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<title>24 August, 2023</title>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>The Hazards of Daily Stressors: Comparing the Experiences of Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adults to Cisgender Heterosexual Young Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic</strong> -
<div>
Some individuals may be at greater risk for encountering stressors in daily life than others, especially those with minority identities. Initial evidence shows that the disparities between cisgender heterosexual (CH) individuals and sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals on stress-related experiences may be exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined the daily stressors experienced by undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic (stressor exposure), the association between the experience of daily stress and same-day negative mood (stressor reactivity), and whether these varied between undergraduate students with SGM identities and their CH counterparts using a 14-day daily diary design. We did not find significant differences between SGM and CH groups on stressor exposure or stressor reactivity. One common feature of daily diary data is right censoring, which is when some individuals do not experience specific events during the study duration. We used multilevel survival analysis, which accounts for right censored data, to examine group differences in the risks of stressor exposure. We discuss the statistical issues involved when right-censored cases are not taken into consideration in studies of stressor exposure and propose multilevel survival analysis as one solution to move the field towards more accurately understanding whether and when SGM individuals are at greater risk for stressors.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/2d7bm/" target="_blank">The Hazards of Daily Stressors: Comparing the Experiences of Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adults to Cisgender Heterosexual Young Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The impact of Gam-COVID-Vac, an AdV5/AdV26 COVID-19 vaccine, on the biomarkers of endothelial function, coagulation and platelet activation</strong> -
<div>
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Background: COVID-19 vaccines have played a critical role in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Although generally considered safe, COVID-19 vaccination has been associated with rare but severe thrombotic events, occurring mainly in the context of adenoviral vector vaccines. A better understanding of mechanisms underlying vaccine-induced hypercoagulability and prothrombotic state is needed to improve the vaccine safety profile. Methods: We assessed changes to biomarkers of endothelial function (endothelin, ET-1), coagulation (thrombomodulin, THBD and plasminogen activator inhibitor, PAI) and platelet activation (platelet-activating factor, PAF, and platelet factor 4 IgG antibody, PF4 IgG) within a three-week period after the first (prime) and second (boost) doses of Gam-Covid-Vac, an AdV5/AdV26-vectored COVID-19 vaccine. Blood plasma collected from vaccinees (n=58) was analyzed using ELISA assays. Participants were stratified by prior COVID-19 exposure based on their baseline SARS-CoV-2-specific serology results. Results: We observed a significant post-prime increase in circulating ET-1, with levels sustained after the boost dose compared to baseline. ET-1 elevation following dose-2 was most pronounced in vaccinees without prior COVID-19 exposure. Prior COVID-19 was also associated with a mild increase in PAI post-prime dose. Conclusions: Vaccination was associated with elevated ET-1 up to day 21 after the second vaccine dose, while no marked alterations to other biomarkers, including PF4 IgG, were seen. These findings suggest that a role of persistent endothelial activation following COVID-19 vaccination warrants further investigation.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.23294400v1" target="_blank">The impact of Gam-COVID-Vac, an AdV5/AdV26 COVID-19 vaccine, on the biomarkers of endothelial function, coagulation and platelet activation</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Protocol for a Study on Día de los Muertos, Loss, Funerals, and Mental Health Among Mexican-Origin Adults in the United States</strong> -
<div>
Día de los Muertos is a traditional celebration takes place early in November and is one of the most intricate death-related ritual in Mexican culture in which families welcome the return of their loved ones who died. Funerals are important rituals following the death of a person that provide the bereaved with an opportunity to say farewell to the departed in company of family, friends, and community. Día de los Muertos and funerals can help process grief and loss following the COVID-19 pandemic, a global event that disproportionally affected Mexican-origin adults in the U.S. Although research has shown the cultural importance of participating in Día de los Muertos and funerals, less is known about their connection to each other, as well as grief, mental health, and wellbeing among those who experienced loss during the pandemic. In this protocol, we describe the rationale for a cross-sectional survey, a study using a correlational design, and present the research questions, sample characteristics, procedure, instrument, and data analysis plan. In Study 1, we will investigate the association between Día de los Muertos participation and attitudes with levels of grief, mental health, and wellbeing among those who experienced loss during the pandemic. In Study 2, we will examine the association between funeral participation and attitudes with levels of grief, mental health, and wellbeing among those who experienced loss during the pandemic.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/jrgwv/" target="_blank">Protocol for a Study on Día de los Muertos, Loss, Funerals, and Mental Health Among Mexican-Origin Adults in the United States</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Evaluating the Safety Profile of the CoronaVac in Adult and Elderly populations: A Phase IV Prospective Observational Study in Brazil</strong> -
<div>
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Objective: This Phase IV prospective observational study aimed to evaluate the safety and monitor adverse events following immunization (AEFI) associated with CoronaVac, an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, in Brazilian adult (18-59 years) and elderly (≥60 years) populations. Methods:  Participants (n=538; 487 adults and 51 elderly) were enrolled from three public health services in São Paulo, Brazil. A two-dose vaccination regimen, administered 14 days apart, was used. The study assessed Adverse Reactions (AR) necessitating medical attention within seven days post-vaccination dose and monitored AEFI for a period of 42 days. Safety was monitored through a review of participant diary cards, telephone contacts, and on-site study visits. Results: Among adults, the most frequently reported local AR after the first and second dose was pain (256[52.6%] and 129 [29.5], respectively), while the most common systemic reaction was a headache (158[34.5%] and 51 [11.6%], respectively). Most local and systemic solicited ARs were of Grade 1 or 2, with these reactions being more prevalent in adults after the first dose. One serious adverse event possibly related to the vaccine was reported among adults, but there were no fatalities. Nine adult participants experienced adverse events of special interest, which included five cases of Covid-19. Conclusion: CoronaVac demonstrated safety and tolerability in the observed population. Ongoing post-marketing surveillance is crucial for the identification of rare adverse events and further affirmation of the vaccine’s safety profile.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.19.23294316v1" target="_blank">Evaluating the Safety Profile of the CoronaVac in Adult and Elderly populations: A Phase IV Prospective Observational Study in Brazil</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Understanding community level influences on the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in England: New insights from comparison over time and space</strong> -
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Understanding and monitoring the major influences on SARS-CoV-2 prevalence is essential to inform policy making and devise appropriate packages of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Through evaluating community level influences on the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and their spatiotemporal variations in England, this study aims to provide some insights into the most important risk parameters. We used spatial clusters developed in Jahanshahi and Jin, 2021 as geographical areas with distinct land use and travel patterns. We also segmented our data by time periods to control for changes in policies or development of the disease over the course of the pandemic. We then used multivariate linear regression to identify influences driving infections within the clusters and to compare the variations of those between the clusters. Our findings demonstrate the key roles that workplace and commuting modes have had on some of the sections of the working population after accounting for several interrelated influences including mobility and vaccination. We found communities of workers in care homes and warehouses and to a lesser extent textile and ready meal industries and those who rely more on public transport for commuting tend to carry a higher risk of infection across all residential area types and time periods.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.22273759v2" target="_blank">Understanding community level influences on the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in England: New insights from comparison over time and space</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>mRNA COVID-19 vaccine elicits potent adaptive immune response without the persistent inflammation seen in SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> -
<div>
