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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies contribute more to SARS-CoV-2 neutralization when target cells express high levels of ACE2</strong> -
<div>
Neutralization assays are experimental surrogates for the effectiveness of infection- or vaccine-elicited polyclonal antibodies and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2. However, the measured neutralization can depend on details of the experimental assay. Here we systematically assess how ACE2 expression in target cells affects neutralization by antibodies to different spike epitopes in lentivirus pseudovirus neutralization assays. For high ACE2-expressing target cells, receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies account for nearly all neutralizing activity in polyclonal human sera. But for lower ACE2-expressing target cells, antibodies targeting regions outside the RBD make a larger (although still modest) contribution to serum neutralization. These serum-level results are mirrored for monoclonal antibodies: N-terminal domain (NTD) antibodies and RBD antibodies that do not compete for ACE2 binding incompletely neutralize on high ACE2-expressing target cells, but completely neutralize on cells with lower ACE2 expression. Our results show that ACE2 expression level in the target cells is an important experimental variable, and that high ACE2 expression emphasizes the role of a subset of RBD-directed antibodies.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505713v1" target="_blank">Receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies contribute more to SARS-CoV-2 neutralization when target cells express high levels of ACE2</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Entropic overcompensation of the N501Y mutation on SARS-CoV-2 S binding to ACE2</strong> -
<div>
Recent experimental work has shown that the N501Y mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein’s receptor binding domain (RBD) increases binding affinity to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), primarily by overcompensating for a less favorable enthalpy of binding by a greatly reducing the entropic penalty for complex formation, but the basis for this entropic overcompensation is not clear [Pr’evost et al., J. Biol. Chem. (2021) 297;10115]. We use all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and free-energy calculations to qualitatively assess the impact of the N501Y mutation on enthalpy and entropy of binding of RBD to ACE2. Our calculations correctly predict that N501Y causes a less favorable enthalpy of binding to ACE2 relative to the original strain. Further, we show that this is overcompensated for by a more entropically favorable increase in large-scale quaternary flexibility and intra-protein root-mean squared fluctuations of residue positions upon binding in both RBD and ACE2. The enhanced quaternary flexibility stems from N501Y’s ability to remodel the interresidue interactions between the two proteins away from interactions central to the epitope and toward more peripheral interactions. These findings suggest that an important factor in determining protein-protein binding affinity is the degree to which fluctuations are distributed throughout the complex, and that residue mutations that may seem to result in weaker interactions than their wild-type counterparts may yet result increased binding affinity thanks to their ability to suppress unfavorable entropy changes upon binding.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505841v1" target="_blank">Entropic overcompensation of the N501Y mutation on SARS-CoV-2 S binding to ACE2</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Identifying Women with Post-Delivery Posttraumatic Stress Disorder using Natural Language Processing of Personal Childbirth Narratives</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Maternal mental disorders are considered a leading complication of childbirth and a common contributor to maternal death. In addition to undermining maternal welfare, untreated postpartum psychopathology can result in child emotional and physical neglect, and associated significant pediatric health costs. Some women may experience a traumatic childbirth and develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following delivery (CB-PTSD). Although women are routinely screened for postpartum depression in the U.S., there is no recommended protocol to inform the identification of women who are likely to experience CB-PTSD. Advancements in computational methods of free text has shown promise in informing diagnosis of psychiatric conditions. Although the language in narratives of stressful events has been associated with post-trauma outcomes, whether the narratives of childbirth processed via machine learning can be useful for CB-PTSD screening is unknown. Objective: This study examined the utility of written narrative accounts of personal childbirth experience for the identification of women with provisional CB-PTSD. To this end, we developed a model based on natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) algorithms to identify CB-PTSD via classification of birth narratives. Study Design: A total of 1,127 eligible postpartum women who enrolled in a study survey during the COVID-19 era provided short written childbirth narrative accounts in which they were instructed to focus on the most distressing aspects of their childbirth experience. They also completed a PTSD symptom screen to determine provisional CB-PTSD. After exclusion criteria were applied, data from 995 participants was analyzed. An ML-based Sentence-Transformer NLP model was used to represent narratives as vectors that served as inputs for a neural network ML model developed in this study to identify participants with provisional CB-PTSD. Results: The ML model derived from NLP of childbirth narratives achieved good performance: AUC 0.75, F1-score 0.76, sensitivity 0.8, and specificity 0.70. Moreover, women with provisional CB-PTSD generated longer narratives (t-test results: t=2.30, p=0.02) and used more negative emotional expressions (Wilcoxon test: 9sadness9: p=8.90e-04, W=31,017; 9anger9: p=1.32e-02, W=35,005.50) and death-related words (Wilcoxon test: p=3.48e-05, W=34,538) in describing their childbirth experience than those with no CB-PTSD. Conclusions: This study provides proof of concept that personal childbirth narrative accounts generated in the early postpartum period and analyzed via advanced computational methods can detect with relatively high accuracy women who are likely to endorse CB-PTSD and those at low risk. This suggests that birth narratives could be promising for informing low-cost, non-invasive tools for maternal mental health screening, and more research that utilizes ML to predict early signs of maternal psychiatric morbidity is warranted.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.22279394v1" target="_blank">Identifying Women with Post-Delivery Posttraumatic Stress Disorder using Natural Language Processing of Personal Childbirth Narratives</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A case-crossover study of the effect of vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 transmission relevant behaviours during a period of national lockdown in England and Wales</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Studies of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness show increases in COVID-19 cases within 14 days of a first dose, potentially reflecting post-vaccination behaviour changes associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission before vaccine protection. However, direct evidence for a relationship between vaccination and behaviour is lacking. We aimed to examine the association between vaccination status and self-reported non-household contacts and non-essential activities during a national lockdown in England and Wales. Methods: Participants (n=1,154) who had received the first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine reported non-household contacts and non-essential activities from February to March 2021 in monthly surveys during a national lockdown in England and Wales. We used a case-crossover study design and conditional logistic regression to examine the association between vaccination status (pre-vaccination vs. 14 days post-vaccination) and self-reported contacts and activities within individuals. Stratified subgroup analyses examined potential effect heterogeneity by sociodemographic characteristics such as sex, household income or age group. Results: 457/1,154 (39.60%) participants reported non-household contacts post-vaccination compared with 371/1,154 (32.15%) participants pre-vaccination. 100/1,154 (8.67%) participants reported use of non-essential shops or services post-vaccination compared with 74/1,154 (6.41%) participants pre-vaccination. Post-vaccination status was associated with increased odds of reporting non-household contacts (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.31-2.06, p&lt;0.001) and use of non-essential shops or services (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.03-2.17, p=0.032). This effect varied between men and women and different age groups. Conclusion: Participants had higher odds of reporting non-household contacts and use of non-essential shops or services within 14 days of their first COVID-19 vaccine compared to pre-vaccination. Public health emphasis on maintaining protective behaviours during this post-vaccination time period when individuals have yet to develop full protection from vaccination could reduce risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.22279333v1" target="_blank">A case-crossover study of the effect of vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 transmission relevant behaviours during a period of national lockdown in England and Wales</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Polygenic Risk Scores for Asthma and Allergic Disease Predict COVID-19 Severity in 9/11 Responders</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background. Genetic factors contribute to individual differences in the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A portion of genetic predisposition can be captured using polygenic risk scores (PRS). Relatively little is known about the associations between PRS and COVID-19 severity or post-acute COVID-19 in community-dwelling individuals. Methods. Participants in this study were 983 World Trade Center responders infected for the first time with SARS-CoV-2 (mean age at infection=56.06, standard deviation [SD]=7.37, 918 (93.4%) male, 813 (82.7%) European ancestry). Seventy-five (7.6%) responders were in the severe COVID-19 category, that included hospitalization and other adverse outcomes; 306 (31.1%) reported at least one post-acute COVID-19 symptom at the 4-week follow-up. Analyses were adjusted for population stratification and demographic covariates. Findings. In responders with European ancestry, the asthma PRS was associated with severe COVID-19 category (odds ratio [OR]=1.61, 95% confidence interval: 1.17-2.21) and more severe COVID-19 symptomatology (β=.09, p=.01), independently of respiratory disease diagnosis. The allergic disease PRS similarly associated with severe COVID-19 category (OR=1.97, [1.26-3.07]). The PRS for COVID-19 hospitalization was associated with the risk of severe COVID-19 category (OR=1.35, [1.01-1.82]), but this association was smaller than for the asthma PRS. PRS for coronary artery disease and type II diabetes were not associated with COVID-19 severity. Interpretation. Taken together, the results indicate that recently developed polygenic biomarkers for asthma, allergic disease, and COVID-19 hospitalization capture some of the individual differences in severity and clinical course of COVID-19 illness in a community population. Funding. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.22279383v1" target="_blank">Polygenic Risk Scores for Asthma and Allergic Disease Predict COVID-19 Severity in 9/11 Responders</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Can SARS-CoV-2 transmit from a dead body?</strong> -
<div>
