechanically Intubated Patients With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: Multiple doses of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent Plasma<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Hospital Regional Dr. Rafael Estévez;   Complejo Hospitalario Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid;   Hospital Santo Tomas;   Hospital Punta Pacífica, Pacífica Salud;   Insituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios para la Salud;   Sociedad Panameña de Hematología;   Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services (INDICASAT AIP);   University of Panama;   Sistema Nacional de Investigación de Panamá<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Open Multicenter Study for Assessment of Efficacy and Safety of Molnupiravir in Adult Patients With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Molnupiravir (Esperavir);   Drug: Standard of care<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Promomed, LLC<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Testing and Vaccine Literacy for Women With Criminal Legal System Involvement</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Tri-City COVID Attitudes Study<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Kansas Medical Center<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>JT001 (VV116) for the Treatment of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Mild to Moderate COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: JT001;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Shanghai Vinnerna Biosciences Co., Ltd.;   Sponsor GmbH<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Boost Intentions and Facilitate Action to Promote COVID-19 Booster Take-up</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Vaccines<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Eligibility reminder;   Behavioral: Link to a narrow set of vaccine venues;   Behavioral: Link to a broad set of vaccine venues;   Behavioral: Doctors’ recommendation and value of vaccine<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of California, Los Angeles<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety and Efficacy of Medications COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Severe Covid-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Oral bedtime melatonin<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Hospital San Carlos, Madrid<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effects of Prompt to Bundle COVID-19 Booster and Flu Shot</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Vaccines<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Reminder to boost protection against COVID-19;   Behavioral: Flu Tag Along;   Behavioral: COVID-19 Booster &amp; Flu Bundle<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of California, Los Angeles<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Information Provision and Consistency Framing to Increase COVID-19 Booster Uptake</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Vaccines<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Reminder that facilitates action;   Behavioral: Consistency framing;   Behavioral: Information provision about the uniqueness of the bivalent booster;   Behavioral: Information provision about bivalent booster eligibility;   Behavioral: Information provision about the severity of COVID-19 symptoms<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of California, Los Angeles<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Respiratory Muscles After Inspiratory Muscle Training After COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Diaphragm Injury<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   RWTH Aachen University;   Philipps University Marburg Medical Center<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>OPtimisation of Antiviral Therapy in Immunocompromised COVID-19 Patients: a Randomized Factorial Controlled Strategy Trial</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Immunodeficiency<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Paxlovid 5 days;   Drug: Paxlovid 10 days;   Drug: Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   ANRS, Emerging Infectious Diseases;   University Hospital, Geneva<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of Combined Modified RNA Vaccine Candidates Against COVID-19 and Influenza</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Influenza, Human;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: bivalent BNT162b2 (original/Omi BA.4/BA.5);   Biological: qIRV (22/23);   Biological: QIV<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   BioNTech SE;   Pfizer<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Preliminary Exploratory Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of Omicron Variant Bivalent Vaccine V-01-B5</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: V-01/V-01-B5;   Biological: V-01-351/V-01-B5;   Biological: V-01<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Livzon Pharmaceutical Group Inc.<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Exploratory Clinical Study to Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of Bivalent Vaccine V-01D-351</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: V-01D-351;   Biological: CoronaVac<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Livzon Pharmaceutical Group Inc.<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 MP Biomedicals SARS-CoV-2 Ag OTC: Clinical Evaluation</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   SARS-CoV2 Infection;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Device: iCura COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Home Test;   Device: RT-PCR Test<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   MP Biomedicals, LLC;   EDP Biotech<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 MP Biomedicals Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test Usability</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Sars-CoV-2 Infection;   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   MP Biomedicals, LLC;   EDP Biotech<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The potential for traditional Chinese therapy in treating sleep disorders caused by COVID-19 through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway</strong> - Since the outbreak of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in 2019, it has spread rapidly across the globe. Sleep disorders caused by COVID-19 have become a major concern for COVID-19 patients and recovered patients. So far, there’s no effective therapy on this. Traditional Chinese therapy (TCT) has a great effect on sleep disorders, with rare side effects and no obvious withdrawal symptoms. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, a neuroregulatory pathway in the central nervous system that uses…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Temporal proteomic analyses of human lung cells distinguish high pathogenicity influenza viruses and coronaviruses from low pathogenicity viruses</strong> - Newly re-emerging viruses are of significant global concern. In late 2019, a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in China and soon spread worldwide, causing the COVID-19 pandemic, which to date has caused &gt;6 M deaths. There has been a wealth of studies on this new virus since its emergence. The coronaviruses consist of many animal and human pathogens, with some of the human coronavirus, such as strain OC43, normally causing only mild cold-like symptoms. Viruses usurp host cellular processes to…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Impact of SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 and its variant polymorphisms on host responses and viral pathogenesis</strong> - We and others have previously shown that the SARS-CoV-2 accessory protein ORF6 is a powerful antagonist of the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway by directly interacting with Nup98-Rae1 at the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and disrupting bidirectional nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking. In this study, we further assessed the role of ORF6 during infection using recombinant SARS-CoV-2 viruses carrying either a deletion or a well characterized M58R loss-of-function mutation in ORF6. We show that ORF6…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Heterologous SARS-CoV-2 IgA neutralising antibody responses in convalescent plasma</strong> - CONCLUSION: Overall, convalescent plasma IgA contributed to the neutralising antibody response of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 RBD and various RBD mutations. However, this response displayed large heterogeneity and was less potent than IgG.