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SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination elicit potent immune responses. Our study presents a comprehensive multimodal single-cell dataset of peripheral blood of patients with acute COVID-19 and of healthy volunteers before and after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine and booster. We compared host immune responses to the virus and vaccine using transcriptional profiling, coupled with B/T cell receptor repertoire reconstruction. COVID-19 patients displayed an enhanced interferon signature and cytotoxic gene upregulation, absent in vaccine recipients. These findings were validated in an independent dataset. Analysis of B and T cell repertoires revealed that, while the majority of clonal lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients were effector cells, clonal expansion was more evident among circulating memory cells in vaccine recipients. Furthermore, while clonal αβ T cell responses were observed in both COVID-19 patients and vaccine recipients, dramatic expansion of clonal γδT cells was found only in infected individuals. Our dataset enables comparative analyses of immune responses to infection versus vaccination, including clonal B and T cell responses. Integrating our data with publicly available datasets allowed us to validate our findings in larger cohorts. To our knowledge, this is the first dataset to include comprehensive profiling of longitudinal samples from healthy volunteers pre/post SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and booster.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.20.21255677v3" target="_blank">mRNA COVID-19 vaccine elicits potent adaptive immune response without the persistent inflammation seen in SARS-CoV-2 infection</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 Infection Biomarkers Reveal an Extended RSAD2 Dependant Metabolic Pathway</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
We present compelling evidence for the existence of an extended innate viperin dependent pathway which provides crucial evidence for an adaptive response to viral agents like SARS-CoV-2. We show the in vivo biosynthesis of a family of endogenous cytosine metabolites with potential antiviral activity. Two dimensional Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed a characteristic spin-system motif indicating the presence of an extended panel of urinary metabolites during the acute viral replication phase. Mass spectrometry additionally allowed the characterization and quantification of the most abundant serum metabolites showing potential diagnostic value of the compounds for viral infections. In total, we unveiled ten nucleoside (cytosine and uracil based) analogue structures, eight of which were previously unknown in humans. The molecular structures of the nucleoside analogues and their correlation with an array of serum cytokines, including IFN-α2, IFN-γ and IL-10, suggest an association with the viperin enzyme contributing to an endogenous innate immune defence mechanism against viral infection.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.23289637v2" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 Infection Biomarkers Reveal an Extended RSAD2 Dependant Metabolic Pathway</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 viral replication persists in the human lung for several weeks after symptom onset</strong> -
<div>
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Rationale: In the upper respiratory tract replicating (culturable) SARS-CoV-2 is recoverable for ~ 4 to 8 days after symptom onset, however, there is paucity of data about the frequency or duration of replicating virus in the lower respiratory tract (i.e. the human lung). Objectives: We undertook lung tissue sampling (needle biopsy), shortly after death, in 42 mechanically ventilated decedents during the Beta and Delta waves. An independent group of 18 ambulatory patents served as a control group. Methods: Lung biopsy cores from decedents underwent viral culture, histopathological analysis, electron microscopy, transcriptomic profiling and immunohistochemistry. Results: 38% (16/42) of mechanically ventilated decedents had culturable virus in the lung for a median of 15 days (persisting for up to 4 weeks) after symptom onset. Lung viral culture positivity was not associated with comorbidities or steroid use. Delta but not Beta variant lung culture positivity was associated with accelerated death and secondary bacterial infection (p&lt;0.05). Nasopharyngeal culture was negative in 23.1% (6/26) of decedents despite lung culture positivity. This, hitherto, undescribed bio-phenotype of lung-specific persisting viral replication was associated with an enhanced transcriptomic pulmonary pro-inflammatory response but with concurrent viral culture positivity. Conclusions: Concurrent, rather than sequential active viral replication continues to drive a heightened pro-inflammatory response in the human lung beyond the second week of illness and was associated with variant-specific increased mortality and morbidity. These findings have potential implications for the design of interventional strategies and clinical management of patients with severe COVID-19 disease.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.23286834v3" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 viral replication persists in the human lung for several weeks after symptom onset</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Zheln.com: A protocol for a universal living overview of health-related systematic reviews</strong> -
<div>
BACKGROUND Objectives. 1. Identify and monitor most of published systematic reviews. 2. Tag the identified systematic records with medical specialties. 3. Select or crowdfund reviews for further appraisal. 4. Critically appraise and replicate the selected systematic reviews. 5. Disseminate practice implications of positively appraised reviews to both the public and evidence-based practitioners in health care and other fields associated with intervention into a human life, such as education, business, policy, or ecology. METHODS Eligibility criteria. Record eligibility is assessed by checking the record title and, if the title failed, abstract against the ‘true positive criteria’ for systematic reviews taken from the publication by Shojania &amp; Bero, 2001 (PMID 11525102). The record/study flow is as follows: All eligible records are amenable for tagging, selection, and crowdfunding process; Only those eligible records that have been selected or crowdfunded are subject to critical appraisal; For all records that have been selected, all relevant reports are collected; Reports are grouped into studies; Only for the studies appraised positively, practical implications are summarized and disseminated. COVID-19 publications are not selected. Crowdfunding an appraisal of any eligible record is possible for any individual or organization. Information sources. MEDLINE via PubMed. Adding other search sources, such as Scopus, OSF, and medRxiv, is planned in the future when more appraisers become available. The Replicated Version of the PubMed Systematic Review Subset Query Zheln Edition (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/Z3JU7) will be used. The searches are run daily. Risk of bias. Critical appraisal will feature: Duplication assessment; Replication; Assessment against the MECIR conduct standards; ROB-ME assessment; GRADE assessment. Synthesis of results. No across-studies synthesis is planned. Within-studies, I will formulate explicit practice-relevant statements based on the extracted health outcomes and quality-of-conduct assessment. Also, the process of each critical appraisal is video-recorded and published on YouTube daily. OTHER Funding. The review is crowdfunded; the details are available from the Zheln website (https://zheln.com). Crowd funders had no role in the design of the protocol. They will be able to request critical appraisal and additional critical appraisal (with new data provided) of any eligible record but will not influence the review process otherwise. Registration. The project is hosted on GitHub. Also, there is an umbrella Open Science Framework project that links repositories and preprints (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/EJKFC). The protocol for this overview of systematic reviews has been submitted for registration in PROSPERO.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/metaarxiv/y2nrb/" target="_blank">Zheln.com: A protocol for a universal living overview of health-related systematic reviews</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The Usage of Mindsponge Theory for Explaining The Willingness of Global Citizens to Provide Geospatial Global Positioning System (GPS) Data From Their Smartphones During The COVID-19 Pandemic</strong> -
<div>
Global citizens have widely discussed COVID-19 and its transmission prevention since the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the disease as a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020, and a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [1]. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of digital epidemiology based on public health data [2]. In the early stages of the pandemic, public health officials faced critical problems in collecting effective information input from the public. Specifically, the issues around the donation of digital data related to the context of mobile phone privacy became a major roadblock in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic [3]. Hswen et al. [3] evaluated people’s willingness to provide their smartphone geospatial global positioning system (GPS) data during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study involved 1055 participants from 41 countries with a mean age of 34. Findings showed that participants living in India or Brazil were more willing to provide their GPS data than those living in the United States. No significant differences were seen between positive and negative valence framing messages. Monetary incentives of $5 significantly increased participants’ willingness to provide GPS data. Half of the participants in the self-interest and pro-social arms agreed to provide their GPS data, and almost two-thirds of participants were willing to provide their data in exchange for $5. Framing and incentivization can be used in combination to influence the acquisition of private GPS smartphone data. Financial incentives can increase data provision to a greater degree with no losses on these intrinsic motivations to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. The study’s findings have the ability to contribute to lowering the social cost of epidemic control by informing evidence-based policymaking efficiently [4].
