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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Parent-reported impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents with ASD</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic and its corresponding measures to prevent the spread of the virus have impacted us all, possible in particular youth with a pre-existing diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in children with ASD. Pre- and during COVID-19 data were collected. Data on ASD characteristics (SRS-2), and emotional and behavioral data (BPM-P) were available of respectively 39 and 31 participants. Results showed no significant difference with regard to ASD characteristics over time. However, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an increase in emotional and behavioral problems. Parents reported an increase in internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems. Boys seem to be particularly vulnerable to develop more internalizing problems.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/d7eq5/" target="_blank">Parent-reported impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents with ASD</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Social Determinants of Mental Health During a Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic</strong> -
<div>
Belonging is a basic human need, with social isolation signaling a threat to biological fitness. Sensitivity to ostracism varies across individuals and the lifespan, peaking in adolescence. Government-imposed restrictions upon social interactions during COVID-19 may therefore be particularly detrimental to young people and those most sensitive to ostracism. Participants (N = 2367; 89.95% female, 11-100 years) from three countries with differing levels of government restrictions (Australia, UK, and USA) were surveyed trice at three-month intervals (May 2020 – April 2021). Young people, and those living under the tightest government restrictions, reported the worst mental health, with these inequalities in mental health remaining constant throughout the study period. Further dissection of these results revealed that young people high on social rejection sensitivity reported the most mental health problems at the final assessment. These findings help account for the greater impact of enforced social isolation on young people’s mental health, and open novel avenues for intervention.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/64v7x/" target="_blank">Social Determinants of Mental Health During a Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The preliminary safety and immunogenicity results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase I trial for a recombinant two-component subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine ReCOV</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Summary Background The ReCOV is a recombinant trimeric two-component SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine adjuvanted with BFA03. We report the preliminary safety and immunogenicity results for the ReCOV. Methods This first in human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I study, was conducted at 2 study sites in New Zealand. Subjects were stratified into two age cohorts (18-55 years and 56-80 years old) and then randomly assigned in a 4:1 ratio to receive two 0.5 mL intramuscular doses of the ReCOV vaccine (20ug or 40ug, adjuvanted with BFA03 in each) or placebo, 21 days apart. The primary endpoints were incidence of solicited local and systemic adverse events (AEs) and unsolicited AEs after each dose; incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs) up to 30 days after the second dose; changes in clinical laboratory tests from baseline up to 7 days after each dose; and changes in vital signs from baseline up to 30 days after the second dose. The key secondary endpoints for immunogenicity were neutralizing antibody titers against SARS- CoV-2, S1 receptor binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD) IgG titers post-vaccination. The T cell-specific immune response elicited by ReCOV were also evaluated. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04818801). Findings One hundred participants (50 for each age group) were randomized. The incidence of solicited local AEs in 20ug ReCOV, 40ug ReCOV, and pooled placebo group among younger adults were 60.0%, 70.0%, and 10.0%, respectively, while among older adults were 55.0%, 84.2%, and 10.0%, respectively. The incidence of solicited systemic AEs in 20ug ReCOV, 40ug ReCOV, and pooled placebo group among younger adults were 60.0%, 60.0%, and 30.0%, respectively, while among older adults were 50.0%, 52.6%, and 50.0%, respectively. All solicited AEs and unsolicited AEs were mild. No vaccination- related SAE, adverse events of special interest, and AE leading to early discontinuation were reported. ReCOV elicited SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody after the first vaccination, which were increased further after the second vaccination irrespective of dose and age groups. The neutralizing antibody against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 peaked at 14 days post the second vaccination in both 20ug and 40ug ReCOV groups, with GMT of 1643.17 IU/mL and 1289.21 IU/mL among younger adults, and 1122.32 IU/mL and 680.31 IU/mL among older adults, respectively. Similarly, both anti-RBD and anti-NTD specific IgG were elicited after the first vaccination, and peaked at 14 days after the second vaccination. T helper 1 biased cellular responses were observed after ReCOV vaccinations. Interpretation Both 20 ugand 40ug ReCOV showed good safety profiles and elicited strong immune responses in the younger and the older adults. The results of this study support the accelerated development of ReCOV.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.22274932v1" target="_blank">The preliminary safety and immunogenicity results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase I trial for a recombinant two-component subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine ReCOV</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Acceptability of a behavioural intervention to mitigate the psychological impacts of COVID-19 restrictions in older people with long-term conditions: a qualitative study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the need to address loneliness and social isolation (and associated incidence of depression) amongst older adults. Between June and October 2020, the Behavioural Activation in Social IsoLation (BASIL) pilot study investigated the acceptability and feasibility of a remotely delivered brief psychological intervention (Behavioural Activation, BA) to prevent and reduce loneliness and depression in older people with long term conditions (LTCs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design An embedded qualitative study was conducted with semi-structured interviews to generate data that was first analysed inductively using thematic analysis and then deductively using the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA). Setting National Health Service and third sector organisations in England. Participants Sixteen older adults and 9 Support Workers (BSWs) participating in the BASIL pilot trial. Results Older adults and BSWs described a positive affective attitude towards the intervention linked to altruism, however the activity planning aspect of the intervention was limited due to COVID-19 restrictions. The intervention was understood by older adults &amp; BSWs, although less understanding in older adults without low mood. A manageable burden was involved with delivering and participating in the intervention. For ethicality, older adults valued social contact and making changes, BSWs valued being able to observe those changes. Opportunity cost was low for BSWs &amp; older adults. BA was perceived to be useful in the pandemic and likely to achieve its aims, (Perceived Effectiveness) especially if tailored to people with both low mood and LTCs. Self-efficacy developed over time and with experience for both BSWs and older adults. Conclusions Overall, the BASIL pilot study processes and BA intervention were found to be acceptable. Use of the TFA provided valuable insights into how the intervention was experienced and how the acceptability of study processes and the BA intervention could be enhanced ahead of the larger definitive trial (BASIL+).
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.22274892v1" target="_blank">Acceptability of a behavioural intervention to mitigate the psychological impacts of COVID-19 restrictions in older people with long-term conditions: a qualitative study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Radiological Imaging of Viral Pneumonia Cases Identified Before the COVID-19 Pandemic Period and COVID-19 Pneumonia Cases Comparison of Characteristics</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Thoracic CT imaging is widely used as a diagnostic method in the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. Radiological differential diagnosis and isolation of other viral agents causing pneumonia in patients gained importance, especially during the pandemic period. Aims: We aimed to investigate whether there is a difference between the CT imaging findings characteristically defined in COVID-19 pneumonia and the findings detected in pneumonia due to other viral agents, and which finding may be more effective in the diagnosis. Study Design: The study included 249 adult patients with pneumonia found in thorax CT examination and positive COVID-19 RT-PCR test and 94 patients diagnosed with non-COVID pneumonia (viral PCR positive, no bacterial/fungal agents were detected in other cultures) from the last 5 years before the pandemic. It was retrospectively analyzed using the PACS System. CT findings were evaluated by two radiologists with 5 and 20 years of experience who did not know to which group the patient belonged, and it was decided by consensus. Methods: Demographic data (age, gender, known chronic disease) and CT imaging findings (percentage of involvement, number of lesions, distribution preference, dominant pattern, ground-glass opacity distribution pattern, nodule, tree in bud sign, interstitial changes, crazy paving sign, reversed halo sign, vacuolar sign, halo sign, vascular enlargement, linear opacities, traction bronchiectasis, peribronchial wall thickness, air trapping, pleural retraction, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, cavitation, mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathy, dominant lesion size, consolidation, subpleural curvilinear opacities, air bronchogram, pleural thickening) of the patients were evaluated. CT findings were also evaluated with the RSNA