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<title>06 March, 2021</title>
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<title>Covid-19 Sentry</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
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<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
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<li><strong>Genome sequencing and analysis of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 variant characterized by multiple spike protein mutations detected from the Central Visayas Region of the Philippines</strong> -
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The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern such as the B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and the P.1 have prompted calls for governments worldwide to increase their genomic biosurveillance efforts. Globally, quarantine and outbreak management measures have been implemented to stem the introduction of these variants and to monitor any emerging variants of potential clinical significance domestically. Here, we describe the emergence of a new SARS-CoV-2 lineage, mainly from the Central Visayas region of the Philippines. This emergent variant is characterized by 13 lineage-defining mutations, including the co-occurrence of the E484K, N501Y, and P681H mutations at the spike protein region, as well as three additional radical amino acid replacements towards the C-terminal end of the said protein. A three-amino acid deletion at positions 141 to 143 (LGV141_143del) in the spike protein was likewise seen in a region preceding the 144Y deletion found in the B.1.1.7 variant. A single amino acid replacement, K2Q, at the N-terminus of ORF8 was also shared by all 33 samples sequenced. The mutation profile of this new virus variant warrants closer investigation due to its potential public health implications. The current distribution of this emergent variant in the Philippines and its transmission are being monitored and addressed by relevant public health agencies to stem its spread in nearby islands and regions in the country.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.21252812v2" target="_blank">Genome sequencing and analysis of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 variant characterized by multiple spike protein mutations detected from the Central Visayas Region of the Philippines</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2-host chimeric RNA-sequencing reads do not necessarily signify virus integration into the host DNA</strong> -
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The human genome bears evidence of extensive invasion by retroviruses and other retroelements, as well as by diverse RNA and DNA viruses. High frequency of somatic integration of the RNA virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into the DNA of infected cells was recently suggested, partly based on the detection of chimeric RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) reads between SARS-CoV-2 RNA and RNA transcribed from human host DNA. Here, we examined the possible origin of human-SARS-CoV-2 chimeric reads in RNA-seq libraries and provide alternative explanations for their origin. Chimeric reads were frequently detected also between SARS-CoV-2 RNA and RNA transcribed from mitochondrial DNA or episomal adenoviral DNA present in transfected cell lines, which was unlikely the result of SARS-CoV-2 integration. Furthermore, chimeric reads between SARS-CoV-2 RNA and RNA transcribed from nuclear DNA was highly enriched for host exonic, than intronic or intergenic sequences and often involved the same, highly expressed host genes. These findings suggest that human-SARS-CoV-2 chimeric reads found in RNA-seq data may arise during library preparation and do not necessarily signify SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription, integration in to host DNA and further transcription.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434119v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2-host chimeric RNA-sequencing reads do not necessarily signify virus integration into the host DNA</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Scalable, Micro-Neutralization Assay for Qualitative Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 19) Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Clinical Samples</strong> -
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As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic was expanding, it was clear that effective testing for the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the blood of convalescent patients would be critical for development of plasma-based therapeutic approaches. To address the need for a high-quality neutralization assay against SARS CoV 2, a previously established fluorescence reduction neutralization assay (FRNA) against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was modified and optimized. The SARS-CoV-2 FRNA provides a quantitative assessment of a large number of infected cells through use of a high content imaging system. Because of this approach, and the fact that it does not involve subjective interpretation, this assay is more efficient and more accurate than other neutralization assays. In addition, the ability to set robust acceptance criteria for individual plates and specific test wells provided further rigor to this assay. Such agile adaptability avails use with multiple virus variants. By February 2021, the SARS-CoV-2 FRNA had been used to screen over 5,000 samples, including acute and convalescent plasma or serum samples and therapeutic antibody treatments, for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing titers.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434152v1" target="_blank">Scalable, Micro-Neutralization Assay for Qualitative Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 19) Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Clinical Samples</a>
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<li><strong>Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Mutations Over Time Reveals Increasing Prevalence of Variants in the Spike Protein and RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase</strong> -
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Amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it has become increasingly important to monitor the mutations that arise in the SARS-CoV-2 virus, to prepare public health strategies and guide the further development of vaccines and therapeutics. The spike (S) protein and the proteins comprising the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRP) are key vaccine and drug targets, respectively, making mutation surveillance of these proteins of great importance. Full protein sequences for the spike proteins and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase proteins were downloaded from the GISAID database, aligned, and the variants identified. Polymorphisms in the protein sequence were investigated at the protein structural level and examined longitudinally in order to identify sequence and strain variants that are emerging over time. Our analysis revealed a group of variants in the spike protein and the polymerase complex that appeared in August, and account for around five percent of the genomes analyzed up to the last week of October. A structural analysis also facilitated investigation of several unique variants in the receptor binding domain and the N-terminal domain of the spike protein, with high-frequency mutations occurring more commonly in these regions. The identification of new variants emphasizes the need for further study on the effects of these mutations and the implications of their increased prevalence, particularly as these mutations may impact vaccine or therapeutic efficacy.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.433666v1" target="_blank">Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Mutations Over Time Reveals Increasing Prevalence of Variants in the Spike Protein and RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Scent dog identification of SARS-CoV-2 infections, similar across different body fluids</strong> -
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Background: The main strategy to contain the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic remains to implement a comprehensive testing, tracing and quarantining strategy until vaccination of the population is adequate. Methods: Ten dogs were trained to detect SARS-CoV-2 infections in beta-propiolactone inactivated saliva samples. The subsequent cognitive transfer performance for the recognition of non-inactivated samples were tested on saliva, urine, and sweat in a randomised, double-blind controlled study. Results: Dogs were tested on a total of 5242 randomised sample presentations. Dogs detected non-inactivated saliva samples with a diagnostic sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 95%. In a subsequent experiment to compare the scent recognition between the three non-inactivated body fluids, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 95% and 98% for urine, 91% and 94% for sweat, 82%, and 96% for saliva respectively. Conclusions: The scent cognitive transfer performance between inactivated and non-inactivated samples as well as between different sample materials indicates that global, specific SARS-CoV-2-associated volatile compounds are released across different body secretions, independently from the patient’s symptoms. Funding: The project was funded as a special research project of the German Armed Forces. The funding source DZIF- Fasttrack 1.921 provided us with means for biosampling.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434038v1" target="_blank">Scent dog identification of SARS-CoV-2 infections, similar across different body fluids</a>
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<li><strong>Neutralization heterogeneity of United Kingdom and South-African SARS CoV-2 variants in BNT162b2-vaccinated or convalescent COVID-19 healthcare workers</strong> -
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There are concerns about neutralizing antibodies (NAb) potency against the newly emerged VOC202012/01 (UK) and 501Y.V2 (SA) SARS-CoV-2 variants in mRNA-vaccinated subjects and in recovered COVID-19 patients. We used a viral neutralization test with a strict 100% neutralizing criterion on UK and SA clinical isolates in comparison with a globally distributed D614G SARS-CoV-2 strain. In two doses BNT162b2-vaccinated healthcare workers (HCW), despite heterogeneity in neutralizing capacity against the three SARS-CoV-2 strains, all sera harbored at least a NAb titer [≥] 1:10 suggesting a certain humoral protection activity either on UK or SA variants. However, six months after mild forms of COVID-19, an important proportion of HCW displayed no neutralizing activity against SA strain. This result supports strong recommendations for vaccination of previously infected subjects.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434089v1" target="_blank">Neutralization heterogeneity of United Kingdom and South-African SARS CoV-2 variants in BNT162b2-vaccinated or convalescent COVID-19 healthcare workers</a>
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<li><strong>Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection increases B.1.1.7 cross-neutralization by vaccinated individuals.</strong> -
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To assess the potential impact of predominant circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants on neutralizing activity of infected and/or vaccinated individuals, we analyzed neutralization of pseudoviruses expressing the spike of the original Wuhan strain, the D614G and B.1.1.7 variants. Our data show that parameters of natural infection (time from infection and infecting variant) determined cross-neutralization. Importantly, upon vaccination, previously infected individuals developed equivalent B.1.1.7 and Wuhan neutralizing responses. In contrast, uninfected vaccinees showed reduced neutralization against B.1.1.7.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.433800v1" target="_blank">Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection increases B.1.1.7 cross-neutralization by vaccinated individuals.</a>
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<li><strong>Profiling transcription factor sub-networks in type I interferon signaling and in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> -