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/z9ert/" target="_blank">The Usage of Mindsponge Theory for Explaining The Willingness of Global Citizens to Provide Geospatial Global Positioning System (GPS) Data From Their Smartphones During The COVID-19 Pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The Usage of Mindsponge Theory for Explaining The Social Identity Loss and Reverse Culture Shock among International Students in China During COVID-19 Pandemic</strong> -
<div>
International students are often exposed to various challenges during life transitions. The COVID-19 pandemic in China has also contributed to these life challenges. During the global pandemic period, there were two groups of international students. The first group was those who remained in China during the pandemic, and the second group was those who had left China and were stranded in their home countries due to a ban on international travel amid COVID-19. By qualitatively studying these two groups of participants, Raja et al. [1] found that the first group experienced challenges like anxiety, campus closure, lockdown, parental health issue concern, and social isolation, while the second group experienced challenges like reverse culture shock which was more distressing, readjustment to home country, life changes in home and host countries, social and academic resources loss (study environment disruption, losing important group memberships, financial constraints, visa expiry, graduation delay, and academic suspension) [1]. Raja et al. [1] utilized the mindsponge theory (MT) as their study framework. MT focuses on the human mind’s information processing system in explaining individual behavior changes over time based on contextual settings [2]. Mindsponge framework consists of five components, namely: 1) mindset, 2) comfort zone, 3) multi-filtering system, 4) cultural and ideological setting, and 5) cultural values [3]. There was a shift of the “mindset” of international students where the personal identity, such as “Who am I?” shifted into “How I should be?” MT helps explain how life changes impact international students’ sense of belonging amid the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the dimensions of identity through the mindsponge mechanism. This mechanism suggests that individuals absorb and integrate new cultural values compatible with their core values while rejecting those of lesser importance [4]. Based on this notion, this study explores the experiences of international students in China regarding their unplanned return to their home countries during the COVID-19 pandemic [1]. This study highlighted the re-acculturative stress international students face in their home countries due to unplanned transitions during the pandemic.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/4w82u/" target="_blank">The Usage of Mindsponge Theory for Explaining The Social Identity Loss and Reverse Culture Shock among International Students in China During COVID-19 Pandemic</a>
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<li><strong>The Usage of Mindsponge Theory for Explaining The Generation Mechanism of Career Decision-making Difficulties among Chinese Undergraduates During The COVID-19 Pandemic</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 situation in China has led various sectors to accept the employment of college graduates lately. The low record number of Chinese college graduates and the pressure from the economic downturn resulted in low confidence in employment among college graduates. The difficulties in career decision-making have gradually developed into a psychological barrier to successful employment among Chinese undergraduates. By conducting a qualitative study of 20 undergraduates exhibiting delayed employment, Shi [1] found that the variables of individual, parents, peers, and social environment influence participants’ career decision-making difficulties. This study proposes a multivariable and single-subject generation mechanism to explain Chinese undergraduates’ career decision-making difficulties during the pandemic. Shi [1] utilized the framework of social cognitive career theory (SCCT) [2] aided by the mindsponge theory (MT) to explain her study findings. SCCT was insufficient to explain the mental state changes in the career decision-making difficulties encountered by participants over time in further detail [1]. Therefore, SCCT was aided by MT to fill this gap. MT utilizes the human mind’s information processing approach to understand better individual behavior changes over time based on contextual settings [3]. Mindsponge framework consists of five components, namely: 1) mindset, 2) comfort zone, 3) multi-filtering system, 4) cultural and ideological setting, and 5) cultural values [4]. MT is helpful when studying psychological phenomena in terms of their temporal dimension with regard to the information process associated with the natural renewal of human psychology and society, which can explain and help address complex psychological and behavioral problems [5].
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/r7kgw/" target="_blank">The Usage of Mindsponge Theory for Explaining The Generation Mechanism of Career Decision-making Difficulties among Chinese Undergraduates During The COVID-19 Pandemic</a>
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<li><strong>The Application of Mindsponge Framework and 3D Framework in Explaining The Production Process of COVID-19 Vaccines Globally</strong> -
<div>
Global citizens have widely discussed the COVID-19 outbreak since the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the disease as a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020, and a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [1]. Since then, tremendous efforts have been made by scientists and health professionals to innovate the COVID-19 vaccines, which safeguard against the virus. It is helpful to conduct an in-depth conceptual investigation into the process of producing, administrating, and distributing COVID-19 vaccines. Vuong et al. [2] explained the COVID-19 vaccine production process by using the serendipity-mindsponge-3D (SM3D) creativity management theory. The mindsponge theory explains how the human mind processes information in contextual settings [3], while the 3D creativity management theory explains how creativity and innovations are made through information processes [2]. Conceptually, the mindsponge framework consists of five components: 1) mindset, 2) comfort zone, 3) multi-filtering system, 4) cultural and ideological setting, and 5) cultural values [4]. Meanwhile, the 3D framework consists of three major blocks: (1) the information absorbing and filtering block, (2) the creativity processing block, and (3) the innovation outcome block [5]. Based on the mindsponge framework [4] and the 3D framework [5], the COVID-19 vaccines production process was explained through three main stages, such as: 1) vaccine-related information absorption or rejection based on usefulness, 2) information usage for developing vaccines in a short period, and 3) vaccines production, distribution, and administration, finally in late 2020 [2]. These insights may be beneficial for facilitating the subsequent production, administration, and distribution of modified vaccines and vaccination campaigns.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/dmzgq/" target="_blank">The Application of Mindsponge Framework and 3D Framework in Explaining The Production Process of COVID-19 Vaccines Globally</a>
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<li><strong>A Systematic Background Check of TRICARE Provider Names</strong> -
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During Covid-19, the Defense Health Agency9s TRICARE insurance plan expanded its coverage to include 30.1% additional civilian healthcare providers. The DHA9s Annual Report, however, states that TRICARE9s provider directories are only 80% accurate. Although the DHA9s 9.6 million beneficiaries need expanded access to care, they also require protection from misleading information, medical fraud, patient abuse, and identity theft. Since 2013, the Department of Health and Human Services9 Office of the Inspector General has excluded 17,706 physicians from federal health programs due to misconduct. Patients who receive care from excluded providers experience worse medical outcomes. To determine if any excluded provider names were found on TRICARE9s website, we performed background checks on TRICARE West9s healthcare provider directory between January 1 and March 2023. Out of 39,463 provider names sampled from 22 states, there were 2,398 matches (6.08%) with individuals and businesses found in the OIG List of Excluded Individuals and Entities (OIG-LEIE), the GSA-SAM, the HHS HIPAA Breach Report, the International Trade Administration9s Consolidated Screening List, the OIG-HHS Fugitive List, the FBI9s January 6th Capitol Violence List of Charged Defendants, State Medicaid Exclusion Lists, and FDA Debarment Lists. Our study includes demographic analysis of the matching names and recommendations for an Insider Threat Management model. We recommend that DHA officials publish the National Provider Identification (NPI) numbers of all TRICARE providers. NPI numbers facilitate more accurate background checks of healthcare providers.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.23294073v1" target="_blank">A Systematic Background Check of TRICARE Provider Names</a>
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<li><strong>KCL TEST: an open-source inspired asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 surveillance programme in an academic institution</strong> -