consensus guideline and the CORADS scoring system. Data were divided into two main groups as non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 pneumonia and compared statistically with chi-square tests and multiple regression analysis of independent variables. Results: Two main groups; RSNA and CORADS classification, percentage of involvement, number of lesions, distribution preference, dominant pattern, nodule, tree in bud, interstitial changes, crazy paving, reverse halo vascular enlargement, peribronchial wall thickness, air trapping, pleural retraction, pleural/pericardial effusion, cavitation and mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathy were compared, significant differences were found between the groups (p &lt; 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis of independent variables found a significant effect of reverse halo sign (β = 0.097, p &lt;0.05) and pleural effusion (β = 10.631, p &lt;0.05) on COVID-19 pneumonia. Conclusion: Presence of reverse halo and absence of pleural effusion was found to be efficient in the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.22274305v1" target="_blank">Radiological Imaging of Viral Pneumonia Cases Identified Before the COVID-19 Pandemic Period and COVID-19 Pneumonia Cases Comparison of Characteristics</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin following SARS-CoV-2 infection in children under 10</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Recently, the Centers for Diseases and Control released a nationwide health alert about an increase in hepatitis cases of unknown origin in children, raising concern about potential sequelae of COVID-19 infection. In this study, we test whether there was increased risk of elevated serum liver enzymes and bilirubin following COVID-19 infection in children. We performed a retrospective cohort study on a nation-wide database of patient electronic health records (EHRs) in the US. The study population comprise 796,369 children between the ages of 1-10 years including 245,675 who had contracted COVID-19 during March 11, 2020 - March 11, 2022 and 550,694 who contracted non-COVID other respiratory infection (ORI) during the same timeframe. Compared to children infected with other respiratory infections, children infected with COVID- 19 infection were at significantly increased risk for elevated AST or ALT (hazard ratio or HR: 2.52, 95% confidence interval or CI: 2.03-3.12) and total bilirubin (HR: 3.35, 95% CI: 2.16- 5.18). These results suggest acute and long-term hepatic sequelae of COVID-19 in pediatric patients. Further investigation is needed to clarify if post-COVID-19 related hepatic injury described in this study is related to the current increase in pediatric hepatitis cases of unknown origin.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.22274866v1" target="_blank">Elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin following SARS-CoV-2 infection in children under 10</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Extending the German Corona Consensus Dataset (GECCO) to the immunization, pediatrics, and cardiology domains</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
<b>Background</b> The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred large-scale, inter-institutional research efforts. To enable these efforts, the German Corona Consensus (GECCO) dataset has been developed previously as a harmonized, interoperable collection of the most relevant data elements for COVID-19-related patient research. As GECCO has been developed as a compact core dataset across all medical fields, the focused research within particular medical domains demanded the definition of extension modules that include those data elements that are most relevant to the research performed in these individual medical specialties. <b>Main body</b> We created GECCO extension modules for the immunization, pediatrics, and cardiology domains with respect to the pandemic requests. The data elements included in each of these modules were selected in a consensus-based process by working groups of medical experts from the respective specialty to ensure that the contents are aligned with the research needs of the specialty. The selected data elements were mapped to international standardized vocabularies and data exchange specifications were created using HL7 FHIR profiles on the appropriate resources. All steps were performed in close interdisciplinary collaboration between medical domain experts, medical information scientists and FHIR developers. The profiles and vocabulary mappings were syntactically and semantically validated in a two-stage process. In that way, we defined dataset specifications for a total number of 23 (immunization), 59 (pediatrics), and 50 (cardiology) data elements that augment the GECCO core dataset. We created and published implementation guides and example implementations as well as dataset annotations for each extension module. <b>Conclusions</b> We here present extension modules for the GECCO core dataset that contain data elements most relevant to COVID-19-related patient research in immunization, pediatrics and cardiology. These extension modules were defined in an interdisciplinary, iterative, consensus-based approach that may serve as a blueprint for the development of further dataset definitions and GECCO extension modules. The here developed GECCO extension modules provide a standardized and harmonized definition of specialty-related datasets that can help to enable inter-institutional and cross-country COVID-19 research in these specialties.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.22274089v1" target="_blank">Extending the German Corona Consensus Dataset (GECCO) to the immunization, pediatrics, and cardiology domains</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>VIGIL (Video In Geriatric Intervention cLinic): A randomised controlled feasibility trial protocol comparing face- to-face and video delivery of a specialist preoperative clinic for older people.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The Covid-19 pandemic resulted in significant challenges to the provision of face-to-face clinics in geriatric perioperative care (G-POC). There are no studies evaluating the use of telemedicine in this population. A pilot study at North Bristol NHS Trust demonstrated that delivery of GPOC clinics via video consultation was feasible, but did not record outcome measures to demonstrate effectiveness and was not compared to face to face clinic. This study aims to provide proof of concept examining the outcomes of virtual G-POC consultations, compared to a face-to-face clinic, using standardised perioperative outcomes. It will test the feasibility of the intervention with a view to developing a randomised controlled trial.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.22274120v1" target="_blank">VIGIL (Video In Geriatric Intervention cLinic): A randomised controlled feasibility trial protocol comparing face-to-face and video delivery of a specialist preoperative clinic for older people.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 transmission with a novel outpatient sentinel surveillance system in Chicago, USA</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Public health indicators typically used for COVID-19 surveillance can be biased or lag changing community transmission patterns. The United States city of Chicago opportunistically investigated whether sentinel surveillance of recently symptomatic individuals receiving outpatient diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2 could accurately assess the instantaneous reproductive number R(t) and provide early warning of changes in transmission. Patients tested at community-based diagnostic testing sites between September 2020 and June 2021, and reporting symptom onset within four days preceding their test, formed the sentinel population. R(t) calculated from sentinel cases agreed well with R(t) from other indicators. Retrospectively, trends in sentinel cases did not precede trends in COVID-19 hospital admissions by any identifiable lead time. In deployment, sentinel surveillance held an operational recency advantage of nine days over hospital admissions. The promising performance of opportunistic sentinel surveillance suggests that deliberately designed outpatient sentinel surveillance would provide robust early warning of increasing transmission.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.22274869v1" target="_blank">Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 transmission with a novel outpatient sentinel surveillance system in Chicago, USA</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>BEHAVIOURS IN THE STOCK MARKET - AN EMPIRICAL STUDY</strong> -
<div>
This study has two main purposes. Its first purpose is to analyse the influence of sociodemographic characteristics and investment experience of individual and institutional investors on their investment behaviours in the stock market. The second purpose of the present paper is to study the impact of the investment behaviours on the investment decisions following the market selloff in March 2020 that preceded the emergence of COVID 19. Additionally, this study seeks to analyse the potential impact of the social distancing measures on the herd mentality influencing the investment decision.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/ypq8m/" target="_blank">BEHAVIOURS IN THE STOCK MARKET - AN EMPIRICAL STUDY</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Psychological Issues on Family Caregivers of Stroke Patients in Brunei Darussalam: In the Era of Pandemic Covid-19</strong> -
<div>
Family caregivers play an important role in providing main support for family members with a disability in order for them to function normally in their everyday life. The main goal of this research study is to promote psychological health awareness of stroke family caregivers in Brunei Darussalam, especially during the pandemic of Covid-19. This study concentrated particularly on long-term family caregivers who provide care to stroke family members who were severely affected by the disease that caused them to heavily depended on their family caretakers. This qualitative research involves interviewing 8 locals participants using snowballing sampling and a thematic analysis approach that investigate thoroughly the challenges and identifies the needs required by family caregivers in Brunei. The findings of the study discovered that all family caregivers experience psychological issues such as ‘Depression’ and ‘Stress’ and are in need of family support and self-care to reduce challenges they experience such as emotional exhaustion, physical problem, sleep deprivation, financial issues, and accessibility to basic needs in caregiving.