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Type I interferons (IFN /{beta}) play a central role in innate immunity to respiratory viruses, including coronaviruses. Genetic defects in type I interferon signaling were reported in a significant proportion of critically ill COVID-19 patients. Extensive studies on interferon-induced intracellular signal transduction pathways led to the elucidation of the Jak-Stat pathway. Furthermore, advances in gene expression profiling by microarrays have revealed that type I interferon rapidly induced multiple transcription factor mRNA levels. In this study, transcription factor profiling in the transcriptome was used to gain novel insights into the role of inducible transcription factors in response to type I interferon signaling in immune cells and in lung epithelial cells after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Modeling the interferon-inducible transcription factor mRNA data in terms of distinct sub-networks based on biological functions such as antiviral response, immune modulation, and cell growth revealed enrichment of specific transcription factors in mouse and human immune cells. The evolutionarily conserved core type I interferon gene expression consists of the inducible transcriptional factor mRNA of the antiviral response sub-network and enriched in granulocytes. Analysis of the type I interferon-inducible transcription factor sub-networks as distinct protein-protein interaction pathways revealed insights into the role of critical hubs in signaling. Interrogation of multiple microarray datasets revealed that SARS-CoV-2 induced high levels of IFN-beta and interferon-inducible transcription factor mRNA in human lung epithelial cells. Transcription factor mRNA of the three major sub-networks regulating antiviral, immune modulation, and cell growth were differentially regulated in human lung epithelial cell lines after SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the tissue samples of COVID-19 patients. A subset of type I interferon-inducible transcription factors and inflammatory mediators were specifically enriched in the lungs and neutrophils of COVID-19 patients. The emerging complex picture of type I IFN transcriptional regulation consists of a rapid transcriptional switch mediated by the Jak-Stat cascade and a graded output of the inducible transcription factor activation that enables temporal regulation of gene expression.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428122v2" target="_blank">Profiling transcription factor sub-networks in type I interferon signaling and in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection</a>
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<li><strong>Host-directed FDA-approved drugs with antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 identified by hierarchical in silico/in vitro screening methods</strong> -
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The unprecedent situation generated by the COVID-19 global emergency prompted us to actively work to fight against this pandemic by searching for repurposable agents among FDA approved drugs to shed light into immediate opportunities for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. In the attempt to proceed toward a proper rationalization of the search for new antivirals among approved drugs, we carried out a hierarchical in silico/in vitro protocol which successfully combines virtual and biological screening to speed up the identification of host-directed therapies against COVID-19 in an effective way. To this end a multi-target virtual screening approach focused on host-based targets related to viral entry followed by the experimental evaluation of the antiviral activity of selected compounds has been carried out. As a result, five different potentially repurposable drugs interfering with viral entry, cepharantine, clofazimine, metergoline, imatinib and efloxate, have been identified.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.399436v2" target="_blank">Host-directed FDA-approved drugs with antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 identified by hierarchical in silico/in vitro screening methods</a>
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<li><strong>Saliva testing is accurate for early-stage and presymptomatic COVID-19</strong> -
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Although nasopharyngeal (NP) samples have been considered the gold standard for COVID-19 testing, variability in viral load across different anatomical sites could theoretically cause NP samples to be less sensitive than saliva or nasal samples in certain cases. Self-collected samples also have logistical advantages over NP samples, making them amenable to population-scale screening. To evaluate sampling alternatives for population screening, we collected NP, saliva, and nasal samples from two cohorts with varied levels and types of symptoms. In a mixed cohort of 60 symptomatic and asymptomatic participants, we found that saliva had 88% concordance with NP when tested in the same testing lab (n = 41), and 68% concordance when tested in different testing labs (n = 19). In a second cohort of 20 participants hospitalized for COVID-19, saliva had 74% concordance with NP tested in the same testing lab, but detected virus in two participants that tested negative with NP on the same day. Medical record review showed that the saliva-based testing sensitivity was related to the timing of symptom onset and disease stage. We find that no sample site will be perfectly sensitive for COVID-19 testing in all situations, and the significance of negative results will always need to be determined in the context of clinical signs and symptoms. Saliva retained high clinical sensitivity while allowing easier collection, minimizing the exposure of healthcare workers and need for personal protective equipment, and making it a viable option for population-scale testing.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.21252830v2" target="_blank">Saliva testing is accurate for early-stage and presymptomatic COVID-19</a>
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<li><strong>Inhibition of amyloid formation of the Nucleoprotein of SARS-CoV-2</strong> -
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The SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein (NCAP) functions in RNA packaging during viral replication and assembly. Computational analysis of its amino acid sequence reveals a central low-complexity domain (LCD) having sequence features akin to LCDs in other proteins known to function in liquid-liquid phase separation. Here we show that in the presence of viral RNA, NCAP, and also its LCD segment alone, form amyloid-like fibrils when undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation. Within the LCD we identified three 6-residue segments that drive amyloid fibril formation. We determined atomic structures for fibrils formed by each of the three identified segments. These structures informed our design of peptide inhibitors of NCAP fibril formation and liquid-liquid phase separation, suggesting a therapeutic route for Covid-19.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434000v1" target="_blank">Inhibition of amyloid formation of the Nucleoprotein of SARS-CoV-2</a>
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<li><strong>Development of a Rapid Point-Of-Care Test that Measures Neutralizing Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2</strong> -
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As increasing numbers of people recover from and are vaccinated against COVID-19, tests are needed to measure levels of protective, neutralizing antibodies longitudinally to help determine duration of immunity. We developed a lateral flow assay (LFA) that measures levels of neutralizing antibodies in plasma, serum or whole blood. The LFA is based on the principle that neutralizing antibodies inhibit binding of the spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The LFA compares favorably with authentic SARS-CoV-2 and pseudotype neutralization assays with an accuracy of 98%. Sera obtained from patients with seasonal coronaviruses did not prevent RBD from binding to ACE2. To demonstrate the usefulness of the LFA for measuring antibodies in convalescent plasma used for therapy, we measured conversion of non-immune plasma into strongly neutralizing plasma. This is the first report of a neutralizing antibody test that is rapid, highly portable and relatively inexpensive that might be useful in assessing COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.20248264v2" target="_blank">Development of a Rapid Point-Of-Care Test that Measures Neutralizing Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2</a>
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<li><strong>Molecular strategies for antibody binding and escape of SARS-CoV-2 and its mutations</strong> -
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The COVID19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has infected more than 100 million people worldwide. Due to the rapid spreading of SARS-CoV-2 and its impact, it is paramount to find effective treatments against it. Human neutralizing antibodies are an effective method to fight viral infection. However, the recent discovery of new strains that substantially change the S-protein sequence has raised concern about vaccines and antibodies’ effectiveness. Here, we investigated the binding mechanisms between the S-protein and several antibodies. Multiple mutations were included to understand the strategies for antibody escape in new variants. We found that the combination of mutations K417N and E484K produced higher binding energy to ACE2 than the wild type, suggesting higher efficiency to enter host cells. The mutations’ effect depends on the antibody class. While Class I enhances the binding avidity in the presence of N501Y mutation, class II antibodies showed a sharp decline in the binding affinity. Our simulations suggest that Class I antibodies will remain effective against the new strains. In contrast, Class II antibodies will have less affinity to the S-protein, potentially affecting these antibodies’ efficiency.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.04.433970v1" target="_blank">Molecular strategies for antibody binding and escape of SARS-CoV-2 and its mutations</a>
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<li><strong>A Two-Sample Robust Bayesian Mendelian Randomization Method Accounting for Linkage Disequilibrium and Idiosyncratic Pleiotropy With Applications to the COVID-19 Outcome</strong> -
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Mendelian randomization (MR) is a statistical method exploiting genetic variants as instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of modifiable risk factors on an outcome of interest. Despite wide uses of various popular two-sample MR methods based on genome-wide association study summary level data, however, those methods could suffer from potential power loss or/and biased inference when the chosen genetic variants are in linkage disequilibrium (LD), and have relatively large direct effects on the outcome whose distribution might be heavy-tailed which is commonly referred to as the idiosyncratic pleiotropy. To resolve those two issues, we propose a novel Robust Bayesian Mendelian Randomization (RBMR) model that uses the more robust multivariate generalized t-distribution to model such direct effects in a probabilistic model framework which can also incorporate the LD structure explicitly. The generalized t-distribution can be represented as a Gaussian scaled mixture so that our model parameters can be estimated by the EM-type algorithms. We compute the standard errors by calibrating the evidence lower bound (ELBO) using the likelihood ratio test. Through extensive simulation studies, we show that our RBMR has robust performance compared to other competing methods. We also apply our RBMR method to two benchmark data sets and find that RBMR has smaller bias and standard errors. Using our proposed RBMR method, we found that coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with increased risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We also develop a user-friendly R package RBMR for public use.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.21252801v1" target="_blank">A Two-Sample Robust Bayesian Mendelian Randomization Method Accounting for Linkage Disequilibrium and Idiosyncratic Pleiotropy With Applications to the COVID-19 Outcome</a>
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<li><strong>Zoonotic spillover of SARS-CoV-2: mink-adapted virus in humans</strong> -
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The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 started in fall 2019. A range of different mammalian species, including farmed mink, have been confirmed as susceptible to infection with this virus. We report here the spillover of mink-adapted SARS-CoV-2 from farmed mink to humans after extensive adaptation that lasted at least 3 months. We found the presence of four mutations in the S gene (that gave rise to variant: G75V, M177T, Y453F and C1247F) and others in an isolate obtained from SARS-CoV-2 positive patient.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.433713v1" target="_blank">Zoonotic spillover of SARS-CoV-2: mink-adapted virus in humans</a>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study to Evaluate a Single Dose of STI-2020 (COVI-AMG™) in Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: COVI-AMG; Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Clinical Study in the Treatment of Patients With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Molixan; Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Pharma VAM<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Safety and Efficacy of FB2001 in Healthy Subjects and Patients With COVID-19 Infection</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: FB2001; Drug: FB2001 Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Frontier Biotechnologies Inc.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Safety and Efficacy Study of Human Monoclonal Antibodies, BRII-196 and BRII-198 for the Treatment of Patients With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: BRII-196 and BRII-198; Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Brii Biosciences, Inc.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||||
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dose-Ranging Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Melatonin in Outpatients Infected With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Melatonin; Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: State University of New York at Buffalo; National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS)<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