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Objectives: To establish a SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing programme in an academic institution to analyze saliva samples collected from asymptomatic staff and students. Design: PCR to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in saliva self-collected by asymptomatic students and staff members from King′s College London, and their household contacts. Standards for diagnostics testing set by the DHSC (UK) were followed to develop an automated saliva PCR service for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Prospective study that run from December 2020 until July 2022. Setting: Testing took place in an academic institution including 18 different locations in London (UK). Participants: There were no selection criteria; asymptomatic participants were encouraged to test regularly (twice weekly when on campus). Main outcome measures: Number of tests, number of participants and positive rate. Results: 158,277 PCR tests were carried out on saliva, of which 2,989 were positive (1.89%), collected by 20,186 participants. Between 10-30% of campus footfall were tested. The positive rate was equivalent to that reported by the Office for National Statistics (UK), except for the period encompassing the delta variant; this wave was nearly absent in our cohort. We employed non-commercial reagents and an open source-inspired automated pipeline for sample processing. This rapidly developed service was awarded UKAS accreditation under the ISO15189 standard. Conclusions: Including academic institutions in pandemic preparedness is a critical consideration, considering the experience in developing, validating, and implementing economic and scalable testing solutions. Given the joint ventures in hospital pathology departments across the UK and the move to centralised, automated, commercial tests, focusing on academic centres that can carry out research and development to test for novel and re-emerging pathogens should be a top priority.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.23293154v3" target="_blank">KCL TEST: an open-source inspired asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 surveillance programme in an academic institution</a>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>THE EFFECT OF ARGININE AND GLUTAMINE ON COVID-19 PATIENTS OUTCOME: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Dietary Supplement: Neomune<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Universitas Sriwijaya;   M. Djamil General Hospital<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study of Obeldesivir in Children and Adolescents With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Obeldesivir<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Gilead Sciences<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity and Safety of AdCLD-CoV19-1 OMI as a Booster: A COVID-19 Preventive Vaccine in Healthy Volunteers</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Vaccines<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: AdCLD-CoV19-1 OMI;   Biological: Comirnaty Bivalent 0.1mg/mL (tozinameran and riltozinameran)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Cellid Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Using Text Messages to Boost COVID-19 Vaccine Booking Rate</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Vaccination Hesitancy;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Behavioural science-informed text messages;   Behavioral: Control<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   The Behavioural Insights Team;   Public Health England;   Department of Health and Social Care;   NHS England and NHS Improvement<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Digital Health Literacy on COVID-19 for All: Co-creation and Evaluation of Interventions for Ethnic Minorities and Chinese People With Chronic Illnesses in Hong Kong</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Digital Health Literacy;   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Digital health literacy intervention<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   The Hong Kong Polytechnic University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ivermectin to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Hospitalisation in Subjects Over 50</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   SARS-CoV-2<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Ivermectin;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Insud Pharma<br/><b>Terminated</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Methylprednisolone in Patients With Cognitive Deficits in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Methylprednisolone<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Charite University, Berlin, Germany<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy in Adults With Sickle Cell Disease</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Sickle Cell Disease;   COVID-19 Vaccine;   Vaccine Hesitancy<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: SCD-specific COVID-19 vaccination information (SCVI) video<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Duke University;   American Society of Hematology<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Leveraging Community Health Workers to Combat COVID-19 and Mental Health Misinformation in Haiti, Malawi, and Rwanda</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Mental Health;   COVID-19;   Misinformation<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Card-Sorting Activity (Pre-intervention design);   Behavioral: SMS Crafting (Pre-intervention design);   Behavioral: SMS Messaging<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Harvard Medical School (HMS and HSDM);   Partners in Health<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Among Post-COVID-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Pulmonary Pathology<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Pulmonary Rehabilitation<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Learn About New COVD-19 RNA Vaccine Candidates for New Varients in Healthy Individuals</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   SARS-CoV-2 Infection;   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: BNT162b2 (Omi XBB.1.5)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   BioNTech SE;   Pfizer<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pulmonary Artery Pressure in COVID-19 Survivors</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Pulmonary Hypertension Secondary<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Diagnostic Test: right heart catheterization (RHC).<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Mansoura University Hospital<br/><b>Enrolling by invitation</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Preliminary Efficacy of a Technology-based Physical Activity Intervention for Older Korean Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Cardiovascular Health;   Physical Function<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Golden Circle<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study of LAU-7b for the Treatment of Long COVID in Adults</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Long COVID<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: LAU-7b for 3 cycles;   Drug: LAU-7b for 1 cycle, then placebo;   Other: Placebo for 3 cycles<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Laurent Pharmaceuticals Inc.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Complementary and Integrative Medicine as an Online Intervention in Patients With Post-covid Syndrome After COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-COVID Syndrome<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Complementary and Integrative Medicine online intervention, routine care and book;   Behavioral: Routine care and book<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Charite University, Berlin, Germany<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dexamethasone attenuates interferon-related cytokine hyperresponsiveness in COVID-19 patients</strong> - CONCLUSION: We describe the anti-inflammatory impact of dexamethasone on the pathways contributing to cytokine hyperresponsiveness observed in severe manifestations of COVID-19, including type I/II IFN signaling. Dexamethasone could have adverse effects in COVID-19 patients with mild symptoms by inhibiting IFN responses in early stages of the disease, whereas it exhibits beneficial effects in patients with severe clinical phenotypes by efficiently diminishing cytokine hyperresponsiveness.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Investigation of Iminosugars as Antiviral Agents against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: Inhibitor Design and Optimization, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Studies to Explore Potential Inhibitory Effect of 1-Deoxynojirmycin Series</strong> - CONCLUSION: The present findings confer opportunities for compounds 17a, 7, and 8 that could be developed as new therapeutic agents against COVID-19. These compounds are suggested on the basis of pharmacokinetic parameters as well as therapeutic importance and hence could be tested in-vitro.