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<title>16 June, 2023</title>
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<title>Covid-19 Sentry</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Perceptions Matter: Quasi-Experimental Evidence on the Effects of Spain’s New Minimum Income on Households’ Financial Wellbeing</strong> -
<div>
This paper examines how minimum income schemes (MISs) affect households’ financial wellbeing and whether this effect differs across objective material conditions and households’ perceptions. Two reasons motivate this study. First, while the Covid-19 pandemic, the ecological transition and the cost-of-living crisis have all prompted a renewed interest in MISs, no consensus exists on how effective these schemes are in improving households’ financial wellbeing. Second, when evaluating MISs, the literature focuses on objective measures of financial wellbeing, namely monetary poverty. Yet, peoples’ perceptions of their own situation can be instrumental in affecting their health, productivity and decision-making and can reveal important information about adaptation mechanisms or spillovers to non-recipients. This paper examines the case study of Spain, a country that introduced a new MIS in 2020. The study uses Eurostat survey data for the 2010-2022 period in a Synthetic Control Method analysis. The results show that, while the policy had no significant effect on objective financial wellbeing measures (i.e. the poverty rate, the poverty gap and mean income) for its first year and a half of existence, it did considerably improve subjective financial wellbeing after two years and a half, as it helped households feel less pessimistic about the evolution of their finances during the Covid-19 and cost-of-living crises. The paper discusses several mechanisms explaining this differentiated impact of the policy, such as its lagged rollout, the improvements made to the benefit from 2022 as well as anticipation, placebo and positive spillover effects of the MIS. The findings highlight the importance for practitioners to consider subjective measures when assessing income support schemes.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/wv7xt/" target="_blank">Perceptions Matter: Quasi-Experimental Evidence on the Effects of Spain’s New Minimum Income on Households’ Financial Wellbeing</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Measuring short-term mobility patterns in North America using Facebook Advertising data, with an application to adjusting Covid-19 mortality rates</strong> -
<div>
Patterns and trends in short-term mobility are important to understand, but data required to measure such movements are often not available from traditional sources. We collected daily data from Facebook’s Advertising Platform to measure short-term mobility across all states and provinces in the United States and Canada. We show that rates of short-term travel vary substantially over geographic area, but also by age and sex, with the highest rates of travel generally for males. Strong seasonal patterns are apparent in travel to many areas, with different regions experiencing either increased travel or decreased travel over winter, depending on climate. Further, some areas appear to show marked changes in mobility patterns since the onset of the pandemic. We used the traveler rates constructed from Facebook to adjust Covid-19 mortality rates over the period July 2020 to July 2021, and showed that accounting for travelers leads to on average a 3 per cent difference in implied mortality rates, with substantial variation across demographic groups and regions.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/bev4p/" target="_blank">Measuring short-term mobility patterns in North America using Facebook Advertising data, with an application to adjusting Covid-19 mortality rates</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Are patterns of discounting choices stable over time?</strong> -
<div>
Few studies have examined the stability of discounting responses over time. We examined delay and probabilistic discounting of losses at two time points, 13-16 months apart. We found that people do change over time in the frequency with which they select immediate and certain losses. These changes in discounting steepness for delayed and probabilistic losses were predicted by different profiles of state-dependent factors (i.e., local numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths, anxiety, and depression). We also identified subgroups of individuals with different loss response patterns, and although the tendency to switch between subgroups over time was below chance, it was not negligible, particularly for delay discounting. Further, subgroup changes for delay, but not probabilistic, discounting were influenced by age as well as instability of income and intolerance of uncertainty. Together, these findings indicate the importance of considering temporal stability and the role of state-dependent factors in discounting research.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/4d7ny/" target="_blank">Are patterns of discounting choices stable over time?</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Inclusion of glycopeptides in hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike ectodomain provides increased sequence coverage</strong> -
<div>
Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) can provide precise analysis of a protein's conformational dynamics across varied states, such as heat-denatured vs. native protein structures, localizing regions that are specifically affected by such conditional changes. Maximizing protein sequence coverage provides high confidence that regions of interest were located by HDX-MS, but one challenge for complete sequence coverage is N-glycosylation sites. The deuteration of glycopeptides has not always been identified in previous reports of HDX-MS analyses, causing significant sequence coverage gaps in heavily glycosylated proteins and uncertainty in structural dynamics in many regions throughout a glycoprotein. We report HDX-MS analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein ectodomain in its trimeric pre-fusion form, which has 22 predicted N-glycosylation sites per monomer, with and without heat treatment. We identified glycopeptides and calculated their isotopic mass shifts from deuteration. Inclusion of the deuterated glycopeptides increased sequence coverage of spike ectodomain from 76% to 84%, demonstrated that glycopeptides had been deuterated, and improved confidence in results localizing structural re-arrangements. Inclusion of deuterated glycopeptides improves the analysis of the conformational dynamics of glycoproteins such as viral surface antigens and cellular receptors.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544985v1" target="_blank">Inclusion of glycopeptides in hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike ectodomain provides increased sequence coverage</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>ACE-2-like enzymatic activity is associated with immunoglobulin in COVID-19 patients</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Many mechanisms responsible for COVID-19 pathogenesis are well-established, but COVID-19 includes features with unclear pathogenesis, such as autonomic dysregulation, coagulopathies, and high levels of inflammation. The receptor for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein9s receptor binding domain (RBD) is angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). We hypothesized that some COVID-19 patients may develop antibodies that have negative molecular image of RBD sufficiently similar to ACE2 to yield ACE2-like catalytic activity — ACE2-like abzymes. To explore this hypothesis, we studied patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who had plasma samples available obtained about 7 days after admission. ACE2 is a metalloprotease that requires Zn2+ for activity. However, we found that the plasma from some patients studied could cleave a synthetic ACE2 peptide substrate, even though the plasma samples were collected using disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) anticoagulant. When we spiked plasma with synthetic ACE2, no ACE2 substrate cleavage activity was observed unless Zn2+ was added or the plasma was diluted to decrease EDTA concentration. After processing samples by 100 kDa size exclusion columns and protein A/G adsorption, which depleted immunoglobulin by &gt;99.99%, the plasma samples did not cleave the ACE2 substrate peptide. The data suggest that some patients with COVID-19 develop antibodies with abzyme-like activity capable of cleaving synthetic ACE2 substrate. Since abzymes can exhibit promiscuous substrate specificities compared to the enzyme whose active site image they resemble, and since proteolytic cascades regulate many physiologic processes, anti-RBD abzymes may contribute to some otherwise obscure COVID-19 pathogenesis.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.22283685v2" target="_blank">ACE-2-like enzymatic activity is associated with immunoglobulin in COVID-19 patients</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Common molecular signatures between coronavirus infection and Alzheimer’s disease reveal targets for drug development</strong> -
<div>
Cognitive decline has been reported as a common consequence of COVID-19, and studies have suggested a link between COVID-19 infection and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. To shed light on this link, we conducted an integrated genomic analysis using a novel Robust Rank Aggregation method to identify common transcriptional signatures of the frontal cortex, a critical area for cognitive function, between individuals with AD and COVID-19. We then performed various analyses, including the KEGG pathway, GO ontology, protein-protein interaction, hub gene, gene-miRNA, and gene-transcription factor interaction analyses to identify molecular components of biological pathways that are associated with AD in the brain also show similar changes in severe COVID-19. Our findings revealed the molecular mechanisms underpinning the association between COVID-19 infection and AD development and identified several genes, miRNAs, and TFs that may be targeted for therapeutic purposes. However, further research is needed to investigate the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of these findings.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544970v1" target="_blank">Common molecular signatures between coronavirus infection and Alzheimer’s disease reveal targets for drug development</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Obesity Differs from Diabetes Mellitus in Antibody and T Cell Responses Post COVID-19 Recovery</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objective: Obesity and type 2 diabetes (DM) are risk factors for severe COVID-19 outcomes, which disproportionately affect South Asian populations. This study aims to investigate the humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in adult COVID-19 survivors with obesity and DM in Bangladesh. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses were investigated in 63 healthy and 75 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 recovered individuals in Bangladesh, during the pre-vaccination first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Results: In COVID-19 survivors, SARS-CoV-2 infection induced robust antibody and T cell responses, which correlated with disease severity. After adjusting for age, sex, DM status, disease severity, and time since onset of symptoms, obesity was associated with decreased neutralising antibody titers, and increased SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IFN-γ response along with increased proliferation and IL-2 production by CD8+ T cells. In contrast, DM was not associated with SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses after adjustment for obesity and other confounders. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with lower neutralising antibody levels and higher T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 post COVID-19 recovery, while antibody or T cell responses remain unaltered in DM.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.23291375v1" target="_blank">Obesity Differs from Diabetes Mellitus in Antibody and T Cell Responses Post COVID-19 Recovery</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Association between vaccination rates and severe COVID-19 health outcomes in the United States: a population-level statistical analysis</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Vaccine development and distribution have been at the forefront of efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. As the vaccines have been widely adopted by the population, uncertainties around their effectiveness resulting from the emergence of new variants and other confounding factors make it challenging to determine their real-world impact, which is critical for understanding risk, informing public health policies, and mitigating the impact of COVID-19. We analyzed the association between time-dependent vaccination rates and COVID-19 severity for 48 states in the U.S. using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs). We controlled for additional dynamic factors such as testing rates, purpose-specific travel behaviors, underlying population immunity, and policy, and critical static factors such as comorbidities, social vulnerability, race, and state healthcare expenditures. We used SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance data to model the different COVID-19 variant driven waves separately, and evaluate if there is a changing role of the potential drivers of severity over time and across waves. Our study revealed a strong and statistically significant negative association between vaccine uptake and COVID-19 severity across each variant wave. Results also showed that booster shots offered additional protection against severe diseases during the Omicron wave. Additionally, higher underlying population immunity based on previous infection rates are shown to be associated with reduced COVID-19 severity. Full-service restaurant visits are associated with increased COVID-19 severity for the pre-Delta and Delta waves, while office of physician visits are associated with increased COVID-19 severity for the Omicron wave. Moreover, the states with higher government policy index scores have lower COVID-19 severity. Regarding static variables, the social vulnerability index, and the proportion of adults at high risk exhibit positive associations with COVID-19 severity, while Medicaid spending per person exhibits a negative association with COVID-19 severity. Despite the emergence of new variants, vaccines remain highly effective at reducing severe outcomes of COVID-19. Therefore, given the ongoing threat posed by COVID-19, vaccines remain a critical line of defense for protecting the public and preventing burden on healthcare systems.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.23291388v1" target="_blank">Association between vaccination rates and severe COVID-19 health outcomes in the United States: a population-level statistical analysis</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Occupational Essentialness During COVID-19 and Attitudes Towards Labor Migration</strong> -