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|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety & Efficacy of Low Dose Aspirin / Ivermectin Combination Therapy for Treatment of Covid-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Drug: 3-dayIVM 200 mcg/kg/day/14-day 75mgASA/day + standard of care (intervention 1)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Makerere University; Ministry of Health, Uganda; Mbarara University of Science and Technology; Joint Clinical Research Center<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
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|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>DCI COVID-19 Surveillance Project</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Diagnostic Test: SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Assay for Detection of COVID-19 Infection<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Temple University; Dialysis Clinic, Inc.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
|
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|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Second Generation VIR-7831 Material in Non-hospitalized Participants With Mild to Moderate COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: VIR-7831 (Gen1); Biological: VIR-7831 (Gen2)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Vir Biotechnology, Inc.; GlaxoSmithKline<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
|
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|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Protecting Native Families From COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Motivational Interviewing; Behavioral: COVID-19 Symptom Monitoring System; Behavioral: Motivational Interviewing and COVID-19 Symptom Monitoring System; Other: Supportive Services<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
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|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Brilacidin in Hospitalized Participants With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Brilacidin; Drug: Placebo; Drug: Standard of Care (SoC)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Innovation Pharmaceuticals, Inc.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
|
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|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Honey and Nigella Sativa in COVID-19 Prophylaxis</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Honey; Drug: Nigella sativa seed; Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Sohaib Ashraf<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
|
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|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety and Efficacy of Thymic Peptides in the Treatment of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Honduras</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Biological: Thymic peptides<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Universidad Católica de Honduras; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of the COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate (VBI-2902a)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: VBI-2902a; Biological: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: VBI Vaccines Inc.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Breathing Exercise After COVID-19 Pneumonia</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Breathing exercise with the phone application; Other: Breathing exercise<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Trial Efficacy of Saisei Pharma Dietary Supplements MAF Capsules, 148 mg and M Capsules, 148 mg in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Dietary Supplement: MAF capsules 148 mg; Dietary Supplement: M capsules 148 mg; Other: Standard of care<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Saisei Pharma<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
|
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|
</ul>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
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<ul>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Expression of SARS-CoV-2 surface glycoprotein fragment 319-640 in E. coli, and its refolding and purification</strong> - Sensitive and specific serology tests are essential for epidemiological and public health studies of COVID-19 and for vaccine efficacy testing. The presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 surface glycoprotein (Spike) and, specifically, its receptor-binding domain (RBD) correlates with inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 binding to the cellular receptor and viral entry into the cells. Serology tests that detect antibodies targeting RBD have high potential to predict COVID-19 immunity and to accurately…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Biomarkers of Cardiac Stress and Cytokine Release Syndrome in COVID-19: A Review</strong> - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulted in the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic. While primarily a respiratory virus, SARS-CoV-2 can cause myocardial injury. The pattern of injury, referred to as acute COVID-19 cardiovascular syndrome (ACovCS), is defined by cardiac troponin leak in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Although the etiology of the injury is unknown, many speculate that a cytokine release syndrome…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Therapeutic efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with BCG-polysaccharide nucleic acid and ovalbumin on airway inflammation in asthmatic mice</strong> - In this study, immunoregulation and desensitization therapies were jointly applied in the treatment of asthma, in which chitosan (CS) nanoparticles were used. BALB/c mice were selected and mouse models of asthma were constructed. Mice were divided into 7 groups. A double-chamber plethysmograph, MTT, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and ELISA were used. The expression levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in lung tissue cells were detected. CS-BCG-PSN-OVA sustained-release vaccines significantly alleviated airway…</p></li>
|
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Limited specificity of commercially available SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISAs in serum samples of African origin</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Depending on the chosen antigen and assay protocol, SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA specificity may be significantly reduced in certain populations probably due to interference of immune responses to endemic pathogens like other viruses or parasites.</p></li>
|
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|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>In vitro activity of itraconazole against SARS-CoV-2</strong> - Although vaccination campaigns are currently being rolled out to prevent coronavirus disease (COVID-19), antivirals will remain an important adjunct to vaccination. Antivirals against coronaviruses do not exist, hence global drug repurposing efforts have been carried out to identify agents that may provide clinical benefit to patients with COVID-19. Itraconazole, an antifungal agent, has been reported to have activity against animal coronaviruses. Using cell-based phenotypic assays, the in vitro…</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ubiquitin-Modified Proteome of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Host Cells Reveals Insights into Virus-Host Interaction and Pathogenesis</strong> - The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has posed a serious threat to global public health. The mechanism of pathogenesis and the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection are largely unknown. In the present study, we applied a quantitative proteomic technology to identify and quantify the ubiquitination changes that occur in both the virus and the Vero E6 cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. By…</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The potential of rapalogs to enhance resilience against SARS-CoV-2 infection and reduce the severity of COVID-19</strong> - COVID-19 disproportionately affects older people, with likelihood of severe complications and death mirroring that of other age-associated diseases. Inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) has been shown to delay or reverse many age-related phenotypes, including declining immune function. Rapamycin (sirolimus) and rapamycin derivatives are US Food and Drug Administration-approved inhibitors of mTORC1 with broad clinical utility and well established dosing and safety…</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 replication can be inhibited by targeting the interaction between the viral spike protein and the nucleocapsid protein</strong> - Background: The molecular interactions between viral proteins form the basis of virus production and can be used to develop strategies against virus infection. The interactions of the envelope proteins and the viral RNA-binding nucleocapsid (N) protein are essential for the assembly of coronaviruses including the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Methods: Using co-immunoprecipitation, immunostaining, and proteomics analysis, we identified a protein interacting with the…</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids inhibit ACE2-controlled SARS-CoV-2 binding and cellular entry</strong> - The strain SARS-CoV-2, newly emerged in late 2019, has been identified as the cause of COVID-19 and the pandemic declared by WHO in early 2020. Although lipids have been shown to possess antiviral efficacy, little is currently known about lipid compounds with anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding and entry properties. To address this issue, we screened, overall, 17 polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids, as wells as lipid-soluble vitamins. In performing target-based…</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Potential neutralizing antibodies discovered for novel corona virus using machine learning</strong> - The fast and untraceable virus mutations take lives of thousands of people before the immune system can produce the inhibitory antibody. The recent outbreak of COVID-19 infected and killed thousands of people in the world. Rapid methods in finding peptides or antibody sequences that can inhibit the viral epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 will save the life of thousands. To predict neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 in a high-throughput manner, in this paper, we use different machine learning (ML) model…</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Flavonoids against the SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammatory storm</strong> - The disease severity of COVID-19, especially in the elderly and patients with co-morbidities, is characterized by hypercytokinemia, an exaggerated immune response associated with an uncontrolled and excessive release of proinflammatory cytokine mediators (cytokine storm). Flavonoids, important secondary metabolites of plants, have long been studied as therapeutic interventions in inflammatory diseases due to their cytokine-modulatory effects. In this review, we discuss the potential role of…</p></li>
|
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2-Aminoquinazolin-4(3H)-one Derivatives as Potential SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV Treatments</strong> - Despite the rising threat of fatal coronaviruses, there are no general proven effective antivirals to treat them. 2-Aminoquinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives were newly designed, synthesized, and investigated to show the inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. Among the synthesized derivatives, 7-chloro-2-((3,5-dichlorophenyl)amino)quinazolin-4(3H)-one (9g) and 2-((3,5-dichlorophenyl)amino)-5-hydroxyquinazolin-4 (3H)-one (11e) showed the most potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities (IC(50) < 0.25…</p></li>
|
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|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses negatively influence mitochondrial quality control: beneficial effects of melatonin</strong> - Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of single stranded RNA viruses, of which some of them such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 are associated with deadly worldwide human diseases. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), a condition caused by SARS-CoV-2, results in acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with high mortality in the elderly and in people with underlying comorbidities. Results from several studies suggest that CoVs localize in mitochondria and…</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Diseases: Current Status and Perspectives</strong> - Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a potential therapy for several diseases. These plasma membrane-derived fragments are released constitutively by virtually all cell types-including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-under stimulation or following cell-to-cell interaction, which leads to activation or inhibition of distinct signaling pathways. Based on their size, intracellular origin, and secretion pathway, EVs have been grouped into three main populations: exosomes, microvesicles (or…</p></li>
|