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A complement atlas identifies interleukin-6-dependent alternative pathway dysregulation as a key druggable feature of COVID-19</strong> - Improvements in COVID-19 treatments, especially for the critically ill, require deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving disease pathology. The complement system is not only a crucial component of innate host defense but can also contribute to tissue injury. Although all complement pathways have been implicated in COVID-19 pathogenesis, the upstream drivers and downstream effects on tissue injury remain poorly defined. We demonstrate that complement activation is primarily mediated by the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The S1’-S3’ Pocket of the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Is Critical for Substrate Selectivity and Can Be Targeted with Covalent Inhibitors</strong> - The main protease (Mpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a well-characterized target for antiviral drug discovery. To date, most antiviral drug discovery efforts have focused on the S4-S1’ pocket of Mpro; however, it is still unclear whether the S1’-S3’ pocket per se can serve as a new site for drug discovery. In this study, the S1’-S3’ pocket of Mpro was found to differentially recognize viral peptidyl substrates; for instance, S3’ in Mpro strongly favors Phe…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cyclotheonellazoles D-I, Potent Elastase Inhibitory Thiazole-Containing Cyclic Peptides from <em>Theonella</em> sp. (2131)</strong> - Six new thiazole-containing cyclic peptides, the cyclotheonellazoles D-I (1-6), were isolated from the Australian marine sponge Theonella sp. (2131) with their structures assigned by comprehensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic and MS spectrometric analyses, Marfey’s derivatization studies, and comparison with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculated ECD data. The Type 2 azole-homologated peptides herein comprise up to five nonproteinogenic amino acids, including the protease…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Assessment of efficacy and safety of endoscopic lung volume reduction with one-way valves in patients with a very low FEV<sub>1</sub></strong> - CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the potential efficacy of one-way valves, even in patients with very low FEV(1), as these patients experienced significant improvements in FEV(1), 6MWD and quality of life. No death was reported, suggesting a good safety profile, even in these high-risk patients.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Prevalence of oral complications in the course of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection under mechanical non-invasive ventilation</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 hospitalised patients with severe symptoms crossing with poor oral health-related conditions. This may exacerbate a response for COVID infection, and play a role in cytokine storm. For Covid-19 management, to inhibit extraoral/intraoral complications, it is recommended to adjust oral hygiene procedures, including antibacterial, protective, moisturising agents after individual oral health assessment.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Possible Mechanisms of Cu and Zn in the Treatment and Prevention of HIV and COVID-19 Viral Infection</strong> - Due to their unique properties and their potential therapeutic and prophylactic applications, heavy metals have attracted the interest of many researchers, especially during the outbreak of COVID-19. Indeed, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) have been widely used during viral infections. Zn has been reported to prevent excessive inflammatory response and cytokine storm, improve the response of the virus to Type I interferon (IFN-1), and enhance the production of IFN-a to counteract the antagonistic…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein inhibits the PKR-mediated integrated stress response through RNA-binding domain N2b</strong> - The nucleocapsid protein N of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enwraps and condenses the viral genome for packaging but is also an antagonist of the innate antiviral defense. It suppresses the integrated stress response (ISR), purportedly by interacting with stress granule (SG) assembly factors G3BP1 and 2, and inhibits type I interferon responses. To elucidate its mode of action, we systematically deleted and over-expressed distinct regions and domains. We show that…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Mixture of Essential Oils from Three Cretan Aromatic Plants Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Proliferation: A Proof-of-Concept Intervention Study in Ambulatory Patients</strong> - INTRODUCTION: The need for effective therapeutic regimens for non-critically ill patients during the COVID-19 pandemic remained largely unmet. Previous work has shown that a combination of three aromatic plants’ essential oils (CAPeo) (Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav., Origanum dictamnus L., Salvia fruticose Mill.) has remarkable in vitro antiviral activity. Given its properties, it was urgent to explore its potential in treating mild COVID-19 patients in primary care settings.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Peptide foldamer-based inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein-human ACE2 interaction</strong> - The entry of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into a human host cell begins with the interaction between the viral spike protein (S protein) and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Therefore, a possible strategy for the treatment of this infection is based on inhibiting the interaction of the two abovementioned proteins. Compounds that bind to the SARS-CoV-2 S protein at the interface with the alpha-1/alpha-2 helices of ACE2 PD Subdomain I are of particular interest. We present a stepwise…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>CD36 mediates SARS-CoV-2-envelope-protein-induced platelet activation and thrombosis</strong> - Aberrant coagulation and thrombosis are associated with severe COVID-19 post-SARS-CoV-2 infection, yet the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Here we show that serum levels of SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein are associated with coagulation disorders of COVID-19 patients, and intravenous administration of the E protein is able to potentiate thrombosis in mice. Through protein pull-down and mass spectrometry, we find that CD36, a transmembrane glycoprotein, directly binds with E protein and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Upper Respiratory Tract OC43 Infection Model for Investigating Airway Immune-modifying Therapies</strong> - Respiratory virus infections initiate and transmit from the upper respiratory tract (URT). Coronaviruses, including OC43, are a major cause of respiratory infection and disease. Failure to mount an effective anti-viral immune response in the nasal mucosa increases the risk of severe disease and person to person transmission highlighting the need for URT infection models to support development of nasal treatments that improve coronavirus anti-viral immunity. We aimed to determine if OC43…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 lineages and associated saliva antibody responses among asymptomatic individuals in a large university community</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 (CoV2) infected, asymptomatic individuals are an important contributor to COVID transmission. CoV2-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)-as generated by the immune system following infection or vaccination-has helped limit CoV2 transmission from asymptomatic individuals to susceptible populations (e.g. elderly). Here, we describe the relationships between COVID incidence and CoV2 lineage, viral load, saliva Ig levels (CoV2-specific IgM, IgA and IgG), and ACE2 binding inhibition capacity in…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Management of chronic myelogenous leukemia with COVID-19 and hepatitis B</strong> - The application of immunosuppressive agents and targeted drugs has opened a novel approach for the treatment of hematological tumors, and the application of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia is one of the landmark breakthroughs that has considerably improved the prognosis of CML patients. However, with the extensive use of TKI, the co-infection of CML patients has become increasingly apparent, especially regarding infectious diseases such as hepatitis B and…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>David Zaslav, Hollywood Antihero</strong> - The C.E.O. of a conglomerate that includes Warner Bros. studios, CNN, and HBO takes on an entertainment business in turmoil. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-communications/can-david-zaslav-make-it-in-hollywood">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Mobster Cosplay of Donald Trump</strong> - He’s been indicted on RICO charges, but how does the former President stack up against actual dons? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-mobster-cosplay-of-donald-trump">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Invisible Fire on Maui</strong> - For those on the Hawaiian island whose jobs depend on tourism, a period of mourning and recovery has also brought fear for their livelihoods. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/maui-hawaii-fire-aftermath-tourism">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Abortion Opponents Are Targeting a Signature G.O.P. Public-Health Initiative</strong> - A program that funds H.I.V./AIDS treatment in more than fifty countries has been ensnared in the post-Roe abortion wars. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/abortion-opponents-are-targeting-a-signature-gop-public-health-initiative">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Constitutional Case for Barring Trump from the Presidency</strong> - Does the Fourteenth Amendment empower state election officials to remove him from the ballot? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-constitutional-case-for-barring-trump-from-the-presidency">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>The Asian penalty in college admissions is still here — even without affirmative action</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="People walk past a red brick building." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0W_z8LOb5hoFS-581Fy0An_V22c=/307x0:5227x3690/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72573169/1556576755.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Pedestrians pass a dormitory in Harvard Yard at Harvard University. | Craig F. Walker/The Boston Globe via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Legacy and geographic preferences will continue to favor white applicants, a new study finds.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RhibrH">