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Small-Molecule RAF265 as an Antiviral Therapy Acts against PEDV Infection</strong> - Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the family Coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality in newborn piglets, and has caused significant economic losses in the pig industry. There are currently no specific drugs available to treat PEDV. Viruses depend exclusively on the cellular machinery to ensure an efficient replication cycle. In the present study, we found that small-molecule RAF265, an anticancer drug that has been shown to be a potent…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antiviral Activity of <em>Ficus rubiginosa</em> Leaf Extracts against HSV-1, HCoV-229E and PV-1</strong> - Ficus rubiginosa plant extract showed antimicrobial activity, but no evidence concerning its antiviral properties was reported. The antiviral activity of the methanolic extract (MeOH) and its n-hexane (H) and ethyl acetate (EA) fractions against Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), Human coronavirus (HCoV) -229E, and Poliovirus-1 (PV-1) was investigated in the different phases of viral infection in the VERO CCL-81 cell line. To confirm the antiviral efficacy, a qPCR was conducted. The recorded…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Syntenin Inhibitor Blocks Endosomal Entry of SARS-CoV-2 and a Panel of RNA Viruses</strong> - Viruses are dependent on host factors in order to efficiently establish an infection and replicate. Targeting the interactions of such host factors provides an attractive strategy to develop novel antivirals. Syntenin is a protein known to regulate the architecture of cellular membranes by its involvement in protein trafficking and has previously been shown to be important for human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Here, we show that a highly potent and metabolically stable peptide inhibitor…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Optimization of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Treatments Based on Curcumin, Used Alone or Employed as a Photosensitizer</strong> - Curcumin, the bioactive compound of the spice Curcuma longa, has already been reported as a potential COVID-19 adjuvant treatment due to its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 was challenged with curcumin; moreover, curcumin was also coupled with laser light at 445 nm in a photodynamic therapy approach. Curcumin at a concentration of 10 μM, delivered to the virus prior to inoculation on cell culture, inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication (reduction &gt;99%)…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Cellular Assay for Spike/ACE2 Fusion: Quantification of Fusion-Inhibitory Antibodies after COVID-19 and Vaccination</strong> - Not all antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 inhibit viral entry, and hence, infection. Neutralizing antibodies are more likely to reflect real immunity; however, certain tests investigate protein/protein interaction rather than the fusion event. Viral and pseudoviral entry assays detect functionally active antibodies but are limited by biosafety and standardization issues. We have developed a Spike/ACE2-dependent fusion assay, based on a split luciferase. Hela cells stably transduced with Spike and a…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Design of Three Residues Peptides against SARS-CoV-2 Infection</strong> - The continuous and rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the need to seek new therapeutic and prophylactic treatments. Peptide inhibitors are a valid alternative approach for the treatment of emerging viral infections, mainly due to their low toxicity and high efficiency. Recently, two small nucleotide signatures were identified in the genome of some members of the Coronaviridae family and many other human pathogens. In this study, we investigated whether the corresponding amino…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Metalloprotease-Dependent S2’-Activation Promotes Cell-Cell Fusion and Syncytiation of SARS-CoV-2</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 cell-cell fusion and syncytiation is an emerging pathomechanism in COVID-19, but the precise factors contributing to the process remain ill-defined. In this study, we show that metalloproteases promote SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced syncytiation in the absence of established serine proteases using in vitro cell-cell fusion assays. We also show that metalloproteases promote S2’-activation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and that metalloprotease inhibition significantly reduces the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Simultaneous Detection of RIG-1, MDA5, and IFIT-1 Expression Is a Convenient Tool for Evaluation of the Interferon-Mediated Response</strong> - In this study, we developed a novel, multiplex qPCR assay for simultaneous detection of RIG-1, MDA5, and IFIT-1 at the mRNA level. The assay was validated in A549 cells transfected with in vitro transcribed RNAs. Both exogenous RNA-GFP and self-amplifying (saRNA-GFP) induced significant expression of RIG-1, MDA5, IFIT-1, as well as type I and III interferons. In contrast, native RNA from intact A549 cells did not upregulate expression of these genes. Next, we evaluated RIG-1, MDA5, and IFIT-1…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Baculovirus-Free SARS-CoV-2 Virus-like Particle Production in Insect Cells for Rapid Neutralization Assessment</strong> - Virus-like particles (VLPs) resemble authentic virus while not containing any genomic information. Here, we present a fast and powerful method for the production of SARS-CoV-2 VLP in insect cells and the application of these VLPs to evaluate the inhibition capacity of monoclonal antibodies and sera of vaccinated donors. Our method avoids the baculovirus-based approaches commonly used in insect cells by employing direct plasmid transfection to co-express SARS-CoV-2 envelope, membrane, and spike…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels after a Third Heterologous and Homologous BNT162b2 Booster Dose</strong> - This study aimed to determine the anti-S (receptor binding protein) RBD IgG antibody titers formed against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) and the neutralizing antibody inhibition percentages (nAb IH%) in blood samples taken after two doses of inactive or mRNA-based vaccine and a booster dose. Volunteers with two doses of inactivated CoronaVac (heterologous group; n = 75) and BioNTech (BNT)162b2 mRNA vaccine (homologous group; n = 75) were included in this study. All…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity of a Fractional Dose of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine for Primary Series and Booster Vaccination among Healthy Adolescents</strong> - Primary series vaccination with BNT162b2 followed by a booster 5 months later has been recommended for healthy adolescents. We aimed to describe the immunogenicity in a fractional dose of BNT162b2. Adolescents aged 12-18 years were randomized into six arms for primary series administration: 3wPZ30/30 (reference group), 3wPZ30/20, 3wPZ20/20, 6wPZ30/30, 6wPZ30/20, and 6wPZ20/20 μg. A booster was given at 5 months after the second dose using either 10 or 15 μg of BNT162b2. Immunogenicity following…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What to Make of John Fetterman’s Struggles at the Pennsylvania Senate Debate</strong> - The cognitive effects of the Democratic candidate’s recent stroke were evident as he faced off against Mehmet Oz. Will his performance imperil his party’s chances? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-political-scene/what-to-make-of-john-fettermans-struggles-at-the-pennsylvania-senate-debate">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Polls Suggest the Battle for the Senate Is Still a Cliffhanger</strong> - Recent surveys show a shift to Republicans, but in the key battleground states the outcomes remain highly uncertain. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/polls-suggest-the-battle-for-the-senate-is-still-a-cliffhanger">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The G.O.P.’s Big-City Scare Tactics</strong> - Nationwide, Republicans are portraying Democratics as soft on crime. It’s a well-worn strategy, but can a candidate for governor of Illinois win by calling Chicago a “hellhole”? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-gops-big-city-scare-tactics">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Can Rishi Sunak Save the Tories from Total Collapse?</strong> - Britain’s new Prime Minister, the nation’s third in seven weeks, will aim to steer an unpopular party through record inflation and a looming energy emergency. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/can-rishi-sunak-save-the-tories-from-total-collapse">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mike Davis Could See the Future</strong> - Often misread as a “prophet of doom,” the Marxist historian was actually an optimist and a dreamer. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/postscript/mike-davis-could-see-the-future">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>How logging, a Nike founder, and the alt-right warped the Oregon governor’s race</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/3ZdRmXXn60j4BUvql4xMP51tlFo=/659x0:5924x3949/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71549669/GettyImages_1244072092.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Republican Christine Drazan is running for governor against Democratic candidate Tina Kotek and an unaffiliated but well-funded candidate, Betsy Johnson. | Mathieu Lewis-Rolland/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The blue state may elect its first GOP governor since 1982.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HcBGam">