<div>
COVID-19 raised public appreciation of “essential” or “key” workers in high-income countries, many of whom are immigrants. Previous studies show native-born residents prefer highly-skilled immigrants for their perceived contributions to tax revenue and innovation. By contrast, we argue occupational essentialness—deriving from governments’ own classifications during the pandemic, and transcending conventional skill categories—is another dimension conditioning immigration attitudes that is driven by neither purely material nor cultural concerns. Using a pre-registered conjoint experiment fielded in the UK in January 2021, we find that respondents are 22 percentage points more likely to admit immigrants working in essential over non-essential occupations, and 10 percentage points more likely to view them as economically beneficial compared to those in non-essential occupations. A premium remained after distinguishing among skill levels, excluding health and personal care occupations, and seven months later as the immediate crisis lessened.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/5ubzp/" target="_blank">Occupational Essentialness During COVID-19 and Attitudes Towards Labor Migration</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Inflammatory profiles are associated with long COVID up to 6 months after illness onset: a prospective cohort study of individuals with mild to critical COVID-19</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background After initial COVID-19 disease, immune dysregulation may persist and drive post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). We described longitudinal trajectories of cytokines in adults up to 6 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection and explored early predictors of PASC. Methods RECoVERED is a prospective cohort of individuals with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between May 2020 and June 2021 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Serum was collected at weeks 4, 12 and 24 of follow-up. Monthly symptom questionnaires were completed from month 2 after illness onset onwards; lung diffusion capacity (DLCO) was tested at 6 months. Cytokine concentrations were analysed by human magnetic Luminex screening assay. We used a linear mixed-effects model to study log-concentrations of cytokines over time, assessing their association with socio-demographic and clinical characteristics that were included in the model as fixed effects. Results 186/349 (53%) participants had ≥2 serum samples and were included. Of these, 101 (54%: 45/101[45%] female, median age 55 years [IQR=45-64]) reported PASC at 12 and 24 weeks after illness onset. We included 37 reference samples (17/37[46%] female, median age 49 years [IQR=40-56]). PASC was associated with raised CRP and abnormal diffusion capacity with raised IL10, IL17, IL6, IP10 and TNFα at 24 weeks in the multivariate model. Early (0-4 week) IL-1𝛃 and BMI at illness onset were predictive of PASC at 24 weeks. Conclusions Our findings indicate that immune dysregulation plays an important role in PASC pathogenesis, especially among those individuals with reduced pulmonary function. Early IL-1𝛃 shows promise as predictors of PASC.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.23291395v1" target="_blank">Inflammatory profiles are associated with long COVID up to 6 months after illness onset: a prospective cohort study of individuals with mild to critical COVID-19</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Findings in Travel-related Thrombosis and COVID-19 Related Cardiac Biomarker Data: Combination of Novel Review Strategy and Meta-analysis Method Discovered Twenty-eight Days Cycles of Thrombosis and Latent Subgroup Patterns</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
<b>Backgrounds</b> Traveler′s thrombosis is well-known even among non-professionals as ″economy class syndrome.″ However, controversial discussions have remained. Clark et al. mentioned no solid evidence in their article <i>″Long-haul travel and venous thrombosis: What is the evidence?″</i> (1). Also, the status of recent COVID-19-related thrombosis research seemed like that of the traveler′s thrombosis. We hypothesized there might be something overlooked behind those strange situations. <b>Methods</b> Since ordinary review methods (e.g., systematic review or meta-analysis) had already been conducted (2-7), we focused on reviewing a ″previously published″ ″chart.″ Also, we developed a novel ″review method″ for the meta-regression analysis result. We applied those to some previously published and well-known data. <b>Results</b> We newly found an approximately 28 days cycle of thrombosis onset over several weeks after travel in a figure (Cannegieter et al., <i>PLoS Med.</i> 2006, in the top 25% of all research scored by Altmetric) (8). Also, we found an eighteen-day cycle of thrombosis onset in another chart (Kelman et al., <i>BMJ.</i> 2003, in the top 5% of research) (9). In COVID-19, we newly extracted subgroup patterns in a scatterplot (Troponin T and NT-proBNP) that applied simple linear regression analysis (Guo et al. <i>JAMA Cardiol.</i> 2020, top 5% research) (10). Also, these subgroups have already appeared in the cardiomyopathy study (Budnik et al., <i>Int J Cardiol.</i> 2016) (11). <b>Conclusions</b> There has been a widespread belief that in-flight environments cause thrombosis. Also, the phenomenon of the onset of thrombosis after over a few weeks to two months since the travel has been explained, such as the development of blood clots occurring on a cabin, but the dislodge of a thrombus occurs after the travel (12). However, from cyclic patterns of thrombosis onset, it is more reasonable to explain that the ″travel″ and ″high-risk period of thrombosis with Oral Contraceptives (OC) use (within three months from starting OC)″ coincided with the travel (e.g., honeymoon and starting birth control OC). The influence of the in-flight environment may be less than we had previously thought. Although simple linear regression analysis has been used in studies of cardiovascular biomarkers, including the case of COVID-19, there seems to be a complex scatterplot structure that is unsuitable for simple linear fitting. Considering our findings, in a literature review, a pattern on a chart should be given more paying attention.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.22275944v3" target="_blank">Findings in Travel-related Thrombosis and COVID-19 Related Cardiac Biomarker Data: Combination of Novel Review Strategy and Meta-analysis Method Discovered Twenty-eight Days Cycles of Thrombosis and Latent Subgroup Patterns</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Defining the single base importance of human mRNAs and lncRNAs</strong> -
<div>
As the fundamental unit of a gene and its transcripts, nucleotides have enormous impacts on molecular function and evolution, and thus on phenotypes and diseases. Given that different nucleotides on one gene often exhibit diverse levels of effects, it is quite crucial to comprehensively and quantitatively measure the importance of each base on a gene transcript, however, tools are still not available. Here we proposed Base Importance Calculator (BIC), an algorithm to calculate the importance score of single bases based on sequence information of human mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). We then confirmed its power by applying BIC to three different tasks. Firstly, we revealed that BIC can effectively evaluate the pathogenicity of both genes and single bases by analyzing the BIC scores and the pathogenicity of single nucleotide variations (SNVs). Moreover, the BIC score in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) somatic mutations is able to predict the prognosis of some cancers. Finally, we show that BIC can also precisely predict the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2. The above results indicate that BIC is a useful tool for evaluating the single base important of human mRNAs and lncRNAs.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544536v1" target="_blank">Defining the single base importance of human mRNAs and lncRNAs</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Prosocial behaviours under collective quarantine conditions. A latent class analysis study during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown in Italy</strong> -
<div>
Aim. To identify patterns of prosocial behaviours under collective quarantine conditions. Method. Survey data was collected from a sample of Italian adults during the March ̶ May 2020 COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Participants reported on offline and online prosocial behaviours, Sense of Community Responsibility (SoC-R) and perceptions of community resilience. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used for data analysis. Results. A total of 4,045 participants completed the survey and 2,562 were eligible (72% female; mean age 38.7 years). LCA revealed four classes of prosocial behaviours: Money donors (7%), Online &amp; offline helpers (59%), Online health information sharers (21%), and Neighbour helpers (13%). The classes were partially invariant across age groups (18 ̶ 35 and &gt; 35 years). Being a man and higher SoC-R scores were associated with belonging to the Online &amp; offline helper class. Members of this class also reported the greatest perceptions of community resilience. Conclusions. Results offer insight on the multidimensionality of prosociality under collective quarantine conditions. Online &amp; offline helpers could be targeted for promoting sustained altruism and involvement in community organisations. For the other groups, programmes should aim to eliminate barriers to help others in multiple ways.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/jb5hw/" target="_blank">Prosocial behaviours under collective quarantine conditions. A latent class analysis study during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown in Italy</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines and their effect on the HIV reservoir in older people with HIV</strong> -
<div>
Older individuals and people with HIV (PWH) were prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination, yet comprehensive studies of the immunogenicity of these vaccines and their effects on HIV reservoirs are not available. We followed 68 PWH aged 55 and older and 23 age-matched HIV-negative individuals for 48 weeks from the first vaccine dose, after the total of three doses. All PWH were on antiretroviral therapy (cART) and had different immune status, including immune responders (IR), immune non-responders (INR), and PWH with low-level viremia (LLV). We measured total and neutralizing Ab responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike and RBD in sera, total anti-spike Abs in saliva, frequency of anti-RBD/NTD B cells, changes in frequency of anti-spike, HIV gag/nef-specific T cells, and HIV reservoirs in peripheral CD4+ T cells. The resulting datasets were used to create a mathematical model for within-host immunization. Various regimens of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx1 vaccines elicited equally strong anti-spike IgG responses in PWH and HIV-negative participants in serum and saliva at all timepoints. These responses had similar kinetics in both cohorts and peaked at 4 weeks post-booster (third dose), while half-lives of plasma IgG also dramatically increased post-booster in both groups. Salivary spike IgA responses were low, especially in INRs. PWH had diminished live virus neutralizing titers after two vaccine doses which were 'rescued' after a booster. Anti-spike T cell immunity was enhanced in IRs even in comparison to HIV-negative participants, suggesting Th1 imprinting from HIV, while in INRs it was the lowest. Increased frequency of viral 'blips' in PWH were seen post-vaccination, but vaccines did not affect the size of the intact HIV reservoir in CD4+ T cells in most PWH, except in LLVs. Thus, older PWH require three doses of COVID-19 vaccine to maximize neutralizing responses against SARS-CoV-2, although vaccines may increase HIV reservoirs in PWH with persistent viremia.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.14.544834v1" target="_blank">Immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines and their effect on the HIV reservoir in older people with HIV</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The “Quiet Quitting” Scale: Development and initial validation</strong> -
<div>
Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic causes drastic changes in workplaces that are likely to increase quite quitting among employees. Although quite quitting is not a new phenomenon, there is no instrument to measure it. Aim: To develop and validate an instrument assessing quiet quitting among employees. Methods: We identified and generated items through an extensive literature review and interviews with employees. We carried out the content validity by content experts and we calculated the content validity ratio. We checked face validity by conducting cognitive interviews with employees and calculating the item-level face validity index. We performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to assess the “Quiet Quitting” Scale (QQS) factorial structure. We checked the concurrent validity of the QQS using four other scales, i.e., “Job Satisfaction Survey” (JSS), “Copenhagen Burnout Inventory” (CBI), “Single Item Burnout” (SIB) measure, and a single item to measure turnover intention. We estimated the reliability of the QQS measuring Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s Omega, Cohen’s kappa, and intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: After expert panel review and item analysis, nine items with acceptable corrected item-total correlations, inter-item correlations, floor and ceiling effects, skewness, and kurtosis were retained. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three factors, namely detachment, lack of initiative, and lack of motivation, with a total of nine items. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed this factorial structure for QQS. We found statistically significant correlations between QQS and JSS, CBI, SIB, and turnover intention confirming that the concurrent validity of the QQS was very good. Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s Omega of the QQS were 0.803 and 0.806 respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient for the total QQS score was 0.993 (p &lt; 0.001). Cohen’s kappa for the nine items ranged from 0.836 to 0.945 (p &lt; 0.001 in all cases). Conclusions: QQS, a three-factor nine-item scale, has robust psychometric properties. QQS is a brief, easy-to-administer, valid, and reliable tool to measure employees’ quiet quitting. We recommend the use of the QQS in different societies and cultures to assess the validity of the instrument.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/5tgpm/" target="_blank">The “Quiet Quitting” Scale: Development and initial validation</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Clinical Trial on Booster Immunization of Two COVID-19 Vaccines Constructed From Different Technical Routes</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Prototype and Omicron BA.4/5 Bivalent Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine(Adenovirus Type 5 Vector) For Inhalation;   Biological: Bivalent COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine;   Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (Adenovirus Type 5 Vector) For Inhalation<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Zhongnan Hospital;   Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, PLA of China<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Community-engaged Optimization of COVID-19 Rapid Evaluation And TEsting Experiences</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: COVID-19 walk-up, on-site testing strategy;   Behavioral: Community Health Worker (CHW) leading testing navigation and general preventive care reminders;   Behavioral: No-cost self-testing kit vending machines<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of California, San Diego;   San Ysidro Health Center<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Influence of Manual Diaphragm Release on Pulmonary Functions in Women With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pneumonia<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: manual therapy;   Other: breathing exercise and prone position alone<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Cairo University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety Study of COVID19 Vaccine on the Market</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: Recombinant new coronavirus vaccine (CHO cell)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biologic Pharmacy Co., Ltd.;   Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention;   Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention;   Hainan Center for Disease Control &amp; Prevention<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ACTIV-6: COVID-19 Study of Repurposed Medications - Arm F (Montelukast)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Placebo;   Drug: Montelukast<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Susanna Naggie, MD;   National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS);   Vanderbilt University Medical Center<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ACTIV-6: COVID-19 Study of Repurposed Medications - Arm B (Fluvoxamine)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Fluvoxamine;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Susanna Naggie, MD;   National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS);   Vanderbilt University Medical Center<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ACTIV-6: COVID-19 Study of Repurposed Medications - Arm D (Ivermectin 600)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Ivermectin;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Susanna Naggie, MD;   National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS);   Vanderbilt University Medical Center<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ACTIV-6: COVID-19 Study of Repurposed Medications - Arm E (Fluvoxamine 100)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Fluvoxamine;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Susanna Naggie, MD;   National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS);   Vanderbilt University Medical Center<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mitoquinone/Mitoquinol Mesylate as Oral and Safe Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   SARS-CoV Infection;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Mitoquinone/mitoquinol mesylate;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pycnogenol® in Post-COVID-19 Condition</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Post COVID-19 Condition;   Long COVID<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Pycnogenol®;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Zurich<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy of Bailing Capsule on Pulmonary Fibrosis After COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Pulmonary Fibrosis;   COVID-19 Pneumonia<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Bailing capsule<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluating Emetine for Viral Outbreaks (EVOLVE)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Emetine Hydrochloride;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Johns Hopkins University;   Nepal Health Research Council;   Bharatpur Hospital Chitwan;   Stony Brook University;   Rutgers University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma (CCP) Transfusion to Prevent COVID-19 in Adult Recipients Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: COVID Convalescent Plasma<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Institute of Hematology &amp; Blood Diseases Hospital<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cupping Therapy on Immune System in Post Covid -19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid-19 Patients<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Combination Product: Cupping therapy with convential medical treatment;   Drug: Convential medical treatment<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Cairo University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>To Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of Sequential Booster Immunization of Recombinant Novel Coronavirus Vaccine (CHO Cells) for SARS-CoV-2</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: Recombinant Novel Coronavirus vaccine (CHO Cells)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biologic Pharmacy Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Preventative and therapeutic potential of animal milk components against COVID-19: A comprehensive review</strong> - The global pandemic of COVID-19 is considered one of the most catastrophic events on earth. During the pandemic, food ingredients may play crucial roles in preventing infectious diseases and sustaining people’s general health and well-being. Animal milk acts as a super food since it has the capacity to minimize the occurrence of viral infections due to inherent antiviral properties of its ingredients. SARS-CoV-2 virus infection can be prevented by immune-enhancing and antiviral properties of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 PCR: frequency of internal control inhibition in clinical practice</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a low percentage of inhibition using RNase P as an internal control in COVID-19 PCRs using the CDC protocol, thus proving the effectiveness of this protocol for identification of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. Re-extraction was efficacious for samples that showed little or no fluorescence for the RNase P gene.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A suitable drug structure for interaction with SARS-CoV-2 main protease between boceprevir, masitinib and rupintrivir; a molecular dynamics study</strong> - In recent years, more than 200 countries of the world have faced a health crisis due to the epidemiological disease of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It had a huge impact on the world economy and the global health sector. Researchers are studying the design and discovery of drugs that can inhibit SARS-CoV-2. The main protease of SARS-CoV-2 is an attractive target for the study of antiviral drugs against coronavirus diseases. According to the docking results, binding energy for…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Combining virtual screening with cis-/trans-cleavage enzymatic assays effectively reveals broad-spectrum inhibitors that target the main proteases of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV</strong> - The main protease (M^(pro)) of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for viral replication, which suggests that the M^(pro) is a critical target in the development of small molecules to treat COVID-19. This study used an in-silico prediction approach to investigate the complex structure of SARS-CoV-2 M^(pro) in compounds from the United States National Cancer Institute (NCI) database, then validate potential inhibitory compounds against the SARS-CoV-2 M^(pro) in cis- and trans-cleavage proteolytic assays….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Structure-Based Drug Design of RdRp Inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2</strong> - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide pandemic since 2019, spreading rapidly and posing a significant threat to human health and life. With over 6 billion confirmed cases of the virus, the need for effective therapeutic drugs has become more urgent than ever before. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is crucial in viral replication and transcription, catalysing viral RNA synthesis and serving as a promising therapeutic target for developing…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>An allosteric inhibitor of sirtuin 2 deacetylase activity exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity</strong> - Most drugs used to treat viral disease target a virus-coded product. They inhibit a single virus or virus family, and the pathogen can readily evolve resistance. Host-targeted antivirals can overcome these limitations. The broad-spectrum activity achieved by host targeting can be especially useful in combating emerging viruses and for treatment of diseases caused by multiple viral pathogens, such as opportunistic agents in immunosuppressed patients. We have developed a family of compounds that…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Recent advances in RNA sample preparation techniques for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva and gargle</strong> - Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in gargle and saliva complements the standard analysis of nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) specimens. Although gargle and saliva specimens can be readily obtained non-invasively, appropriate collection and processing of gargle and saliva specimens are critical to the accuracy and sensitivity of the overall analytical method. This review highlights challenges and recent advances in the treatment of gargle and saliva samples for subsequent analysis using reverse…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>An efflux pump in genomic island GI-M202a mediates the transfer of polymyxin B resistance in Pandoraea pnomenusa M202</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrated that GI-M202a along with the MFS transporter FKQ53_RS21695 in P. pnomenusa M202 could mediate the transmission of polymyxin B resistance.