</div>
<div class="article- link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/4vce9/" target="_blank">Psychological Issues on Family Caregivers of Stroke Patients in Brunei Darussalam: In the Era of Pandemic Covid-19</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Structural insights for neutralization of BA.1 and BA.2 Omicron variants by a broadly neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibody</strong> -
<div>
The SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 and BA.2 (Omicron) variants contain more than 30 mutations within the spike protein and evade therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Here, we report a receptor binding domain (RBD) targeting human antibody (002-S21F2) that effectively neutralizes live viral isolates of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron (BA.1 and BA.2) with IC50 ranging from 0.02 - 0.05 ug/ml. This near germline antibody 002-S21F2 has unique genetic features that are distinct from any reported SARS-CoV-2 mAbs. Structural studies of the full-length IgG in complex with spike trimers (Omicron and WA.1) reveal that 002-S21F2 recognizes an epitope on the outer face of RBD (class-3 surface), outside the ACE2 binding motif and its unique molecular features enable it to overcome mutations found in the Omicron variants. The discovery and comprehensive structural analysis of 002-S21F2 provide valuable insight for broad and potent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants BA.1 and BA.2.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491770v1" target="_blank">Structural insights for neutralization of BA.1 and BA.2 Omicron variants by a broadly neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibody</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Three-doses of BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine establishes long-lasting CD8+ T cell immunity in CLL and MDS patients</strong> -
<div>
Patients with hematological malignancies are prioritized for COVID-19 vaccine due to their high risk for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection related disease and mortality. To understand T cell immunity, its long-term persistence, and correlation with antibody response, we evaluated the BNT162b2 COVID 19 mRNA vaccine-specific immune response in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and myeloid dysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. Longitudinal analysis of CD8+ T cells using DNA-barcoded peptide-MHC multimers covering the full SARS-CoV-2 Spike-protein (415 peptides) showed vaccine- specific T cell activation and persistence of memory T cells up to six months post-vaccination. Surprisingly, a higher frequency of vaccine-induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell was observed in the patient group compared to a healthy donor group. Furthermore, and importantly, immunization with the second booster dose significantly increased the frequency of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells as well as the total number of T cell specificities. Altogether 59 BNT162b2 vaccine-derived immunogenic epitopes were identified, of which 23 established long-term CD8+ T cell memory response with a strong immunodominance for NYNYLYRLF (HLA-A24:02) and YLQPRTFLL (HLA-A02:01) epitopes. In summary, we mapped the vaccine-induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and showed a booster-specific activation and enrichment of memory T cells that could be important for long-term disease protection in this patient group.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491706v1" target="_blank">Three-doses of BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine establishes long-lasting CD8+ T cell immunity in CLL and MDS patients</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 elicited by combination COVID-19 vaccination regimens</strong> -
<div>
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic prompted a global vaccination effort and the development of numerous COVID-19 vaccines at an unprecedented scale and pace. As a result, current COVID-19 vaccination regimens comprise diverse vaccine modalities, immunogen combinations and dosing intervals. Here, we compare vaccine-specific antibody and memory B cell responses following two-dose mRNA, single-dose Ad26.COV2.S and two-dose ChAdOx1 or combination ChAdOx1/mRNA vaccination. Plasma neutralizing activity as well as the magnitude, clonal composition and antibody maturation of the RBD-specific memory B cell compartment showed substantial differences between the vaccination regimens. While individual monoclonal antibodies derived from memory B cells exhibited similar binding affinities and neutralizing potency against Wuhan-Hu-1 SARS- CoV-2, there were significant differences in epitope specificity and neutralizing breadth against viral variants of concern. Although the ChAdOx1 vaccine was inferior to mRNA and Ad26.COV2.S in several respects, biochemical and structural analyses revealed enrichment in a subgroup of memory B cell neutralizing antibodies with distinct RBD-binding properties resulting in remarkable potency and breadth.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491823v1" target="_blank">Humoral immunity to SARS- CoV-2 elicited by combination COVID-19 vaccination regimens</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>In situ architecture and membrane fusion of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant</strong> -
<div>
Among the current five Variants of Concern, infections caused by the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant are often associated with the greatest severity. Despite recent advances on the molecular basis of elevated pathogenicity using recombinant proteins, architecture of intact Delta virions remains veiled. Moreover, the detailed mechanism of S-mediated membrane fusion remains elusive. Here we report the molecular assembly and fusion snapshots of the authentic Delta variant. Envelope invagination and fusion events were frequently observed. Native structures of pre- and postfusion S were determined up to 4.1-A resolution. Site-specific glycan analysis revealed increased oligomannose-type glycosylation of native Delta S over that of the Wuhan-Hu-1 S. Based on these findings, we proposed a model for S-mediated membrane fusion and a model for the invagination formation.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html- link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491759v1" target="_blank">In situ architecture and membrane fusion of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Role of Glutathione Deficiency and MSIDS Variables in Long COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Dietary Supplement: NAC (N-acetyl cysteine) , Alpha lipoic acid (ALA), liposomal glutathione (GSH)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of California, Irvine;   Hudson Valley Healing Arts Center<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of IN STI-9199 in Treating Symptomatic COVID-19 in Outpatient Adults and Adolescents</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: STI-9199;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:  <br/>
Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of Omicron COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated in Population 18 Years Old of Age and Above</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: Omicron COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   China National Biotec Group Company Limited;   Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd.;   Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study on Sequential Immunization of Omicron Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine and Prototype Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Population Aged 18 Years Old and Above</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Omicron COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated;   Biological: COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:  <br/>
China National Biotec Group Company Limited;   Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd.;   Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Neuro-inflammation and Post-infectious Fatigue in Individuals With and Without COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Radiation: [18F]DPA-714 positron emission tomography (PET) scan<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc;   ZonMw: The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development<br/><b>Enrolling by invitation</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase II Safety Single-arm Study of CDK4/6 Inhibition With Palbociclib in Hospitalized, Moderate COVID-19 Cases to Prevent Thromboinflammation</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Palbociclib<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   biotx.ai GmbH<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase I Clinical Trial of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: COVID-19 mRNA vaccine;   Biological: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   CanSino Biologics Inc.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase II Clinical Trial of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: COVID-19 mRNA vaccine;   Biological: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   CanSino Biologics Inc.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>THEMBA II T-Cell Vaccine: Vaccination With saRNA COVID-19 Vaccines</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: AAHI-SC2 Vaccine;   Biological: AAHI- SC3 Vaccine;   Biological: EUA or approved vaccine<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   ImmunityBio, Inc.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>To Evaluate SSD8432/Ritonavir in Adults With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: SSD8432 dose;   Drug: SSD8432 placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Use of Chinese Herbal Medicine and Vitamin C by Hospital Care Workers in HK to Prevent COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Chinese herbal medicine<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:  <br/>
Hong Kong Baptist University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of SSD8432 and Ritonavir in Adult Subjects With COVID-19 Placebo-Controlled, Phase II Clinical Study</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: SSD8432 dose1;   Drug: SSD8432 dose2;   Drug: SSD8432Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>To Evaluate SSD8432/ Ritonavir in Adults With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Patients<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: SSD8432 dose 1/Ritonavir;   Drug: SSD8432 dose 2<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity Study of a Lyophilized COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: A Lyophilized COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine;   Biological: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Wuhan Recogen Biotechnology Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Home-based Exercise Program in Patients With the Post-COVID-19 Condition</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Long COVID;   Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Home- based physical training<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Sao Paulo<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How SARS-CoV-2 dodges immune surveillance and facilitates infection: an analytical review</strong> - INTRODUCTION: Effective treatments for the ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic are limited. The virus has evolved strategies to evade the immune system or hijack immune responses to facilitate infection and escape immune surveillance. Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 takes advantage of TLR4 and cytokine-induced integrins to promote its entrance into the cell. Furthermore, the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRR)-mediated signaling pathways is…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Screening for inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve, generating new variants that pose a threat to global health; therefore, it is imperative to obtain safe and broad-spectrum antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. To this end, we screened compounds for their ability to inhibit viral entry, which is a critical step in virus infection. Twenty compounds that have been previously reported to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication were tested by using pseudoviruses…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nitric-oxide enriched plasma-activated water inactivates 229E coronavirus and alters antiviral response genes in human lung host cells</strong> - The ongoing pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is influencing global health. Moreover, there is a major threat of future coronaviruses affecting the entire world in a similar, or even more dreadful, manner. Therefore, effective and biocompatible therapeutic options against coronaviruses are urgently needed. To address this challenge, medical specialists require a well-informed and safe approach to treating human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Herein, an environmental friendly approach…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Aerosol Transmission of the Pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus Was Blocked by Negative Ions</strong> - The pandemic of respiratory diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza, has imposed significant public health and economic burdens on the world. Wearing masks is an effective way to cut off the spread of the respiratory virus. However, due to cultural differences and uncomfortable wearing experiences, not everyone is willing to wear masks; there is an urgent need to find alternatives to masks. In this study, we tested the disinfection effect of a portable ionizer on…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Glycopeptide Antibiotic Teicoplanin Inhibits Cell Entry of SARS-CoV-2 by Suppressing the Proteolytic Activity of Cathepsin L</strong> - Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), public health worldwide has been greatly threatened. The development of an effective treatment for this infection is crucial and urgent but is hampered by the incomplete understanding of the viral infection mechanisms and the lack of specific antiviral agents. We previously reported that teicoplanin, a glycopeptide antibiotic that has been commonly used in the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Novel Insights Into the Sulfated Glucuronic Acid-Based Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Mechanism of Exopolysaccharides From Halophilic Archaeon <em>Haloarcula hispanica</em></strong> - The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is the most widely spread disease in the 21st century. Due to the continuous emergence of variants across the world, it is necessary to expand our understanding of host-virus interactions and explore new agents against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, it was found exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from halophilic archaeon Haloarcula hispanica ATCC33960 can bind to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 with the binding constant K(D) of 2.23 nM, block the binding of spike protein to…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antiviral phytocompounds “ellagic acid” and “(+)-sesamin” of <em>Bridelia retusa</em> identified as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CL pro using extensive molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation studies, binding free energy calculations, and bioactivity prediction</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected billions and has killed millions to date. Studies are being carried out to find therapeutic molecules that can potentially inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2. 