Although it has been 2.5 years since the COVID-19 pandemic began, the transmissibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a dead infected body remains unclear, and often, in Japan bereaved family members are not allowed to view in-person a loved one who has died from COVID-19. In this study, we analyzed the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from a dead body by using the hamster model. We also analyzed the effect of Angel-care–in which the pharynx, nostril, and rectum are plugged–and embalming on reducing transmissibility from dead bodies. We found that SARS-CoV-2 could be transmitted from the body of animals that died within a few days of infection; however, Angel-care and embalming were effective in preventing transmission from the dead body. These results suggest that protection from infection is essential when in contact with a SARS-CoV-2-infected dead body, and that sealing the cavities of a dead body is an important infection control step if embalming is not done.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505777v1" target="_blank">Can SARS-CoV-2 transmit from a dead body?</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Molecular fate-mapping of serum antibodies reveals the effects of antigenic imprinting on repeated immunization</strong> -
<div>
The ability of serum antibody to protect against pathogens arises from the interplay of antigen-specific B cell clones of different affinities and fine specificities. These cellular dynamics are ultimately responsible for serum-level phenomena such as antibody imprinting or “Original Antigenic Sin” (OAS), a proposed propensity of the immune system to rely repeatedly on the first cohort of B cells that responded to a stimulus upon exposure to related antigens. Imprinting/OAS is thought to pose a barrier to vaccination against rapidly evolving viruses such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Precise measurement of the extent to which imprinting/OAS inhibits the recruitment of new B cell clones by boosting is challenging because cellular and temporal origins cannot readily be assigned to antibodies in circulation. Thus, the extent to which imprinting/OAS impacts the induction of new responses in various settings remains unclear. To address this, we developed a “molecular fate-mapping” approach in which serum antibodies derived from specific cohorts of B cells can be differentially detected. We show that, upon sequential homologous boosting, the serum antibody response strongly favors reuse of the first cohort of B cell clones over the recruitment of new, naive-derived B cells. This “primary addiction” decreases as a function of antigenic distance, allowing secondary immunization with divergent influenza virus or SARS-CoV-2 glycoproteins to overcome imprinting/OAS by targeting novel epitopes absent from the priming variant. Our findings have implications for the understanding of imprinting/OAS, and for the design and testing of vaccines aimed at eliciting antibodies to evolving antigens.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505743v1" target="_blank">Molecular fate-mapping of serum antibodies reveals the effects of antigenic imprinting on repeated immunization</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Differences in anti-viral immune responses in individuals of Indian and European origin: relevance for the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
<div>
During the COVID-19 pandemic, large differences in susceptibility and mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported between populations in Europe and South Asia. While both host and environmental factors (including BCG vaccination) have been proposed to explain this, the potential biological substrate of these differences is unknown. We purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals living in India and the Netherlands at baseline and 10-12 weeks after BCG vaccination. We compared chromatin accessibility between the two populations at baseline, as well as gene transcription profiles and cytokine production capacities upon viral stimulation with influenza and SARS-CoV-2. The chromatin accessibility of genes important for adaptive immunity was higher in Indians compared to Europeans, while the latter had more accessible chromatin regions in genes of the innate immune system. At the transcriptional level, we observed that Indian volunteers displayed a more tolerant immune response to viral stimulation, in contrast to a more exaggerated response in Europeans. BCG vaccination strengthened the tolerance program in Indians, but not in Europeans. These differences may partly explain the different impact of COVID-19 on the two populations.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505791v1" target="_blank">Differences in anti-viral immune responses in individuals of Indian and European origin: relevance for the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Insights into COVID-19 epidemiology and control from temporal changes in serial interval distributions in Hong Kong</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The serial interval distribution is used to approximate the generation time distribution, an essential parameter to predict the effective reproductive number “R_t”, a measure of transmissibility. However, serial interval distributions may change as an epidemic progresses rather than remaining constant. Here we show that serial intervals in Hong Kong varied over time, closely associated with the temporal variation in COVID-19 case profiles and public health and social measures that were implemented in response to surges in community transmission. Quantification of the variation over time in serial intervals led to improved estimation of R_t, and provided additional insights into the impact of public health measures on transmission of infections.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.22279351v1" target="_blank">Insights into COVID-19 epidemiology and control from temporal changes in serial interval distributions in Hong Kong</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>UB-612 Multitope Vaccine Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Non-Spike Proteins Provides Broad and Durable Immune Responses</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
IRBThe SARS-CoV-2 non-Spike (S) structural protein targets of nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M) and envelope (E), critical in the host cell interferon response and memory T-cell immunity, have been grossly overlooked since the inception of COVID vaccine development. To pursue a universal (pan-sarbecovirus) vaccine against ever-emergent future mutants, we explored booster immunogenicity of UB-612, a multitope-vaccine that contains S1-RBD-sFc protein and sequence-conserved rationally designed promiscuous Th and CTL epitope peptides on the Sarbecovirus N, M and S2 proteins. To a subpopulation of infection-free participants (aged 18-85 years) involved in a two-dose Phase-2 trial, a UB-612 booster (third dose) was administered 6-8 months after the second dose. The immunogenicity was evaluated at 14 days post-booster with overall safety monitored until the end of study. The booster induced high viral-neutralizing antibodies against live Wuhan WT (VNT50, 1,711) and Delta (VNT50, 1,282); and against pseudovirus WT (pVNT50, 11,167) vs. Omicron BA.1/BA.2/BA.5 variants (pVNT50, 2,314/1,890/854), respectively. The lower primary neutralizing antibodies in the elderly were uplifted upon boosting to approximately the same high level in young adults. UB-612 also induced potent, durable Th1-oriented (IFN-γ+-) responses (peak/pre-boost/post-boost SFU/106 PBMCs, 374/261/444) along with robust presence of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (peak/pre-boost/post-boost CD107a+-Granzyme B+, 3.6%/1.8%/1.8%). Booster vaccination is safe and well tolerated without SAEs. By recognition against epitopes on Spike (S1-RBD and S2) and non-Spike (N and M) structure proteins, UB-612 provides potent, broad and long-lasting B-cell and T-cell memory immunity and offers a potential as a universal vaccine to fend off Omicrons and new VoCs.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.22279232v1" target="_blank">UB-612 Multitope Vaccine Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Non-Spike Proteins Provides Broad and Durable Immune Responses</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The effect of variation of individual infectiousness on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in households</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Quantifying variation of individual infectiousness is critical to inform disease control. Previous studies reported substantial heterogeneity in transmission of many infectious diseases (including SARS-CoV-2). However, those results are difficult to interpret since the number of contacts is rarely considered in such approaches. Here, we analyze data from 17 SARS-CoV-2 household transmission studies conducted in periods dominated by ancestral strains, in which the number of contacts was known. By fitting individual-based household transmission models to these data, accounting for number of contacts and baseline transmission probabilities, the pooled estimate suggests that the 20% most infectious cases have 3.1-fold (95% confidence interval: 2.2-4.2 fold) higher infectiousness than average cases, which is consistent with the observed heterogeneity in viral shedding. Household data can inform the estimation of transmission heterogeneity, which is important for epidemic management.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.22279377v1" target="_blank">The effect of variation of individual infectiousness on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in households</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>GHSI COVID-19 puzzle: did highly developed countries indeed fare worse?</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Global Health Security Index (GHSI) categories are formulated to assess the capacity of world countries to deal with infectious disease risks. Thus, higher values of these indices were expected to translate to lower COVID-19 severity. However, it turned out to be the opposite, surprisingly suggesting that higher estimated country preparedness to epidemics may lead to higher disease mortality. To address this puzzle, we: i) use a model-derived measure of COVID-19 severity; ii) employ a range of statistical learning approaches, including non-parametric machine learning methods; iii) consider the overall excess mortality, in addition to official COVID-19 fatality counts. Our results suggest that the puzzle is, to a large extent, an artifact of oversimplified data analysis and a consequence of misclassified COVID-19 deaths, combined with the higher median age of the population and earlier epidemics onset in countries with high GHSI scores.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.22279258v1" target="_blank">GHSI COVID-19 puzzle: did highly developed countries indeed fare worse?</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Organizational impact of an ID NOW COVID-19 point-of-care testing for SARS-CoV2 detection in a maternity ward</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for more than 550 million cases of COVID-19 worldwide. RT-PCR is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of patients suspected of having COVID-19. During the heightened waves of the pandemic, more rapid tests have been required. Point-of-care tests (POCT) for COVID-19 include antigen tests, serological tests, and other molecular-based platforms. The ID NOW COVID-19 assay (Abbott) performs an isothermal gene amplification of a target encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARSCoV-2. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the organizational impact following the implementation of a POC testing platform ID NOW in a maternity ward. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included pregnant women admitted for Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint- Joseph Paris. The study was conducted over 2 periods lasting 6 months each. The first period (P1) corresponded to the 2nd wave in France (July to December 2020) whereas the second (P2) period focused on the 3rd wave (February to July 2021). During P1, viral detection was performed by RT-PCR at the laboratory. During P2, it was performed with the ID NOW COVID-19 test directly in the delivery room by nursing staff after training and certification. Our primary endpoint was the length of time in the birth room from admission to discharge in the postpartum period. Results 2447 pregnant women were included, 1053 during P1 and 1394 during P2. The median age, percentage of singleton pregnancies, mean gestational age, percentage of nulliparous individuals, percentage of vaginal deliveries, and COVID19 positivity rate were comparable between the two periods. During P2, the length of stay in the delivery room was significantly shorter than during P1 (17.9 vs 14.7 hours, p&lt;0.001). Conclusion Analysis of the data from this study following the implementation of the ID NOW POCT in the maternity ward indicates a significant decrease in the length of stay in the birth room. This outcome needs to be confirmed in a multicenter cohort, in particular to precise the specific impact of COVID-19 care on delays.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.22279161v1" target="_blank">Organizational impact of an ID NOW COVID-19 point-of-care testing for SARS-CoV2 detection in a maternity ward</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A Computational Pipeline to Identify and Characterize Binding Sites and Interacting Chemotypes in SARS-CoV-2</strong> -