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|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>THE PECULIARITY OF COVID- 19 GENOME AND THE CORONAVIRUS RNA TRANSLATION PROCESS AS APOTENTIAL TARGET FOR ETIOTROPIC MEDICATIONSWITH ADENINE AND OTHER NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGUES (REVIEW)</strong> - Despite the multifaceted effects of the medicines provided for COVID-19treatment, the number of the infected and mortality of patients increases which demonstrates the insufficient effectiveness of drugs used to fight coronavirus infections in medical practice, and clearly shows the need to develop new treatment tactics.In this review article are summarized and analyzed the literature data concerning specific features of COVID 19. Particular attention is given to genetic characteristic of this…</p></li>
|
||||||
|
</ul>
|
||||||
|
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
|
||||||
|
<ul>
|
||||||
|
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sars-CoV-2 vaccine antigens</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU318283136">link</a></p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-COV-2 BINDING PROTEINS</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU318004130">link</a></p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Compositions and methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU317343760">link</a></p></li>
|
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|
<li><strong>Aronia-Mundspray</strong> -
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
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Anordnung zum Versprühen einer Substanz in die menschliche Mundhöhle und/oder in den Rachen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Anordnung eine Sprühflasche mit einer Substanz aufweist, die wenigstens Aroniasaft und eine Alkoholkomponente aufweist.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<ul>
|
||||||
|
<li><a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=DE319581893">link</a></li>
|
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|
</ul></li>
|
||||||
|
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>一种3-羟基丁酰化修饰蛋白质药物及其制备方法和应用</strong> - 本发明涉及医药技术领域，公开了一种3‑羟基丁酰化修饰蛋白质药物（例如抗体）及其制备方法和应用，特别是一种3‑羟基丁酰化修饰抗体及其制备方法和应用。发明人经过大量实验发现，3‑羟基丁酸及其类似物修饰蛋白质药物（例如抗体）后，可以显著提高蛋白质药物的热稳定性、对蛋白酶水解的抗性，降低蛋白质药物的等电点，并显著延长其在受试者体内的半衰期，进而提高其药效。修饰后所得蛋白质药物在科研和临床方面具有广阔的应用前景和较高的商业价值。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN318140486">link</a></p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>新冠病毒重组融合蛋白、其制备方法和应用</strong> - 本发明提供一种新冠病毒重组融合蛋白、其制备方法和应用。本发明通过对新冠病毒S和N重组融合蛋白的基因序列进行设计，选择最优的片段进行整合，再通过人源HEK293细胞系统重组表达融合蛋白，经过纯化后对融合蛋白的分子量、纯度进行检测，最后利用融合蛋白制成新冠病毒抗体胶体金检测试纸条/试剂盒。与单独使用S蛋白或N蛋白制备的胶体金检测试纸条相比，该重组融合蛋白制备的胶体金检测试纸条具有更高的灵敏度和更低的漏检率。此外，本发明提供的新冠病毒重组融合蛋白可广泛应用于不同平台技术的新冠抗体检测试剂盒开发，如胶体金、荧光免疫层析、化学发光和酶联免疫等。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN318140491">link</a></p></li>
|
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|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Atemluft-Desinfektionsvorrichtung und Atemschutzmaske</strong> -
|
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|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
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|
Atemluft-Desinfektionsvorrichtung mit einem am Körper eines Lebewesens (2) tragbaren Gehäuse (32), aufweisend:</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">eine im Gehäuse (32) ausgebildete frei durchströmbare Atemluft-Bestrahlungskammer (33), die frei von den Strömungswiderstand erhöhenden Einbauten oder Umlenkabschnitten ist, und die an einem Ende (34.1) der Atemluft-Bestrahlungskammer (33) eine im Strömungsweg der Nase und/oder dem Mund des Lebewesens (2) zugewandte erste Durchtrittsöffnung (35.1) aufweist und an einem anderen Ende (34.2) der Atemluft-Bestrahlungskammer (33) eine im Strömungsweg von der Nase und/oder von dem Mund des Lebewesens (2) abgewandte zweite Durchtrittsöffnung (35.2) aufweist, wobei die Atemluft-Bestrahlungskammer (33) von wenigstens einer UV-reflektierenden Kammer-Innenwand (36) begrenzt ist, die aus einem wärmeleitenden Material besteht,</li>
|
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|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">wenigstens eine im Gehäuse (32) angeordnete, in die Atemluft-Bestrahlungskammer (33) einstrahlende UV-LED-Einheit (31, 31.1, 31.2), die ausgebildet und eingerichtet ist, den Innenraum der Atemluft-Bestrahlungskammer (33) mit UV-Strahlen vollständig zu beaufschlagen, und</li>
|
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">wenigstens einen sich außerhalb der Atemluft-Bestrahlungskammer (33) erstreckenden Kühlkörper (37), der thermisch sowohl an die wenigstens eine UV-LED-Einheit (31, 31.1, 31.2), als auch an die aus dem wärmeleitenden Material bestehende Kammer-Innenwand (36, 39, 40) angekoppelt ist.</p></li>
|
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|
</ul>
|
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<img alt="embedded image" id="EMI-D00000"/>
|
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
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<ul>
|
||||||
|
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=DE319581907">link</a></p></li>
|
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>稳定的冠状病毒重组蛋白二聚体及其表达载体</strong> - 本发明公开了稳定的冠状病毒重组蛋白二聚体及其表达载体，冠状病毒重组蛋白，由冠状病毒S蛋白S‑RBD、冠状病毒N蛋白的CTD区N‑CTD和将二者偶联的连接子构成。本发明一些实例的冠状病毒重组蛋白，可以形成并维持稳定的二聚体结构，避免单体S‑RBD降解，有利于提高冠状病毒重组蛋白的免疫原性，有望用于制备检测试剂原料、疫苗、抗体、预防或治疗性药物。本发明一些实例的冠状病毒重组蛋白二聚体，具有很好的免疫原性。在疫苗开发领域具有广阔的应用前景。本发明一些实例的表达载体，易于表达冠状病毒重组蛋白二聚体且表达量高。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN318107321">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SELF-CLEANING AND GERM-KILLING REVOLVING PUBLIC TOILET FOR COVID 19</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU318003558">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>一种新冠病毒S1蛋白的灌流生产系统及方法</strong> - 本发明涉及细胞生物学技术领域，提供了一种新冠病毒S1蛋白的灌流生产系统及方法，包括：细胞反应器，用于培养表达S1蛋白的细胞株；灌流系统，包括过滤装置、出液管、回液管和第一循环泵，所述过滤装置的主体内设有孔径为0.1‑0.2μm的中空纤维柱，用于过滤透出液，截留细胞培养液中的S1蛋白；所述出液管的两端分别与所述细胞反应器和所述中空纤维柱的下端相连通；所述回液管的两端分别与所述细胞反应器和所述中空纤维柱的上端相连通；所述第一循环泵设置于所述出液管与所述中空纤维柱相连的管路中。本发明系统投入成本低且S1蛋白产量高。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN318107249">link</a></p></li>
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<title>Daily-Dose</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><style>*{overflow-x:hidden;}</style><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
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</ul>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
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<ul>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What Does National Security Even Mean Anymore?</strong> - Talking threats, foreign and domestic, with Mark Milley, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/what-does-national-security-even-mean-anymore-after-january-6th-and-the-pandemic">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Vaccine Resisters</strong> - Why do so many people say that they won’t be immunized against COVID-19? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-populism/the-vaccine-resisters">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Is the Vatican Finally Ready to Get Serious About Women in the Church?</strong> - Stories of American nuns over the past fifty years highlight an urgent need for change. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/is-the-vatican-finally-ready-to-get-serious-about-women-in-the-church">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>South Carolina Republicans Face a Trump-Fuelled Schism</strong> - The former President has left the White House, but the battle for the G.O.P. is only getting started. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-political-scene/south-carolina-republicans-face-a-trump-fuelled-schism">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Wasting of the Evangelical Mind</strong> - The peculiarities of how American Christianity took shape help explain believers’ vulnerability to conspiratorial thinking and misinformation. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-wasting-of-the-evangelical-mind">link</a></p></li>
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</ul>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
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<li><strong>Bombs, grift, true crime: Netflix’s Murder Among the Mormons almost had it all</strong> -
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<figure>
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<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/M5exhTYm_zehgYx-Oz_Pb9ZkAl4=/115x0:1198x812/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/68920374/Screen_Shot_2021_03_05_at_5.46.18_PM.0.png"/>
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<figcaption>
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Shannon Flynn in <em>Murder Among the Mormons.</em> | Netflix
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</figure>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
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Murder Among the Mormons should have been all about obsessive Mormon book nerds instead of its dweeby killer.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ct7hnr">
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<em>Murder Among the Mormons</em>, Netflix’s latest true crime docuseries, feels weirdly bloated and malnourished all at once.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="V3YAbn">
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The four-part series, from filmmakers<a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0381478"> Jared Hess</a> (<em>Napoleon Dynamite</em>) and<a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0575244/"> Tyler Measom</a> (<em>Jesus Town, USA</em>), has a fascinating canvas to work with: a cast of obsessive Mormons and Mormon-adjacent Utahans, all connected by their interest in rare documents and other antiques. It’s the kind of niche geekery that makes for a ripe subject even without the double murder at the series’ center.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cqukf6">
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In this case, the double murder and the murderer himself are both fascinating — but not nearly as much as the stories around the story. The crime involved two separate bomb attacks on two different Salt Lake City antiques investors, Steven Christensen and Gary Sheets. The first bomb exploded in a downtown office building and killed Christensen instantly; the second bomb killed Sheets’s wife, Kathy Sheets.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ChEZLu">
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The attacks were the culmination of a years-long grift involving elaborate forgery, the fabrication of “authentic” historical documents, and confidence-man scheming, with the Mormon church as the main target. And while the show treats that revelation as a spoiler, both the killer and their motive will be obvious to the audience fairly early on.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="v5I5K6">
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This is one of many ways <em>Murder Among the Mormon</em>s seems to strike just shy of its targets. It wants very hard to portray its central figure, Mark Hofmann, as mystifying. It wants to portray Mormonism as an intimidating shadow that loomed over the events that unfolded in Salt Lake City in 1985, when the two deaths occurred and when the church was embroiled in controversy over the events surrounding the crime. And it definitely wants to portray its lead guest, Shannon Flynn, as the latest Kooky True Crime Character.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uAxy63">
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But none of these elements have the most interesting potential in <em>Murder Among the Mormons</em>, nor do they quite stack up the way the docuseries would like.
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</p>
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<h3 id="4yFlxF">
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<em>Murder Among the Mormons</em> has a great hook, but it needed better world building
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</h3>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4izgxE">
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For all it’s clearly targeting the true crime audiences who flocked to 2020’s <em>Tiger King</em>, <em>Murder Among the Mormons</em> just doesn’t have the same level of quirkiness, or as bizarre a cast of characters, to produce a similar level of tawdry spectacle. The main reason is that the show builds itself around Hofmann, painting him from its first line as a man who is both larger than life and a scoundrel.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EVAmE0">
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But Hofmann comes off in the series primarily as a glorified dweeb: a scrawny, transparent charlatan who managed to use his passion, book dealing, to manipulate the larger and much more fascinating worlds of Mormonism and rare book collection. The docuseries is so focused on Hofmann that it almost forgets to focus on the murders; while Steven Christensen gets his share of attention, Kathy Sheets barely gets more than a mention; she’s practically a footnote in her own murder. Meanwhile, you’ll be tired of Hofmann’s dorky ’80s side part and reedy little voice in five minutes.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8YoPko">
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The much more intriguing story, one we only get glimpses of, is how Hofmann managed to manipulate his audiences. At one point in the documentary, just in passing, we learn that Hofmann, who was basically writing elaborate fanfic and passing it off as authentic rare documents, may have forged poems by Emily Dickinson and other authors. Really? We don’t even get to hear about fake Emily Dickinson, or who fell for fake Emily Dickinson, or the process by which Hofmann identified his targets and conned them?