Oregon is a reliably blue state that hasn’t elected a Republican governor since 1982. But due to a divided field — and frustration with the sitting governor — this cycle, Republicans just might eke out a victory.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tZcTrg">
On its surface, the Oregon governor’s race seems like a cookie-cutter iteration of Republicans’ <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/10/19/23408788/midterms-2022-polls-republicans-forecast">midterms strategy</a>. Like other GOP candidates across the country, Republican Christine Drazan has attacked her opponent, Democrat Tina Kotek, over the economy and crime, and tied her to sitting Gov. Kate Brown’s performance, which polls poorly.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fM2xxc">
But this cycle isn’t just about backlash to the ruling party in Oregon, or fears about crime and the economy. The unusual nature of the race — which has seen unaffiliated candidate Betsy Johnson attract around <a href="https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/polls/governor/2022/oregon/">14 percent in polling</a> — is also the culmination of a years-long campaign by a small number of special interests seeking to control the state.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cqL75m">
At the root of that campaign is the state’s partisan divide over climate action. For years, the state has struggled with a conservative minority that has successfully stalled cap-and-trade and conservation policies. Oregon has become a hotbed for alt-right extremists who have set the stage for the election, including one pro-logging grassroots group, Timber Unity, whose leaders have been linked to <a href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/03/timber-unity-racism/">alt-right militias.</a>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Okw5xl">
Perhaps most significantly, the state’s richest man, Nike co-founder Phil Knight, could tip the scales toward Drazan. Despite fashioning himself (and the <a href="https://d3.harvard.edu/platform-rctom/submission/running-to-discover-sustainable-solutions-how-nike-is-fighting-to-win-the-climate-change-game/">company</a>) as a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/24/nike-phil-knight-stanford-university-poverty-climate-change">climate champion</a>, he’s funneled millions to Johnson and Drazan.
</p>
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Timber Unity’s influence and Knight’s donations may be just what’s needed to put a Republican in office. And if Drazan wins, Oregon would become the first state in the West to reverse course on its climate goals.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O5e9lX">
“Who’s in the governor’s office is really the person who gets to flip the switch off on all of our climate action,” said Steve Pedery of the Oregon Wildlife Conservation Leaders Fund, an environmental PAC.<strong> </strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="i0I3Rl">
In October’s polling, according to <a href="https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/polls/governor/2022/oregon/">FiveThirtyEight’s calculations</a>, Drazan and Kotek are virtually tied. That suggests Drazan could win. If she does, Pedery said such a win could become a model for Republicans in other traditionally blue states.
</p>
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“If this works in Oregon, it can be replicated,” he said.
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Recent battles over climate presaged a tumultuous governor’s race
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8Yt9jF">
Oregon is known nationally for being solidly blue, but its internal politics are more nuanced. The biggest source of friction is in the state’s environmental politics, because outside blue Portland, the eastern area of the state is home to both old-growth forests and a large logging industry.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="twcqMj">
“Timber is to Oregon what coal is to West Virginia,” Pedery said. “There’s legacy logging money that funds all of our right-wing causes in the state.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7OkMxG">
The timber industry’s power makes for more unusual politics than the typical left-right divide on climate change. You can find plenty of Democrats who, like Sen. Joe Manchin in West Virginia, are supported by an industry that opposes climate change policies.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HQ2Onn">
One of these politicians is Johnson, an independent who voted repeatedly against climate bills when she was a Democrat in the state chamber. She’s what environmentalists in the state call a “timbercrat,” a close ally of the logging industry and herself a beneficiary of a logging family fortune.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6SvMgP">
The timber-Democratic alliance goes back decades. But a growing number of political extremists in timber-rich areas and an increasingly powerful right-wing PAC that presents itself as the voice of Oregonians connected to logging, trucking, and farming, <a href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/03/timber-unity-racism/">Timber Unity</a>, have changed longstanding dynamics.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5EmAhZ">
In 2019, with the vocal support of the newly formed Timber Unity, 11 Republican lawmakers left the state capitol to avoid a vote on a cap-and-trade bill — just enough of them to stall the vote. The walkout ended messily: Democratic Gov. Brown sent state troopers, demanding the Republicans “return and do the jobs they were elected to do.” When the vote finally occurred, the bill failed by <a href="https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2019/06/these-are-the-democrats-who-didnt-support-oregons-climate-bill-who-gave-them-money.html">one vote</a> (three Senate Democrats, including Johnson, voted against it).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="e5BpRh">
When Democrats tried again to pass climate legislation in 2020, Republicans used the same playbook, this time led by Drazan, a newcomer to the state legislature. Kotek, then speaker of the House, tried to usher through the climate bills. Johnson provided the <a href="http://scorecard.olcv.org/2019/bills/hb-2020/">key vote</a> that killed the cap-and-trade legislation when it finally came to a vote in 2019 (it never <a href="https://www.kgw.com/article/news/local/cap-and-trade-gop-walkout-oregon-republicans/283-4694be5d-a349-4053-b8e0-3317ed621207">came to a vote</a> in 2020).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="W2oUrX">
Timber Unity played a key role in all the chaos, egging on opposition to the bill and the GOP’s walkouts. Timber Unity by then had grown quickly to become a legitimized power broker in the state, despite the group founders’ ties to white nationalist militia interests. Its influence helped rally truck drivers at the state capitol in support of the walkouts, and its reach helped create the <a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/167405/grassroots-anti-environmentalist-movement-grows-oregon">impression</a> that the GOP’s oppositional tactics represented the will of a large swath of Oregon residents.
</p>
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As a result of these ultimately successful walkouts, Drazan’s profile rose while Oregon missed its window to pass climate legislation in 2020, again.