<div>
Minimizing the human and economic costs of the COVID-19 pandemic and of future pandemics requires the ability to develop and deploy effective treatments for novel pathogens as soon as possible after they emerge. To this end, we introduce a unique, computational pipeline for the rapid identification and characterization of binding sites in the proteins of novel viruses as well as the core chemical components with which these sites interact. We combine molecular-level structural modeling of proteins with clustering and cheminformatic techniques in a computationally efficient manner. Similarities between our results, experimental data, and other computational studies provide support for the effectiveness of our predictive framework. While we present here a demonstration of our tool on SARS-CoV-2, our process is generalizable and can be applied to any new virus, as long as either experimentally solved structures for its proteins are available or sufficiently accurate homology models can be constructed.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485222v2" target="_blank">A Computational Pipeline to Identify and Characterize Binding Sites and Interacting Chemotypes in SARS-CoV-2</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Towards a new stable state: Equitably assessing trainee writing productivity post-COVID-19</strong> -
<div>
The current academic ‘ecosystem’ prioritizes publications and has remained in this stable state despite increasing calls for change. Although writing is a strong determinant of academic success, certain groups may experience publishing barriers that may be amplified by disruptive events like the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we surveyed 342 graduate students and postdoctoral scholars to assess (1) how identity predicted publishing outputs and (2) how the pandemic influenced feelings of writing productivity based on identity. We show that there were differential publication totals across identities. Respondents reported feeling less productive and motivated during the pandemic, despite having more time to write. BIPOC graduate students reported being the most negatively impacted. Since the pandemic disproportionately affected historically excluded groups, we urge the academic ‘ecosystem’ to transition away from an overemphasis on publication outputs and reach a new, more equitable stable state that evaluates accomplishments more holistically.
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://ecoevorxiv.org/cx4gf/" target="_blank">Towards a new stable state: Equitably assessing trainee writing productivity post-COVID-19</a>
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</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of SIM0417 Orally Co-Administered With Ritonavir in Symptomatic Adult Participants With Mild to Moderate COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: SIM0417;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Self-management of Post COVID-19 Syndrome Using Wearable Biometric Technology</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Self-management of post COVID-19 respiratory outcomes<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Manitoba<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Role of BCG Vaccine in the Clinical Evolution of COVID-19 and in the Efficacy of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Oswaldo Cruz Foundation;   University of Sao Paulo;   Federal University of Juiz de Fora<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Performance Evaluation of LumiraDx COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Ag ULTRA Test (ASPIRE-2)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Diagnostic Test: Nasal Swab;   Diagnostic Test: Nasopharyngeal swab<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   LumiraDx UK Limited<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Novel Parameter LIT/N That Predicts Survival in COVID-19 ICU Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pneumonia<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Diagnostic Test: the LIT test<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Gazi University;   Oxford MediStress<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 2a Trial to Evaluate Safety and Immunogenicity of COVID-19 Vaccine Strategies in HIV-infected/Uninfected Adults.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Ad26.COV2.S (VAC31518, JNJ-78436735) Vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 rS (CovovaxTM), BNT162b2 (Pfizer)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   The Aurum Institute NPC;   Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>UNAIR Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine Phase III (Immunobridging Study)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19 Pandemic;   COVID-19 Vaccines<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Vaksin Merah Putih - UA SARS-CoV-2 (Vero Cell Inactivated) 5 µg;   Biological: CoronaVac Biofarma COVID-19 Vaccine<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Dr. Soetomo General Hospital;   Indonesia-MoH;   Universitas Airlangga;   Biotis Pharmaceuticals, Indonesia<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hydrogen-Oxygen Generator With Nebulizer for Rehabilitation Treatment of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   AMS-H-03;   Hydrogen-oxygen Gas<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Device: Hydrogen-Oxygen Generator with Nebulizer, AMS-H-03;   Other: basic treatment<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID Protection After Transplant - Sanofi GSK (CPAT-SG) Study</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Kidney Transplant<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: Sanofi-GSK monovalent (B.1.351) CoV2 preS dTM-AS03 COVID-19 vaccine<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID);   PPD;   Johns Hopkins University;   Sanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi Company<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety and Immunogenicity of COVID-19 Vaccine, AdCLD-CoV19-1</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Vaccines<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: AdCLD-CoV19-1<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   International Vaccine Institute;   Cellid Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Canadian Adaptive Platform Trial for Long COVID</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Long COVID, Post COVID Condition, Post Acute Sequelae of COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Ibudilast;   Dietary Supplement: Whey Protein Isolate;   Drug: Pentoxifylline;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University Health Network, Toronto<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Clinical Trial of Jinzhen Oral Liquid in Treating Children With COVID-19 Infection</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Child, Only<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Jinzhen oral liquid or Jinhuaqinggan granules<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Smartphone Intervention for Overdose and COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Substance Use Disorders;   Overdose;   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: iThrive WI Intervention<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of Wisconsin, Madison;   National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Immunogenicity of COVID-19 and Influenza Combination Vaccine</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Influenza<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: CIC Vaccine;   Drug: qNIV Vaccine;   Drug: SARS-CoV-2 rS Vaccine;   Drug: Influenza Vaccine<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Novavax<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study to Assess Efficacy and Safety of Treamid for Patients With Reduced Exercise Tolerance After COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   SARS-CoV-2 Infection;   Lung Fibrosis<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Treamid;   Drug: Treamid twice a day;   Drug: Treamid once a day;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   PHARMENTERPRISES LLC<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Homologous and Heterologous Boosting of the Chadox1-S1-S COVID-19 Vaccine With the SCB-2019 Vaccine Candidate: A Randomized, Controlled, Phase 2 Study</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Boosting ChAdOx1-S-primed adults with SCB-2019 induced higher levels of antibodies against a wild-type strain and SARS-CoV-2 variants than a homologous ChAdOx1-S booster, with the highest responses being with the 30-μg SCB-2019 + CpG + aluminium hydroxide formulation.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>5-HT/CGRP pathway and Sumatriptan role in Covid-19</strong> - Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In Covid-19, there is uncontrolled activation of immune cells with a massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the development of cytokine storm. These inflammatory changes induce impairment of different organ functions, including the central nervous system (CNS), leading to acute brain injury and substantial changes in the neurotransmitters, including serotonin…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A potent neutralizing antibody provides protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants via nasal delivery</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still rapidly spreading worldwide. Many drugs and vaccines have been approved for clinical use show efficacy in the treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), such as Delta (B.1.617.2) and the recently emerged Omicron (B.1.1.529), has seriously challenged the application of current therapeutics. Therefore, there is still a pressing need for identification of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Brequinar and dipyridamole in combination exhibits synergistic antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro: Rationale for a host-acting antiviral treatment strategy for COVID-19</strong> - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the associated global pandemic resulting in &gt;400 million infections worldwide and several million deaths. The continued evolution of SARS-CoV-2 to potentially evade vaccines and monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapies and the limited number of authorized small-molecule antivirals necessitates the need for development of new drug treatments. There remains an unmet…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nafamostat Mesylate for Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalised Patients: A Structured, Narrative Review</strong> - The search for clinically effective antivirals against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is ongoing. Repurposing of drugs licensed for non-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) indications has been extensively investigated in laboratory models and in clinical studies with mixed results. Nafamostat mesylate (nafamostat) is a drug licensed in Japan and Korea for indications including acute pancreatitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. It is available only…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 nsp10-nsp16 in complex with small molecule inhibitors, SS148 and WZ16</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 nsp10-nsp16 complex is a 2’-O-methyltransferase (MTase) involved in viral RNA capping, enabling the virus to evade the immune system in humans. It has been