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SisgOp">
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At several other points, we hear the collectors themselves described as motivated by “greed.” But what does that mean? What were they greedy for? Were they all engaged in some nebulous high-stakes seedy antique-dealing underground, or did they just want to own a nice copy of this letter by their favorite author? I have so many questions about the many unseen or barely seen collectors involved in this tale.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uemXnh">
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And then there’s the Mormon church itself. At the outset, mainly thanks to the few seconds we see of a hokey ’70s propaganda film about Moroni the angel appearing to Mormon founder Joseph Smith, the documentary sets up the idea that the Mormon church is a delicately constructed house of cards. It implies repeatedly that the church was susceptible to manipulation at the hands of one con artist — Hofmann — because it was built upon an elaborate series of lies told by another con artist — Smith.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rQ5H5B">
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This could be an electrifying takeaway, especially since many viewers mainly know Mormonism only through <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/6/6/21277256/for-now-avenue-q-everyones-little-bit-racist-south-park-george-bush-donald-trump-book-of-mormon">the <em>South Park</em> dudes</a>. But <em>Murder Among the Mormons</em> flits away from a deeper look at the Mormon church, denying us the context to really understand the relationship between the church and the forger in its midst. What does it matter that the church might have been buying documents to prevent them from wider circulation? <em>Was </em>the church buying documents? What would that have done to the average Mormon’s faith? Was Hofmann’s attempt to forge “authentic” Mormon documents the modern-day equivalent of “extra-canonical” books of the Bible — much like the Book of Mormon itself?
|
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="53oFb8">
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|
The lack of attention to these questions makes <em>Murder Among the Mormons</em> seem thin in all the places where it should be richest as a narrative. Its treatment of Shannon Flynn is perhaps the best example of this. Throughout the documentary, Flynn, who appears in a three-piece suit complete with pocket watch and bow tie and speaks in a high, raspy near-whisper, comes across as a mildly sinister gatekeeper to the circus. A longtime friend of Hofmann’s, he had a front-row seat to the events that led up to the bombings, and the show implies at several points that he was maybe, somehow, involved.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Gw2yAR">
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|
As the series’ resident Shady Guy, though, Flynn doesn’t really hold up. He speaks with too much perspective on the entire situation, and too much wry awareness about both Hofmann and himself. <em>Murder Among the Mormons</em> thus fails to deliver our newest Tiger King or its latest Carole Baskin. With stronger world building, we could have had a fantastic geekgasmic tale about rare book collectors and the documents they yearn for, and a culty religion whose power rests on lying to its members about its origin stories. That these stories are present, but not center stage, is a dull testament to <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/5/3/18212473/ted-bundy-movie-documentary-true-crime-podcasts">true crime’s fascination with its villains</a>. But in this case, the villain wasn’t nearly as fascinating as the world the filmmakers didn’t quite build.
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</p></li>
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<li><strong>The long history of anti-Asian hate in America, explained</strong> -
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<figure>
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<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/lUD9SISpS5TRmpIzUEoPv7uN6p8=/0x1070:3764x3893/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/66682342/GettyImages_622953774__1_.0.jpg"/>
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<figcaption>
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|
Portrait of the Tape family in 1884. In the California Supreme Court case <em>Tape v. Hurley</em>, the Tape family successfully won the right for their daughter Mamie to attend public school, which was a major civil rights victory for Chinese American immigrants. | Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images
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</figure>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
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Anti-Asian racism is nothing new in America. The pandemic, and Trump, just made it worse.
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</p>
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<a href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2020/3/25/21190655/trump-coronavirus-racist-asian-americans">Harassment toward Asian Americans</a> has spiked in the last year: <a href="https://www.asianpacificpolicyandplanningcouncil.org/stop-aapi-hate/">According to Stop AAPI Hate</a>, an organization that’s been tracking these reports,<strong> </strong>over 2,800 incidents were documented in 2020.<strong> </strong><a href="https://www.vox.com/22274325/asians-racism-coronavirus-oakland-san-francisco">And more recently</a>, a wave of violent attacks against elderly people has renewed focus on this issue.
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<a href="https://secureservercdn.net/104.238.69.231/a1w.90d.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Stop_AAPI_Hate_National_Report_200805.pdf">These incidents</a> — which include everything from getting shunned at work to physical assaults — have been wide-ranging.
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In February, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/26/us/asian-american-man-attack-koreatown-los-angeles-trnd/index.html">a 27-year-old Korean American man</a> was assaulted in Los Angeles and targeted with racial slurs. Last winter, <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-bullies-attack-asian-teen-los-angeles-accusing-him-of-having-coronavirus/">a 16-year-old student</a> in the San Fernando Valley was beaten so badly by his classmates that he had to go to the emergency room. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/smashed-windows-racist-graffiti-vandals-target-asian-americans-amid-coronavirus-n1180556">And this past March</a>, a restaurant in Yakima, Washington, was vandalized with racist language.
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The reports to Stop AAPI Hate describe other forms of harassment, too, including getting spat on at a restaurant and verbally attacked at the park and being refused service at different establishments. “I was in line at the pharmacy when a woman approached me and sprayed Lysol all over me,” one account reads. “She was yelling out, ‘You’re the infection. Go home. We don’t want you here!’”
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Among these attacks, there are notable patterns: Women were more likely than men to say they were targeted, several assaults involved children, and harassment was more likely to occur at retail stores and pharmacies since people have been limiting their activities during the pandemic.
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“So many of us have experienced it, sometimes for the first time in our lives,” says Manjusha Kulkarni, the executive director of the Asian Pacific Policy and Planning Council, a group that helped set up this tracker. “It makes it much harder to go to the grocery store, to take a walk, to be outside our homes.”
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<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/fs27Po4KuF9OfdLJALOegUDL7PQ=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/19914009/AP_20091834227630.jpg"/> <cite>Jeff Chiu/AP</cite>
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<figcaption>
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Kyle Navarro, a school nurse, says he was unlocking his bicycle when an older white man called him a racial slur and spat at him in San Francisco. The FBI predicts attacks on Asian Americans will increase as coronavirus infections grow.
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</figcaption>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2yCzNM">
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This rise in anti-Asian harassment has occurred as the US continues to grapple with Covid-19, and it follows months of xenophobic rhetoric by former President Donald Trump, who frequently <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/3/18/21185478/coronavirus-usa-trump-chinese-virus">used racist names for the virus</a> and associated it with Asian Americans.
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The broader uptick in racism, however, isn’t just fueled by the pandemic. Although the uncertainty of the outbreak — coupled with the former president’s rhetoric — has amplified it, this prejudice is rooted in longstanding biases toward Asian Americans that have persisted since some of the earliest immigrants came to the US generations ago.
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“I think this surge is [driven by] the rhetoric that political leaders have been using … but I don’t think we would have seen the spike in anti-Asian bias without a pretty strong foundation rooted in the ‘forever foreigner’ stereotype,” says University of Maryland Asian American studies professor Janelle Wong.
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The “forever foreigner” idea Wong references is one that’s been used to “other” Asian Americans in the US for decades: It suggests that Asians who live in America are fundamentally foreign and can’t be fully American.<strong> </strong>Enduring tropes that have associated Asian Americans with illness and the consumption of “weird” foods, which have reemerged in relation to the coronavirus, are among those that play into this concept.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZJIS2T">
|
||||||
|
The revival of these stereotypes and the recent spike in harassment are having a pointed effect: They’re forcing a reckoning about the existence of anti-Asian racism in the US.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<h3 id="WrhEI2">
|
||||||
|
The current xenophobia is built on deeply rooted racism toward Asian Americans
|
||||||
|
</h3>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="txlxeM">
|
||||||
|
Racism toward Asian Americans goes back a long time.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="X4QPCr">
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||||||
|
In fact, it was enshrined into law when some of the earliest generations of Asian Americans were immigrating to the United States in the 1800s. The Page Act of 1875 and<a href="https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=47&page=transcript"> the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882</a>, two of the country’s first immigration laws, were designed explicitly to bar Chinese American laborers from entering the country because of widespread xenophobia and concerns about workplace competition.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rWvsx7">
|
||||||
|
These laws — <a href="https://immigrationhistory.org/item/scott-act/">along with others</a> that made it impossible for immigrants to reenter the country if they visited China — were among the earliest that tagged Asian American immigrants as foreigners who didn’t belong in the US. <strong>“</strong>Whereas in the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities within the territory thereof,”<a href="https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=47&page=transcript"> read the first lines of the Exclusion Act</a>.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<figure class="e-image">
|
||||||
|
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Y7Nzz7WA4_INexMmQS0keHac9EY=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/19914013/The_Chinese_Must_Go___Magic_Washer___1886_anti_Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg"/> <cite><a class="ql-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act#/media/File:The_Chinese_Must_Go_-_Magic_Washer_-_1886_anti-Chinese_US_cartoon.jpg" target="_blank">Wiki Commons</a></cite>
|
||||||
|
<figcaption>
|
||||||
|
<em>“</em>Uncle Sam kicks out the Chinaman” is an 1886 advertisement referring both to the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act and to the “George Dee Magic Washer,” which the machine’s manufacturers hoped would displace Chinese laundry operators.
|
||||||
|
</figcaption>
|
||||||
|
</figure>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zVlrxm">
|
||||||
|
In addition to limiting immigration, the act guaranteed that Chinese Americans could not become US citizens for decades. “Very early on in the history of this country, Chinese Americans were seen as a group of people we wanted to keep out,” says Yale sociology professor Grace Kao.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
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|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zD91et">
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|
And immigration policy wasn’t the only place where such discrimination was apparent. As illnesses, including smallpox and the bubonic plague, spread in the late 1800s, San Francisco’s Chinese residents were repeatedly used as “medical scapegoats,”<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25157817?read-now=1&seq=10#page_scan_tab_contents"> according to San Francisco State public health researcher Joan Trauner</a>.
|
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|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="m1EoXC">
|
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|
When the city grappled with a smallpox outbreak in 1875-’76, for example, officials blamed the “foul and disgusting vapors” — and “unwholesome” living conditions of Chinatown — for fueling it, <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25157817?read-now=1&seq=10#page_scan_tab_contents">according to Trauner</a>. Even after the epidemic continued following the city-ordered fumigation of all the homes in Chinatown, the blame persisted.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Z756WA">
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|
“I unhesitatingly declare my belief that the cause is the presence in our midst of 30,000 (as a class) of unscrupulous, lying and treacherous Chinamen, who have disregarded our sanitary laws, concealed, and are concealing their cases of smallpox,” city health officer J.L. Meares wrote at the time.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="H8Pq8b">
|
||||||
|
Similarly, when the city encountered cases of the bubonic plague<strong> </strong>in 1900, one of which was detected in Chinatown, San Francisco attempted to quarantine roughly 14,000 Chinese Americans who lived in that part of the city. At one point, city officials proposed sending Chinese residents to a detention camp where they could be cordoned off from other members of the public, though a circuit court rejected this plan.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="c-wide-block">
|
||||||
|
<figure class="e-image">
|
||||||
|
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/D2X_3W5Szk1MOZZMFwiTyGgJGYE=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/19914037/GettyImages_640486773.jpg"/> <cite>Library of Congress/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images</cite>
|
||||||
|
<figcaption>
|
||||||
|
Two girls cross the street in front of a vase store in San Francisco’s Chinatown in 1899.
|
||||||
|
</figcaption>
|
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|
</figure>
|
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</div>
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|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rMaXEs">
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||||||
|
In both cases, the vitriol toward Chinese Americans was driven by explicit racism, a fundamental lack of medical knowledge, and pushback toward the influx of Chinese laborers competing with white workers for job opportunities. Policy prescriptions were actively informed by assumptions that Chinatowns were a “laboratory of infection,” Trauner explains.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1eTLdF">
|
||||||
|
“A common trope in American popular culture was that the Chinese ate rats and lived in filthy, overcrowded quarters,” says Princeton University history professor Beth Lew-Williams. “In the 19th century, San Francisco routinely banned Chinese from public hospitals.”