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dimethyl fumarate and 4-octyl itaconate are anticoagulants that suppress Tissue Factor in macrophages via inhibition of Type I Interferon</strong> - Excessive inflammation-associated coagulation is a feature of infectious diseases, occurring in such conditions as bacterial sepsis and COVID-19. It can lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation, one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Recently, type I interferon (IFN) signaling has been shown to be required for tissue factor (TF; gene name F3) release from macrophages, a critical initiator of coagulation, providing an important mechanistic link between innate immunity and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Verbenalin alleviates acute lung injury induced by sepsis and IgG immune complex through GPR18 receptor</strong> - Acute lung injury is significantly associated with the aberrant activation and pyroptosis of alveolar macrophages. Targeting the GPR18 receptor presents a potential therapeutic approach to mitigate inflammation. Verbenalin, a prominent component of Verbena in Xuanfeibaidu (XFBD) granules, is recommended for treating COVID-19. In this study, we demonstrate the therapeutic effect of verbenalin on lung injury through direct binding to the GPR18 receptor. Verbenalin inhibits the activation of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of New Isatin Derivatives</strong> - 1H-indol-2,3-dione (isatin) class of biologically active compounds have analgesic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tubercular, anti-proliferative properties, and is also useful for the treatment of SARS-CoV. Schiff bases containing isatin moiety are known to have broad spectrum of biological activities like anti-viral, anti-tubercular, anti-fungal, and anti-bacterial. In this work, several Schiff base derivatives have been synthesized using two methods (synthetic and microwave) by…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mercapto-pyrimidines are reversible covalent inhibitors of the papain-like protease (PLpro) and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 (SCoV-2) replication</strong> - The papain-like protease (PLpro) plays a critical role in SARS-CoV-2 (SCoV-2) pathogenesis and is essential for viral replication and for allowing the virus to evade the host immune response. Inhibitors of PLpro have great therapeutic potential, however, developing them has been challenging due to PLpro’s restricted substrate binding pocket. In this report, we screened a 115 000-compound library for PLpro inhibitors and identified a new pharmacophore, based on a mercapto-pyrimidine fragment that…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sulfated Glycomimetic α-Helical Polypeptides for Antiviral Activity</strong> - In this work, we developed a library of sulfated glycomimetic polypeptides with a high sulfated degree (up to 99%) via a click reaction and sulfation modification, enabling control over the helicity, molecular weight, rigidity, and side-chain structure. Their potentials as the inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 and common enterovirus were investigated, and the structure-activity relationship was explored in detail. The in vitro results revealed the crucial role of α-helical conformation and sulfated sugar…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Stakeholder perspectives and experiences of the implementation of remote mental health consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Remote mental health consultations were welcomed as a means to continue care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their swift and necessary adoption placed pressure on providers and organisations to adapt quickly, navigating challenges and adjusting to a new way of working. This implementation created changes to workflows and dynamics that disrupted the traditional method of mental health care delivery. Further consideration of the importance of the therapeutic relationship and fostering…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Aerosolized sulfated hyaluronan derivatives prolong the survival of K18 ACE2 mice infected with a lethal dose of SARS-CoV-2</strong> - Despite several vaccines that are currently approved for human use to control the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there is an urgent medical need for therapeutic and prophylactic options. SARS-CoV-2 binding and entry in human cells involves interactions of its spike (S) protein with several host cell surface factors, including heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Putin’s War Hits Close to Home</strong> - Russia has faced a series of recent attacks, but, in the absence of public space, military losses are personal tragedies, not collective experiences. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/putins-war-hits-close-to-home">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Is Donald Trump Scared?</strong> - At the former President’s arraignment in Miami on Tuesday, it was impossible to say whether his fate was more likely to be a return to the White House—or prison. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/is-donald-trump-scared">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Trial of the Malibu Shooter</strong> - Anthony Rauda, who was accused of terrorizing residents of Malibu, one of California’s wealthiest and safest communities, has been convicted of killing a man sleeping in a tent with his two young daughters. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/california-chronicles/the-trial-of-the-malibu-shooter">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Quest to Save Chili Peppers from Climate Change</strong> - A seed bank in Taiwan is home to more chili varieties than anywhere else on earth. In a warming world, we’re going to need them. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/the-quest-to-save-chili-peppers">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine’s Counter-Offensive, and What Comes After</strong> - Zelensky has mounted a major effort to take back territory seized by the Russians. But he’ll have to do more than prevail on the battlefield. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/ukraines-counter-offensive-and-what-comes-after">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>A 12-year-old might’ve grown your food. In many states, that’s perfectly legal.</strong> -
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<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/QW4eiapX3ik_voVUr2SNmLTji_0=/596x0:5363x3575/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72376188/GettyImages_1231093765.0.jpg"/>
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Farm workers harvest curly mustard in a field in February 2021 in Ventura County, California. | Patrick T. Fallon/AFP via Getty Images
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Republicans are rolling back child labor laws. But they’ve always been weak on farms.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oM4IM6">
While many middle schoolers spend their summers at the pool, biking around the neighborhood, or playing video games, Jacqueline Aguilar spent most of hers toiling in the lettuce fields of south central Colorado.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sckFhk">
“My parents didn’t have enough money to buy new school clothes, and so that’s when I knew I had to go and work in the fields,” she said. Starting at age 11, from 5 am to 2 pm — six, and sometimes seven days a week, at $10 an hour — Aguilar would walk up and down rows of lettuce, weeding and adjusting lettuce heads to make sure they’d grow correctly.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="X7Sb4J">
“Physically, it was super draining,” Aguilar said. “My feet were constantly hurting … I remember just having so many blisters on my hands from the hoe.” She wrapped bandanas around her neck and wore long sleeves to prevent sunburn. “I would get dehydrated super fast and for lunchtime, we wouldn’t really get a meal. So it was like we weren’t eating, we weren’t drinking — they didn’t have clean water for us.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="x5JXqw">
Aguilar’s first summer of employment was technically illegal — though hardly unusual in agriculture — but once she turned 12, it was perfectly legal for her to work long, grueling hours under a scorching sun, even though her peers would have to wait until they were 14 to work in nearly any non-agricultural job.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Uqgr5p">
In <a href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/state/child-labor/agriculture">many states</a>, including Colorado, children as young as 12 can <a href="https://www.npr.org/2023/04/17/1168824035/child-labor-tobacco-legal-dangerous#:~:text=What%20about%20the%20companies%3F,exceed%20federal%20child%20labor%20laws.">harvest tobacco</a>, <a href="https://webapps.dol.gov/elaws/whd/flsa/docs/hazag.asp">milk 1,500-pound cows</a>, or work in fruit and vegetable production like Aguilar, but they can’t tear movie tickets or bag groceries. It’s because the agriculture sector plays by a different set of <a href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/child-labor">employment rules</a> than most of the rest of the economy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SDm6ce">
“A 12-year-old can’t work in this air-conditioned office I have here, making copies, but we’ll let that same kid go into the field in 100 degree heat and do back-breaking work,” said Reid Maki, director of child labor advocacy at the National Consumers League and the Child Labor Coalition. (Aguilar, who is now 20, is interning with Maki at the Child Labor Coalition this summer.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Md0uPt">
On top of an age gap, there’s also a time gap. Under <a href="https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/childlabor102.pdf">federal law</a>, 12-year-olds can work on farms for an unlimited number of hours so long as they don’t miss school and have the permission of their parents, while there are federal <a href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/child-labor/short-guide-to-child-labor-non-ag">limits</a> on the number of hours 14- and 15-year-olds in every other industry can work.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YWUklS">
There’s a risk gap, too. Kids can perform agricultural tasks designated as <a href="https://webapps.dol.gov/elaws/whd/flsa/docs/hazag.asp">“hazardous”</a> by the US Department of Labor (DOL), like operating heavy machinery, at age 16, while similarly hazardous work in other fields is <a href="https://webapps.dol.gov/elaws/whd/flsa/docs/haznonag.asp">restricted</a> until age 18.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="k760yP">
Even <a href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheets/40-child-labor-farms">kids under 12</a> can work on farms if the farm’s staff size is <a href="https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/childlabor102.pdf">small enough</a>, or if the DOL grants the farm a <a href="https://www.agrisk.umd.edu/post/child-labor-laws-in-agriculture-what-you-need-to-know">special waiver</a>. Kids at <a href="https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/youthlabor/agriculturalemployment#:~:text=Parental%20exemption%3A%20Minors%20of%20any,enacted%20by%20the%20U.S.%20Congress.">any age</a> can work on their parent’s farm.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="j0LXzQ">
Maki said the carveouts are especially troubling when you consider that agriculture is one of the more <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2023/03/02/most-dangerous-jobs-america-database/11264064002/">dangerous sectors</a> in America, and the <a href="https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-19-26">deadliest occupation</a> class for minors.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BdXP2S">
On Monday, Rep. Raul Ruiz, a Democrat from California, where about <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/11/business/economy/farmworkers-ufw-california.html">half</a> of America’s produce is grown, introduced the <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/4046/">Children’s Act for Responsible Employment and Farm Safety</a>, or the CARE Act. The bill aims to <a href="https://ruiz.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/ruiz.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/care-act-factsheet-english-1.pdf">close</a> the age, time, and risk gaps for children working on farms, and increases penalties for child labor violations.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9pSzAd">
“We’re just bringing parity to child labor protections [in agriculture] that other industries have,” Ruiz said.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/gDl62nyzgHkJFaFX3uffD1l8YPs=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24731173/GettyImages_1236173084.jpg"/> <cite>Frederic J. Brown/AFP via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
A farm worker picks grapes in October 2021, in the Kern County town of Lamont, California, where record heat fueled drought and wildfires.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Hv3t25">
Setting limits on child labor is a particularly salient — and charged — issue, as Republicans in statehouses across the country have recently pushed to <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy/2023/5/3/23702464/child-labor-laws-youth-migrants-work-shortage">weaken broader child labor laws</a> amid continued worker shortages. Some bills increase the number of hours children under 16 can work, others lower the age limit for children to serve alcohol at bars and restaurants, while an Iowa bill would allow kids as young as 14 to work in meat coolers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GdVsfW">
The bill also comes months after news reports of migrant children illegally employed to <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/feds-expand-probe-migrant-child-labor-slaughterhouses-rcna72930">clean slaughterhouses</a> and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/25/us/unaccompanied-migrant-child-workers-exploitation.html">pack Cheerios</a> in factories. According to the DOL, there’s been a <a href="https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2023/04/12/usda-takes-steps-prevent-illegal-child-labor#:~:text=Since%202018%2C%20the%20U.S.%20Department,the%20Fair%20Labor%20Standards%20Act.">69 percent increase</a> since 2018 in children who are discovered to be illegally employed, totaling more than 3,800 children across 835 companies.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DjWAJ2">
The CARE Act would do a lot to protect kids working on farms, but it’s arguable it doesn’t quite go far enough. Given the increased <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/default.html">risk of death and injury</a> that farm work entails — the CDC calls it one of the most hazardous industries — it follows that there should be more protections for youth employed in agriculture than, say, those working pretzel stands. But farm lobbyists wield a lot of influence in Washington — enough to <a href="https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/112762-obama-administration-scraps-child-labor-restrictions-for-farms/">kill past attempts</a> to change agricultural rules for minors, and most likely this one too.