considered a valuable target in the discovery of antiviral therapeutics, as the RNA cap formation is crucial for viral propagation. Through cross-screening of the inhibitors that we previously reported for SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 MTase activity against nsp10-nsp16 complex, we identified two compounds (SS148 and WZ16) that also inhibited…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Human Claudin-Derived Peptides Block the Membrane Fusion Process of Zika Virus and Are Broad Flavivirus Inhibitors</strong> - Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that emerged in the Pacific islands in 2007 and spread to the Americas in 2015. The infection remains asymptomatic in most cases but can be associated with severe neurological disorders. Despite massive efforts, no specific drug or vaccine against ZIKV infection is available to date. Claudins are tight-junction proteins that favor the entry of several flaviviruses, including ZIKV. In this study, we identified two peptides derived from the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Peptidomimetic Small-Molecule Inhibitors of 3CLPro Activity and Spike-ACE2 Interaction: Toward Dual-Action Molecules against Coronavirus Infections</strong> - The development of molecules able to target protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is of interest for the development of novel therapeutic agents. Since a high percentage of PPIs are mediated by α-helical structure at the interacting surface, peptidomimetics that reproduce the essential conformational components of helices are useful templates for the development of PPIs inhibitors. In this work, the synthesis of a constrained dipeptide isostere and insertion in the short peptide epitope EDLFYQ of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nonstructural Protein 1 of Variant PEDV Plays a Key Role in Escaping Replication Restriction by Complement C3</strong> - Zoonotic coronaviruses represent an ongoing threat to public health. The classical porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) first appeared in the early 1970s. Since 2010, outbreaks of highly virulent PEDV variants have caused great economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. However, the strategies by which PEDV variants escape host immune responses are not fully understood. Complement component 3 (C3) is considered a central component of the three complement activation pathways and plays a…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anti-viral organic coatings for high touch surfaces based on smart-release, Cu<sup>2+</sup> containing pigments</strong> - Viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 can remain viable on solid surfaces for up to one week, hence fomites are a potential route of exposure to infectious virus. Copper has well documented antiviral properties that could limit this problem, however practical deployment of copper surfaces has been limited due to the associated costs and the incompatibility of copper metal in specific environments and conditions. We therefore developed an organic coating containing an intelligent-release Cu^(2+) pigment…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The motivations and their conditions which drive students to seek higher education in a foreign country</strong> - This article summarizes a vast literature tracing the plethora of motivations of international students to study abroad. We detail the push factors (i.e., personal goals) and pull factors (i.e., attracting elements) for this decision to pursue higher education overseas. To elaborate, the push factors are around the attainment and/or increase of three main capitals: human, financial and psychological. Pull factors are around the attracting capacity of three main entities: the destination country,…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Exploring the mechanism of action of Xuanfei Baidu granule (XFBD) in the treatment of COVID-19 based on molecular docking and molecular dynamics</strong> - CONCLUSION: For the first time, it was found that the important active chemical components in XFBD, such as I-SPD, Pachypodol and Vestitol, reduce inflammatory response and apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3, and reduce the production of inflammatory factors and chemotaxis of inflammatory cells by inhibiting the activation of CSF2. Therefore, XFBD can effectively alleviate the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 through NLRP3 and CSF2.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Complanatuside alleviates inflammatory cell damage induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines in skin keratinocytes</strong> - Cytokine-mediated inflammatory response is considered a cause of skin lesion in COVID-19 patients. Complanatuside is a flavonol glycoside isolated from Astragalus complanatus. Flavonoids from Astragalus complanatus were reported to have anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities but the potential protective effect of complanatuside on cytokine-induced inflammatory damage in skin keratinocytes is not known. The aim of this study is to explore the inhibitory effect of complanatuside on…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Probiotic-Based Bacteriocin: Immunity Supplementation Against Viruses. An Updated Review</strong> - Viral infections are a major cause of severe, fatal diseases worldwide. Recently, these infections have increased due to demanding contextual circumstances, such as environmental changes, increased migration of people and product distribution, rapid demographic changes, and outbreaks of novel viruses, including the COVID-19 outbreak. Internal variables that influence viral immunity have received attention along with these external causes to avert such novel viral outbreaks. The gastrointestinal…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Synthesis, characterization, DFT, antioxidant, antibacterial, pharmacokinetics and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease of some heterocyclic hydrazones</strong> - Three hydrazone derivatives have been synthesized using condensation reaction of 4-hydrazinylbenzoic acid with three aromatic aldehydes namely: thiophene-2-carbaldehyde, thiophene-3-carbaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde in ethanol at 78 °C reflux. The synthesized molecules have been characterized using spectroscopic and physicochemical methods including UV-Vis, IR, ¹H NMR, ^(13)C NMR, ^(15)N NMR and melting point determination. Optimized molecular structures, UV-Vis and IR spectra modeling, the…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Evacuation of Afghanistan Never Ended</strong> - A year after the last U.S. military flights left, some Afghans who are vulnerable to retribution from the Taliban are being resettled in the U.S. But others are stuck in third-party countries, and many remain trapped in Afghanistan, at great risk. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-evacuation-of-afghanistan-never-ended">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Censorship Machine Erasing China’s Feminist Movement</strong> - This summer, a viral video of a group of women being viciously attacked in a restaurant sparked national outrage. The response has been quashed. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-censorship-machine-erasing-chinas-feminist-movement">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Trying to Find Places for Asylum Seekers in New York City’s Homeless Shelters</strong> - An immigrants’-rights advocate describes receiving busloads of migrants from Texas at the Port Authority Bus Terminal. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/as-told-to/trying-to-find-places-for-asylum-seekers-in-new-york-citys-homeless-shelters">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Biden’s Student-Debt Plan Could Chip Away at the Racial Wealth Gap</strong> - Loan forgiveness and other measures don’t solve the problem of rising tuition costs, but they could help some Black families start to catch up. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/bidens-student-debt-plan-could-chip-away-at-the-racial-wealth-gap">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Joe Biden’s Big Month</strong> - The President is getting things done and reaffirming that his historic role is to defeat Trump and Trumpism. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/joe-bidens-big-month">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>So your kid wants to be an influencer</strong> -
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<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/hHfRfaCNaSn2DBmu-ZQzDzVDmoE=/117x0:2004x1415/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71306429/GettyImages_1320999347.0.jpg"/>
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Getty Images/Cavan Images RF
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Influencer” has become one of the most aspirational jobs for kids and adults. What now?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="t8qqCs">
When they were 4 years old, Benjamin Burroughs’s kids became obsessed with a YouTube channel called <a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/RyanToysReview">Ryan’s World</a>. The appeal wasn’t all that mysterious: In each Ryan’s World episode, a child (Ryan) would open up a bunch of toys and then play with them, allowing viewers to feel like they were playing alongside him. Their obsession with Ryan’s World went beyond the screen; almost immediately, each of Burroughs’s children asked if they could be a YouTuber, too.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9yUiG2">
“We said no,” says Burroughs, laughing. He and his wife’s concerns were fairly standard: They felt weird about monetizing their children, they didn’t want to create a digital footprint that couldn’t be erased, and they didn’t want to give mega-corporations like Google or Facebook even more information about their kids. But the experience led Burroughs, a professor of emerging media at the University of Nevada Las Vegas, to begin studying the fascinating, lucrative, and at times ethically questionable world of child influencers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VwuZ1W">
“Influencer” is now one of the most desired career paths for both children and adults. A <a href="https://morningconsult.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/The-Influencer-Report-Engaging-Gen-Z-and-Millennials.pdf">Morning Consult poll</a> found that 54 percent of Americans ages 13 to 38 would become an influencer if given the chance, while a <a href="https://theharrispoll.com/briefs/lego-group-kicks-off-global-program-to-inspire-the-next-generation-of-space-explorers-as-nasa-celebrates-50-years-of-moon-landing/">Harris Poll study</a> of 3,000 kids found that in both the US and the UK, if choosing between a teacher, a professional athlete, a musician, an astronaut, or a YouTuber, nearly 30 percent ranked YouTuber as their top choice.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mtggVa">
So where’s the line between making safe, informed decisions and crushing your child’s dreams? “On the one hand, parents can ask, ‘Why should I stifle my child’s creativity? They want to share something with the world,’” Burroughs says. “But then when it becomes a job, that’s where it becomes a gray area.” He recommends thinking about what kind of exposure you and your kid are willing to handle. “Is the child’s face going to be on camera? Are they doing voiceovers? Are you showcasing work they’ve done, such as animation? I would put these in different categories,” he says.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nf2OM5">
These were the kinds of questions Sarah Zeiler asked herself when her daughter Ellie started making YouTube videos as a young teen. “I was extremely encouraging,” she says. “I was like, if you love it, you should make it, not just watch other people’s content.” Zeiler instituted several rules: no bikinis, no duck lips, and no bragging about stuff you have. But when kids at school started making fun of Ellie’s videos — mostly fashion hauls and other formats popular with teen girls at the time — Ellie quit. Even though so many kids want to be influencers themselves, they can be incredibly tough on their peers who try to make it happen; whether or not they make it as popular influencers, there is an inevitable emotional toll of constant feedback, both online and off.