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL pro) involved in the polyprotein cleavage process is believed to be the key target for viral replication, and hence is an attractive target for the discovery of antiviral molecules. In the present study, we aimed to identify…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ORF8 protein of SARS-CoV-2 reduces male fertility in mice</strong> - As one of the most rapidly evolving proteins of the genus Betacoronavirus, ORF8’s function and potential pathological consequence in vivo are still obscure. In this study, we show that the secretion of ORF8 is dependent on its N-terminal signal peptide sequence and can be inhibited by ROS scavenger and ER-Golgi transportation inhibitor in cultured cells. To trace the effect of its possible in vivo secretion，we examined the plasma samples of COVID-19 convalescent patients and found that the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Recommendations for the management of drug-drug interactions between the COVID-19 antiviral nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid<sup>®</sup> ) and comedications</strong> - The Covid-19 antiviral nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (NMV/r) (Paxlovid^(®) ) has been granted authorization or approval in several countries for the treatment of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 at high risk of progression to severe disease and with no requirement for supplemental oxygen. NMV/r will be primarily administered outside the hospital setting as a 5-day course oral treatment. The ritonavir component boosts plasma concentrations of nirmatrelvir through the potent and rapid inhibition…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Molecular Interactions and Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease by a Thiadiazolidinone Derivative</strong> - We report molecular interactions and inhibition of the main protease (M^(Pro) ) of SARS-CoV-2, a key enzyme involved in the viral life cycle. By using a thiadiazolidinone (TDZD) derivative as a chemical probe, we explore conformational dynamics of M^(Pro) via docking protocols and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in all-atom detail. We reveal local and global dynamics of M^(Pro) in the presence of this inhibitor and confirm the inhibition of the enzyme with an IC(50) value of 1.39 ± 0.22 μM,…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Conducting the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant with Phytoconstituents from <em>Euphorbia dendroides</em> to Repudiate the Binding of Spike Glycoprotein Using Computational Molecular Search and Simulation Approach</strong> - (1) Background: Natural constituents are still a preferred route for counteracting the outbreak of COVID-19. Essentially, flavonoids have been found to be among the most promising molecules identified as coronavirus inhibitors. Recently, a new SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 variant has spread in many countries, which has raised awareness of the role of natural constituents in attempts to contribute to therapeutic protocols. (2) Methods: Using various chromatographic techniques, triterpenes (1-7),…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules: A Review</strong> - Hydroxylated polyphenols, also called flavonoids, are richly present in vegetables, fruits, cereals, nuts, herbs, seeds, stems, and flowers of numerous plants. They possess numerous medicinal properties such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammation. Studies show that flavonoids activate antioxidant pathways that render an anti-inflammatory effect. They inhibit the secretions of enzymes such as lysozymes and β-glucuronidase and inhibit the secretion of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antiinflammation Derived Suzuki-Coupled Fenbufens as COX-2 Inhibitors: Minilibrary Construction and Bioassay</strong> - A small fenbufen library comprising 18 compounds was prepared via Suzuki Miyara coupling. The five-step preparations deliver 9-17% biphenyl compounds in total yield. These fenbufen analogs exert insignificant activity against the IL-1 release as well as inhibiting cyclooxygenase 2 considerably. Both the para-amino and para-hydroxy mono substituents display the most substantial COX-2 inhibition, particularly the latter one showing a comparable activity as celecoxib. The most COX-2 selective and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Semi-Synthesis of <em>N</em>-Aryl Amide Analogs of Piperine from <em>Piper nigrum</em> and Evaluation of Their Antitrypanosomal, Antimalarial, and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Activities</strong> - Piper nigrum, or black pepper, produces piperine, an alkaloid that has diverse pharmacological activities. In this study, N-aryl amide piperine analogs were prepared by semi-synthesis involving the saponification of piperine (1) to yield piperic acid (2) followed by esterification to obtain compounds 3, 4, and 5. The compounds were examined for their antitrypanosomal, antimalarial, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 main protease activities. The new 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenyl piperamide 5 exhibited the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Novel Inhibitors of 2’-<em>O</em>-Methyltransferase of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus</strong> - The COVID-19 pandemic is still affecting many people worldwide and causing a heavy burden to global health. To eliminate the disease, SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the pandemic, can be targeted in several ways. One of them is to inhibit the 2’-O-methyltransferase (nsp16) enzyme that is crucial for effective translation of viral RNA and virus replication. For methylation of substrates, nsp16 utilizes S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). Binding of a small molecule in the protein site where SAM…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Amelia Bedelia, Meet Samuel Alito</strong> - What the Supreme Court Justice’s leaked draft opinion reveals about originalism. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/amelia-bedelia-meet-samuel-alito">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>DeafBlind Communities May Be Creating a New Language of Touch</strong> - Protactile began as a movement for autonomy and a system of tactile communication. Now, some linguists argue, it is becoming a language of its own. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/annals-of-inquiry/deafblind-communities-may-be-creating-a-new-language-of-%20touch">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What the “Life of the Mother” Might Mean in a Post-Roe America</strong> - “We are going to see more deaths and more injuries,” Ghazaleh Moayedi, an ob-gyn in Dallas, said. “I don’t have to speculate about that at all.” - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/science/annals-of-medicine/what-the-life-of-the-mother-might-mean-in-a-post-roe-%20america">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Jamil Jan Kochai Reads “Occupational Hazards”</strong> - The author reads his story from the May 23, 2022, issue of the magazine. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/podcast/the-writers-voice/jamil-jan-kochai-reads-occupational-hazards">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Jamil Jan Kochai on Résumés as Stories</strong> - The author discusses “Occupational Hazards,” his story from the latest issue of the magazine. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/this-week-in-fiction/jamil-jan-kochai-05-23-22">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Lebanon is in political crisis. Sunday’s elections won’t change that.</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Lebanon Holds First Parliamentary Elections Since 2019 Protests" src="https://cdn.vox-
cdn.com/thumbor/Y6dgJkQZ3ykFGBBeYOPAcJWpM2M=/248x0:4216x2976/1310x983/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70872351/1240686420.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Lebanon Holds First Parliamentary Elections Since 2019 Protests. | Marwan Tahtah/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
In 2019 protesters chanted for revolution; instead they got continued corruption and negligence.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PKLGBu">
Lebanon’s parliamentary elections on Sunday hold the possibility of change — however slight — from the corruption, negligence, and stagnation that have <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-financial-explainer-idCAKCN2DT0OY">crashed the country’s economy</a>, provided relative impunity for the devastating 2020 Beirut port explosion, and allowed the extremist group Hezbollah to pick up a greater proportion of seats in the legislature.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dQoox6">
Sunday’s turnout within Lebanon could top 60 percent, a 10 percent increase over the numbers in 2018’s parliamentary elections. That, combined with high turnout from the Lebanese diaspora in places like Dubai and Paris, could mean that opposition groups pick up as many as 10 seats in the 128-seat parliament, according to Osama Gharizi, senior program advisor with the Middle East and North Africa Center at the US Institute for Peace. “A sharp increase in voters here would likely drive a large portion of new groups into parliament for the first time on Sunday,” Gharizi, who is based in Beirut, told Vox via email. “The acute economic and governance crises afflicting the country since 2019 should mean a higher turnout than in 2018, which stood at nearly 50 percent.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TAl2zq">
Those crises include rampant inflation and high poverty — according to the <a href="https://www.unescwa.org/sites/default/files/news/docs/21-00634-_multidimentional_poverty_in_lebanon_-
policy_brief_-_en.pdf">United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia</a>, more than 80 percent of the country’s population of <a href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=LB">6.8 million</a> now live in some form of poverty as measured by twenty different indicators, like access to sanitation, health insurance, and school attendance as well as financial indicators like income and wealth. Lebanon’s financial devolution has been years in the making. Staggering debt due to financial mismanagement under central bank governor Riad Salameh, as well as withdrawal of Saudi support due to the increasing influence of Hezbollah and Iran, and political unwillingness to make reforms in exchange for foreign aid, all contributed to <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-
financial-explainer-idCAKCN2DT0OY">the implosion of the economy</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="s8lcLs">
Lebanese people, fed up with the government’s response to the economic crisis it had created, began protesting on October 17, 2019; a proposed tax on the messaging service WhatsApp was the final straw. They demanded the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/23/world/middleeast/lebanon-protests.html">entire government resign</a>, chanting “all of them means all of them,” occupying many of downtown Beirut’s iconic but still bullet-scarred buildings, and demanding an end to the sectarian divisions which pitted the population against each other while enriching the political elites and keeping them in power.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iqpZz9">
However, the emergence of the Covid-19 virus put a damper on the protests’ momentum until the August 2020 <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-58705687">Beirut port explosion</a>, which killed at least 218, injured more than 7,000, and <a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/08/03/they-killed-us-inside/investigation-august-4-beirut-blast">displaced hundreds of thousands</a>. Independent investigations, and many Lebanese, maintain that <a href="https://www.hrw.org/video-photos/interactive/2021/08/02/lebanon-evidence-implicates-officials-beirut-blast-
targeted">political negligence</a> is responsible for the blast; government officials failed to properly store the 2,750 tons of ammonium nitrate that exploded after a fire broke out in the warehouse where it was being stored. In the aftermath, neighbors fed each other, delivered medicine, and organized to make home repairs. The government was nowhere to be found because officials had resigned en masse. Nearly two years on, there’s still no <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/16/analysis-how-judge-bitar-probe-shook-lebanon-leaders">justice</a> for the citizens of Beirut, since politicians have <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/faltering-beirut-port-
blast-probe-faces-risk-new-obstruction-2022-01-17/">shut down two successive investigations.</a>
</p>
<h3 id="kZAZmr">
Lebanon’s government structure doesn’t make political change easy
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="w7jWKM">