The <a href="https://www.vox.com/scotus">Supreme Court</a>’s <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23405267/affirmative-action-supreme-court-ruling-race-harvard-unc-chapel-hill">decision to strike down affirmative action</a> in college admissions — effectively banning the consideration of an applicant’s race — will not end advantages awarded to white students during admissions. A new <a href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w31527">study</a> backs up this idea with ample evidence.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qtC5BS">
Researchers analyzed almost 700,000 college applications from white and Asian students and found that admissions at selective colleges rewarded privileged applicants who are disproportionately white. In other words, the report reinforces the idea that there is a potential open bias against Asian American applicants. Because of this alleged Asian penalty, it’s likely that Asian American applicants will continue to be admitted to selective schools at lower rates than similarly qualified white applicants — even with affirmative action gone.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="R6XQAO">
The report identifies two key factors that cause the alleged penalty: the favorable treatment given to children of alumni, who are usually white, and admissions patterns based on geography.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="H70CA1">
Since the affirmative action decision, the practice of <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/6/30/23778906/affirmative-action-white-applicants-legacy-athletic-recruitment">legacy admissions</a> has come under fire. The Department of Education is now <a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/7/26/doe-investigation-donor-legacy-admissions/">investigating</a> Harvard’s preferential treatment of legacy applicants. The report highlights just how jarring the legacy boost is. On average, legacy applicants are two to three times as likely to be admitted to a selective college than non-legacy applicants with comparable academic credentials.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gG8fU4">
I talked to the report’s lead author, Josh Grossman, a PhD candidate in computational social science at Stanford University, about the report’s findings and why he and his co-authors say it’s past time to rethink legacy admission. Grossman walks me through the report’s methodology and what sets it apart from previous similar studies. One key detail is that the researchers analyzed outcomes separately for East Asian students, Southeast Asian students, and South Asian students, recognizing that there were major differences between the groups.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ONINFJ">
Ultimately, the report suggests, the gaps between white and Asian applicants will not change with the elimination of affirmative action. “The raw numbers of Asian American and white students will probably go up,” Grossman said, “but those differences in admission rates are still going to be there.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6IP61j">
Our conversation has been edited for length and clarity.
</p>
<hr class="p-entry-hr" id="YgKMY8"/>
<h4 id="iEZXqQ">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JWMk9B">
Are Asian American students admitted to selective colleges and universities at lower rates than white students with similar academic qualifications?
</p>
<h4 id="rAwTY9">
Josh Grossman
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kXY5xh">
Yes. Our study, and many prior studies, have shown that this is the case. If you just condition [admissions] on academics — compare students who have similar test scores and other academic qualifications — what is found time and time again at these selective colleges is that Asian American students are admitted at lower rates just based on academics. I do want to emphasize that our study focused on academic qualifications, though there are other qualifications taken into account.
</p>
<h4 id="fRXYL2">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="G6bYwc">
You looked at close to 700,000 anonymized applications from white and Asian applicants to a group of selective colleges for five years, starting in the 2015-2016 school year. But you didn’t have the full application materials. What elements of students’ applications were you able to analyze and which elements were you unable to analyze in this study?
</p>
<h4 id="B8aJbm">
Josh Grossman
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hCCmhr">
What we did have was quite substantial. Our data include students’ high school GPAs, standardized test scores, extracurricular participation, leadership record, their AP classes, and what their courses look like. We knew where their parents went to college. That’s important because while legacy status is somewhat controversial, it can be a boost in admissions for students who had parents who went to the same school.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Qy5fyK">
We didn’t have access to their specific transcripts so we couldn’t see progression through high school. We know that’s important in admissions. We didn’t have access to their intended majors and we know that’s another thing that’s taken into account during admissions. We didn’t observe whether an applicant was an athletic recruit or not, but we tried to infer it based on how they prioritize their reporting of sports on their application and when they were admitted. Since admissions works differently for recruited athletes, we excluded them from our main analysis.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ohx1II">
We also didn’t have access to student essays. And one thing to note is that these other factors themselves, that we didn’t have access to, can potentially encode their own biases. We saw in the <em>Harvard</em> case that the personal ratings appeared to have some degree of bias against Asian American applicants. So that’s something else to think about.
</p>
<h4 id="WvldwY">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qyYr8A">
You also didn’t have actual admissions outcomes. So out of the applications you analyzed, you didn’t know where the students were admitted or denied admission. To circumvent that, you created a proxy based on enrollment choices. What does that mean and how did it allow you all to draw conclusions?
</p>
<h4 id="0UtQ38">
Josh Grossman
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZbZTjO">
Particular schools have a measurement called the yield rate, where if a student is admitted to a particular school it’s the proportion of admitted students who actually enroll. There are yield rates as high as like 80 percent for schools like Harvard, the University of Chicago, MIT, and Stanford. That’s a pretty high yield rate but keep in mind, there’s still that 20 percent who aren’t committed. They might be going to one of the other schools I just mentioned. Yield rates drop off pretty quickly after that. In our study, all of the schools we included had relatively high yield rates. If we were to just look at enrollment for a specific school, it wouldn’t be telling us the full picture about admissions because there are students who didn’t enroll who were admitted. So that’s why it’s sort of challenging to look at an individual school.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eFwGDq">
Instead of thinking about admission to a specific school, we decided to think about admission to a specific group of schools. And if you think about this group of schools, we can make this assumption that if you’re admitted to at least one of these schools, we’re going to assume that you are going to matriculate at one of these schools. And if you do that, then a record of enrollment at one of these schools can be viewed as a record of admission to one of these schools and that anyone who didn’t enroll in one of these schools was not admitted.
</p>
<h4 id="DWnPMT">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Hhijd6">
What did you all determine when it came to preferential treatment for children of alumni?
</p>
<h4 id="NtJ0Tu">
Josh Grossman
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1zTYQZ">
We estimated that legacy applicants were, on average, two to three times as likely to be admitted to a selective college than non-legacy applicants with similar academic credentials. And legacy applicants are much more likely to be white.
</p>
<h4 id="0fnQFY">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mbwjr9">
Something that sets your study apart is that it breaks down the broad “Asian American” category into smaller groups. What did you discover along those lines and why was it important to analyze the data for these smaller groups?