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<blockquote cite="https://www.tiktok.com/@elliezeiler/video/6872003177227586822" class="tiktok-embed">
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<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@elliezeiler?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="@elliezeiler"><span class="citation" data-cites="elliezeiler">@elliezeiler</span></a>
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<span class="citation" data-cites="sarahgzeiler">@sarahgzeiler</span> following people back on instagram today :)) @ ellie zeiler
</p>
<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/music/What-You-Know-Bout-Love-6847647314127932166?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="♬ What You Know Bout Love - Pop Smoke">♬ What You Know Bout Love - Pop Smoke</a>
</section>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0gTe4g">
Then quarantine hit and Ellie began <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@elliezeiler?lang=en">posting on TikTok</a>, where her videos immediately went viral. The content itself was standard for the form — she danced, she lip-synced, she wore cute outfits — but her viewers were mostly fascinated by how much she resembled TikTok’s biggest influencer at the time, Charli D’Amelio. Within two weeks, the Zeilers received inquiries from marketing companies, agents, and managers offering to bring her sponsored content deals, but thanks to Zeiler’s background in PR and marketing, she knew they needed to take time before signing anything. It also helped that Ellie was in high school when these opportunities rolled around. “The reason why it worked was because she was mature enough,” says Zeiler. “She really understood what we were saying to her.” They waited six months, when Ellie had amassed 3 million followers, to sign her first brand deal. (To this day, Ellie, now 18, is managed by her mother.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5PYWYp">
Zeiler hopes that parents of aspiring influencers will ensure that their children don’t assume they’ll get famous — or, if they do, that it will last forever. “Anybody who’s gotten to Ellie’s level knows it’s a little bit of luck turned into super-hard work,” she says. “What I would say is: Don’t quit school, and don’t quit your day job until you’re truly making a living for not just months, but years.” Even if they do hit the algorithmic jackpot, it’s important that influencing doesn’t become kids’ entire lives. “Have other things you’re spending time on that you can draw self-esteem from, because there’s no guarantee with this. We always wanted Ellie to feel like she had the option of not doing it.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VK8adh">
Teenagers who spend lots of time scrolling through their TikTok or YouTube feeds may find it difficult to understand that the chances of making a living from posting content is vanishingly small. When Burroughs’s freshman students enter the classroom, many of them say they want to be influencers, drawn in by the imagined lucrative lifestyle of having fun, making their own schedules, and getting free stuff. <a href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90432765/why-do-kids-want-to-be-influencers">Yet one 2018 analysis</a> showed that 85 percent of YouTube traffic went to just 3 percent of the channels, and that more than 96 percent of YouTubers make less than the US federal poverty line.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nX62eb">
Even if money isn’t a motivation, it’s only natural that kids will identify and idolize a kid who looks just like them, playing with toys on a screen. Ironically, that’s how Ryan of Ryan’s World became a YouTuber in the first place — he <a href="https://time.com/6116624/ryan-kaji-youtube/">watched other kids doing it, and he wanted to, too</a>. Burroughs warns that overidentifying with influencers can set up children for false expectations about what real life looks like. “Parents should have conversations with their kids to help them be aware that they’re being marketed to through influencers,” he says. “They make it seem like it’s totally normal for children to be constantly opening up toys all day long.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uzaIMI">
Perhaps this, rather than the particulars of a creator’s career, is what children and teenagers actually long for: excitement, beauty, a life without chores or homework, where the world is made up only of vacations and playtime. After all, who doesn’t?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iw2DFY">
<em>This column was first published in The Goods newsletter. </em><a href="https://www.vox.com/pages/newsletters"><em>Sign up here</em></a><em> so you don’t miss the next one, plus get newsletter exclusives.</em>
</p></li>
<li><strong>The “fairness” debate over student loan forgiveness, explained</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Protesters in front of the White House in Washington, DC, carry signs that read, “Cancel student debt.”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/wmpb7Gk9RZbhy_TyfJsSyL26dNE=/447x0:7604x5368/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71306479/1417997644.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Student loan borrowers staged a rally on August 25 in front of the White House to celebrate President Biden canceling student debt and to begin the fight to cancel any remaining debt. | Paul Morigi/Getty Images for We the 45m
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Why economists are fighting over whether canceling debt is a good idea.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mATIXd">
For many of the 43 million Americans with federal student loan debt, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/8/24/23319967/student-loan-payments-debt-forgiveness-biden">President Joe Biden’s plan to forgive up to $20,000 in debt</a> is unequivocally good news.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="N7IJa6">
But in the days since the policy was announced, it has also led to pushback, debate, and controversy — arguments that are likely to be studied for months and adjudicated by researchers for years, if not decades.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ijmqLj">
There are two leading — and overlapping — criticisms of the loan forgiveness plan. One question is whether debt forgiveness is the right thing to do. It asks whether forgiving student loans is the best way to spend an estimated <a href="https://www.crfb.org/blogs/new-student-debt-changes-will-cost-half-trillion-dollars">$500 billion</a>, given that some, though not all, of those who benefit have college degrees and relatively high household incomes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ppX5dO">
The other is about whether debt forgiveness is the right thing to do right now. If households freed from the burdens of their debts spend more money, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/8/25/23320825/student-loan-debt-forgiveness-inflation">it could drive inflation higher</a> — meaning that the consequences of loan forgiveness would be borne by everyone, and soon. To dampen inflation, the Federal Reserve is <a href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/fed-officials-see-us-interest-rates-rising-further-2022-08-30/">actively trying</a> to get consumers to spend less.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="202v9F">
It’s unsurprising that Biden’s political opponents have raised these concerns. But the criticism has also extended to some economists who have served in previous Democratic administrations or consider themselves sympathetic to Biden’s goals. “Pouring roughly half trillion dollars of gasoline on the inflationary fire that is already burning is reckless,” Jason Furman, President Barack Obama’s chief economist, <a href="https://twitter.com/jasonfurman/status/1562503985529233410">tweeted</a> when Biden’s plan was announced.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qIOaX9">
<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/opinion/student-loan-debt-relief-biden.html">Not all economists agree with Furman’s view</a>. But the fact that the inflation debate is happening at all is a sign of how broader economic trends have shifted.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yhKUbn">
The push for student debt forgiveness was born a decade ago in the depths of the Great Recession, when even college graduates struggled to find work. Inflation was low and falling. It’s become reality under very different economic circumstances, and that shift is part of what’s fueling the current debate.