</p>
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How fallout from the walkouts is shaping the gubernatorial race
</h3>
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Each candidate’s climate platform is a logical extension of their role in the walkouts: Kotek promises to continue developing the state’s climate goals; Drazan argues such policies are a drag on the state economy and the limited measures the current governor instituted via executive action should be reversed; Johnson pledges to revoke the governor’s cap-and-trade policies if elected, too.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3xomrB">
Johnson trails far behind both Kotek and Drazan in polling. She’s endured in the race this long because she is also the best-funded candidate, thanks to the state’s richest man, Knight, the co-founder and chair emeritus of footwear giant Nike.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1vyw6W">
He has single-handedly flooded Johnson’s campaign with $3.75 million in cash, and another <a href="https://secure.sos.state.or.us/orestar/cneSearch.do?cneSearchButtonName=search&amp;cneSearchFilerCommitteeId=21717&amp;OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=NJRD-0ISN-1N09-C4IU-Z10M-LH1B-DQKV-90RW">$2 million</a> to a PAC dedicated to electing more Republicans to the Oregon legislature. In October, he contributed his first <a href="https://secure.sos.state.or.us/orestar/gotoPublicTransactionDetail.do?tranRsn=4326883&amp;OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=BUCE-S1MP-D3IC-4XDR-DXQ8-3VAZ-Y6UY-Q049">$1 million</a> to Drazan’s campaign.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hj0sJm">
A third candidate’s presence, boosted by Knight’s cash, has upended all normal expectations for the race. In a “normal” cycle, John Horvick, senior vice president of the Pacific Northwest research firm DHM Research, said that “Democrats probably have about a 5 percentage point advantage over Republicans and gubernatorial elections.”
</p>
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Political strategists note that, as Johnson is a former Democrat,<strong> </strong>her candidacy is pulling away support that might otherwise go to Kotek. “There’s a real attempt to stop Democrats from defecting to Johnson,” said Horvick. If Kotek loses, it could be Knight’s money that’s to blame.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uaq45x">
Some progressive advocates claim Johnson is a poison pill, set up by bigger fish to pull support away from Kotek. Recently, Timber Unity alluded to that exact strategy on Facebook: “God Bless Betsy Johnson! Now for the LOVE OF GOD, can we just all stick together this ONE TIME and Vote DRAZAN!!!!!”
</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="G5gpNr">
If Johnson’s presence does manage to tip the race to the Republican, the use of a third candidate to siphon off Democratic support could become a model in reliably blue states to reverse climate action. All Republicans would need is a deep-pocketed backer and a viable moderate or conservative Democrat.
</p>
<h3 id="FiqJK0">
The result of the 2022 gubernatorial race will have a major impact on regional climate policy
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O1gb35">
Beyond political considerations, a Kotek loss would also have major ramifications for West Coast climate policy. Because of the walkouts, Oregon’s most ambitious policy was put in place by a 2020 <a href="https://www.oregon.gov/energy/energy-oregon/Pages/Greenhouse-Gases.aspx#:~:text=In%20March%202020%2C%20Governor%20Brown,below%201990%20levels%20by%202050.">executive order</a> that set a benchmark for cutting the state’s greenhouse gas emissions at least 45 percent below 1990 levels within 15 years; it also requires state agencies to come up with plans that reduce transportation and power emissions, and ensure forests store more carbon.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="M94JtW">
Drazan has said reversing Brown’s executive orders is her day-one priority. Should she do so, the biggest and most permanent damage would be allowing unchecked deforestation in favor of agriculture and logging. Oregon is a relatively small economy compared to its neighbors, but considering its forests, its biggest impact on the climate is in land use and carbon sequestration.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xJllsO">
Oregon and its bigger neighbors, Washington and California, have often worked in concert in updating its environmental rules. When California banned hydrofluorocarbons used in air conditioning, Oregon did, too. Going forward, the states will need to work together to expand transmission of renewable energy projects, as they receive federal funds from the Inflation Reduction Act.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6l3kLF">
Oregon could become a major obstacle to expanding renewables across the coast, if Drazan appoints pro-gas utility regulators to the state commission. And some conservationists, like Doug Moore, executive director of the Oregon League of Conservation Voters, fear Oregon could becoming a dumping ground for goods like inefficient cars that can’t be sold in California or Washington.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CvJKDE">
Climate advocates worry the election is about to undo over a decade of campaigning to move Oregon forward on climate action. This shift wouldn’t be accidental, but the result of methodical, well-funded efforts to give anti-climate candidates a real foothold.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="d97R2f">
And the stakes for both democracy and climate policy are high. “Oregon has been driving a national conversation on climate for quite a while,” Moore said. “With one stroke of a pen, Christine Drazan could unwind all.”
</p></li>
<li><strong>Nobody’s perfect. Here’s how to be a good influence on your kids anyway.</strong> -
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<img alt="An illustration of a parent and child floating in water together on their backs, waves in the background." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/8XgIBbo8Km0xsg9VA5wvoJCNVqA=/600x0:4200x2700/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71549398/R2_PaigeVickers_Parenting_Vox_10_18.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Paige Vickers for Vox
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Everyone makes mistakes. Here’s how your kids can learn from yours.
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Here’s a secret: Parents make mistakes. Odds are, you’ve probably made a couple today.
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We all want the best for our kids, but parents are often still struggling to learn how to live life as their best selves. We hope our children can avoid the pitfalls we’ve tumbled into in the past — whether it be stints in rehab, arrests, a history of emotional issues or money problems, a general lack of direction until your late twenties, or the time you put a cigarette out on your arm to prove you were a tough guy (I know it can’t just be me!).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="T06rP7">
As much as we try to shelter kids from going down the wrong path — paths we may have walked before — the past will always influence your parenting decisions. Eventually, the time will come where you might have to admit that you aren’t, or weren’t always, the great example you strive to be every day. Despite that, you can still be a role model for how to make changes and move forward in life.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mjhJRq">
Taking accountability doesn’t equate to you pushing your child down the same slope. “You don’t have to feel like you’re giving your kid a hall pass to go out and use drugs,” says <a href="https://abphd.com/">Allen Berger</a>, a psychologist and the author of <em>12 Essential Insights for Emotional Sobriety</em>. “What you’re doing is sharing your experience that no one’s going to be perfect.” You are modeling growth, and that is a worthwhile and brave thing to do.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="owEeHg">
But confronting the past and accepting responsibility can be terrifying. Acknowledging our flaws in front of those we cherish is even more so. I spoke with four experts about productive methods to parent children effectively when your own past is imperfect.