</p>
<h3 id="P01oyp">
Why kids can work on farms (and why they probably shouldn’t)
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Bk8DNV">
In 1938, Congress passed the <a href="https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/FairLaborStandAct.pdf">Fair Labor Standards Act</a> (FLSA), a major piece of legislation enacting the federal minimum wage (just 25 cents an hour at the time), overtime pay requirements, maximum workweeks, as well as restrictions on child labor (including minimum age requirements and restrictions on hazardous work). But agricultural work was exempt from some key parts of the law: In addition to the looser rules around employing children, agricultural workers were <a href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheets/12-flsa-agriculture">exempt</a> from federal overtime and minimum wage provisions. (Most are <a href="https://www.farmworkerjustice.org/advocacy_program/us-labor-law-for-farmworkers/">now covered</a> by federal minimum wage law, but <a href="https://www.farmworkerjustice.org/overtime-map/#:~:text=The%20federal%20Fair%20Labor%20Standards,overtime%20pay%20under%20federal%20law.">not overtime</a>).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="es6NcX">
It adds up to what Alexis Guild of Farmworker Justice calls “agricultural exceptionalism.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="taKYut">
“To obtain sufficient support for these reforms, President Roosevelt and his allies had to compromise with Southern congressmen,” Guild wrote in a 2019 <a href="https://harvardlpr.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2019/02/20180513-1_GuildFigueroa.pdf">paper</a> with her former colleague Iris Figueroa. “These compromises included exclusions of farmworkers and domestic workers from the law’s protections, preserving the plantation system in the South — a system that rested on the subjugation of racial minorities.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HDvW6W">
“A lot of the child laborers at the time were children of color — they were Black kids,” Maki, of the National Consumers League, said. “Today they’re brown kids.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dhtm8h">
There isn’t solid data on the number of minors employed on farms, but a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/childag/cais/pdfs/d-15-508.pdf">survey</a> from 2014 estimated the number at around 148,000 kids, with a little more than half working in crop production and the rest working with livestock. (Advocacy groups have estimated the number as much as two or three times larger.) Maki said he thinks that official estimates of vulnerable and exploited groups are usually too low. (The CARE Act creates <a href="https://ruiz.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/ruiz.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/care-act-factsheet-english-1.pdf">reporting requirements</a> on work-related injuries for children employed in agriculture; currently the government doesn’t consistently keep track of the number of children employed in agriculture under 16, nor of injury rates for this age group.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="41aK8v">
Ruiz, who grew up in the farm worker community of Coachella, California — both of his parents were farm workers — said he saw a lot of his peers drop out of school to work on farms to earn income for their families. Growing up he heard stories of workers hiding from inspectors and women and young girls sexually harassed.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3htZMv">
“That’s why it’s so important that we bring parity in the protections for children in order to stop the cycle of poverty, to increase their probability of finishing school, and also to provide protections to prohibit exposure to pesticides, harassment, and abuse in the fields as children,” Ruiz said.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A group of people walk with signs about unfair labor practices." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/3jdphjkRrYaJ4uH32GEJQ_yaq2A=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24731180/GettyImages_1395786230.jpg"/> <cite>Andrew Lichtenstein/Corbis via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
In May 2022, farm workers march to a Hannaford supermarket in Burlington, Vermont, to protest the supermarket chain’s refusal to purchase milk from dairy suppliers who have committed to a set of fair labor practices.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="il8XDb">
Aguilar’s experience is similar. She said a lot of kids migrate from Mexico to her small town in Colorado (both of her parents migrated from Mexico), and they can’t speak English so it’s hard for them to stay focused in school. Many turn to agriculture and drop out because their parents, many of whom also work in agriculture, don’t make enough income to support their families.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0gvX1s">
“They’re losing their opportunities as a minority to go to college and be a change,” she said. “They keep with the generations of working in agriculture, not breaking [the cycle]. Having farmers be so okay with them working so young is an issue. They should be promoting children to go to school and not to a field with their parents.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iuHUk5">
Hand-harvesting fruits and vegetables in the field for hours — including picking fruits and nuts from trees on ladders as high as <a href="https://nationalaglawcenter.org/child-labor-laws/">20 feet</a> — exposes kids to pesticides and risks musculoskeletal injuries. Exposure to pesticides and prolonged outdoor work in the sun increases farm workers’ cancer risk, and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593628/">chronic pain</a> is prevalent among farm workers due to extended periods stooping to harvest crops.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hCHVa6">
Aguilar’s father — a longtime farm worker — died of cancer, and she suspects his work in agriculture played a role. Her mom is disabled: “Her tendons from her shoulders are torn, and I think it’s from the movement of sorting the potatoes, of bending down with the hoe, and boxing and carrying heavy stuff.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iJwGlU">
In 2014, it was estimated that nearly <a href="https://marshfieldresearch.org/Media/Default/NFMC/National%20Childrens%20Center/2022_Child_Ag_Injury_Fact_Sheet_with_References.pdf">12,000 workers</a> under 20 were injured in agriculture-related incidents, but the true number could be much higher. Aguilar said a lot of kids don’t report injuries, either out of pride, fear of deportation if they or their family is undocumented, or lack of health insurance or money for medical care.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/CaHNBW1QrLMxW_DqyJ5c5rEQzdY=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24731185/AP11113018366.jpg"/> <cite>AP/Nati Harnik</cite>
<figcaption>
A 14-year-old worker feeds sows on a hog farm in Nebraska.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="omIPRl">
Children are most likely to get <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/childag/cais/pdfs/I-15-508.pdf">injured</a> — or <a href="https://marshfieldresearch.org/Media/Default/NFMC/National%20Childrens%20Center/2022_Child_Ag_Injury_Fact_Sheet_with_References.pdf">die</a> — in accidents with tractors and other vehicles, or while working with machinery or animals.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VJGqAs">
In 2016, young workers were <a href="https://marshfieldresearch.org/Media/Default/NFMC/National%20Childrens%20Center/2022_Child_Ag_Injury_Fact_Sheet_with_References.pdf">7.8 times more likely</a> to die on the job in agriculture when compared to all other industries combined. According to the US Government Accountability Office, more than half of the <a href="https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-19-26">452 children</a> aged 17 and under who died on the job from 2003 to 2016 were employed in agriculture, even though they make up a <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/childag/cais/pdfs/d-15-508.pdf">tiny fraction</a> of that <a href="https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-19-26">working age group</a>.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/lfyHJHCJTzGTN4oMFZ2tOppA0ks=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24731193/Z1Ylw_more_kids_die_working_in_agriculture_than_in_any_other_sector__1_.png"/>
</figure>
<h3 id="toPXK4">
Danger on the family farm
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hserUH">
The CARE Act, as with similar legislative attempts in the past, doesn’t apply to kids who work on their parent’s farms as a way for farming families to pass down traditions to the next generation. That exemption appears common sense — and <a href="https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/childlabor102.pdf">current federal law</a> allows kids at <em>any</em> age to work on their parent’s farm — but the data tells a more complicated story.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YklhoB">
Of the nearly <a href="https://marshfieldresearch.org/Media/Default/NFMC/National%20Childrens%20Center/2022_Child_Ag_Injury_Fact_Sheet_with_References.pdf">12,000 agriculture-related injuries</a> suffered by workers under 20, more than half worked on their parent’s farm, and 60 percent of them occurred when they weren’t even working. This doesn’t mean a kid working on their parent’s farm is necessarily more dangerous than kids working on a stranger’s farm, there are just way more of them: Around <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/childag/cais/pdfs/d-13-508.pdf">375,000</a> kids worked on their parent’s farm in 2014 compared to the 148,000 hired to work on other people’s farms.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rvWlER">
But the fact that so many agriculture-related injuries among children happen when kids aren’t working suggests farms — with large tractors, ATVs, machinery, tools, and large animals around — aren’t the safest environment for kids, whether they’re working or not. There’s also little government safety oversight on small farms.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eD7rqW">
In 1976, Congress barred the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) from conducting regulatory activities — including checking for hazards and investigating deaths — on farms with 10 or fewer nonfamily workers. As of 2012, such farms accounted for over 90 percent of farms, employing 1.2 million workers. From 2011 to 2016, over 300 workers on small farms died in accidents that OSHA couldn’t investigate (in some states, <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/11/congress-exempts-small-farm-deaths-osha-inspection/576010/">the Atlantic</a> noted in 2018, state inspectors could have filled the gap).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3y8RGv">
In 2018, Jordan Barab, former deputy assistant secretary of labor for OSHA during the Obama administration, told the Atlantic that the exemption is Congress saying it “doesn’t really care whether workers get killed on small farms or not.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="icWLAO">
“There’s no other way to interpret it,” Barab added.
</p>
<h3 id="nucVLS">
The future of farm work protections
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SQiLD5">
The CARE Act will likely face stiff opposition from farm groups. When reached for comment on the bill, the American Farm Bureau Federation, the International Fresh Produce Association, the American Fruit and Vegetable Processors and Growers Coalition, the Washington Growers League, and two of the largest produce companies in California — Grimmway and D’Arrigo, as well as international produce company Dole — did not respond.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SGry5q">
In 2011, the American Farm Bureau Federation and other farm groups <a href="https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/112762-obama-administration-scraps-child-labor-restrictions-for-farms/">came out against</a> proposed DOL rules that would’ve prevented children under 16 employed in agriculture from working with animals, handling pesticides, working in tobacco fields, and other risky tasks.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/d7njBSndXsPvMLF7B9IEg-bo7GM=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24731188/AP774308710018.jpg"/> <cite>AP/Ed Reinke</cite>
<figcaption>
Farm workers make their way across a tobacco field shrouded in fog in Kentucky, in 2008.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hbM8Wk">
Given the CARE Act’s slim chance of passage, states could step up to close the minimum age requirements for farm work and hazardous farm tasks, especially <a href="https://www.farmworkerjustice.org/general-map/">leading agricultural states</a>, many of which still allow 12-year-olds to work.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hkOQNS">
Rightly, there’s <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/04/22/child-labor-law-rollback-iowa-arkansas/">no shortage</a> of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/27/opinion/child-labor-laws.html">outrage</a> over Republican efforts to roll child labor laws back to the 20th century. But federal rules for children in agriculture have always been stuck in a less enlightened past, with few top agricultural states raising standards to catch up with the rest of the economy. Aguilar said she wants to see that change.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EBL820">
“I think if they’re children, they should be children, and not an adult working an adult job that is super hard even on adults — can you imagine a child?” she said. “It’s something that needs to change. These children shouldn’t be going through that at this age. We shouldn’t be going through that at this age.”