Lebanon’s parliament serves a four-year term and its structure is divided along sectarian lines, between Muslim and Christian seats; although there is religious diversity in Lebanon, religious minority groups like the Druze must fit into either the Muslim or Christian constituency, and are given seats proportional to their population. Executive offices are always filled by one of the three primary religious constituencies — the prime minister is always a Sunni Muslim, the speaker of parliament is Shia, and the president is always a Maronite Christian. The religious confessional system, which has existed in some form for the duration of Lebanon’s modern history, was codified into law under the <a href="https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/LB_891022_Taif%20Accords.pdf">1989 Taif Accords</a>, which laid out the conditions for the end of the 15-year-long civil war.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tkEvEA">
The division of political office along sectarian lines was ostensibly intended to keep the peace between religious groups after the brutal civil war, but it has also perpetuated corrupt <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/24/world/middleeast/saad-hariri-lebanon-
quits.html">political dynasties</a> and enabled impunity for kleptocratic players that have allegedly used the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/17/business/lebanon-riad-salameh.html">fragile country’s assets as their own personal coffer</a>. The Taif Accords also give <a href="https://www.presidency.gov.lb/English/PresidentoftheRepublic/Pages/Constitution.aspx">broad power to the president</a>, allowing them to dismiss the prime minister and cabinet, and to dissolve parliament, creating the conditions for the abuse of power and cronyism which have long plagued Lebanese politics.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5nqfyc">
As Gharizi told Vox, Lebanon’s “electoral system is skewed [in] favor of the traditional ruling parties. This shouldn’t be all that surprising since they are the ones who devised it in 2017. It is based on proportional representation (PR) and was first used in the 2018 elections.” While some civil society groups were in favor of the change because it could allow candidates from non-traditional groups to participate in the government, he said, “the traditional ruling parties inserted details into the electoral system that essentially negates the benefits,” including a preferential vote for an individual within a coalition, which Gharizi said helps “secure the election of traditional leaders.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4y7hcR">
Furthermore, electoral districts “match the constituencies of traditional ruling parties” — parallel in theory to gerrymandering in the US — and Lebanese election tradition stipulates that people vote in their ancestral villages, which, Gharizi said, “precludes the emergence of a strong concentration of opposition constituencies.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AjJZHX">
Because Lebanon’s economic issues are so deeply intertwined with the widely-acknowledged corruption of the political elites, the status quo can’t change until the political institutions do. That kind of change seemed to be fomenting when Saad Hariri, a Sunni Muslim politician, former prime minister, and the scion of the Hariri political dynasty, announced he was <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/24/world/middleeast/saad-hariri-lebanon-
quits.html">resigning from politics this past January</a> and urged his supporters to boycott the election. The younger Hariri, who took office after the 2005 assassination of his father Rafik while he was serving as prime minister, is perhaps best known internationally for <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/world/middleeast/lebanon-hariri-
model.html">giving millions of dollars to a young South African model</a> in between his prime ministerial terms. Hariri, who resigned as prime minister during the 2019 protests, was then appointed in a caretaker capacity by President Michel Aoun in October 2020; nine months later, he resigned again, unable to form a new government.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bT5SD6">
While Hariri’s retirement from politics carried with it the risk of further stagnation and disarray, it was also an admission of sorts, that under his leadership and the leadership of his political class, Lebanese society had suffered — and Hariri and his ilk were doing nothing to stop it.
</p>
<h3 id="4mE04X">
Can Sunday’s vote make any inroads?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KveVNU">
No one election will make the sweeping change that Lebanon needs and that the Lebanese people have been demanding for years now. While Gharizi acknowledged the anger and frustration most Lebanese feel, he also told Vox that “the clientelist and patronage networks of traditional ruling parties run deep, meaning many still rely and have become ever more dependent on, given the current economic crisis,<strong> </strong><a href="https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1299599/voters-at-several-polling-stations-make-claims-of-getting-paid-
for-their-vote.html">the largess of the parties for basic needs</a>.” That dependence “ensures that traditional ruling parties are able to more easily mobilize their supporters to the polls than nascent opposition newcomers, thereby guaranteeing a certain level of control and influence in the next parliament and government,” he said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8U2LSC">
That means that although Hariri’s <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/rival-sits-out-
lebanons-election-now-hezbollah-could-fill-void-2022-05-09/">Future Movement party</a> didn’t put forward any candidates, other traditional political stakeholders did, including the Shia Hezbollah movement, which held 71 parliamentary seats going into the elections and whose supporters <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/15/lebanon-votes-polls-national-election-parliament">reportedly threatened election observers</a> from the Lebanese Association for Democratic Elections. But other traditional parties have resorted to unsavory methods to ensure victory too, according to Gharizi.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EhayPJ">
“Traditional ruling parties have reverted to tried and tested campaign strategies ensconced in fear, sectarian rhetoric and clientelism to mobilize voters,” he said. “Opposition groups are painted by ruling parties as being supported and funded by either traditional rivals or by international actors, or as being too weak to protect the community from the ‘other.’”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Af2ztq">
Ultimately, any change for Lebanon will come from independent leaders, detached from the leadership that has had a stranglehold on the country for decades. But the opposition movement is new, unused to political organizing, and developing platforms and strategies, while traditional parties have relied on their divisive sectarian messages, Gharizi said. But the fact that independent candidates have even participated in this election in any sort of significant number “is in and of itself a key milestone in Lebanon’s political development and continues the gradual, long-term process to overhaul Lebanon’s anachronistic political system that began with the events of October 2019,” according to Gharizi.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OzFU0A">
While the emergent political actors have finally had a chance to run campaigns, <a href="https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/621366/rr-lebanon-analyzing-voter-
turnout-260422-en.pdf;jsessionid=8918960B209BCE742EA3F90354F9B103?sequence=1">a recent Oxfam report cites</a> the “inability to present a unified, strong political discourse that makes them a serious alternative to the current ruling elites” as a major setback for those groups. In the absence of strong political platforms and meaningful coalitions — not to mention funding to support campaigns — the report cautions, dissatisfaction with the ruling class is simply not enough to get independent candidates elected, much less dismantle the entire corrupt and divisive system.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LefWaU">
Ultimately, the outcome of this critical election depends on turnout, as Gharizi told Vox. But as of 6:30 pm local time, according to Sami Atallah, the founding director and head of research at the Beirut-based think tank The Policy Initiative, turnout was low — only 37.5 percent. “While Sunnis were expected to boycott, surprisingly Shia and Christians had lower turnout as well. High level of voter apathy,” <a href="https://twitter.com/samiatallah1/status/1525888601799663619">he tweeted Sunday.</a>
</p>
<div id="RG2IYv">
</div></li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
As of 6:30pm nb, turnout of 37.5% is low compared to the 2018 election of 49%. While Sunnis were expected to boycott, surprisingly Shia and Christians had lower turnout as well. High level of voter apathy <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Lebaneseelections2022?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Lebaneseelections2022</a>
</p>
— sami atallah (<span class="citation" data-cites="samiatallah1">@samiatallah1</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/samiatallah1/status/1525888601799663619?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 15, 2022</a>
</blockquote>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mq18pb">
Preliminary results should be available as soon as Monday.
</p>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Summer Lee could be the latest addition to the Squad</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-
cdn.com/thumbor/QJBFD8jwP7JtybDolTIrPipuVS0=/182x0:2458x1707/1310x983/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70871281/SummerLee_2022_4604_3936x2624_Clip1_scaled.0.jpeg"/></figure></li>
</ul>
<figcaption>
Pennsylvania state Rep. Summer Lee is competing in a Democratic primary for the state’s 12th Congressional District. | Courtesy of Summer Lee Campaign
</figcaption>
<pre><code>&lt;/figure&gt;</code></pre>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The state House representative could add to progressive gains this cycle.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YKe0tf">
<a href="https://www.cityandstatepa.com/personality/2022/04/q-state-
rep-summer-lee/365763/">Pennsylvania House Rep. Summer Lee</a> could become the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2019/7/17/20696474/squad-congresswomen-trump-pressley-aoc-omar-tlaib">latest addition to the Squad</a> if she wins her Democratic primary on Tuesday.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cYnz5I">
Lee, <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-
and-politics/2019/1/29/18188601/justice-democrats-alexandria-ocasio-cortezes-aoc">one of six challengers backed by the Justice Democrats</a>, a progressive PAC, is running to fill an open seat in Pennsylvania’s 12th Congressional District vacated by Rep. Mike Doyle. It’s a <a href="https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/us-house-district-12-jerry-
dickinson-steve-irwin-summer-lee-william-parker-and-jeff-woodard/Content?oid=21593958">safe Democratic seat that includes Pittsburgh</a> and the surrounding suburbs, and it’s poised to be a <a href="https://www.axios.com/2022/02/27/house-progressives-midterms-democrats">key pickup for progressives</a>, should Lee win her race this week.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mInNR2">
Lee is currently up against four other candidates in the race, <a href="https://www.post-gazette.com/news/politics-local/2022/05/10/democratic-candidates-pennsylvania-12th-congressional-
district-doyle-lee-irwin-dickinson-parker-woodard/stories/202205100134">including attorney Steve Irwin</a>, <a href="https://www.wesa.fm/politics-government/2022-03-17/irwin-scores-backing-of-regions-top-two-dems-in-12th-
congressional-district-race">who’s backed by Doyle</a> and many establishment Democrats in the area. Lee, meanwhile, has the support of <a href="https://triblive.com/local/bernie-sanders-stumps-for-summer-lee-at-pittsburgh-rally/">local progressives</a> as well as national <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/2022/05/10/ocasio-cortez-endorses-
strong-progressives-allam-and-lee-congress">leaders like Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY)</a> and <a href="https://triblive.com/local/bernie-sanders-stumps-for-summer-lee-at-pittsburgh-rally/">Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT)</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="npauXy">
There’s little publicly available polling on the race, but <a href="https://www.emilyslist.org/news/entry/emilys-list-poll-shows-summer-lee-with-25-point-lead-in-pa-12-primary">a recent poll from Emily’s List</a>, which endorsed Lee, <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/12/emilys-list-
poll-progressive-candidate-pennsylvania-house-primary-00024702">has her leading the field</a> (many voters in the survey, however, were still undecided). If Lee were to win, her victory would help progressive Democrats continue to build power in Congress: In 2020, candidates including <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/11/4/21538719/cori-bush-
ritchie-torres-jamaal-bowman-election-results">Reps. Cori Bush (D-MO) and Jamaal Bowman (D-NY)</a> won their races, bolstering the party’s left flank.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5KWyHw">
Given <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/3/2/22957261/texas-
primary-results-2022-abbott-beto-paxton-bush-cesar-cisneros">Austin city council member Greg Casar’s primary win</a> in Texas’ 35th Congressional District, a safe seat for Democrats, a Lee win would give House progressives at least two new members. And with increased numbers comes increased sway over policy, or, if the GOP retakes the House, greater ability to shape how Democrats respond to a Republican majority.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WQAKlF">
Gains in the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/05/us/politics/election-primary-results.html">progressives’ bloc in 2020</a> enabled the group to have more leverage over what policies to focus on and the timing of key votes this term. For example, progressives initially <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/9/30/22700697/house-progressives-infrastructure-
vote">delayed a vote on the bipartisan infrastructure bill</a> in order to push consideration of social spending legislation. In 2022, progressives are eyeing more victories in places like Pennsylvania, Texas, and New York — all of which could help them strengthen their hand even further.