</p>
<h3 id="5aFyHX">
The first debate: Is loan forgiveness the right thing to do?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hSBHrt">
The Biden administration crafted its student debt forgiveness proposal in an attempt to avoid benefiting the wealthiest families. To be eligible for $10,000 in loan forgiveness, student debtors must have earned <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/8/24/23319967/student-loan-payments-debt-forgiveness-biden">less than $125,000</a> (or $250,000 for a married couple) in the 2020 or 2021 tax years.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YPP46b">
Students who receive Pell Grants to attend college — meaning they came from low-income families, overwhelmingly earning less than the median household income in the United States — are eligible for an additional $10,000 in debt relief. This is an extra boost for those who started higher education without the safety net of intergenerational wealth.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uzfcFr">
The proposal would entirely wipe out student debt for 20 million people — nearly half of the 43 million Americans who borrowed to pay for college and are still paying the loans back. An analysis from the Education Department <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/24/fact-sheet-president-biden-announces-student-loan-relief-for-borrowers-who-need-it-most/">found that almost 90 percent</a> of the benefits would go to people earning less than $75,000 per year, though because any loans taken out before July 2022 are eligible for forgiveness, that figure includes current students and very recent graduates whose salaries could rise in the near future.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rkdQs6">
The reaction from Biden’s opponents has been to call forgiveness unfair, both to those who didn’t attend college and to those who already paid off their loans.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ky42fw">
Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, who would have perhaps the most to gain from a political backlash to the program, called the idea “a slap in the face to every family who sacrificed to save for college, every graduate who paid their debt, and every American who chose a certain career path or volunteered to serve in our Armed Forces in order to avoid taking on debt.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vz7K0l">
This attitude is in line with how policymakers in the United States have typically viewed higher education. The federal government helps some students from poor families by offering Pell Grants that don’t have to be paid back, although the grant, which tops out at just under $7,000, means the <a href="https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2019/2019489rev.pdf">majority of recipients still need loans</a>. But the bulk of federal financial aid to students comes in the form of loans.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NjTzCl">
The American system of higher education finance is based on the idea that a college degree primarily benefits the individual who earns it.<strong> </strong>The federal government issues a small leg up by offering loans at a cheaper rate than a private bank would offer to an 18-year-old with no credit history or a young adult trying to support a family while earning a degree. (The current rate on an undergraduate student loan is just <a href="https://studentaid.gov/help-center/answers/article/what-is-current-interest-rate-for-direct-unsubsidized-loans">under 5 percent</a>, compared to <a href="https://www.bankrate.com/loans/student-loans/private-student-loans/">up to 14 percent</a> from a private lender.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KXBKfO">
A few assumptions underlie all of this: that most student loan borrowers are young people working toward bachelor’s degrees, that they will graduate, and that the degree will help them earn back more than enough to pay their debts. Hence the pushback against loan forgiveness: Why help out a 20-something who majored in philosophy at an expensive private college, instead of the 50-year-old next door with no degree at all?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fRL1L5">
But those assumptions are no longer always true. Biden’s plan is intended to fit the reality of the student loan program as it exists today. The lines between those who will benefit from debt forgiveness and those who are left on the sidelines are blurrier than blue-collar versus white-collar, working-class versus middle-class, old versus young.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GINWrx">
One in five people with outstanding student loans is <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/us-journal/the-aging-student-debtors-of-america">over age 50</a>, some of whom likely borrowed on their own behalf (including those who pursued graduate degrees) and some of whom took out loans to pay for their children’s education. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/11/upshot/new-data-gives-clearer-picture-of-student-debt.html">Many student debtors</a> are no longer young adults starting at a four-year college; they’re older and more likely to attend a community college or for-profit program. An <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/01/your-money/student-loan-debt-degree.html">analysis</a> by Mark Huelsman, director of policy and advocacy at the Hope Center for College, Community and Justice at Temple University, found that almost 40 percent of those who entered college in the 2011-12 school year and took on student debt never earned a credential.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aOMC2V">
Forgiveness will be especially helpful to those in default — the terrifying Upside Down of the financial aid system, where, after at least 9 months of missed payments, the Education Department can garnish wages and even Social Security checks in order to get its money back. The typical defaulter did not graduate and <a href="https://www.americanprogress.org/article/student-loan-defaulters/">owes just under $10,000</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9GILLi">
There are other versions of the fairness argument circulating. One holds that forgiveness is unfair to those who borrowed but paid off their debts — an argument that could be raised against any social program on behalf of those who were born too early to benefit from it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3pQnFs">
The <a href="https://twitter.com/jmhorp/status/1563164939803848712">counterpoint</a> to these critiques is that critics are holding student debt forgiveness to a fairness standard applied to few other government programs or benefits. Forgiveness could be life-changing for millions of people, especially those struggling with default, the argument goes, while hurting no one.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="peY3n4">
Which is where the other part of the critiques come in.
</p>
<h3 id="P46Gyj">
Is it the right thing to do right now?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2jkKUW">
The student debt forgiveness movement emerged about a decade ago from the crucible of the Great Recession. Students were borrowing more than ever to pay for college and, amid the cratering economy, were struggling to find jobs that would help them pay their loans back.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Hfx68a">
In 2012, the <a href="https://www.bls.gov/charts/employment-situation/unemployment-rates-for-persons-25-years-and-older-by-educational-attainment.htm">unemployment rate</a> for bachelor’s degree holders was around 4.5 percent, and nearly 8 percent for college dropouts and those with two-year degrees. Interest rates were low. A prominent argument against student debt for the next eight years was that it was slowing down the economy: Young adults burdened by debt were being held back from buying homes, starting businesses, and spending money.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DWArQx">
Few could foresee that by the time forgiveness became a reality, unemployment for bachelor’s degree recipients would have halved, interest rates would have more than doubled, and inflation would be the overriding economic concern. Even in 2019, when loan forgiveness became a serious issue in a Democratic primary campaign for the first time, inflation was rarely mentioned; by the 2020 election, with the economy contracting from the shock of the coronavirus pandemic, student debt forgiveness seemed to have a plausible path to becoming reality as a form of stimulus.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DLb2Gh">
In the past year, though, things have changed. With consumer prices up <a href="https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm">8.5 percent</a> over a year ago, some economists now argue that debt cancellation is too big a risk. The concern is that, freed from loan debt or facing reduced payments, student borrowers will spend more at a time when the Federal Reserve is trying its best to get Americans to spend less and cool down the economy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EVt6Yw">
How much of an effect this will have — if it has one at all — is the subject of further debate.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ttFSNN">
The federal government paused repayment on most student loans during the pandemic, so millions of borrowers have not had to make a payment on their student loans in two years. The majority of student loan debtors will need to return to making some kind of payment in January, when the pause expires, even if it’s less than they would have had to pay before forgiveness.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HutWJ9">
The student loan pause was always supposed to end eventually, and it will in January. But for the past two years, the moratorium was extended multiple times, leading to an unusual situation: tens of millions of people owed student debt but didn’t have to make any payments.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xuiJEk">
Now, this situation is at the heart of the debate over inflation. When economists warn that student debt will drive up prices for everyone, what are they comparing it to? The current situation, where no one is making payments at all?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JFzHwa">
An analysis by Goldman Sachs economists <a href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/goldman-sachs-has-run-the-numbers-on-student-loan-relief-heres-their-assessment-11661417918">found</a> that the impact of forgiveness on inflation is likely to be offset by most borrowers resuming payments when the student loan pause ends in January. People who have had their loans forgiven will continue to pay what they’ve been paying for the past two years (nothing), meaning that their household spending should be unaffected. But people who owed more than Biden could forgive, or who earned too much to qualify for forgiveness, will have to resume making payments after two years of not doing so, meaning they’ll actually have less money to spend on everything else.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="donjCZ">
Or is the proper comparison an alternate path, where Biden allowed payments to resume for all loans, meaning that more people would owe more money per month than they will under the new plan?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sq1lRz">
Furman <a href="https://twitter.com/jasonfurman/status/1562830721252614144">estimated</a> that the loan forgiveness plan, even with the resumption of payments for most borrowers in January, could drive up inflation by 0.2 to 0.3 percentage points, compared to the alternative of resuming payments for everyone at their existing debt loads. If inflation continues to rise, prices will become more expensive for all households, meaning that American consumers broadly would pay for the consequences of debt forgiveness.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Fv2Hlw">
Ultimately, this argument about inflation is also tied up with the concerns about fairness. If student debt forgiveness drives inflation slightly higher, is that worth it?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NN36ak">
Critics argue that it is not: “Student loan debt relief is spending that raises demand and increases inflation,” former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers tweeted last week. “It consumes resources that could be better used helping those who did not, for whatever reason, have the chance to attend college. It will also tend to be inflationary by raising tuitions.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="997is6">
But that position is not universal. “I am not in favor of framing student-loan policy as a lever for managing inflation,” Sue Dynarski, a Harvard professor, an expert on higher education finance, and a former forgiveness skeptic, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/opinion/student-loan-debt-relief-biden.html">wrote in the New York Times</a> on Tuesday. “Eliminating food subsidies for poor families — SNAP, as the food stamp program is known today — would definitely slow the economy, but that doesn’t mean we should do it.”