</p>
<h3 id="4a7IoI">
Recognize your past mistakes, but don’t project them
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Before having a conversation about your past with your kids, it’s important to fully process it and understand how it has impacted who you are today. “You want to make sure you really dealt with it yourself first,” says <a href="https://www.sixthstreetwellness.com/team/stacey-younge">Stacey Younge</a>, the owner and lead therapist at Sixth Street Wellness in Manhattan, who has also served as a clinician for people returning home from prison.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZUEzxA">
“The act of parenting brings out all the insecurities that we have,” says <a href="https://drgayani.com/">Gayani DeSilva</a>, a psychiatrist and the author of <em>A Psychiatrist’s Guide: Stop Teen Addiction Before It Starts</em>. “Whatever we’ve done, it’s okay to look at it. It’s okay to talk to somebody about it. It’s okay to be transparent in our vulnerability.”
</p>
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It’s also important to avoid projecting your shame onto your kids. “The things that we project [on others] are things that are incomplete in us. If I still have some issues about my past that are unresolved, I’m gonna have a tendency to project that onto my children and be afraid that they’re going to be living that,” says Berger. The first step is recognizing the problem is within ourselves so we can do something about it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="d4P7Je">
Studies show that <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/genetics-epigenetics-addiction">addiction</a> and <a href="https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/looking-at-my-genes">mental illness</a> can run in families, but that doesn’t have to define our children; it just means they should be aware of it.
</p>
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<aside id="Vq52Z2">
<q>“Our kids might have our features, they might have our personality traits, but that doesn’t always mean that they’re going to make the same choices that we have”</q>
</aside>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hOurlQ">
“Our kids might have our features, they might have our personality traits, but that doesn’t always mean that they’re going to make the same choices that we have,” Younge says.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YRb5Ru">
We can’t heal from our past in a vacuum. Processing it with help from a therapist, a life coach, a religious mentor, or even a good friend can make a world of difference. Find someone you can be vulnerable with, who can accept your past without judgment, and who wants to help you move forward.
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How to have an honest chat with your kids, at any age
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2nceev">
The goal of this conversation with your kids is to teach them that people can grow, and that’s a lesson you can instill in them no matter their age. You definitely shouldn’t spark a conversation with a 6-year-old about jabbing needles into your arm, but you can go a bit deeper with a teenager. With a young child, you might speak generally about how mommy or daddy made mistakes, too, discussing simple yet fundamental lessons from your past.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mZrBw8">
Don’t be afraid to say the words “I’m sorry” if your actions affected your child. Apologizing sets an incredible example for little ones.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LqTtZO">
Kids are going to make mistakes, so one of the best gifts you can give them is an example of you letting go of shame. “They’re gonna make some really bad choices, and they’re gonna have to figure it out. So if we are open and transparent with our vulnerability to our children, our children are going to realize that, you know what, my parents were able to take care of whatever happened to them, so whatever happens to me, I’m going to be okay,” DeSilva says.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="u9KQWs">
When choosing where to hold the conversation, focus on a setting where your child is comfortable to listen and share, whether that be in the kitchen while making dinner, in the car on the way to an activity, or over ice cream at their favorite eatery. It doesn’t have to be stern or serious. When you and your child are in a relaxed environment, a conversation may even just roll out organically.
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Pretending your past didn’t happen helps no one. “Be honest about the lessons that you’ve learned and how it impacted your life — why [what you experienced] was a real challenge and what are some of the things that you really want them to know,” says Younge. Then, invite your child to share their feelings about what you just shared with them. Ask them if they’ve struggled with anything similar. The goal is for them to form their own opinions and know that they have autonomy over their own choices.
</p>
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If you are still struggling with the subject of the conversation, it’s okay to say, “This is something that’s just too rough for me right now,” says Younge. “This is maybe where Partner A or Partner B or Grandma can come in and help have some conversations about it.” It’s likely that there are other people in your kid’s life that they can trust — people who are good influences, who will be happy to help you out here.
</p>
<h3 id="TpW1x5">
Change your mindset, so they can too
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Znx7lq">
Model making mistakes and accepting constructive criticism. “Kids are going to respond to how you live your life more than what you tell them about how they should live their lives,” says Berger. Your actions are what really count, so make sure you empower your kids to know that growth is possible, and that it takes effort and time.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0JDMD7">
Don’t do things that you tell your kid not to, unless you have a good explanation as to why, says <a href="https://www.jessicalahey.com/">Jessica Lahey</a>, a former teacher and the author of <em>The Addiction Inoculation</em>. Being specific about certain nuances can make a real difference in how your kids understand boundaries. For example, if your kids aren’t old enough to drink, but you sip wine with dinner, Lahey says, you should explain to them that “adolescent brains are different from adult brains. My brain is done developing, and yours won’t be done developing until your early to mid-20s.” Be clear about why certain rules exist.
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<aside id="WRJ7Ef">
<q>Don’t be afraid to say the words “I’m sorry” if your actions affected your child. Apologizing sets an incredible example for little ones.</q>
</aside>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3uSbLm">
Believing in yourself can be difficult if you feel that you don’t have the power to affect your situation in life, so teach kids how to have a growth mindset, not a fixed one. A growth mindset is the view that talent and intelligence is learned and cultivated with practice and effort; a fixed mindset tells you that there is no use trying to change.
</p>
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Research has connected the growth mindset to <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2331186X.2018.1492337">greater motivation and resiliency</a>, leading to <a href="https://web.stanford.edu/~paunesku/articles/claro_2016.pdf">higher academic achievements</a>. A fixed mindset is a negative thinking pattern, and can lead to children who will run from their struggles, never seeking assistance or putting in effort to improve. A growth mindset can give your children the confidence to make mistakes and learn.
</p>
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You can push back against a hopeless mentality by teaching self-efficacy, says Lahey, which she defined as “the belief that if you take an action, that it will result in change.”