</p>
<h3 id="5XNMYM">
Summer Lee has helped build a progressive movement in western Pennsylvania
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="R2LamU">
Lee is a progressive in the mold of many Squad members: She backs more ambitious policies including Medicare-for-all, a Green New Deal, and packing the Supreme Court. She has emphasized, too, her own experiences with issues like air pollution, and the need for systemic change in order to promote environmental justice.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ah5fjS">
Irwin, Lee’s main competitor, has taken a more moderate stance and stressed his commitment to working with Democratic leadership and <a href="https://www.post-gazette.com/news/politics-
state/2022/05/12/the-war-in-the-12th-district-bernie-sanders-summer-lee-democratic-party-
pittsburgh/stories/202205120151">building broad coalitions to pass policy</a>. The difference has been evident on subjects like climate: While Lee has focused on promoting a transition to renewable energy, for example, <a href="https://www.wesa.fm/politics-government/2022-05-11/a-week-before-the-primary-12th-congressional-district-
candidates-square-off-in-wtae-debate">Irwin</a> was the only candidate in a recent debate to talk about the ongoing role of natural gas.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NFIYsf">
“In a lot of ways, that race ends up reflecting many of the same clashes that are visible in the rest of the Democratic Party,” said Allegheny College political science professor Tarah Williams. “There’s a big conversation between the two campaigns about how much compromise needs to happen in order to get policy achieved.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KfJ7zA">
Recent tension in the race has centered on millions in outside <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/12/trailer-empire-strikes-back-wave-pac-money-buries-left-wing-
democrats/">spending on political ads</a>, including those <a href="https://www.wesa.fm/politics-
government/2022-04-28/pro-israel-group-attacks-lee-as-bad-democrat-without-mentioning-israel-or-its-own-support-for-
gop">paid for by AIPAC’</a>s super PAC, a pro-Israel group <a href="https://mobile.twitter.com/akela_lacy/status/1517576185378742274">backing Irwin</a>. The AIPAC- affiliated group has expressed concern that <a href="https://www.jpost.com/american-politics/article-705690">Lee wasn’t supportive enough of Israel</a>, something <a href="https://jewishinsider.com/2022/04/summer-lee-pushes-back-against-charges-that-shes-
anti-israel/">she has pushed back on</a>, while defending past remarks she’s made about the <a href="https://www.wesa.fm/politics-government/2022-04-20/pennsylvania-12th-congressional-district-israel-
pittsburgh">country’s treatment of Palestinians</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3WC9gH">
The ads, which have been widely criticized by local leaders as well as Sanders, question Lee’s backing of President Joe Biden. Notably, however, they leave out the fact that Lee <a href="https://triblive.com/local/regional/gainey-other-dems-call-out-attack-ads-against-summer-lee-
in-12th-district-race/">campaigned for Biden in the general election</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BoqdBq">
In addition to being the only woman and elected official running in this primary, Lee would be the <a href="https://19thnews.org/2022/04/summer-
lee-us-house-candidate-pennsylvania/">first Black woman to represent Pennsylvania in Congress if elected</a>. Her candidacy builds on a burgeoning progressive movement that <a href="https://19thnews.org/2022/04/summer-lee-us-house-
candidate-pennsylvania/">she has helped foster in western Pennsylvania</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lwNGm8">
“There is a movement there in Allegheny County to move on from the old guard of leadership that’s been there for decades,” says Justice Democrats’ spokesperson Usamah Andrabi.
</p>
<h3 id="XEWpVS">
Lee could help expand progressive power in Congress
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3Pietd">
A Lee victory would help grow progressive power in Congress, adding to recent wins in this cycle and last.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ifbXo1">
In addition to Casar’s win, progressive immigration attorney Jessica Cisneros was able to force Rep. Henry Cuellar into a runoff for <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/2/26/22948098/cisneros-cuellar-democrats-texas-
primary-latinos-2022">Texas’ 28th Congressional District</a>. Justice Democrats have also backed organizers Kina Collins in Illinois’ Seventh District, Rana Abdelhamid in New York’s 12th District, and Odessa Kelly in Tennessee’s Seventh District in upcoming primaries.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="V6S1As">
Six new staunch progressives could seriously strengthen progressives’ influence in Congress. This term, progressives were able to have more sway given Democrats’ narrow majority in the House. They’ve used that power to push for more expansive stimulus checks and to bargain for more aggressive prescription drug legislation.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9Iqs5v">
If Republicans retake House control, as they’re widely expected to, progressive power would be somewhat diminished, as Democrats would no longer control the agenda. However, they’d likely play a key role in leading Democrats’ anti-GOP messaging, and helping to counter investigations of the Biden administration as well. In the past, progressives were among the first to begin pushing for Trump’s impeachment and among the most vocal opponents of policies like family separations.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PZbScV">
With greater numbers, progressives would be able to mount even stronger rhetorical campaigns to push back against a GOP-controlled House. They’d also be able to put more pressure on party leaders to take these types of stances.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OqR4Mk">
New progressives like Lee could also bolster the subgroup of more liberal members within the Progressive Caucus, known as the Squad. Currently, the Squad includes Reps. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Rashida Tlaib, Ilhan Omar, Ayanna Pressley, Jamaal Bowman, and Cori Bush. If all six Justice Democrat candidates win this cycle, its size could double, giving them more sway as a bloc within a bloc.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="m5bOlC">
With the exception of Cisneros, the challengers are also in safe Democratic districts, meaning they could have a long-term impact on the ideology and priorities of the Democratic Party if reelected. “The bigger the bloc, the bigger the potential you have to have weight in the Democratic Party, the stronger your negotiating power,” says Leah Greenberg, a co-executive director of progressive advocacy group Indivisible.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VUWj2B">
In the past, members of the Squad have broken from the broader Progressive Caucus membership. When a vote was held on a bipartisan infrastructure bill last year that decoupled it from a vote on a larger social spending bill that included a tax cut for families with children and funding to fight climate change, for instance, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/06/us/politics/defectors-infrastructure-bill-squad.html">all six lawmakers voted against it</a>. Progressives hope that in similar situations in the future, those six lawmakers will have even more company.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GrA9Ss">
“I think about all the communities in Pennsylvania that have not seen the type of representation that I’m looking to bring and to offer — folks who will value and really lift up poor working folks, and Black and brown folks, and I recognize there’s a cohort of people who’ve already been fighting for that,” <a href="https://www.msnbc.com/the-mehdi-hasan-show/watch/this-state-lawmaker-may-be-the-squad-s-next-
member-139821125869">Lee said in an MSNBC interview</a>. “And it would be an honor to join that.”