</p>
<h3 id="zvdRay">
Where do we go from here?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XvXJdZ">
One thing virtually all sides of the debate agree on is that one-time forgiveness is not enough. It is, by design, a one-off — siblings from the same family who graduate from college a few years apart, having borrowed the same amount to pay for it, could end up with debt loads that differ by thousands of dollars.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="v55AAy">
The Biden administration is hoping to make income-based student loan repayment more generous, <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/24/fact-sheet-president-biden-announces-student-loan-relief-for-borrowers-who-need-it-most/">outlining changes</a> that would require borrowers to pay 5 percent of discretionary income per month (down from 10 percent in the current program).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="neRueU">
But there is currently no federal plan to actually make college cheaper for students, to reduce borrowing, or to hold colleges accountable for whether students can pay off their loans. That’s not for lack of ideas or for lack of trying. The Obama administration proposed rating colleges based on the “value” they provide to students, an attempt that ultimately went nowhere.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QT9mA7">
In 2016, both Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton called for the federal government to partner with states to make college tuition cheaper. It inspired many of the same debates that loan forgiveness has provoked — should college be subsidized for everyone, and if so, by how much? But the “free college” program was ultimately one of the first things dropped from Democrats’ legislative agenda.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KTc1aO">
The scope of Biden’s student debt forgiveness plan might seem radical. But by leaving the ultimate structure of how American higher education is paid for unchanged, it’s actually a less dramatic departure than any of the alternatives.
</p></li>
<li><strong>How to set boundaries when your family sides with your ex</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="An illustration of three people on a couch with the center person X’ed out, as an onlooker watches." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_zvPulCIyu1cjGf6g0PMRokn-YQ=/375x0:2626x1688/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71306438/STORY_10_SET_2.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
After a breakup, your family might have to recalibrate. Here’s how to go about it. | Shanée Benjamin for Vox
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
You moved on from your relationship. Now your family has to move on too. 
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5yx0vB">
Breaking up with someone is rarely easy, and that’s even more the case when your family refuses to let go. Maybe your former partner came for all the holidays, and your mom won’t stop talking about the time he saved her dog from choking; maybe your cousin keeps comparing your newest love interest to the relationship that ended half a decade ago. In my family’s case, my brother-in-law walking out on my sister slashed our family in two: those who empathized with my sister, and those who threw their lot in with her ex. This obviously got complicated because we had spent over two decades falling in love with my ex brother-in-law, but he was no longer the person we met long ago.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7Qyx7o">
Ending a relationship doesn’t just mean extricating yourself; it can also mean navigating the often messy connections they have with other people in your life. I spoke with four relationship experts about setting clear expectations with family members who are facing their own losses from the breakup.
</p>
<h3 id="6t1FoY">
Leaving a relationship impacts the entire family system
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HeqVax">
Ending a relationship takes bravery and a willingness to face reality, says Jessica Ashley, a divorce coach for moms and the author of <em>Divorce 911: How to Handle Everyday Divorce Emergencies</em>. While many of the popular narratives around breakups and divorce are focused on failure and devastation, in truth, she says, it can often lead people to pursue a happier, healthier version of themselves. A relationship’s end can come after years of suffocating your own needs, especially for women who have often “put themselves so far down the list that sometimes they don’t even know what they want.” However, just because you accepted that your relationship did not play out as you envisioned doesn’t mean your extended family will easily be able to do the same.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cNBFuf">
Partners are often interwoven into family systems, and there is normally a way of vetting who is let in, says Nikki Coleman, a psychologist and relationship expert who practices in Alabama. Once the ex was able to establish themselves as a trustworthy part of the group, they probably took on some specific roles. “There’s expectations for them in the group, and all of a sudden you take that person out. The system has to recalibrate itself, and that does not happen overnight,” Coleman says.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8sfkTF">
That recalibration can be confusing. It may take time. You might need to have many sensitive conversations with family members. You may waver on your boundaries yourself, testing your limits with your ex, maybe still hanging out or having sexual relations with them, says Coleman, and you shouldn’t judge yourself if you struggle to let go. Leaving the relationship is your choice to make and so are the boundaries you set, and they may fluctuate.
</p>
<h3 id="IFqNLK">
Setting boundaries
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EI5pid">
After a split, the first — and most important — boundary to set is how much information you plan to share with family members. “Don’t feel like you have to get into all the details of what went wrong or how the person wasn’t the right fit for you,” said Coleman. Keep in mind that it’s not your job to convince your family about your decisions; it’s your job to take care of yourself.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JuMeEX">
An easy method you can use to ease family into a routine is to set boundaries for 30 days, Ashley says. Establish a 30-day hiatus from discussing your ex at family dinners. When the boundary becomes a habit, you can extend it. When having the discussion to set the boundary, use clear and concise language: “It’s a tweet. It’s not a Facebook post your aunt wrote,” she says. “This is my healthy boundary. And I’m asking you to respect it. Period.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3uAw4e">
The family might benefit from a quick explanation of why the boundary is important, says Coleman, who recommends using statements such as, “This doesn’t feel good to me. This isn’t helpful for me. There are things about this relationship that maybe you don’t know about.” Once boundaries are set, she says to “just forget it.” You did your part, now you just have to repeat them as needed, clarifying details.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bhoFxE">
When choosing the method to have the conversation — telephone, text, or in person — Ashley says it’s important to ask yourself, ”How does this serve me well?” She recommends you go in “clear, calm, and confident,” with an exit plan “so [you’re] not slamming the door, getting [yourself] all riled up or expending more energy.” Because the conversation can be incredibly emotional, it’s important to have a self-care plan for after, whether that be journaling, breath work, dancing with the music cranked up, or screaming from a balcony.
</p>
<h3 id="iumtnF">
Boundaries are evolving
</h3>
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If it feels like you can’t be yourself in family situations or are taken for granted, it might be time to renegotiate boundaries, says Coleman.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6znmum">
“It’s usually not the person setting [boundaries] that has a hard time [keeping them]. It’s the people on the other side of the boundaries that continue to push,” Coleman says. Ensure that your needs are interpreted as boundaries and not suggestions by holding people accountable. If they keep crossing lines, that might mean telling them, “I’ll see you on holidays. And that’s it.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bkUwYN">
There can be room for negotiation if you are open to it, says Coleman. Maybe your ex and your brother have always played baseball on Saturdays. But if you give a family member permission to hang out with an ex, there should be a zero-tolerance rule for discussing your business with your ex or your ex’s with you. “They don’t get access to who I’m dating,” Coleman explains. “What else I’m doing. If I’m changing jobs. I’m not part of your conversation when y’all are together. And I don’t want you to bring the stuff from them to me.”
</p>
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Of course, “The rules change if children are involved,” says Rachel Sussman, a psychotherapist and the author of <em>The Breakup Bible: The Smart Woman’s Guide to Healing from a Breakup or Divorce</em>. “If you have a decent divorce, I have seen parents say to their daughter or son, ‘For the sake of our grandchildren, we want to maintain a relationship with your ex-wife or your ex-husband.’”
</p>
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Ashley believes learning to advocate for yourself and set boundaries can be a powerful model for your children. She says you should think about what you would want your children to do if they were leaving an unhealthy relationship. “What would you say to them? What will you want them to know? My hope is that when my children experience [a breakup], they will come to me because they not only know that I have made the choice for us and for them and changed my life when it wasn’t easy, but that they’ve seen it in action.”
</p>
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When parents can settle into separate spaces and create appropriate boundaries, it can allow everyone involved to “build the health they need,” says Ashley. “That doesn’t mean there’s not pain and trauma to get there. But in some situations, families can figure out amicable and respectable ways to interact, and sometimes it’s healthier to be separate completely.”
</p>
<h3 id="05MkDo">
It’s their issues, not yours
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tIcnZd">
Often, family members create an image of a person, and we put them in a box, says Coleman. “When people violate that box, some of us aren’t able to integrate that new information. We just can’t make it make sense.” This is especially true when abuse is involved. Our society often portrays abusers as horrible people, so when a family member loves the abuser, when the abuser has truly been kind to them, it can be nearly impossible to align the images. So family members may outright dismiss the abuse.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xGfz1c">
But Sussman says that when family hangs out with an abusive ex like nothing happened, it “is like re-abusing the person.” Still, it’s important to remember that they are the ones with issues, not you.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JDP9bF">
Josh Jonas, psychotherapist and the director of the Village Institute for Psychotherapy in New York City, believes that when a parent or family member knows the abuse you’ve been through and still says, “‘Well, hey, look, we understand this person did X, Y, and Z, but we like him,’ it’s a very narcissistic statement.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="I1mw39">
This lack of support, Jonas guarantees, is nothing new. “It’s maybe a different flavor, but it’s the same frustration that [you’ve] been feeling with [your] parents for decades … Which is, I don’t feel understood by them. I don’t feel heard by them. They seem to just do what they want to do.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oDGTT9">
Debating with a narcissist will go nowhere, says Jonas, so you need to give up hope that they will change and take on a new objective: “solving for calmness.” That might mean that you still see the family member, but the moment you find yourself fighting with them, you make your exit.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HNCLJM">
Coleman recommends being relentless with boundaries toward family who are still in contact with an abuser. If you remain in a relationship with the family member, the question to ask is, “How do we hold space together as a family when there’s this legitimate disconnect that’s happening here? What are the ways that we can be together and still love each other and demonstrate that relationship as family, but also, let’s just be honest, things have shifted.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hDbmBD">
Holding firm boundaries might mean cutting a family member off, says Sussman, until “you get to a place in your own growth, in your own recovery, where you can say to yourself, I feel compassion for this person because of their own flaws.”