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5TW6eg">
|
||||||
|
The recurring association of Chinese Americans with the ideas of being “dirty” or illness-ridden is inextricably tied up with xenophobia — <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/2/7/21126758/coronavirus-xenophobia-racism-china-asians">and as Nylah Burton writes for Vox,</a> it’s an association that’s been used to “other” many people of color, including Mexican Americans and African Americans.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<aside id="S0L9UD">
|
||||||
|
<div>
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||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</aside>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aVhpF4">
|
||||||
|
And now, because the origins of the coronavirus <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/4/15/21219222/coronavirus-china-ban-wet-markets-reopening">have likely been traced back to a wet market in Wuhan, China</a>, where people purchase groceries, this information has renewed racist jokes and statements about the type of food that Asian Americans eat. It’s a sentiment that’s so common, it was a plot line of the ABC television show <em>Fresh Off the Boat</em>, when a young Eddie Huang, the Asian American protagonist of the show, is shunned after consuming his lunch in front of his white classmates because they see the noodles in it as “gross” and “nasty.”
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nfTFN5">
|
||||||
|
This treatment of Asian foods is simply another plank of the othering of Asian American people: By deeming anything that’s different or unfamiliar as exotic or disgusting, the idea that Asian people are fundamentally foreign is further reinforced.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<h3 id="hvPSaL">
|
||||||
|
The effects of the “forever foreigner” trope, briefly explained
|
||||||
|
</h3>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="a6sjMW">
|
||||||
|
While the Chinese Exclusion Act was ultimately repealed in the 1940s, the racism it embodied played a central role in shaping how the United States continues to view Asian Americans.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sxWewi">
|
||||||
|
The idea that Asian Americans are “forever foreigners” helped lay the groundwork for <a href="https://qz.com/1201502/japanese-internment-camps-during-world-war-ii-are-a-lesson-in-the-scary-economics-of-racial-resentment/">Japanese internment during World War II</a>, when Japanese American citizens were sent to detention camps solely on the basis of their ethnicity, due to suspicions that they were abetting the Japanese government in some way. In the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Islamophobia toward Muslim Americans and prejudice toward South Asian Americans was similarly fueled by assumptions that people were not loyal to the United States because of their religion, ethnicity, and external appearance.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<figure class="e-image">
|
||||||
|
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Bmq1soncg_bkgY7vhQAGrOg8WDE=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/19914045/Chinese_exclusion_article_1901.jpg"/> <cite><a class="ql-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" target="_blank">Wiki Commons</a></cite>
|
||||||
|
<figcaption>
|
||||||
|
Front page of the San Francisco Call announcing the Chinese exclusion convention to protect “American” labor on November 20, 1901.
|
||||||
|
</figcaption>
|
||||||
|
</figure>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xq2I9Q">
|
||||||
|
“It’s always easily activated, it’s very tenacious, it’s very familiar to many Americans,” says Wong of this assumption. “I’m sixth-generation Chinese American in the US, and I still feel it.”
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4WeZEi">
|
||||||
|
Because the hostility that Asian Americans have faced is rooted in this question of belonging in the US, some — including <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/4/3/21206760/andrew-yang-washington-post-asian-americans-opinion">New York City mayoral candidate Andrew Yang</a> — have suggested that Asians can combat this prejudice by proving their patriotism and commitment to their community.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5G8L8y">
|
||||||
|
It’s a misguided argument founded on “respectability politics” that further puts the onus on Asian Americans to demonstrate how American they are — and it’s revealing of how much some people still think Asians need to compensate for looking “different.”
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="c-float-right c-float-hang">
|
||||||
|
<aside id="9OoGYG">
|
||||||
|
<q>“Very early on in the history of this country, Chinese Americans were seen as a group of people we wanted to keep out”</q>
|
||||||
|
</aside>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dctC7Z">
|
||||||
|
Political pushback toward China, including its handling of the virus, has also been conflated with hostility toward Chinese Americans in a way that historic US tensions with Asian nations have been projected onto people of Asian descent in the past.<strong> </strong>
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QIDWRW">
|
||||||
|
Last year, former Washington Gov. Gary Locke — who is Chinese American — was featured in a Trump attack ad against President Joe Biden. Because of the way it’s framed, the ad appears to imply that Locke, who once served as the US ambassador to China, is a Chinese official and not an American one.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="C2Wu3m">
|
||||||
|
“Asian Americans — whether you’re second-, third-, or fourth-generation, will always be viewed as foreigners,” <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/04/trumps-attacks-gary-locke/609844/">Locke told the Atlantic</a>. “We don’t say that about second- or third-generation Irish Americans or Polish Americans. No one would even think to include them in a picture when you’re talking about foreign government officials.”
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<h3 id="8kBfvd">
|
||||||
|
Recent incidents are forcing a dialogue about racism
|
||||||
|
</h3>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7PxW0N">
|
||||||
|
Although racism toward Asian Americans has persisted for generations, it’s rarely explicitly confronted or talked about. “Asian discrimination tends to be overlooked and widely tolerated, even among educated classes,” University of Pennsylvania English professor Josephine Park <a href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/why-asian-american-racism-rampant-during-coronavirus">told Penn Today</a>.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cYw1iK">
|
||||||
|
There are many reasons for this, according to Asian American studies scholars. Relative to other people of color, including Black Americans and Latino Americans, Asian Americans have faced discrimination of a different degree.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<aside id="CrTCl1">
|
||||||
|
<div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</aside>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Aj2znj">
|
||||||
|
Additionally, because of the diversity within the Asian American community — which includes more than 30 ethnic groups — there is a breadth of experience that isn’t always all the same. “It’s rare to see all parts of the Asian American community equally affected by an issue,” says UC Riverside political science professor and head of AAPI Data Karthick Ramakrishnan.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aeF9Tl">
|
||||||
|
The perpetuation of the “model minority” myth, which was introduced by <a href="http://inside.sfuhs.org/dept/history/US_History_reader/Chapter14/modelminority.pdf">sociologist William Petersen in a New York Times Magazine piece in 1966</a>, further complicated the conversation about Asian Americans and racism.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UAZzgk">
|
||||||
|
As part of his piece, Petersen pits minority groups against one another and argues that Japanese Americans were able to attain economic success in the face of injustice and discrimination in a way that other groups, which Petersen dubbed “problem minorities,” were not. It’s a fictitious argument that’s been used repeatedly as a “wedge” between minority groups, <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/04/19/524571669/model-minority-myth-again-used-as-a-racial-wedge-between-asians-and-blacks">Kat Chow reported for NPR</a>.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="W7X9vy">
|
||||||
|
By branding Asian Americans as a “model minority,” writers like Petersen <a href="https://theundefeated.com/features/why-we-must-talk-about-the-asian-american-story-too/">obscured how systemic injustices</a> have disproportionately hurt Black Americans. The term, too, reduced the visibility of racism against Asian Americans as well.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZqCK0W">
|
||||||
|
“The dominant culture’s belief in the ‘model minority’ allows it to justify ignoring the unique discrimination faced by Asian Americans,” writes Robert Chang, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6SATCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53&dq=permits+the+general+public,+government+officials,+and+the+judiciary+to+ignore+or+marginalize+the+contemporary+needs+of+Asian+Americans.%E2%80%9D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjw9Hh-oXQAhWIi1QKHQs0A_sQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=permits%20the%20general%20public%2C%20government%20officials%2C%20and%20the%20judiciary%20to%20ignore%20or%20marginalize%20the%20contemporary%20needs%20of%20Asian%20Americans.%E2%80%9D&f=false">in his book <em>Disoriented: Asian Americans, Law and the Nation-State.</em></a>
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XmWk3R">
|
||||||
|
Now, a rise in harassment is sparking a new conversation about the type of prejudice that Asian Americans experience. For some, it marks one of the rare times they are confronting this problem in such an explicit way.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lXHF9o">
|
||||||
|
“I haven’t been harassed for my race for years and years. It’s been a really long time, so it felt like it came out of nowhere,” <a href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2020/3/25/21190655/trump-coronavirus-racist-asian-americans">California resident Julie Kang told Vox’s Catherine Kim</a>.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gzkSls">
|
||||||
|
Experts see these incidents compelling people to talk about discrimination toward Asian Americans more openly. “I think there is a newfound understanding for a lot of folks,” says Kulkarni. “We hope this will spur more dialogue and more action, frankly.”
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3JZhpu">
|
||||||
|
Some also think it has the potential to improve solidarity between Asian Americans and other people of color, many of whom deal with racist harassment and violence — including from the police — on a regular basis. “I hope that we realize that this kind of process happens to other groups all the time,” says Ramakrishnan.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<figure class="e-image">
|
||||||
|
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Ci8AayIpTfZtMUKTFdjykRZv0cw=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/19914061/AP_20065726984517.jpg"/> <cite>J. Scott Applewhite/AP</cite>
|
||||||
|
<figcaption>
|
||||||
|
Members of the congressional Black, Asian, and Hispanic caucuses speaks to reporters to discuss the 2020 census and the concern for getting an accurate count in minority communities on March 5.
|
||||||
|
</figcaption>
|
||||||
|
</figure>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EBkdHL">
|
||||||
|
The response from some lawmakers has helped underscore this solidarity: A few weeks ago, a group of House Democrats <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/2/20/22291061/asian-american-lawmakers-racism-hearing">representing the Black, Asian, and Hispanic caucuses</a> unequivocally denounced anti-Asian rhetoric and violence.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1x8kD2">
|
||||||
|
“The Asian American community is facing a crisis of hatred that we cannot tolerate,” said Rep. Hakeem Jeffries (D-NY). “We will not tolerate anti-Asian bias, we will not tolerate anti-Asian bigotry, we will not tolerate these hate crimes. All of us stand with the Asian American community until we can put this scourge to an end.”