</p></li>
<li><strong>Elemental isn’t Pixar’s best, but it taps into the studio’s superpower</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="An image with creatures representing the four elements, riding a subway-style train." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/rdZImqMYJY-xDcAcEUJjXQSroPQ=/0x0:2400x1800/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72376081/elementalcover.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Fire and water don’t mix. Or do they? | Disney / Pixar
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
What it misses on story it makes up for in visual splendor.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tHzl67">
Not to sound like an old person, but I do miss the Pixar of my youth — the can’t-miss studio that turned out artful, funny <a href="https://www.vox.com/movies">movies</a> for kids and adults <em>and</em> had cultural staying power. (<em>Toy Story</em> was released in 1995, shortly after my 12th birthday, but I wasn’t too grown up to love it when my grandma took me to see it.) A <a href="https://www.vox.com/2015/11/23/9780818/pixar-chart-movies-toy-story-anniversary">new Pixar movie</a> used to be enough of an event in my life that my husband and I, full-grown adults, felt perfectly comfortable showing up to see <em>Ratatouille</em> unaccompanied by children. <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/6/3/15728220/wall-e-pixar-environmentalist-movie-of-week-paris-accord"><em>Wall-E</em></a> narrowly missed my <a href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/greatest-films-all-time/all-voters/alissa-wilkinson">Sight &amp; Sound ballot</a> last year.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HZjN7M">
In 2006, <a href="https://www.vox.com/disney">Disney</a> acquired Pixar, and alongside other <a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/john-lasseters-pattern-alleged-misconduct-detailed-by-disney-pixar-insiders-1059594/">unfortunate</a> factors, the “can’t-miss” reputation has slowly declined, with relative duds like <em>The </em><a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2015/11/25/9797942/the-good-dinosaur-review-pixar"><em>Good Dinosaur</em></a><em>,</em> the less-than-loved <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/6/12/15779414/cars-3-review-pixar"><em>Cars</em> series</a> (at least among the parents of their target audience), and <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/6/17/23170174/lightyear-movie-review-chris-evans"><em>Lightyear</em></a> (want to feel old? <em>Lightyear</em> came out less than a year ago) tarnishing the shine. Honestly, that’s fine — everyone gets some swings and misses — but Disney for some reason decided to push Pixar’s best recent offering, <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/22981394/turning-red-reviews-controversy-reactions-parents"><em>Turning Red</em></a>, straight to Disney+ with no theatrical option, probably in a <a href="https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/bob-iger-bullish-disney-plus-pricing-strategy-rationalize-costs-1235547910/">now-cooling</a> enthusiasm about streaming. (<a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/22176927/soul-review-pixar-disney-jazz"><em>Soul</em></a> and <a href="https://www.vox.com/22534958/luca-review-disney-pixar"><em>Luca</em></a><em> </em>also went straight to streaming, but at the height of the pandemic, with other concerns at heart.)
</p>
<aside id="X0kumS">
<div>
</div>
</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2PMz0x">
Anyhow, this all brings us to <em>Elemental.</em> For a giant nerd (me), a movie starring the ancient four elements — earth, air, fire, and water — sounded weird and gutsy and great, so hopes ran high. You may be expecting (and I half-expected to be writing) some soliloquy on Plato and Hippocrates and whatever here, but <em>Elemental</em> doesn’t give us that. To the ancients, the elements were a way to explain all of existence by way of four fundamentals, simple substances that would make the complexity of the natural world more legible. For director Peter Sohn, the four elements are really just a way to construct a little imaginative universe in which to play, and I mean, I can’t fault him. No need to drag the Presocratics in to please <em>me</em>.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A fire woman and a water man look pleadingly." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ovnCXGBeoNPWfbGyeql6660tJB8=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24730234/elemental3.jpg"/> <cite>Disney / Pixar</cite>
<figcaption>
Ember and Wade plead with a coworker.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="e2HCvI">
I am a little disappointed, though, by the feeling that <em>Elemental</em> is underdeveloped, both by Pixar story standards and the standards of much less exacting movies. In part, it’s the story of an immigrant family — a fire family, to be specific, the Lumens, who move to the big city in search of a better life for their fire child Ember (Leah Lewis). In this city, water and earth and air live in the shiny fancy central metropolis, while fire people are relegated to an outer borough, away from where they might cause harm. Out there, the Lumens open a shop where they sell snacks and other fire-specific goods. Ember is raised working in the shop, and her parents tell her it will be hers one day.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lDeU9m">
As she approaches the crest of young adulthood, she meets Wade Ripple (Mamoudou Athie), a water person who accidentally ends up in the shop through some mishaps, and they fall in love. From there it’s sort of a Romeo and Juliet thing, but there’s also an adventure about saving the shop from getting shut down, and also finding a leak in the town, and also learning to risk love by combining elements and — well, honestly, it gets a little muddled, and I started to lose track of what was going on.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pI7oNy">
Pixar’s story strength has always been in helping audiences process deeply poignant and melancholy feelings about the world — sadness, loss, the fear of abandonment, even the nature of the soul. These are weighty matters that many contemporary purveyors of entertainment for children skip over (it feels like most other kids’ films are either about “friendship” or “being yourself”). With a story based on the four elements, you could imagine, for instance, an exploration of trying to take the scariest phenomena of the world and injecting them with wonder and awe. In its muddledness, <em>Elemental</em> feints in a few directions — ambivalence about your parents’ goals for you, the experience of second-generation immigrants, prejudice against people who don’t look like you — but nothing quite lands securely because it isn’t thoroughly developed.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Two characters, fire and water, look at one another with a little fear and a little longing." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/QpzIDU5aDiwos8i6xKcWRJv-gfo=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24730236/elemental5.jpg"/> <cite>Disney / Pixar</cite>
<figcaption>
The course of true elemental love never did run smooth.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9Cuw9P">
Yet <em>Elemental</em> isn’t a full failure. It’s an original story, for one, and coming from Disney, that’s no small thing. The best thing about <em>Elemental</em> — and, since movies are a primarily visual medium, it’s a very good thing indeed — is that it looks incredible. The team at Pixar somehow manages to render a realistic-looking flame that’s also clearly a cartoon, somehow a being with emotions ranging from rage to love to fear, while also in the same frame depicting rushing water so realistic-looking that I started to wonder if they’d actually shot real water instead.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fYsiRj">
The human artists at Pixar are a peak example of what it means for art and technology to combine, and they’ve been generating genuine amazement from their audiences for three decades. What they’re doing, though, isn’t mere spectacle; it’s creating a space for the imagination to play in, finely rendered and detailed. I’ll never forget attending the “<a href="https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/91">Pixar: 20 Years of Animation</a>” show at New York’s Museum of Modern Art in 2006 and being transfixed by the artistry on display. Pixar rarely gets gimmicky; instead, they strive to create stories and characters and experiences (emotions, elements, souls, memories) that are best crafted through careful animation.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ziVK4y">
Which is why I left <em>Elemental</em> with a smile on my face. A film without images (or with bad images you can avoid while staring at your phone) might as well be a long podcast. There’s clearly a tug-of-war going on inside Pixar; I don’t know how it will end. But the expectations they’ve set for several generations of audience members about what a great movie can look like — even a movie, yes, for kids — is priceless, and we’ve been lucky to have them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uRzSYx">
Elemental <em>opens in theaters on June 16.</em>
</p></li>
<li><strong>Uganda’s anti-gay law will hurt all Ugandans</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A person in a mask with a rainbow sticker on the forehead. " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MU8doJK0X5gz3hs6O4Cr33528AA=/247x0:4199x2964/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72376037/483392398.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
A Ugandan wearing a mask with a rainbow sticker takes part in the Gay Pride parade in Entebbe on August 8, 2015. | Isaac Kasamani/AFP via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
When identity gets criminalized, everyone gets hurt.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zwwE5s">
On May 26, Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni signed the nation’s <a href="https://www.parliament.go.ug/sites/default/files/The%20Anti-Homosexuality%20Act%2C%202023.pdf">Anti-Homosexuality Act</a>, also known as the AHA.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ij5ouF">
Uganda is far from the only nation to criminalize homosexuality — at least <a href="https://database.ilga.org/criminalisation-consensual-same-sex-sexual-acts">62</a> other countries, most of them in Africa and the Middle East, also have anti-gay laws on the books. But Uganda’s regulation cracking down on <a href="https://www.vox.com/lgbtq">LGBTQ</a> existence is especially draconian. It outlaws same-sex sexual activity but also punishes others who merely tolerate the existence of queer people. According to the law, a person can be punished for even leasing property to a gay person.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hw59fs">
This isn’t Uganda’s first attempt to pass such legislation: The nation has had laws forbidding “buggery” (anal sex between men) on the books since British colonial times. In <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/8/15/why-was-ugandas-anti-homosexuality-law-struck-down">2009</a>, prodded by support from <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/scott-lively">extremist</a> <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/family-watch-international">groups</a> of <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/03/19/africa-uganda-evangelicals-homophobia-antigay-bill/">American evangelical Christians</a>, Uganda’s parliamentary body attempted to pass a law broadening punishable activities to include other forms of gay sex, as well as the “promotion of homosexuality.” Although that law failed, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2018/7/11/17562412/ugandas-anti-gay-legislation-explained">a similar one</a> was passed in 2014. That law was later overturned by the nation’s constitutional court on a technicality; the current law is also <a href="https://twitter.com/CFE_Uganda/status/1668583351635066882">being challenged</a> before the court.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RXRrOE">
Regardless of whether the new law stands, damage has already been done. As Uganda’s government has deliberated over the law, there’s been an uptick in <a href="https://www.voaafrica.com/a/uganda-arrests-men-for-practicing-homosexuality-/7010184.html">police</a> and <a href="https://healthpolicy-watch.news/sharp-rise-in-homophobia-in-east-africa/">civilian harassment</a> and <a href="https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/focus/20230417-wave-of-anti-lgbt-violence-in-uganda">violence</a> against LGBTQ Ugandans, and terrified citizens are <a href="https://apnews.com/article/lgbtq-homosexuality-gay-rights-africa-uganda-6c596369731731201c9bb83aaaf98a6e">trying to flee</a> the country.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Nozctu">
When LGBTQ Ugandans suffered a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/uganda-anti-gay-law-rise-attacks">wave of violence</a> after the 2014 law passed, law enforcement set the tone — but ordinary civilians perpetrated much of the abuse, said Jennifer Leaning, a public health and human rights expert at Harvard’s François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, during a public <a href="https://globalhealth.harvard.edu/event/health-implications-of-anti-lgbtiq-stigma-discrimination-spotlight-on-uganda/">event</a> on Monday. The same dynamic appears to be unfolding now.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dGuXJS">
But the law also poses threats to those outside the LGBTQ community, including the many Ugandans who support it. Stigmatizing identities has a domino effect on other people: “Everyone is affected when vulnerable people are pushed out of care,” said Asia Russell, executive director of <a href="https://healthgap.org/about/">Health GAP</a>, an international HIV equity advocacy organization.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xpMezD">
On the face of it, criminalizing homosexuality is immensely dehumanizing and damaging. But the destruction this law can cause runs much deeper, and could set Uganda back on a range of health metrics.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fId7nT">
Here’s how that could look.