</p>
<h4 id="6BLAmz">
Josh Grossman
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="p8Miyi">
A lot of past studies have really treated Asian Americans as sort of this monolithic group. And it’s not necessarily because they wanted to do that. A lot of the time, it just has to do with data limitations. In this case, we had access to that data. And I think it’s important to recognize that there’s heterogeneity between these groups.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bK3m2r">
For example, East Asian and Southeast Asian migration to the United States started picking up in the 1970s, whereas it started picking up in the 1990s for South Asian students. Because of that, East Asian and Southeast Asians on average have an extra year for perhaps their parents to attend a US-based university, which can provide social capital and in the case of legacy admission, might even provide an added boost of getting it. Asians make up a large part of the world’s population, so it’s odd that we lump everybody together.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="veaRDn">
One thing we hope is that this paper will lead education researchers, when they’re able, to start analyzing these groups separately. We found that there’s a huge difference in the estimated likelihood of admission across these groups.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kPmE9e">
Probably the most salient comparison in the paper when it comes to legacy status is white students are six times more likely to have legacy status than South Asian students, when you’re only looking at these high-scoring applicants. But if you look at white students versus East Asians and Southeast Asians, it’s closer to three to four times as likely. So it’s still more likely but the difference isn’t as stark. That’s one important difference, that South Asians among these three groups are the least likely to have legacy.
</p>
<h4 id="iGS8aX">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lsJajA">
You all also found how legacy admissions impact other groups of students.
</p>
<h4 id="PL6nLF">
Josh Grossman
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="C4nCyL">
Yes. We found that high-achieving white students were about twice as likely as high-achieving Black and Hispanic students to have legacy status. Legacy admissions also limit the number of low-income students at these top colleges. We found that students who received an application fee waiver were one-eighth as likely to be legacy students than those who didn’t.
</p>
<h4 id="vlEht4">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="G2jbUn">
Something that isn’t as widely discussed that the paper covers is geography, and how it affects an applicant’s admissions chances. What did you learn about the role geography plays when it comes to admissions for Asian American students?
</p>
<h4 id="6BH0ER">
Josh Grossman
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IJR4Ef">
Legacy is just one piece of the puzzle, and the geography component is also pretty interesting. I’m certainly not an admissions counselor, but I think it’s pretty open knowledge that admissions offices often work on a regional basis. And while they don’t have a fixed quota for each area, because that would be illegal, there’s roughly the same proportion of students coming from each part of the country each year. For this reason, you often see, at least in our case, that admission rates for states like California are lower because so many more students are applying and maybe they want to make sure — similar to the popular vote with the Electoral College — that there’s sufficient representation from other parts of the country. This preference came out of a nefarious place when they were trying to limit the number of Jewish applicants earlier in the 20th century.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZzsZZr">
But now, it’s morphed into something that’s acceptable, though I think it’s still nefarious. What ends up happening is if you reduce the admission rate for students from California in this way, and a lot of Asian students live in California — the second highest in our data set concentration of Asian American applicants, among all states, and DC — that’s going to have a disparate impact on Asian American applicants. They’re going to be admitted at lower rates.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yyG7H1">
Geography explains part of the gap we see. If you just compare applicants from California who are white and Asian, the gap shrinks a bit. Does that mean it is a justifiable shrinking? That’s the ultimate question for universities to decide.
</p>
<h4 id="q4sNCs">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bAxMzn">
Which states stand out in the data as being particularly tricky for Asian American applicants?
</p>
<h4 id="uwnYXJ">
Josh Grossman
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OFnfmB">
The states that really stand out are New York, with a pretty high admissions rate and a lower proportion of Asian Americans, and on the other side there’s California, with a lower admissions rate and a pretty high proportion of Asian Americans. That’s driving a lot of that pattern. But there are other states like Texas, Washington state, and Georgia that are all clustered near California in the figure we created. There are other northeast regions up there with New York.
</p>
<h4 id="CD6js7">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OgtR4z">
Why don’t we talk about geography in the admissions conversation as much?
</p>
<h4 id="8UdcTE">
Josh Grossman
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="216BI0">
In the case, lawyers on both sides steered the conversation toward affirmative action. Affirmative action, at least how they were talking about it in the case, didn’t have a lot to do with geography. They weren’t openly taking it into consideration. Because of that, the big question in recent conversations has been affirmative action.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mCBcCB">
Affirmative action and the alleged Asian penalty, can be really thought of as orthogonal issues. Before affirmative action was eliminated, you could reduce barriers; you could reduce things that benefit white students over Asian American students like legacy, some subset of athletic recruitment, some of this geography stuff, while still retaining a preference for groups that are typically underrepresented in higher education. The plaintiffs in this case sort of attached the two issues and merged them.
</p>
<h4 id="fWDrBr">
Fabiola Cineas
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0tGOKy">
Ultimately, what does your research tell us about how the decision to ban affirmative action impacts Asian American applicants?
</p>
<h4 id="YP6J2J">
Josh Grossman
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="e91Igg">
After you eliminate affirmative action, the differences in admission rates between similarly qualified Asian American students and white students aren’t going to go away. The raw numbers of Asian Americans and white students will probably go up, depending on how things sort of shake down, but those differences in admission rates are still going to be there.
</p></li>
<li><strong>2 winners and 3 losers from the first Republican debate</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="On the Republican debate stage, Vivek Ramaswamy makes V-signs with his upheld hands while Nikki Haley stands quietly at her lectern." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/zjCVFYjGJqjXftceSWlqhuuRbR0=/446x223:2533x1788/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72572922/1619654364.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Vivek Ramaswamy, chairman and co-founder of Strive Asset Management and 2024 Republican presidential candidate, left, and Nikki Haley, former ambassador to the United Nations and 2024 Republican presidential candidate, during the first Republican primary presidential debate. | Al Drago/Bloomberg via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Without Donald Trump onstage, the other Republicans seeking the nomination scrambled (and struggled) to stand out.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NzkCgz">
<a href="https://www.vox.com/donald-trump">Donald Trump</a>’s absence from the debate stage Wednesday night ultimately meant little: This is still the former president’s nomination to lose, and despite a few moments of conflict and clarity among the eight Republican presidential hopefuls onstage, no candidate emerged as a clear alternative.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1j1U6s">
Still, without the former president, the eight contenders gathered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, were able to have a lively discussion on a range of issues: <a href="https://www.vox.com/abortion">abortion</a> bans, the reality of <a href="https://www.vox.com/climate">climate change</a>, urban crime, K-12 education, immigration, the <a href="https://www.vox.com/russia-invasion-ukraine">Russia-Ukraine war</a>, and the rise of <a href="https://www.vox.com/china">China</a>. The differences between the candidates were clear, their varied experiences were on full display, and at certain points, you could see a flash of an old kind of pre-Trump Republican Party debate,<strong> </strong>deliberating over government spending, illegal immigration, and foreign policy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HExj7p">
But no matter how lively the conversation was, no one on the stage will likely be the next president. Yet once you get over that fact, Wednesday night’s debate has some lessons about the state of the race and the Republican Party.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gYuFuk">
Here are two winners and three losers from the first Republican <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/4/27/23700848/donald-trump-joe-biden-presidential-debates-2024-election">presidential debate</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="BDI3wp">
Winner: Donald Trump
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FdFtTv">
It wasn’t until former South Carolina Gov. <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2023/2/14/23599194/nikki-haley-donald-trump-2024-presidential-campaign">Nikki Haley</a> criticized the nearly $8 trillion of federal spending authorized during the Trump presidency that any of the eight candidates criticized the primary’s frontrunner — and that wasn’t until about 15 minutes into the debate.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GRkYye">
The former president emerged from Wednesday night’s debate as the clear winner, even though he wasn’t there. He suffered no major surprise blows from the candidates onstage, was frequently defended by one of the loudest voices in the room (<a href="https://www.vox.com/2024-elections/23720391/vivek-ramaswamy-affirmative-action-woke-capitalism-ideas">Vivek Ramaswamy</a>), and after a question from moderators Martha MacCallum and Bret Baier, six of the eight candidates <a href="https://twitter.com/therecount/status/1694531303956521443?s=20">pledged</a> to support him even if he is convicted of a crime.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rHXIIS">
The audience also showed this loyalty. When former New Jersey Gov. Christie or Haley or former Vice President <a href="https://www.vox.com/mike-pence">Mike Pence</a> would say something critical of Trump, they were met with boos. By the end of the night, it did not seem as though any candidate could be a realistic alternative to Trump.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GYXPSj">
And while Trump came in for some expected criticism over January 6 from Christie, former Arkansas Gov. Asa Hutchinson, and Pence, the attempts to attack Trump also reinforced the apparent pointlessness of the whole affair. While the candidates were happy to bicker over policy, conservative credentials, and track records, they failed to deal any kind of fatal blow to the man leading all of them by double digits in poll after poll.