</p>
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Be careful how you speak about your children, and how you speak about yourself. Instead of labeling yourself, your child, or others with static terms such as “brilliant” or “gifted,” which reinforces the idea that people are valued for fixed characteristics and not the work they put in, teach kids to look for the long-term consequences of people’s actions, “showing them the opportunities for growth, showing them the opportunities to break cycles, showing them evidence of their own accomplishments,” says Lahey.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bvfxkx">
<a href="https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cdev.13711">Research shows</a> that children as young as 7 believe that seeking help is a sign of incompetence. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.12.015">Other studies</a> have shown that potential helpers, including teachers and social workers, underestimate the shame and embarrassment about seeking help felt by their students, so it’s imperative we defuse the stigma by showing the benefits of reaching out. Examples of asking for help as an adult can vary from situation to situation — it could be calling a friend when you don’t know how to handle a situation, or signing up for food stamps.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wiQ8ws">
Remember to model self-care — not only to teach your children how to help themselves, but also to allow yourself to be more present for your family. “It’s critical that you realize how important you are,” says DeSilva. “Anytime that you spend any effort [caring for] yourself, that translates to how you treat your kids.” Be an example of kindness and forgiveness to others, but especially to yourself.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nQDjcA">
Celebrate long-term growth. You are no longer the same person you were in the past. Recognize the work you’ve put in, and do the same for your child, helping them see that struggling with their homework today isn’t representative of where they will be a year from now. Point to their work from last year to show how far they have come. Chances are, you have, too.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0tMS1R">
<em>Jay Deitcher is a stay-at-home dad, writer, and former social worker living in Albany, New York. </em>
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<a href="http://www.vox.com/even-better"><em><strong>Even Better</strong></em></a><em> is here to offer deeply sourced, actionable advice for helping you live a better life. Do you have a question on money and work; friends, family, and community; or personal growth and health? Send us your question by filling out this </em><a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfiStGSlsWDBmglim7Dh1Y9Hy386rkeKGpfwF6BCjmgnZdqfQ/viewform"><em><strong>form</strong></em></a><em>. We might turn it into a story.</em>
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<li><strong>Why everybody you know is sick right now</strong> -
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<img alt="A photo illustration shows a woman from the 1950s sneezing into a handkerchief covering her nose and mouth, with a red circle expanding from the sneeze." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Fis5Jp0lnjs4bR5xxxAY4f7uZR0=/234x0:4055x2866/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71549276/GettyImages_1378994532_dot.0.jpg"/>
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Bita Honarvar/Vox; H. Armstrong Roberts/Classicstock/Getty Images
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
What’s behind the early surge in RSV and flu — and what’s to come.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1S8qs7">
It’s not just you or your kids: <a href="https://www.vox.com/2018/2/6/16978544/cold-versus-flu-chart">Cold-and-flu season</a> is off to a particularly nasty start across the United States.
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With the country stepping down from the pandemic footing of the past few years, the various viruses that cause coughs, runny noses, and sore throats are now on the rebound. Cases of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a common respiratory bug that can occasionally turn serious for infants and the elderly, <a href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/22272237/flu-cases-down-historic-what-does-it-mean">had been held down in 2020 and 2021</a> because people were wearing masks and taking other precautions to avoid Covid-19. But almost all official pandemic policies have lapsed, most Americans have <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2022/10/12/23400496/remote-work-from-home-office-boss-manager-hypocrisy">returned to some or all of their pre-pandemic activities</a>, and immunity to other common viruses may have waned after two years of largely avoiding them.
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That has brought RSV in particular roaring back; the flu is showing signs of an early surge as well. In 2020, the United States as a whole <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/surveillance/nrevss/images/trend_images/RSV14Num_Nat.htm">was reporting</a> just a handful of confirmed RSV cases in late October; in 2021, about 400. In 2022, the official number is about 600. Those numbers are much lower than the actual number of cases, because an RSV diagnosis is not typically confirmed via a laboratory test. But they show a clear trend.
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Flu is also off to a fast start, particularly in the South. The percentage of outpatient visits that are for respiratory illness, <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/index.htm">one of the CDC’s measures of flu activity</a>, is already well above where it was at this time in the last five years. Doctors on the ground also say that they are seeing meaningfully more cases of RSV, flu, and other similar pathogens (such as adenoviruses, parainfluenza, croup, etc.) than they typically would this early in the cold-weather season.
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For hospitals that have spent the past two years <a href="https://www.vox.com/coronavirus-covid19/2021/9/14/22650733/us-covid-19-hospitals-full-texas-alabama">struggling to maintain capacity in the face of surging Covid-19 cases</a>, this year has not brought any relief. The opposite, in fact.
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“We are very busy,” Dr. Kristina Bryant, an epidemiologist at Norton Children’s Hospital in Louisville, told me. “It’s different this year. … It’s not even Halloween, and many children’s hospitals are operating at or above capacity.”
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<img alt="A chart shows flu-like illnesses tracked by the CDC in each flu season since 2017. The line for 2022 starts at a significantly higher percent than the five previous seasons." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MA7tmOSFrqNo4wx7gA4NNAv8HZo=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24138710/outpatient_respiratory_illness_visits.gif"/> <cite><a class="ql-link" href="https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/index.htm#ILINet" target="_blank">CDC</a></cite>
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Bryant’s hospital is already contemplating spilling over into beds in the adult hospital across the street, which is connected by a pedestrian walkway. She said she’s spoken to peers in other hospitals that have already put their emergency command structures into place. Connecticut Children’s Hospital in Hartford <a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/3697459-childrens-hospitals-overflowing-with-respiratory-patients-consider-calling-national-guard/">has reportedly held talks</a> with FEMA and the National Guard about setting up a tent outside their building for overflow beds.
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Some experts in infectious diseases have even adopted a moniker for the conflation of influenza, RSV, and Covid-19 that is already threatening hospital capacity in some parts of the United States: the “tri-demic.”
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“We used to worry about a twin-demic. Now some people are worried about a tri-demic: influenza, Covid and RSV,” William Schaffner, a Vanderbilt University professor and medical director of the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, told me. “Although we worried about this in the past few seasons, people are really anticipating this may be the one where these viruses really gang up on us and together may strain the health care system.”