</p>
<h3 id="kjaRHC">
Uganda’s HIV progress is at risk
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0Ftj6x">
One big fear experts have about the AHA is that it will lead to rising rates of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among all Ugandans. HIV is already mired in stigma and misconceptions in the region, and the law will likely drive sexual activity, STI prevention efforts, and care-seeking for HIV and STIs underground.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cGA7y0">
“If you are worried about being accused of being gay, then you certainly are not going to come in for HIV testing,” said Matthew Kavanagh, a professor of global health at Georgetown University, “even if you’re a heterosexual man.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HwWBR4">
In recent years, Uganda had been making steady progress on HIV. The nation was an early adopter of many of the preventive strategies that emerged in the days before HIV medications were available on the continent. Its<strong> </strong>government hospitals implemented services aimed at preventing transmission <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9590322/">from mothers to children</a> in 2000, and the country was a pioneer among African countries in offering <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15319679/">HIV testing and education</a> services to the general public. And in the years after HIV treatment rolled out in Uganda in <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6341568/">2004</a>, the country implemented some relatively progressive HIV testing <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490813/">policies</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IMcV4x">
Between 2010 and 2021, the country’s new HIV infection rate decreased by <a href="https://aidsinfo.unaids.org/">39 percent</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uZXSl7">
In Uganda, as in most of sub-Saharan Africa, most new HIV infections are in women — not in men who have sex with men, as in the US. In 2021, <a href="https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/uganda">65 percent</a> of new HIV infections in Uganda were in women and girls, who are most likely to be infected through heterosexual sex, compared with only <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/women/diagnoses.html">19 percent</a> in the US in 2019.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8cx3VI">
Still, many Ugandans associate HIV risk with gay sex, said Kavanagh. Therefore, merely engaging in HIV prevention, testing, and treatment efforts can implicate someone as being gay and lead to punishment.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tUUoaQ">
Richard Lusimbo, a Ugandan LGBTQ rights activist who leads the Uganda Key Populations Consortium, said during Monday’s event that already, peer sex educators have been jailed for providing HIV preventive services. “All they did was carrying out promotion of health services and providing more information to their peers around condom use, around lubricants,” he said. “Having even lubricant becomes a risk.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UJQxx4">
With the consequences so severe, it wouldn’t be a surprise if all people at risk avoided any kind of sexual health care, but especially HIV testing and care services. That poses an enormous threat to Uganda’s progress on HIV.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KSwJf5">
Already, the AHA has led to so much fear among many people living with HIV that some HIV/AIDS treatment centers in Uganda’s capital are nearly empty, and the HIV treatment medications they normally hand out to patients are piling up, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/hiv-alarm-uganda-anti-gay-law-forces-lgbt-lockdown-2023-06-08/?utm_source=Sailthru&amp;utm_medium=Newsletter&amp;utm_campaign=Daily-Briefing&amp;utm_term=060823">according to</a> reporting from Reuters.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Kl3u7a">
Since the law’s passage, drop-in centers that offer HIV services to members of Uganda’s LGBTQ community have seen a 60 percent drop in service utilization, said Kenneth Mwehonge, who directs Uganda’s Coalition for Health Promotion and Social Development, during Monday’s event.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5OkWqg">
It’s very worrisome if people living with HIV aren’t getting the medications they need. Modern medical treatment for HIV is extraordinarily effective — it generally makes the virus undetectable, which allows people with HIV to live normal life spans and prevents them from transmitting the infection through sex. But untreated people are at high risk for progressive and life-threatening immune system problems, and are much more likely to transmit the disease through sexual activity.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TPchtV">
If the trend of avoiding care persists, it means more HIV will go undiagnosed and untreated, and transmission will likely rise across all populations — not just among gay people.
</p>
<h3 id="hVKiSk">
The law threatens the trust at the heart of provider-patient relationships
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ie9CFx">
By deputizing all of Ugandan society as reporters of homosexual activity, the AHA is likely to raise patient concerns about the safety of seeking medical care, especially if there’s a concern they could be suspected to be gay. That could lead people — LGBTQ and not — to avoid seeing medical providers for a whole range of diseases, both infectious and not.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gRK2Jp">
Under a section of the AHA concerning “promotion of homosexuality,” people can be punished for contributing to the normalization of gay sex acts. Punishments in this case include fines and license revocation. <a href="https://www.parliament.go.ug/sites/default/files/The%20Anti-Homosexuality%20Act%2C%202023.pdf"></a>Another section indicates all Ugandans have a “duty to report” those suspected of even intending to have gay sex. This section contains language that protects <a href="https://www.vox.com/health-care">health care</a> providers from violating confidentiality provisions by reporting a patient. <a href="https://www.parliament.go.ug/sites/default/files/The%20Anti-Homosexuality%20Act%2C%202023.pdf"></a>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="061Z4F">
For these reasons, the law has been widely interpreted to mean that health care providers must call the police on any patient they believe to be gay.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OU2BOb">
“When you look at the act, it’s very broad and very vague when it talks about promotion,” said Lusimbo, during Monday’s event. “So does providing a service to an <a href="https://emergency.unhcr.org/protection/persons-risk/lesbian-gay-bisexual-transgender-and-intersex-lgbti-persons">LGBTI</a> person qualify as promotion?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b65Tuq">
The implication that it does is creating a lot of hesitation among providers who “do not want to be associated or be seen as people who are promoting or engaging in amplifying the voices of the LGBT community,” he said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="B07XjU">
When trust in health providers breaks down, it can be lethal to a community’s health, said Kavanagh. “What we know — whether it’s HIV, or Covid, or [mpox], or Ebola — is that trust between the health sector and the population is perhaps the most critical tool in ensuring that the people who are experiencing the highest rates of transmission get diagnosed, get treatments, get a vaccine,” he said. “And what this law is requiring is that health workers actively break that trust. And that is very, very dangerous for public health.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="t6RJr2">
Indeed, Uganda’s recent success at containing an Ebola outbreak with relative speed <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/7k8gdb/uganda-ebola-virus-crisis">relied on community members’ trust</a> in traditional healers, community health workers, and conventional medicine practitioners. Under the AHA, a person with Ebola symptoms might hypothetically avoid seeking care out of fear they’d be suspected of homosexuality<strong> </strong>because their symptoms resembled acute HIV infection. It’s not only LGBTQ people who would suffer under those circumstances.
</p>
<h3 id="5rwLYW">
Critical foreign aid supporting Uganda’s health and other infrastructure may be withdrawn or redirected
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JSdVpi">
Foreign aid is critical for supporting Uganda’s health system, and important for other parts of its infrastructure — and donors might be pulling back some of that aid now that the AHA has passed. That could result in weaknesses in health care and other systems that harm the whole of Ugandan society.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9q6zhf">
Uganda is one of the top recipients of foreign aid globally. Aid from foreign governments generally comprises <a href="https://www.oecd.org/countries/uganda/aid-at-a-glance.htm#recipients">between 6 and 8 percent</a> of the nation’s gross national income, and thousands of nonprofit organizations <a href="https://ngobureau.go.ug/en/updated-national-ngo-register"></a>also operate within the country.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LHTZtX">
Over the last few months, as Uganda’s political bodies considered the latest version of the AHA in earnest, countries and organizations have begun reconsidering their relationship and their assistance to the country. <a href="https://www.devex.com/news/uganda-s-new-anti-lgbtq-law-could-make-pepfar-s-work-illegal-105619">The World Bank</a> and the <a href="https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/may-30-2023-us-urges-uganda-reconsider-dangerous-law-targeting-lgbtqi-jeopardizes-assistance">United States Agency for International Development</a> are reevaluating their work in Uganda, and a <a href="https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/news/2023/2023-05-29-joint-statement-by-the-leaders-global-fund-unaids-pepfar-uganda-anti-homosexuality-act-2023/">joint statement</a> from several major funders of the nation’s health infrastructure called for the act to be reconsidered.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Q8cNsG">
Programs funded by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, which provides about <a href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Uganda_Memo_Final-Public_Aug-11th-2021.pdf">$400 million</a> in HIV funding to Uganda each year, could become illegal under the new law, said Russell. “There’s a huge concern that PEPFAR strategy becomes promotion of homosexuality under this law,” she said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="acQEyG">
Academic institutions that work within the country are also reconsidering how their funds are being used. Louise Ivers, director of Massachusetts General Hospital’s Center for Global Health, wrote in an email to Vox that the organization planned to redirect the millions it spends on its Uganda program away from governmental to nongovernmental institutions<strong>.</strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="y5i7q8">
That means shifting from supporting a public university in southwest Uganda — which helps sustain nurse training and community health work programs — to instead supporting nongovernmental organizations working on humanitarian efforts and education aimed at reducing LGBTQ discrimination in Uganda.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gsJS0L">
“In many ways just ‘pulling out’ is easy, but instead we are trying to take a careful approach that will both serve the poorest patients (a priority to us as clinicians), while also following through on our values,” Ivers wrote.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Q3vYWd">
Ivers’s concern — and that of many other funders — is to avoid compounding harm to LGBTQ communities by withdrawing critical support not only for HIV care, but for the entire health care system.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="abx53q">
It’s not just funding for health services that donors are reconsidering: Kavanagh said there is a “big push” to also review World Bank loans for infrastructure support to the nation. In fact, during the 2014 effort to pass an earlier version of the AHA, the World Bank <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-worldbank/world-bank-postpones-uganda-loan-over-anti-gay-law-idINDEEA1Q0JU20140227">paused its loans to Uganda</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yj6xTA">
Reducing support for any public goods in Uganda would likely cause pain for all Ugandans: A weaker health system and bad roads hurt everyone. “The health sector is of interest to the Ugandan government, but other sectors are even more important,” said Kavanagh.