</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Bill Gates knows philanthropy alone can’t solve inequality</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Bill Gates smiling and sitting onstage in front of a red and blue background." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/82zB28y7wLTB_XD3_1J-mjpDDSk=/446x0:5395x3712/1310x983/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70871173/1235973626.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Bill Gates at the Global Investment Summit in London, in October 2021. | Leon Neal/WPA/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The billionaire and public health leader answers five of Recode’s questions about pandemic prevention and economic disparities.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Rcg2sT">
The WHO estimates that the Covid-19 pandemic has killed <a href="https://www.vox.com/23058380/covid-19-who-
excess-death-total-toll-vaccine-variant">almost 15 million people</a> worldwide — not just from the virus, but as an indirect result of the crisis, such as being unable to get other kinds of medical care because hospital systems were overburdened. But it didn’t have to be so catastrophic. Experts say its impacts were exacerbated by a number of factors: The world was ill-prepared for a pandemic, many countries were slow to develop and provide access to Covid-19 tests, and <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2022/5/10/23064197/bill-gates-pandemic-prevention-covid">economic inequality</a> made everything worse.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RNuJjx">
Low- and middle-income countries are still struggling to access lifesaving vaccines, putting these populations at continued risk of contracting the virus. In the US, one <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.21266759v1">preprint paper</a> found that working-class Americans were five times more likely to die from Covid-19 than college-educated Americans. Overall, the pandemic has also <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/pandemic-divergence-a-short-note-on-covid-19-and-global-income-
inequality/">widened global income inequality</a>, in part because rich countries have been able to <a href="https://www.vox.com/22348364/united-states-stimulus-covid-coronavirus">provide more economic relief</a> to their residents while poorer nations have had far fewer tools to recover.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WgxJfq">
Two years after Covid-19 was declared a pandemic, Bill Gates has written <a href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/704751/how-to-prevent-the-
next-pandemic-by-bill-gates/"><em>How to Prevent the Next Pandemic</em></a>, a book that outlines how the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation co-founder and global health expert believes the world should prepare for future health crises — including how we can tackle the enduring problem of economic inequality that puts already-vulnerable people at even greater risk. In the US, <a href="https://www.vox.com/22600143/poverty-us-covid-19-pandemic-stimulus-checks">poverty rates fell in 2021</a> due to pandemic relief spending like stimulus checks and the expanded child tax credit. But since then, <a href="https://www.povertycenter.columbia.edu/forecasting-monthly-poverty-data">poverty has risen again</a>, with <a href="https://www.povertycenter.columbia.edu/news-internal/monthly-poverty-january-2022">child poverty rates sharply rising</a> after the expiration of the expanded child tax credit, which gave many parents a monthly cash benefit from July to December of 2021.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bBjev4">
Here are five ideas Gates explored with Recode over email about how to factor in economic inequality when preparing for the next pandemic. The interview has been lightly edited for clarity.
</p>
<h4 id="jK7ZaD">
Whizy Kim
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MLy2mQ">
In your book, you mention how people are wary of the great influence wealthy philanthropists have today — while also acknowledging that many governments didn’t adequately step up when the pandemic hit.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b4lie9">
How can we ensure that the government is able to step up next time? Do you see it as mostly a matter of funding the right agencies (and would that require higher taxes)? Is it a matter of political will? Is it something else?
</p>
<h4 id="CTqgIZ">
Bill Gates
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Xflqf1">
I’m hopeful that after the past two years — with millions of lives lost and trillions of dollars of economic impact — every country now understands that they need to be more prepared at a government level. Philanthropy can help test new ideas and mobilize resources faster than the government, but pandemic prevention needs to be funded and supported for the long term, and it requires global collaboration. The world can’t and shouldn’t rely on philanthropy to lead that.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UWHMjB">
In my book, I write that governments need to prepare for outbreaks and prevent pandemics the way they fund preventative measures and practice for fires and earthquakes. To end preventable diseases and prevent emerging diseases from becoming pandemics, governments will need to increase their investments in R&amp;D for vaccines and therapeutics, integrated disease monitoring, and well-funded multilateral organizations, like the World Health Organization (WHO). They’ll also need to make bigger investments to improve primary health care in all countries.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="a5ZtYC">
The natural place for government funding to go is the WHO, since it was created to coordinate global response to health issues. Philanthropy can’t be a voting member of the WHO. It’s up to each member country to decide that the WHO needs to focus on pandemic prevention. But right now, the WHO is not funded to do a lot of work on pandemics. It doesn’t have a significant full- time staff. It doesn’t require countries to go through drills. That needs to change if the world wants to get serious about making Covid the last pandemic.
</p>
<h4 id="UxNjGk">
Whizy Kim
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4GetbE">
Do you think there will always be a need and a space for private philanthropy to coexist with governments? What, if anything, about the relationship between the private and public sectors needs to change? How do we get there? Who needs to change it?
</p>
<h4 id="0vV2dE">
Bill Gates
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="091KoJ">
Governments play the most critical role in protecting people from infectious diseases and other serious health risks. But I do believe there’s a role for philanthropy to play — for example, we can fund initiatives that governments or the private sector can’t or won’t. Most global health issues, like malaria, need to be solved outside of traditional market-based systems, because they’re never going to be profitable for the private sector. During the Covid pandemic, global collaboration between scientists, philanthropists, and global health institutions (like <a href="https://www.who.int/initiatives/act-accelerator">the ACT Accelerator</a>) developed, tested, and deployed safe and effective vaccines faster than ever before. That’s a great example of how the three sectors can work together to solve these big problems.
</p>
<h4 id="0hojGS">
Whizy Kim
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kyDMug">
How might public policies need to change so we’re better prepared for the next pandemic, and what role do you see billionaires/other wealthy philanthropists playing in that?
</p>
<h4 id="pBkWtC">
Bill Gates
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RHwkn3">
One of the biggest tragedies that the world learned through Covid is that governments have not invested enough in the tools they need to effectively prepare for a pandemic. Countries need to step up and develop policies and invest more in enhancing disease monitoring, funding R&amp;D, and strengthening health systems. What I’m trying to do, and the foundation is doing, is to help catalyze new ideas, particularly ones that will help give equitable access to lifesaving tools for people in lower- income countries, who are often left behind as new health innovations come to market. We also play a role in drawing in the private sector by helping companies secure financing to produce tests, therapeutics, and vaccines for low- and middle-income countries.
</p>
<h4 id="M8U41S">
Whizy Kim
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="t8Uqly">
The public discourse around Covid-19 has been extremely polarized and politicized. What’s your takeaway on the role misinformation versus good, reliable information plays in public health outcomes?
</p>
<h4 id="JpthHa">
Bill Gates
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="m3XLSi">
I’m concerned about the spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories about public health because it’s causing people to question their own doctors and to question science. It’s understandable that people are looking for easy answers because it’s been a very scary two years. And I think most people are worried about their own health and the health of their families and loved ones. They’re coming from the right place, but they’re being pulled in by false information.
</p>
<h4 id="YRJZve">
Whizy Kim
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kn7ARL">
How big a role would you say economic inequality plays in disease outcome? It has impeded vaccine and drug access in low- to middle-income countries, but we’ve seen even within the US that Black and brown communities were some of the hardest hit by Covid-19.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="imUgh3">
How do we make sure economic inequality isn’t such a major factor in surviving the next pandemic?
</p>
<h4 id="Z2WIMK">
Bill Gates
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sYD7CV">
Melinda and I started the Gates Foundation more than two decades ago because we were horrified by the inequity in health around the world. There has been phenomenal progress since then, but even today, a child born in Nigeria is about 28 times more likely to die before her 5th birthday than a child born in the United States.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LMnzP9">
When Covid emerged, these existing health inequities helped it become a global catastrophe. In my book, I suggest a plan that includes three key measures. First, we need to enhance disease monitoring by developing early warning systems that catch new viruses and outbreaks coordinated across borders, and the world needs to stand up <a href="https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Meet-the-GERM-team">the GERM team</a>, a paid, full-time group committed to pandemic prevention. [Editor’s note: The Global Epidemic Response and Mobilization team is a permanent disease outbreak watchdog group that Gates’s book proposes we create.]
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ku3tgL">
Second, we need to invest more in R&amp;D for next-generation vaccines and effective treatments, and ensure manufacturing capacity in every region of the world. And we have to strengthen global health systems by investing in primary health care, especially in low- and middle-income countries, but also within low-income communities in wealthy countries.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZqJvQB">
There are programs that focus on equitable health outcomes, like the Global Fund and Global Polio Eradication Initiative, Gavi, the Global Financing Facility, and CEPI. Fully funding those organizations would make a big impact in health equity around the world. [Editor’s note: These are all global health programs that the <a href="https://www.gatesfoundation.org/">Gates Foundation</a> has funded. <a href="https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/">The Global Fund</a> is a public-private partnership that finances the fight against AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. The <a href="https://polioeradication.org/">Global Polio Eradication Initiative</a> is a WHO-led public-private partnership that seeks to immunize all children at risk for polio. <a href="https://www.gavi.org/">Gavi</a> is a public-private partnership that strives to improve vaccine access in low-income countries. The <a href="https://www.globalfinancingfacility.org/">Global Financing Facility</a> is a World Bank-led public-private partnership that focuses on promoting the health and nutrition of women and children. And <a href="https://cepi.net/">CEPI</a>, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, is a public-private partnership that invests in vaccine research.]