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TcxKMe">
|
||||||
|
The attacks Asian Americans are facing across the country are bringing the dialogue about longstanding prejudices to the fore. And as Americans are having more frank conversations about race and institutional biases, they aren’t as easy to ignore as they have been in the past.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b6uWsx">
|
||||||
|
“Addressing … these kinds of dominant stereotypes that are really pervasive, that are so easily activated, requires public education and the broader public committing to understand race in America,” says Wong. “There’s a way that it could be a really potent reminder that Asian Americans are racialized in the US and that we can’t go it alone.”
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5eeqWM">
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wXpkYe">
|
||||||
|
</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li><strong>Why comparing Covid-19 vaccine efficacy numbers can be misleading</strong> -
|
||||||
|
<figure>
|
||||||
|
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/TANIt-x8ZB-KcmZN6M2amdJVlw4=/52x0:2719x2000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/68920015/GettyImages_1231496277.0.jpg"/>
|
||||||
|
<figcaption>
|
||||||
|
A shipment of the Johnson & Johnson Covid-19 vaccine arrives at a hospital in Bay Shore, New York, on March 3. | Johnny Milano/Bloomberg via Getty Images
|
||||||
|
</figcaption>
|
||||||
|
</figure>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||||
|
The best Covid-19 vaccine for you is most likely still the first one you can get.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AS8V98">
|
||||||
|
Three different Covid-19 vaccines are now being distributed across the United States, and all three are highly effective at the <a href="https://www.vox.com/22273502/covid-vaccines-pfizer-moderna-johnson-astrazeneca-efficacy-deaths">most important thing</a>: preventing hospitalizations and deaths from Covid-19. But some people remain worried that Johnson & Johnson’s vaccine is less effective at preventing disease to begin with.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="x9Viky">
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Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan this week <a href="https://www.crainsdetroit.com/coronavirus/detroit-mayor-duggan-doubles-down-not-wanting-jj-vaccine-foreseeable-future">turned down 6,200 Johnson & Johnson vaccine doses</a> for his city. “Johnson & Johnson is a very good vaccine. Moderna and Pfizer are the best,” Duggan said in a news conference. “And I am going to do everything I can to make sure that residents of the city of Detroit get the best.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O2zG4k">
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Scientists say that this is the wrong way to think about Covid-19 vaccines, and that judging the Johnson & Johnson vaccine as inferior based on its lower reported efficacy is misleading.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mF2p9e">
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Such actions are especially worrying at the current stage of the pandemic. Covid-19 has killed more than <a href="https://www.vox.com/22252693/covid-19-deaths-us-who-died">500,000 Americans</a>, and while cases seem to be declining, the virus is still spreading, <a href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/22247525/covid-19-variants-uk-south-africa-brazil-b117-why-now">new variants</a> are gaining ground, and some parts of the country are already relaxing precautions (which health officials warn could end up <a href="https://www.vox.com/coronavirus-covid19/22310984/covid-19-cases-vaccine-texas-mask-mandate">prolonging the pandemic</a>).
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QBrO6y">
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Turning down vaccine doses while supplies of all Covid-19 vaccines are still stretched thin undermines the campaign to curb the pandemic.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GnCmqF">
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In clinical trials, the vaccines produced by Pfizer/BioNTech, by Moderna, and by Johnson & Johnson reduced the fatality rate of Covid-19 by 100 percent compared to their placebo groups. They also kept all recipients out of the hospital. That means they can potentially downgrade Covid-19 from a public health crisis to a manageable problem.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="o6W6DL">
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“The goal of a vaccine was really to defang or tame this virus, to make it more like other respiratory viruses that we deal with, so when you look at the three approved vaccines in the US, all of them are extremely good at that metric,” said <a href="https://www.jhsph.edu/faculty/directory/profile/3528/amesh-adalja">Amesh Adalja</a>, a senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins University Center for Health Security.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OOnsAW">
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The vaccines do have some important differences. The Johnson & Johnson vaccine is one dose, while the others require two. It also can be stored at refrigerator temperatures, while the others require freezer temperatures. The Johnson & Johnson vaccine is also less expensive, about <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-usa-johnsonandjohn-idUKKCN2511V7?edition-redirect=uk">$10 per dose</a>, roughly half as much as the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. The Moderna vaccine costs between <a href="https://www.biospace.com/article/comparing-covid-19-vaccines-pfizer-biontech-moderna-astrazeneca-oxford-j-and-j-russia-s-sputnik-v/">$25 and $37 per dose</a>.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DOi1jz">
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These factors give Johnson & Johnson an edge in logistics and could help the shots get to people in harder-to-reach places. <a href="https://medicine.yale.edu/yigh/profile/saad_omer/">Saad Omer</a>, the director of the Yale Institute for Global Health, told Vox last month that it’s a vaccine that “can increase equity.”
|
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KJ5jrX">
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But when Johnson & Johnson filed for an emergency use authorization from the Food and Drug Administration for its Covid-19 vaccine in early February, it reported that its overall efficacy in preventing Covid-19 cases that produced symptoms was 66.1 percent. The Moderna vaccine and the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines reported efficacy levels around 95 percent.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Mn7m6v">
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That gap in efficacy numbers is fueling some people’s perception that the Johnson & Johnson Covid-19 vaccine isn’t as good. However, scientists say that these numbers can’t be fairly compared to one another. The efficacy levels of the Covid-19 vaccines are specific to the clinical trials that produced them, and those trials were not conducted in the same ways.
|
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="j2igYV">
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In addition, health officials have been emphasizing that the most important numbers — how well the vaccines prevent hospitalizations and deaths — are consistent across the board and are arguably more comparable. Even after these vaccines have begun distribution, researchers are finding that Covid-19 vaccines are doing a <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-israel-vaccine-idUSKBN2AJ08D">remarkable job of keeping people alive</a>.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YKYpj9">
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That’s why the recommendation remains that the best Covid-19 vaccine for the vast majority of people is the first one they can get. “That’s how I think of these vaccines, as basically interchangeable,” said Adalja.
|
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</p>
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<div class="c-float-right">
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</div>
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|
<h3 id="D38kYd">
|
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|
Why it’s hard to make direct comparisons between the Johnson & Johnson Covid-19 vaccine and the ones from Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech
|
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</h3>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6Nujwr">
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To gauge how well vaccines work, companies test them in several stages, looking to ensure they are safe, to find the correct dose, and to figure out how much protection they provide. These trials are designed to test vaccines individually, not to pit them against each other. So direct comparisons don’t always make sense and one has to be careful to understand the nuances of how each result was obtained.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cdhZxp">
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But health officials have acknowledged that the earlier results of the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines shifted expectations of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0R9o8J">
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“If this had occurred in the absence of a prior announcement and implementation of a 94, 95 percent efficacy [vaccine], one would have said this is an absolutely spectacular result,” said Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, about the Johnson & Johnson vaccine during the press conference in January.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CEHVLd">
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In phase 3 clinical trials, Covid-19 vaccines were tested against the virus in the real world, in actual people against the actual virus. This involves testing tens of thousands of participants to see who ends up showing symptoms, randomly dividing them into groups that receive the actual vaccine and groups that receive a placebo (without revealing who got what).
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="w0wb7a">
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Testing in the real world means dealing with all the confounding factors of the real world. Depending on which volunteers are selected and where they are, they face different infection rates of the virus. They have varying access to health care. Some places had stricter lockdowns than others, or started them at varying times, so participants experienced different public health measures. <a href="https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/0,9309,7-387-90499_90705-535105--,00.html">Michigan issued a mask mandate</a> in March 2020 while <a href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-06-18/california-mandatory-face-masks-statewide-order-coronavirus-gavin-newsom">California issued one in June 2020</a>, for example.
|
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|
</p>
|
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SYqNm8">
|
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|
Timing is critical too. The Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech studies finished enrolling participants in their phase 3 trials in October and reported their results in late November. The Johnson & Johnson phase 3 trial only finished enrolling participants in December 2020 and reported their results in January.
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</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7akEoO">
|
||||||
|
That means the Johnson & Johnson vaccine was tested during one of the most severe stages of the pandemic, when transmission, cases, and hospitalizations were at their worst in many places around the world, including the US. The trial also captured efficacy against the new variants of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes Covid-19) which began circulating at this point in some parts of the world. Several of these variants have shown themselves to be more contagious, deadlier, and more likely to evade protection from vaccines and prior immunity.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
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<aside id="G3b37C">
|
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<div>
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</div>
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</aside>
|
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xzBbot">
|
||||||
|
And Johnson & Johnson’s efficacy results included trials in other countries, whereas the results from Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech were mainly from US-based participants.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
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|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CGGTCc">
|
||||||
|
Johnson & Johnson found that vaccine efficacy shifted depending on the country in which it was studied. The vaccine was found to have a 72 percent overall efficacy after four weeks in preventing Covid-19 symptoms in the US. Under the same benchmarks in South Africa, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/1/21/22240475/covid-new-variant-south-africa-uk-brazil-vaccine-coronavirus">where a coronavirus variant</a> with worrisome mutations that help it escape vaccines has been spreading widely, the company found a 64 percent efficacy.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NjbEet">
|
||||||
|
When it came to preventing severe and critical cases of Covid-19, the Johnson & Johnson vaccine was 85.9 percent efficacious in the US while in <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/1/21/22240475/covid-new-variant-south-africa-uk-brazil-vaccine-coronavirus">South Africa</a>, efficacy against severe and critical disease was reduced to 81.7 percent.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uzl0qx">
|
||||||
|
The fact that these vaccines were tested in different ways at different times is why it’s so hard to make apples-to-apples comparisons. “I don’t even look at those efficacy numbers and compare them head-to-head like that,” Adalja said. “Biostats 101: You cannot compare trial results like that unless they were done in a head-to-head fashion.”