</p>
<h3 id="iMjzlQ">
Experts fear a spillover effect to other populations and other countries
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ouLlJH">
Lusimbo fears the AHA will lead to increased persecution not only of LGBTQ people but also of other marginalized groups. In particular, he’s concerned the next step for the law’s proponents is to push for legislation targeting harm reduction programs that provide care to people who inject drugs.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UFJb3z">
There’s also concern that the AHA will lead Uganda’s neighboring countries to adopt similar attitudes toward LGBTQ people, if not similar legislation. Ingrid Katz, a research scientist at the Center for Global Health at Massachusetts General Hospital, noted that a “family protection bill” in <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/23/why-are-kenya-and-uganda-cracking-down-on-lgbtq-rights">Kenya</a> uses the same language as the AHA. Lusimbo said Ghana and <a href="https://www.losangelesblade.com/2023/03/04/uganda-kenya-tanzania-move-to-further-curtail-lgbtq-rights/">Tanzania</a> are also seeing rising rates of anti-LGBTQ sentiment — “they seem to having kind of a template that is being followed,” he said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AXd3XF">
International pressure is mounting against Uganda, but it could also backfire. Uganda’s president has been defending the law as <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/ugandas-museveni-approves-anti-gay-law-parliament-speaker-says-2023-05-29/">anti-imperialist</a>: As he explains it, the West is trying to impose its values of LGBTQ tolerance on Uganda.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1rvty4">
It’s hard not to note the irony here; after all, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2014/5/19/5724166/the-story-behind-how-american-evangelicals-imported-homophobia-to">American evangelicals</a> helped transform Uganda’s long-simmering homophobia into law. Still, some<strong> </strong>human rights advocates within the country have asked foreign partners to tread lightly in their opposition to the law — in part to avoid the appearance that resistance is funded by outside interests.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VjNP3Z">
The difficult consequences of any actions make this a challenging time for people who care about public health. Continuing aid appears to condone an egregiously harmful law — but withdrawing aid will also hurt innocent people.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Q9G8q6">
“Governments that espouse hate shouldn’t get funding,” said Kavanagh, and donors who invest in Uganda’s essential social services “have to creatively address this horrific set of policy choices. The economic ramifications, hopefully, will wake Museveni up,” he said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CvwqfW">
Although the law is popular among Uganda’s general public, some<strong> </strong>LGBTQ advocates are clear that they do not want the US government and other funders to take measures that would cause harm to Ugandans more broadly. “We do not believe in sanctions or cutting off aid because at the end of the day, this again has a very negative impact on other Ugandans,” said Lusimbo.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rt1Qyc">
Instead, aid that directly impacts LGBTQ communities or supports the <a href="https://chapterfouruganda.org/resources/reports-analysis/cfe-update-petition-number-014-2023">legal work</a> of challenging the AHA before Uganda’s constitutional court is key, he said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6niEHr">
“This is a really delicate time for the outside world to put immense pressure on Uganda,” said Leaning, the human rights expert. Right now, she said, the best help for the nation’s most vulnerable is likely “funding or expertise — done quietly.”<strong> </strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6LFHHd">
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Handling Indian superstars over past three years has got Nitin Menon ‘match ready’ for Ashes</strong> - After being inducted into the ICC Elite Panel in June 2020, Menon did majority of India’s home games due to COVID-19 induced travel restrictions put in place for foreigners.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cyclist Maeder dies after fall into ravine on Tour of Switzerland</strong> - Maeder, 26, fell during a high-speed descent on the fifth stage between Fiesch and La Punt on June 15, after an exhausting day marked by three ascents over 2,000 metres altitude.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Indonesia Open badminton | Prannoy, Satwik-Chirag enter semifinals; Srikanth bows out</strong> - The win enabled Feng to restore parity on head-to-head record against Srikanth, which stands at 1-1 now.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Ashes 2023 | England chooses to bat first in first Test against Australia at Edgbaston</strong> - Australia went for Josh Hazelwood at the expense of pacer Mitchell Starc; Moeen Ali is playing his first Test match in nearly two years after an injury to England’s premier spinner Jack Leach</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Manchester United negotiating exclusivity with Qatar’s Sheikh Jassim in $6 bn-plus sale talks, say sources</strong> - Representatives for Manchester United and Sheikh Jassim did not immediately respond to requests for comment.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ensure services of counsellors in schools: Satheedevi</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Blood donation camp in Mysuru on June 20</strong> - The camp is an initiative of CII Mysuru and Yi Mysuru to help patients in need of life-long transfusion</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Governor Ravi disagrees with Tamil Nadu government on Senthilbalaji’s continuation in Cabinet</strong> - However, based on the recommendations of the Chief Minister M.K. Stalin, Mr. Ravi reallocates the Electricity portfolio to Thangam Thennrasu and Excise and Prohibition to S. Muthusamy</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dashrath Manjhi’s son Bhagirath Manjhi joins JD(U)</strong> - Way back in 2006, Mr. Kumar had offered his Chief Minister chair to Dashrath Manjhi when the latter had visited his weekly Janata Durbar</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Child welfare council general secretary visits Nihal’s house</strong> -</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Greece boat disaster: Officials deny coastguard rope led to migrant tragedy</strong> - A series of reports suggest the migrant boat went down after it was tied to a coastguard vessel.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Greece boat disaster: ‘People are waiting for any piece of good news’</strong> - People are waiting for ‘any good news’ after a migrant boat believed to be carrying hundreds sank.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Massive Swiss rockfall stops short of evacuated village of Brienz</strong> - Brienz was evacuated last month when geologists warned the rockface above it was due to collapse.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Neuschwanstein: Woman killed in attack near historic German castle</strong> - A 30-year-old US man is suspected of shoving a women off a hill near Neuschwanstein castle in Bavaria.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Russian embassy: Australia blocks new Canberra site over spying risk</strong> - Laws are quickly passed to halt construction, in light of an alleged spying risk.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dealmaster: Summer savings on laptops, smartphones, and smartwatches</strong> - With savings on laptops and smartphones, now is a great time to upgrade your gear. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948110">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rocket Report: China addresses falling rocket debris, Vulcan launch slipping</strong> - FAA is “taking a finer pencil to the way operations are run and managed.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1947976">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>This 15th century manuscript mentions a Monty Python-esque killer rabbit</strong> - Richard Heege was clearly a medieval scribe with a sense of humor. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1946709">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Our fall COVID boosters will likely be a monovalent XBB formula</strong> - If all goes smoothly, the FDA is expecting new shots around September. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948365">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Intel to start shipping a quantum processor</strong> - The 12-qubit device will go out to a few academic research labs. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1948350">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Reddit is killing third-party applications (and itself). Read more in the comments.</strong> - submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/JokeSentinel"> /u/JokeSentinel </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://i.redd.it/1j5nee06kx5b1.png">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1490rmv/reddit_is_killing_thirdparty_applications_and/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Jehovah is showing Ra around Heaven one day…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
… when a man runs up to them, crosses himself, then spreads his arms and closes his eyes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Excuse me,” Jehovah says to Ra, “this will only take a second.” He waves his hands, there’s a flash of light, and a purring kitten goes scampering away from where the man had been.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Other than obviously being the setup for a joke,” says Ra, “what was that?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Jehovah shrugs. “It got tough to keep track of my worshipers’ beliefs and expectations, so I just take the names of their sects literally now. That guy was a Catholic.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“‘Cat-holic?’” repeats Ra. “I think you’re pronouncing that wrong.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Before Jehovah can respond, another man comes rushing up. Once again, there’s a flash of light, and where the second man once stood, there’s a tiny insect on a picket sign.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Let me guess,” says Ra, “that guy was a Protestant?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Now you’re getting it!” Jehovah replies. His broadening smile quickly falls away, though, when he sees a man in a collared shirt approaching. “Ugh, hang on. This one will be more complicated.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Seconds later, there’s a flash of light, and the third man is replaced by an angry-looking ghost… but before it can do anything, Jehovah pulls a stepladder out of the air and smashes it down on the ghost’s head. The ghost stumbles in place then falls to floor, clearly knocked senseless.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Alright,” mutters Ra, “we’re obviously at the punchline now… so what was <em>that</em> about?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Man, I don’t know,” Jehovah says. “I’ve never understood those ladder-daze haints.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/RamsesThePigeon"> /u/RamsesThePigeon </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14ajpaj/jehovah_is_showing_ra_around_heaven_one_day/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14ajpaj/jehovah_is_showing_ra_around_heaven_one_day/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Geography of a Woman:</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Between 18 and 22, a woman is like Africa. Half discovered, half wild, fertile, and naturally Beautiful!
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Between 23 and 30, a woman is like the USA. Well developed and open to trade, especially for someone of real value.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Between 31 and 35, a woman is like Spain. Very hot, relaxed, and convinced of her own beauty.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Between 36 and 40, a woman is like Greece. Gently aging but still, a warm and desirable place to visit.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Between 41 and 50, a woman is like Great Britain. With a glorious and all-conquering past.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Between 51 and 60, a woman is like Israel. Has been through war, doesn’t make the same mistakes twice, and takes care of business.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Between 61 and 70, a woman is like Canada. Self-preserving, but open to meeting new people.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
After 70, she becomes Tibet. Wildly beautiful, with a mysterious past and the wisdom of the ages. An adventurous spirit and a thirst for knowledge.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
THE GEOGRAPHY OF A MAN:
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Between 1 and 100, a man is like Iran and Russia: Ruled by a pair of nuts.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Mahmood551"> /u/Mahmood551 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14apv1d/the_geography_of_a_woman/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14apv1d/the_geography_of_a_woman/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A man got a call from his health insurance company.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
<em>“Sir, I’m calling to tell you that your claim has been rejected.”</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“But why?” Asked the man.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
<em>“I’ll be blunt. We do not reimburse people for sleeping with prostitutes.” </em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“But it was ordered by my doctor, I swear!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
<em>“Sir, I have worked here many years and I have never seen a primary care physician prescribe sex with a hooker.”</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“But he did. He told me that I needed <strong>Whore Moan therapy</strong>…”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Crumulent1"> /u/Crumulent1 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14ak5we/a_man_got_a_call_from_his_health_insurance_company/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14ak5we/a_man_got_a_call_from_his_health_insurance_company/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mom can I get a motorcycle?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Do you remember what happened to your uncle Louie?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
That horrible, awful accident that killed him…
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
So you don’t want me to buy a motorcycle?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
No, you can have his
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Dashover"> /u/Dashover </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14am3u5/mom_can_i_get_a_motorcycle/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14am3u5/mom_can_i_get_a_motorcycle/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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