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The next few months are expected to be rough, with different viruses becoming dominant at different times. Hospitals may continue to be stretched thin. The severity of any <a href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/23393321/covid-vaccine-bivalent-booster-pfizer-moderna">winter Covid-19 surge</a> and the possibility of a second wave of flu later in the season are two X-factors that will dictate how bad the situation ultimately becomes.
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But the experts I spoke to offered a small glimmer of hope: This is — probably — not the new normal. The US is suffering a shock after the past two years. The population is more vulnerable to various respiratory illnesses now, but it won’t stay that vulnerable forever. People will get sick and develop immunity, and that will put constraints back on these viruses.
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Several of them said they expected a year, maybe two, of such unusual early and severe cold-and-flu seasons, followed by a return to relative normal. That progress could be sped along by the development of pan-coronavirus and RSV vaccines.
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“I anticipate that as people get infected with these things again, it will settle down to what was around before the Covid pandemic,” said Richard Webby, an influenza expert at the St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Tennessee.
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<h3 id="lTjRYX">
Why RSV and influenza are surging unusually early this year
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MPCc6x">
Covid-19 has thrown the viral ecosystem out of whack. Other viruses have been behaving strangely for the past few years. Bryant said her hospital saw an unusual amount of <a href="https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2022/han00474.asp">enterovirus d68</a>, which generally causes cold-like symptoms but in rare cases can lead to limb weakness similar to polio, over the summer.
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RSV usually shows up in midwinter, but the hospital also saw an early, ferocious spike in RSV cases in August and now, she said, their case volume is substantially higher than they have seen in years.
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“Before the pandemic, we could predict when we were going to have RSV cases,” said Bryant, who also works on infectious disease issues for the American Academy of Pediatrics. “What has happened this year is it’s come early. … The pandemic has created disruptions in previously pretty predictable seasonal patterns.”
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RSV generally starts as a runny nose or a cough. For a small number of children, it may develop into pneumonia or bronchitis, which can require hospitalization. As with Covid, which is also typically milder in children, the sheer number of infections mean hospitals can be overwhelmed even if only a small share of those cases require kids to be admitted to the hospital.
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The flu also started about a month earlier than usual, Schaffner said, particularly in the southern United States. It’s been following the pattern seen in the southern hemisphere this summer (which is winter in that part of the world), when countries including Australia and Chile saw early and busy flu seasons.
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So what explains the early surge? From a biological perspective, these viruses are finding more susceptible hosts in the population. The reasons flu and RSV typically thrive in the winter are that the humidity is lower, temperatures are down, and people are more likely to crowd together indoors.
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After the past two years, people have less robust immunity, or perhaps no immunity at all, making it easier for the virus to spread outside of those ideal conditions.
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Every child will catch RSV multiple times, most before they turn two, and eventually build up immunity to it. But the problem right now is a lot of kids, even 3- or 4-year-olds, have no existing immunity after two years of mitigation measures and are getting infected for the first time.
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“The virus has an even more abundant playing field in which to work,” Schaffner told me. “There are many more susceptible [people] that this virus can infect for the first or second time and cause illness.”
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Kids especially play a critical role in the spread of disease — as Schaffner said, “Children are thought to have the distribution franchise for the influenza virus.”
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First, they spread it among themselves. And, because once infected they shed much more virus than adults and for a longer period of time, they are very efficient at spreading the virus to other people they encounter.
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“They become vectors. They become little transmitters. They come home and give it to their parents, grandparents, Aunt Suzi, the neighbors,” Schaffner said. “With kids in school, with people traveling, visiting friends and relatives, doing that with enthusiasm, returning to a new normal activity, it’s setting us up for the spread of these respiratory viruses.”
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Meanwhile, we are still awaiting <a href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/23393321/covid-vaccine-bivalent-booster-pfizer-moderna">the expected Covid-19 winter surge</a>. Case numbers appear to be in a bit of a lull right now — though the rise of at-home testing makes official data much more difficult to follow — but given the pattern of the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-cases.html">past two years</a>, experts expect an increase before long. It shouldn’t get as bad as it did in 2020 or 2021, Schaffner said. But it will still add strain to the health system.
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Why a “tri-demic” will — hopefully — not be the new normal
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So the next few months may be rough. A second surge of flu activity in the new year, if another strain emerges and becomes dominant, would make it worse. But the lingering question is whether this is a short-term shock to the system after the pandemic or the start of a new normal.
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The unpredictability of the past two years should disabuse us from being too confident about the future. But the experts I spoke to thought that the former was more likely. This cold-and-flu season will be nasty. Next year may be as well. But, eventually, these viruses will start to settle into their old pattern.
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“I’ve been thinking of this as a transition year, back to the new normal. Or maybe a transitional two years,” Schaffner said. “The viruses are working their way back to a more normal activity.”
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As more people get infected and build their immunity back up (or up for the first time, in the case of kids), the viruses will find it harder to spread outside of their usual sweet spot when the weather is cold and people stay inside, Webby said. We saw the same life cycle with H1N1 during and after the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html">2009 outbreak</a>. At first, that virus would emerge at unusual times outside of flu season. But after a couple years, as people gained immunity, it became more predictable.
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“It forces the virus to survive only in its sweet spot for transmission, which happens to be winter,” Webby said.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Fjerub">
New vaccines could also help soften the burden of RSV in the future. Pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline <a href="https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/gsk-s-older-adult-respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-vaccine-candidate/">released clinical trial results recently</a> showing a large reduction in severe disease for older adults who were given an RSV vaccine that the company has developed. Development of an RSV vaccine for children had been stagnant, but <a href="https://answers.childrenshospital.org/rsv-vaccine/">a recent uptick in R&amp;D</a> signals a possibility of progress in the coming years.
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We already have effective vaccines for flu and Covid-19, too. They substantially reduce the likelihood of severe illness and death. The challenge is getting people to take them. <a href="https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations_vacc-people-additional-dose-totalpop">Few Americans</a> have gotten the new omicron-targeted Covid-19 vaccine and people’s intentions about getting the flu vaccine <a href="https://www.nfid.org/about-nfid/newsroom/news-conferences/2022-nfid-influenza-pneumococcal-disease-news-conference/2022-national-survey-attitudes-about-influenza-and-pneumococcal-disease-and-the-impacts-of-covid-19/">have also been lagging</a>.