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Forest Flame, Disruptor, Lake Tahoe, The Sovereign Orb, De Villiers, and Stormy Ocean shine</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bangladesh firm in reply after Mathews falls for 199</strong> - Sri Lanka were bowled out for 397 in the first Test</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Djokovic, son win titles on the same day, Serb dubs it a ‘sunshine double’</strong> - Italian Open winner Novak Djokovic said his son, Stefan, won a tournament on the same day, calling it a “sunshine double” that he would cherish forever</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mandhana, Harmanpreet, Deepti to captain in Women's T20 Challenge</strong> - Veteran India cricketers Mithali Raj, Jhulan Goswami and Shikha Pandey are the notable absentees in the squads</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>PSG’s Kylian Mbappe wins Ligue 1’s best player award for 3rd time</strong> - Kylian Mbappe, who scored 25 league goals for PSG this year, was named the best player of the 2021 Ligue 1 season, but refused to disclose whether he would join Real Madrid in the summer</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Andhra Pradesh: 18 persons jailed on drunken driving charges</strong> - They were caught in a special drive over the past three days</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Corbevax private market price down to ₹250 a dose</strong> - With taxes and administration charges, the COVID vaccine will cost ₹400</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Explained | The Gyanvapi Mosque-Kashi Vishwanath dispute and the current case</strong> - The decades-old Gyanvapi mosque- Kashi Vishwanath case reached the Supreme Court on May 13 after a local court in Varanasi directed that a videography survey at the religious complex be allowed to continue</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>India, Nepal agree to build hydroelectric power plant</strong> - The power plant agreement is among six deals concluded between India and Nepal during the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's fifth visit to the Himalayan nation, India's Ministry of External Affairs said in a statement</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IIT-M gets ₹131 crore from alumni, corporates</strong> - The contribution to be used for socially relevant projects</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine: The children’s camp that became an execution ground</strong> - The BBC’s Sarah Rainsford investigates the killing of civilians in a summer camp in Bucha, Ukraine.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Covid mask rule partially eased for EU air travel</strong> - Masks are no longer required on many EU flights, but countries including Germany, Italy and Spain keep the rule.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Eurovision 2022: Russian vote hacking attempt foiled, police say</strong> - Italian police say pro-Russian hackers targeted the contest, which was won by Ukraine.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>McDonald’s to leave Russia for good after 30 years</strong> - The chain opened in Moscow in 1990 as the Soviet Union was opening its economy to Western brands.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Sweden and Finland confirm Nato plans in historic shift</strong> - Traditionally both countries favour neutrality but the shift comes after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How to build a wormhole in just 3 (nearly impossible) steps</strong> - Planning a trip to the Andromeda Galaxy? Not so fast. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1846054">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The 2023 Nissan Z first drive</strong> - Is it a remastered classic or an old platform pushed too far? - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1854343">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The tech sector teardown is more catharsis than crisis</strong> - The rules of the game are changing for venture-backed startups. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1854178">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How a French satellite operator helps keep Russia’s TV propaganda online</strong> - Eutelsat refused to stop Russia from broadcasting state-run programming. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1854302">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>McLaren is joining Formula E next season</strong> - McLaren will take over Mercedes’ Formula E team for the start of Gen3. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1854332">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>The other night my wife and I were getting busy in bed….</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
She whispered in my ear “turn off the light and shove it in my arse”. I guess I should have waited for the bulb to cool down first.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/karatekid430"> /u/karatekid430 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/uqre2k/the_other_night_my_wife_and_i_were_getting_busy/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/uqre2k/the_other_night_my_wife_and_i_were_getting_busy/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>“Sixty is the worst age to be,” said the 60-year-old.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“You always feel like you have to pee. And most of the time, you stand at the toilet and nothing comes out!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Ah, that’s nothin’,” said the 70-year-old. “When you’re seventy, you can’t even crap anymore. You take laxatives, then you sit on the toilet all day and nothin’ comes out!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Actually,” said the 80-year-old, “80 is the worst age of all!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Do you have trouble peeing too?” asked the 60-year-old.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“No, not really. I pee every morning at 6:00. I pee like a racehorse on a flat rock; no problem at all.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Do you have trouble crapping?” asked the 70-year-old.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“No, I crap every morning at 6:30.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
With great exasperation, the 60-year-old said, "Let me get this straight. You pee every morning at 6:00 and crap every morning at 6:30.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
So what’s so tough about being 80?"
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“I don’t wake up until 7:00!”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Informal-Talk9487"> /u/Informal-Talk9487 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/uqkysv/sixty_is_the_worst_age_to_be_said_the_60yearold/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/uqkysv/sixty_is_the_worst_age_to_be_said_the_60yearold/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Damn girl, are you a piñata?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Because I’m going to need a blindfold to hit that
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/fhqwhgadsz"> /u/fhqwhgadsz </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/uqbewu/damn_girl_are_you_a_piñata/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/uqbewu/damn_girl_are_you_a_piñata/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>So…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
An Afghan, an Albanian, and Algerian, an American, an Andorran, an Angolan, an Antiguan, an Argintine, an Armenian, an Australian, an Austrian, an Azerbaijani, a Bahamian, a Bahraini, a Bangladeshi, a Barbadian, a Barbudans, a Batswanan, a Belarusian, a Belgian, a Belizean, a Beninese, a Bhutanese, a Bolivian, a Bosnian, a Brazilian, a Brit, a Bruneian, a Bulgarian, a Burkinabe, a Burmese, a Burundian, a Cambodian, a Cameroonian, a Canadian, a Cape Verdean, a Central African, a Chadian, a Chilean, a Chinese, a Colombian, a Comoran, a Congolese, a Costa Rican, a Croatian, a Cuban, a Cypriot, a Czech, a Dane, a Djibouti, a Dominican, a Dutchman, an East Timorese, an Ecuadorean, an Egyptian, an Emirian, an Equatorial Guinean, an Eritrean, an Estonian, an Ethiopian, a Fijian, a Filipino, a Finn, a Frenchman, a Gabonese, a Gambian, a Georgian, a German, a Ghanaian, a Greek, a Grenadian, a Guatemalan, a Guinea-Bissauan, a Guinean, a Guyanese, a Haitian, a Herzegovinian, a Honduran, a Hungarian, an I-Kiribati, an Icelander, an Indian, an Indonesian, an Iranian, an Iraqi, an Irishman, an Israeli, an Italian, an Ivorian, a Jamaican, a Japanese, a Jordanian, a Kazakhstani, a Kenyan, a Kittian and Nevisian, a Kuwaiti, a Kyrgyz, a Laotian, a Latvian, a Lebanese, a Liberian, a Libyan, a Liechtensteiner, a Lithuanian, a Luxembourger, a Macedonian, a Malagasy, a Malawian, a Malaysian, a Maldivan, a Malian, a Maltese, a Marshallese, a Mauritanian, a Mauritian, a Mexican, a Micronesian, a Moldovan, a Monacan, a Mongolian, a Moroccan, a Mosotho, a Motswana, a Mozambican, a Namibian, a Nauruan, a Nepalese, a New Zealander, a Nicaraguan, a Nigerian, a Nigerien, a North Korean, a Northern Irishman, a Norwegian, an Omani, a Pakistani, a Palauan, a Palestinian, a Panamanian, a Papua New Guinean, a Paraguayan, a Peruvian, a Pole, a Portuguese, a Qatari, a Romanian, a Russian, a Rwandan, a Saint Lucian, a Salvadoran, a Samoan, a San Marinese, a Sao Tomean, a Saudi, a Scottish, a Senegalese, a Serbian, a Seychellois, a Sierra Leonean, a Singaporean, a Slovakian, a Slovenian, a Solomon Islander, a Somali, a South African, a South Korean, a Spaniard, a Sri Lankan, a Sudanese, a Surinamer, a Swazi, a Swede, a Swiss, a Syrian, a Taiwanese, a Tajik, a Tanzanian, a Togolese, a Tongan, a Trinidadian or Tobagonian, a Tunisian, a Turkish, a Tuvaluan, a Ugandan, a Ukrainian, a Uruguayan, a Uzbekistani, a Venezuelan, a Vietnamese, a Welshman, a Yemenite, a Zambian and a Zimbabwean all go to a nightclub…
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The doorman stops them and says “Sorry I can’t let you in without a Thai.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/EZ_Smith"> /u/EZ_Smith </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/uqco6v/so/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/uqco6v/so/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>My daughter informed me that the earth is tilted at a 23.5 degree angle</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I responded, “That’s not right.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
With a scowl, she pulled up google and proved to me that the earth is, in fact, tilted at a 23.5 degree angle.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Precisely,” I agreed. “If the angle were right it would be 90°.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/YZXFILE"> /u/YZXFILE </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/uqnlbi/my_daughter_informed_me_that_the_earth_is_tilted/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/uqnlbi/my_daughter_informed_me_that_the_earth_is_tilted/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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