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<h3 id="jSS3u4">
|
||||||
|
Researchers still need more information about Covid-19 vaccines, especially as new variants spread
|
||||||
|
</h3>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HrEssQ">
|
||||||
|
The huge emphasis on the fact that vaccines prevent hospitalizations and death doesn’t mean that preventing the symptoms of Covid-19 is not important. Millions of people in the US have preexisting health conditions and could suffer from the disease even if they don’t end up in the hospital. About 10 percent of Covid-19 survivors have reported <a href="https://www.vox.com/22307256/covid-19-symptoms-tongue-variant-vaccine-long-haulers">persistent symptoms</a> even after the virus has faded away, the so-called <a href="https://www.vox.com/22166236/long-term-side-effects-covid-19-symptoms-heart-fatigue">long haulers</a>. It hints that the disease can cause long-term damage.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<aside id="IqyyfV">
|
||||||
|
<div>
|
||||||
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|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</aside>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zJNq6c">
|
||||||
|
And while vaccines can protect an individual, it’s less clear how well they prevent transmission from person to person (although <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22291959/covid-vaccines-transmission-protect-spread-virus-moderna-pfizer">evidence is mounting</a> that the available Covid-19 vaccines reduce the virus’ spread). That’s why vaccinated people are <a href="https://www.vox.com/22241572/covid-19-vaccine-mask-moderna-pfizer-johnson">encouraged to continue wearing masks</a> until vaccinations are widespread.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TJlcoQ">
|
||||||
|
An ideal Covid-19 vaccine would reduce deaths, hospitalizations, symptoms, and transmission, and right now, all of the three Covid-19 vaccines available in the US check these boxes, even for people with risk factors for severe disease or long-term illness.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6jhi3c">
|
||||||
|
“I wouldn’t be picky if I’m a high-risk person, because being picky may leave you out in the cold of not being vaccinated,” said <a href="https://www.fredhutch.org/en/faculty-lab-directory/corey-larry.html">Lawrence Corey</a>, a professor studying virology at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. “We have still an incredible epidemic going on here.”
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jo4602">
|
||||||
|
There are some people with a <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/allergic-reaction.html">history of severe allergic reactions</a> or certain immunological conditions who will have to be careful about selecting a vaccine, and some may not be able to receive one at all. But that makes it all the more important to vaccinate everyone around a vulnerable person, which helps build herd immunity.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2LWDFC">
|
||||||
|
The looming concern, though, is <a href="https://www.vox.com/22298973/covid-19-vaccine-mutation-coronavirus-variant-moderna-pfizer-johnson">how well Covid-19 vaccines will hold</a> up as the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to mutate and new variants arise. Already, vaccine manufacturers are investigating booster doses and modifications of their shots to better counter the newer versions of the virus.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YHfr0p">
|
||||||
|
Researchers will also have to figure out how well existing vaccines are holding up against the variants in the real world. While vaccine clinical trials were conducted independently of each other, it would behoove scientists to coordinate from here on out, sharing protocols and pooling data to draw more useful conclusions.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="khofqf">
|
||||||
|
“Imagine what will happen when these studies generate results, each with their own populations, eligibility criteria, validation procedures and clinical endpoints,” wrote <a href="http://biostat.ufl.edu/contact/faculty/dean-natalie-e/">Natalie Dean</a>, an assistant professor of biostatistics at the University of Florida, in <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-021-00563-5&referrer=vox.com&sref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F22311625%2Fcovid-19-vaccine-efficacy-johnson-moderna-pfizer" rel="sponsored nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><em>Nature</em></a>. “If we don’t want our final answers to be a jumble, we must act now to consider how data can be compared and combined.”
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BMYnkX">
|
||||||
|
In the meantime, it’s important to keep in mind that vaccines are one part of a comprehensive public health response to Covid-19. Social distancing, hand-washing, mask-wearing, testing, tracing, and isolation remain critical to speeding up progress toward the end of the pandemic.
|
||||||
|
</p></li>
|
||||||
|
</ul>
|
||||||
|
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
|
||||||
|
<ul>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ind vs Eng | Our bench strength is extremely strong, it will help when transition happens, says Kohli</strong> - India bounced back strongly to win the series after an embarrassing 227-run loss in the first Test.</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pant’s hundred was best counter-attacking innings I have seen at number six on Indian soil, says Ravi Shastri</strong> - The Australia tour changed everything for Rishabh Pant as he played match-winning knocks in India’s historic victory.</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>India finish on top of ICC World Championship standings, courtesy 3-1 series win over England</strong> - In the ICC World Test Championship final scheduled to be held at the iconic Lord’s in June this year, India will face New Zealand.</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sunil Gavaskar felicitated on 50th anniversary of Test debut</strong> - The 71-year-old former skipper received a commemorative Test cap from BCCI Secretary Jay Shah during the lunch break on day three of the fourth and final Test between India and England at the Narendra Modi Stadium</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>It’s time we start our campaign for World Cup, says Mithali Raj</strong> - India will play five ODIs, starting with the first match on Sunday, followed by three T20Is in the home series against South Africa.</p></li>
|
||||||
|
</ul>
|
||||||
|
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
|
||||||
|
<ul>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Uttarakhand tragedy: Heavy rains, rise in overall temp in 4 decades could have led to rock collapse</strong> - The report by Kathmandu-based ICIMOD found that a crack had formed prior to the incident at the site where the rock detachment led to a rockslide from the Raunti peak.</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>As interim bails issued during Covid-19 expire, Delhi High Court asks undertrial prisoners to surrender</strong> - Court ‘not inclined’ to extend the bail term of 3,499 undertrial prisoners.</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cattle smuggling case | CBI issues lookout notice against Trinamool leader’s brother</strong> - The agency is also contemplating to approach the Interpol to get a Red Corner Notice issued against Binay Mishra, who has not joined the probe, they added.</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Coronavirus | 15 lakh people vaccinated against COVID-19 on March 5, highest in a day: Health Ministry</strong> - Eight States are displaying an upward trajectory in daily new coronavirus cases, the Health Ministry highlighted</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>West Bengal assembly elections | PM Modi to address rally at Brigade ground on March 6</strong> - The BJP which was scheduled to come out with the candidate list for the first two phases on Friday had decided to postpone it for the brigade rally.</p></li>
|
||||||
|
</ul>
|
||||||
|
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
|
||||||
|
<ul>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Covid-19: Australia asks European Commission to review Italy’s vaccine block</strong> - A row with drug firm AstraZeneca has caused Italy to block 250,000 doses to be sent to Australia.</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Covid-19: Cyprus and Portugal want to welcome vaccinated UK tourists from May</strong> - It is not yet clear how visitors will be required to prove they have received both doses of a jab.</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine holds borscht soup fest with political flavour</strong> - Ukraine seeks Unesco status for its beetroot soup - but Russians and Poles call it theirs too.</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Italian dictionary Treccani urged to change ‘sexist’ definition of ‘woman’</strong> - The Treccani dictionary includes derogatory terms such as “whore” as synonyms for “woman”.</p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pope Francis and top Shia cleric Ali al-Sistani discuss plight of Iraq’s Christians</strong> - The Catholic leader has a historic meeting with Iraq’s Shia Muslim leader, Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani.</p></li>
|
||||||
|
</ul>
|
||||||
|
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
|
||||||
|
<ul>
|
||||||
|
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Feds indict John McAfee for cryptocurrency pump-and-dump fraud</strong> - “I am not pumping for my gain,” McAfee wrote. Prosecutors say that wasn’t true. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1747507">link</a></p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>China’s and Russia’s spying spree will take years to unpack</strong> - Full extent of SolarWinds hack, Hafnium’s attack on Exchange Server may never be known. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1747573">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Microsoft adds Startup Boost, Sleeping Tabs to Edge build 89</strong> - This new version of Edge brings several notable performance and UX enhancements. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1747478">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Visual Studio Code now runs natively on M1 Macs</strong> - App will be available either in universal or architecture-specific binaries. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1747456">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Proposed law could force ISPs to stop hiding true size of monthly bills</strong> - “ISPs are notorious for keeping customers in the dark,” bill supporter says. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1747466">link</a></p></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>My professor told me that I’m failing my ethics class</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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So I slid 20 dollars across the table and said <em>what about now…?</em>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/TheTaroMaster"> /u/TheTaroMaster </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/lykk78/my_professor_told_me_that_im_failing_my_ethics/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/lykk78/my_professor_told_me_that_im_failing_my_ethics/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
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<li><strong>It’s odd that Thelma & Louise spend an entire film challenging sexist stereotypes,</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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<div class="md">
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
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then die at the end because of their terrible driving.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/brodyhunter"> /u/brodyhunter </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/lyykc3/its_odd_that_thelma_louise_spend_an_entire_film/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/lyykc3/its_odd_that_thelma_louise_spend_an_entire_film/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
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<li><strong>The police came to my front door tonight holding a picture of my wife.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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<div class="md">
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
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They said, “Is this your wife, sir?” Shocked, I answered, “Yes.”
|
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|
</p>
|
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|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
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|
They said, “I’m afraid it looks like she’s been hit by a bus.”
|
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|
</p>
|
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|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
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I said, “I know, but she has a lovely personality.”
|
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|
</p>
|
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|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<!-- SC_ON -->
|
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|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/blackshadowed"> /u/blackshadowed </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ly64es/the_police_came_to_my_front_door_tonight_holding/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ly64es/the_police_came_to_my_front_door_tonight_holding/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li><strong>How long is a Chinese name</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
|
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|
<div class="md">
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
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|
That wasn’t a question
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<!-- SC_ON -->
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/legendsubie"> /u/legendsubie </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/lyxsrb/how_long_is_a_chinese_name/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/lyxsrb/how_long_is_a_chinese_name/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
|
||||||
|
<li><strong>Yo mamma so fat</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
|
||||||
|
<div class="md">
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||||
|
Before she was buried, the Earth was flat.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<!-- SC_ON -->
|
||||||
|
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/I-Gidds"> /u/I-Gidds </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/lysu7u/yo_mamma_so_fat/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/lysu7u/yo_mamma_so_fat/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
|
||||||
|
</ul>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
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|
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Reference in New Issue