</p>
<h3 id="ajtvLh">
Surround yourself with people who support you
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Sxv3Vf">
“You can’t heal your burns while you’re standing in the fire,” says Ashley. If your family isn’t supporting you, find people who are. That may include a therapist, divorce coach, cousin, or mom from playgroup. Just make sure everyone shows up for you so you can thrive.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KhqtEN">
“Don’t let divorce be your personality,” says Ashley. “You still get to go to book club and have political discussions and be who you are with those people outside of your divorce.” Distance yourself from anyone who wants to linger on breakup drama or cause more.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="suMt7N">
Healing from a breakup takes time, but learning to advocate for yourself and set boundaries can be deeply empowering. When my sister started her new life as a single mom, she clearly stated her needs to each family member, then she went and lived her life, embarking on a new adventure on the opposite side of the country, rediscovering her passions, finding the joy she lacked during the last years of her marriage. “We have this great opportunity to say, ‘Here’s what I’m changing about my life and here’s who I choose to be,’” says Ashley. “And that can be big. And it can be incredibly powerful.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2CFhtn">
<a href="http://www.vox.com/even-better"><em><strong>Even Better</strong></em></a><em> is here to offer deeply sourced, actionable advice for helping you live a better life. Do you have a question on money and work; friends, family, and community; or personal growth and health? Send us your question by filling out this </em><a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfiStGSlsWDBmglim7Dh1Y9Hy386rkeKGpfwF6BCjmgnZdqfQ/viewform"><em><strong>form</strong></em></a><em>. We might turn it into a story.</em>
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Lakshya Sen makes first round exit from Japan Open</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>U.S. Open | 4-time Slam champ Naomi Osaka loses to American Danielle Collins</strong> - Danielle Collins reached her first major final at the Australian Open in January and displayed that same sort of hard-court talent with a 7-6 (5), 6-3 victory over Naomi Osaka</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>U.S. Open 2022 | Nadal wins 1st match in New York since 2019</strong> - Nadal did not show any serious lingering effects from the torn abdominal muscle that forced him to pull out of Wimbledon</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Venus Williams out of U.S. Open; defending champion Raducanu loses too</strong> - Venus Williams lost her first-round match at the U.S. Open</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>T20’s narrower focus makes it easier to evaluate performance</strong> - The format demands a here-and-now approach both as a strategy to score runs or take wickets as well as while selecting teams</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Kochi police chalk out strict traffic regulations, parking restrictions ahead of PM Modi’s visit</strong> - Police have thrown a security blanket over the City ahead of the Prime Minister’s visit</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Explained | Why are the fisherfolk demanding to stop the construction of Vizhinjam port project</strong> - Why have the fisherfolk living in and around Vizhinjam laid siege to the international port project? Is the port construction causing increased sea erosion in the area?</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Assam bulldozes another madrasa linked to al-Qaeda</strong> - This is the third one demolished since the arrest of 37 people, including the imam of a mosque and madrasa teachers allegedly associated with terror groups</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>HC reserves its order on Adani port’s petition for police protection</strong> - The petition said that protesters were trying to prevent/ delay the commissioning of the project by obstructing the construction work</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Congress chief Sonia Gandhi's mother passes away</strong> - Sonia, Rahul and Priyanka already abroad and visited Paola Maino</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Russia: Mikhail Gorbachev changed history, but was wrong about ties to West</strong> - The former president opened up the Soviet Union but failed to prevent its collapse in 1991.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mikhail Gorbachev: Remembering a warm-hearted and generous man</strong> - The BBC’s Steve Rosenberg recalls his meetings with the late Mikhail Gorbachev over the past 20 years.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Gorbachev: Little love for late Soviet leader in Russia’s old empire</strong> - The last Soviet leader is lionised in the West but opinion is far more negative in the old communist bloc.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Giant hailstone: Toddler killed in violent Spanish storm</strong> - Around 50 people are injured by hailstones that measured up to 10cm in diameter.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Switzerland’s vanishing glaciers threaten Europe’s water supply</strong> - Ice in the Swiss Alps provides water for rivers, crops and the cooling of nuclear power stations.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>First US death linked to monkeypox reported in immunocompromised adult in Texas</strong> - Officials are still determining the exact cause of death, which occurred August 28. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1877105">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Leaked Switch-esque portable from Logitech could be great for streaming, emulation</strong> - Logitech and Tencent have announced plans to make a streaming-focused portable. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1877033">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Portal 2 ends 9 years of Xbox 360 “Games with Gold” freebies</strong> - Subscribers got over 200 Xbox 360 games; previously claimed titles will still work. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1877061">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>These self-morphing 3D wood shapes could be future of wood manufacturing</strong> - Someday, wood furniture could be shipped flat and then dried to form a final shape. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1876703">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Organizations are spending billions on malware defense that’s easy to bypass</strong> - Two of the simplest forms of evasion are surprisingly effective against EDRs. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1876978">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Billy’s diagnosis</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Billy was just diagnosed with a terminal cancer. The doctor gave him 3 weeks to live.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Billy came home and called his son upstairs. With a heavy voice, Billy said “I have cancer and I only have 3 weeks left to live. It is in our family’s tradition to drink ourselves out in such events.” The son cried briefly and the two went to their favorite pub and drowned themselves in alcohol.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Billy’s workmates suddenly showed up and noticed the mass amount of empty pints on the table and asked what’s the occasion. Billy answered while sobbing “I have a bad case of AIDS and herpes. The doctor gave me 3 weeks to live.” The colleagues are shocked and saddened by the news. They offered to pay the tab and buy even more drinks. The group had the time of their lives, sharing stories and bidding Billy an early farewell.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
After everyone is finished and went home, Billy’s son said “Dad, I thought you had cancer.” Billy replied “I do have cancer, but I don’t want those bastards sleeping with your mother.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/soveranol"> /u/soveranol </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/x20ksl/billys_diagnosis/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/x20ksl/billys_diagnosis/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>If I had a quarter for every time someone over 40 told me my generation sucks…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Then I could afford a house in the economy they ruined.
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<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/skgamer167"> /u/skgamer167 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/x1vyzp/if_i_had_a_quarter_for_every_time_someone_over_40/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/x1vyzp/if_i_had_a_quarter_for_every_time_someone_over_40/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>A rabbit is running around the woods</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
When he encounters and elephant, who was just about to light a joint.
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The rabbit yells: “No!! Are you seriously gonna throw your life away like that? Come run with me, that’s way more healthy!!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
So the elephant starts running with the rabbit, they run through the woods until they encounter a hare, who was about to snort a line.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Again, the rabbit yells: “No!! Are you seriously gonna throw your life away like that? Come run with me, that’s way more healthy!!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
So the hare starts running with the rabbit and elephant, they run thru the woods until they encounter a fox, who was about to shoot some heroin.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Once again, the rabbit goes: “No!! Are yo seriously gonna throw your life away? Come run with me, that’s way more healthy!!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The fox walks up to the rabbit and punches him square in the face, knocking him out instantly.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The elephant then says: “Dude, why did you do that?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
To which the fox replies: “That motherfucker always tries to make me run when he’s on speed.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/hampterboi"> /u/hampterboi </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/x27d28/a_rabbit_is_running_around_the_woods/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/x27d28/a_rabbit_is_running_around_the_woods/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>After we had sex, my boyfriend and I were talking over dinner and I asked if, when we were done eating, would he mind putting a load in the dishwasher.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He responded, “The one earlier wasn’t enough?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
(This actually just happened but I had to reword it a tiny bit to make it into a punchline)
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/DineandRecline"> /u/DineandRecline </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/x20nll/after_we_had_sex_my_boyfriend_and_i_were_talking/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/x20nll/after_we_had_sex_my_boyfriend_and_i_were_talking/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>A man just assaulted me with milk, cream and butter.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
How dairy.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/J-rixon"> /u/J-rixon </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/x287y8/a_man_just_assaulted_me_with_milk_cream_and_butter/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/x287y8/a_man_just_assaulted_me_with_milk_cream_and_butter/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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