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“We’re concerned the population is so Covid and vaccine fatigued that it’s not taking advantage of these vaccines,” Schaffner said. “I think there are still many people who say ‘I’ve had enough of this.’ The interventions we have are at the moment not being optimally utilized.”
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Biology should help to make cold-and-flu season in the years to come more tolerable. We also have the tools to lighten the burden even more — not only the vaccines, but washing hands, wearing masks, staying home when sick — if only we avail ourselves of them.
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</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Coach Sachdeva envisions greater progress for Karman</strong> - Karman is now the No. 1 in the country with a World ranking of 217</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Walk in the park for The Men in Blue against the Netherlands</strong> - Rohit, Kohli and Suryakumar hit half-centuries to set a formidable target; bowlers complement batters’ efforts capitalising on the Dutch endeavour to make a chase of it</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How Pro Kabaddi made kabaddi the most-watched sport in India after cricket</strong> - Pro Kabaddi made a hinterland sport the cynosure of primetime television</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Humpy misses chance to go 2-0 up against Anna Muzychuk</strong> - Lei Tingjie leads Maria, Anna’s younger sister, by same margin in the other quarterfinal</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ICC Twenty20 World Cup 2022 | Wade tests positive for COVID, but likely to play against England</strong> - The International Cricket Council (ICC) rules don't bar a player from taking part in a match if he is COVID positive.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Thazhathangadi boat race set to begin tomorrow</strong> - The regatta is being conducted under the aegis of the Kottayam West Club</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Approval for Kidwai unit in Mysuru in next Cabinet meet: Sudhakar</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Neerdhara project for protecting the Vamanapuram river</strong> - Soil and water conservation, construction of a check dam and jetties, and water supply schemes are part of project</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Shivamogga police scan fingerprints of people roaming at night</strong> - The application does not save fingerprints, but compares with the pre-recorded data</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Congress leader Satheesan Pacheni passes away</strong> -</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Russia to ban sharing LGBT ‘propaganda’ with adults as well as children</strong> - A controversial law preventing sharing information about gay people with children is set to apply to all.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Russian tactics on eastern front ‘crazy’, says Zelensky</strong> - Russia has expended huge resources in the town of Bakhmut despite a looming battle in Kherson.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>World facing ‘first truly global energy crisis’, report says</strong> - Russia’s invasion of Ukraine will have long-lasting effects on energy supply, a new report says.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Svalbard: The race to save the fastest-warming place on Earth</strong> - Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago, is thought to be heating at six times the global average.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Chinese ‘police station’ in Dublin ordered to shut</strong> - The Department of Foreign Affairs ordered closure after pressure from a human rights group.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Today’s best deals: Google Pixel 6a, Apple MacBooks, 4K TVs, and more</strong> - Dealmaster also has discounts on Google smart home, Microsoft Surfaces, and some of our favorite wearables. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1892938">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Meta’s value plunges more than $65 billion amid falling sales, rising costs</strong> - Facebook parent’s earnings add to gloom surrounding Big Tech. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1893205">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Feds open criminal investigation into Tesla Autopilot claims</strong> - DoJ prosecutors want to know if Tesla misled customers, investors, regulators. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1893177">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Biden admin bracing for up to 70K COVID deaths this winter as booster uptake flops</strong> - Nearly every COVID death is preventable, Biden stressed Tuesday. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1893156">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>iCloud web gets a slick and more functional beta redesign</strong> - Apple’s cloud service portal now lets you prioritize the apps you actually use. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1893142">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>John decided to go skiing with his buddy, Keith, so they loaded up John’s minivan and headed north. After driving for a few hours, they got caught in a terrible blizzard, so they pulled into a nearby farm…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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…and asked the attractive lady who answered the door, if they could spend the night.
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“I realize it’s terrible weather out there and I have this huge house all to myself, but I’m recently widowed.” she explained. “And I’m afraid the neighbors will talk if I let you stay in my house.”
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“Don’t worry.” John said. “We’ll be happy to sleep in the barn and if the weather breaks, we’ll be gone at first light.”
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The lady agreed, and the two men found their way to the barn and settled in for the night.
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Come morning, the weather had cleared, and they got on their way and enjoyed a great weekend of skiing.
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But about nine months later, John got an unexpected letter from an attorney.
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It took him a few minutes to figure it out, but he finally determined that it was from the attorney of that attractive widow he had met on the skiing weekend.
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He dropped in on his friend Keith and asked, “Keith, do you remember that good-looking widow from the farm we stayed at on our skiing holiday about 9 months ago?”
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“Yes, I do.” said Keith.
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“Did you, er, happen to get up in the middle of the night, go up to the house and pay her a visit?”
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“Well, um, yes!” Keith said, a little embarrassed about being found out, “I have to admit that I did.”
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“And did you happen to give her my name instead of telling her your name?”
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Keith’s face turned beet red and he said, “Yeah, look, I’m sorry, buddy. I’m afraid I did. Why do you ask?”
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“Well, she just died and left me everything.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/JoeKing4Real"> /u/JoeKing4Real </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ye0yos/john_decided_to_go_skiing_with_his_buddy_keith_so/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ye0yos/john_decided_to_go_skiing_with_his_buddy_keith_so/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>i started carrying a knife after a mugging attempt years ago</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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Since then my mugging attempts have been a lot more successful.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/KarmicComic12334"> /u/KarmicComic12334 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ye9apq/i_started_carrying_a_knife_after_a_mugging/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ye9apq/i_started_carrying_a_knife_after_a_mugging/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Judas: Hey Jesus, you coming to the last supper?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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Jesus: the what?
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Judas: the supper…I mean are you coming to the supper?
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/atomicpete"> /u/atomicpete </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/yeo4zk/judas_hey_jesus_you_coming_to_the_last_supper/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/yeo4zk/judas_hey_jesus_you_coming_to_the_last_supper/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>What’s the difference between your job and your wife?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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After 5 years, your job still sucks
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Far-Hat3075"> /u/Far-Hat3075 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/yen4gn/whats_the_difference_between_your_job_and_your/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/yen4gn/whats_the_difference_between_your_job_and_your/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>What did Britons use to light their homes before candles?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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Electricity.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/theservman"> /u/theservman </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ye2n3g/what_did_britons_use_to_light_their_homes_before/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ye2n3g/what_did_britons_use_to_light_their_homes_before/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
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