</p>
<h3 id="hTG01T">
Loser: Any alternative to Trump
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TNPc3Z">
While Trump was the big winner of the whole evening, everyone else seemed like losers. Yes, each of the debate contenders had their moments of brilliance: Mike Pence caught a second wind when the topics of abortion, January 6, and foreign policy came up; Ramaswamy picked fights with Pence and Christie, held his own against them, and seemed to stun the contenders with his witty replies; and Haley, seemingly fed up with Ramaswamy toward the end of the night, hammered him on his foreign policy positions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="k0P5T3">
But no one emerged as the clear, non-Trump alternative. Pence’s defense of his actions on January 6 didn’t break any new ground, Christie’s Trump attacks were met with boos, South Carolina Sen. <a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/5/22/23731910/tim-scott-2024-presidential-candidate">Tim Scott</a> could not break the mold of a career politician, and Ramaswamy’s Trump-lite grenade-slinging schtick grew tedious. He started to get booed with more frequency after he declared that climate change was a “hoax.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yD0IdL">
Within the confines of this debate, Haley stands out as the candidate who stood her ground, cracked enough jokes, and confronted Ramaswamy just as it was needed. But none of it is likely to be enough to catapult her to the front of the pack or seriously challenge Trump.
</p>
<h3 id="hvsreu">
Loser: Ron DeSantis
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BQByA8">
Going into debate night, the Florida governor was still the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2024-elections/2023/8/21/23837539/first-republican-debate-candidates-gop-primary-milwaukee-2024-election">most plausible non-Trump candidate</a> to win the nomination. He was still the next-best candidate in most polls and the most serious threat to Trump, even if diminished by bad news, slips in polling, and a floundering campaign. But he was hardly ever the center of attention on Wednesday — neither going after Trump to try to gain ground against the frontrunner nor attacking the lower-polling rivals trying to seize the second-place spot from him.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="s6cd9k">
At the same time, he was almost completely ignored by the other candidates — one clear exception being when Haley rebutted the premise of a question about <a href="https://www.vox.com/ron-desantis">DeSantis</a>’s comments earlier this year that the <a href="https://www.vox.com/russia">Russia</a>-Ukraine War was a “<a href="https://apnews.com/article/ron-desantis-ukraine-republicans-2024-f44acc03f772f393b7f8d452ee26508a">territorial dispute</a>.” That his rivals didn’t see any point in attacking him shows that he might not be seen as a legitimate risk anymore — and his monotonous responses didn’t inspire much of a response from the audience either.
</p>
<h3 id="YGLhzF">
Winner: A pre-Trump Republican Party
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="msaSWz">
Because so few of the candidates were willing to go after Trump, the debate could, at times, feel like a refreshing flashback to a pre-Trump Republican contest, one where policy proposals, differences on specific issues, and details actually mattered — albeit one where the differences among the candidates were fairly stark. Would the candidates support a national abortion ban? If so, with what timeline? Would the candidates support using lethal force at the Southern border against drug cartels? Would they invade Mexico to do that? And how would they run the <a href="https://www.vox.com/economy">economy</a>? Would they freeze government spending?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="089Oh9">
The moderators asked questions meant to drive a substantive conversation, including one about climate change and the role of humanity in worsening it that landed as a bit of a shocker given the venue (<a href="https://www.vox.com/media">Fox News</a>) and the context (a <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/2/23/23611828/2024-republican-presidential-candidates-trump-hurd">GOP primary</a>). Though the mood changed as the candidates sniped at each other as the night progressed, for at least the first hour of the debate, the constant talk about debts, balancing budgets, confronting Russia and China, and standing against abortion felt like a callback to a different era of Republican politics.
</p>
<h3 id="rqZG0W">
Loser: Bret Baier and Martha MacCallum
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8qrKi8">
Yes, many of the questions were good and substantive. But the Fox News co-hosts lost control of the debate early on and never won it back. The candidates did not care for the 30-second time limit on their rebuttals, abused the opportunities they were given to respond when mentioned by another candidate, pivoted constantly, and refused to answer questions — especially those having to do with Trump. Nor could the moderators keep a lid on the audience, who cheered, booed, and took any requests for decorum from the hosts as more like suggestions. Better luck to the next hosts, of the next debate, happening in just about a month.
</p></li>
<li><strong>Republicans showed their hands — and Trump is still holding aces</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Chris Christie, Mike Pence, Ron DeSantis, and Vivek Ramaswamy chat onstage at the Republican debate on August 23, 2023." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/pafDJbG5FeyDiOFrt_6mpPF_-U8=/254x0:4310x3042/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72572853/1619654884.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
During Wednesday night’s debate, six of eight Republican presidential candidates on the stage committed to backing Trump if he’s the nominee, even if he’s convicted in court. | Al Drago/Bloomberg via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The charges against Donald Trump are defining the GOP primary. His opponents don’t want to talk about them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TZkZG7">
By the time you read this, the news cycle may have already moved on to anticipating former <a href="https://www.vox.com/donald-trump">President Donald Trump</a>’s surrender in Georgia Thursday on charges that he sought to overturn the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020-presidential-election">2020 election</a> results. And that has been the problem all along for the Republicans challenging him for the 2024 nomination.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SwxaiY">
Eight candidates took to the debate stage Wednesday night in what might have been the most substantive policy debate that Republicans, who did not have an official national platform in 2020, have engaged in publicly for quite a while. But none of that really mattered given that Trump, offscreen at his club in Bedminster, New Jersey, is the runaway frontrunner in the polls, and the party’s identity has become all but indistinguishable from the former president himself.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lAknXH">
<em>[Related: </em><a href="https://www.vox.com/2024-elections/2023/8/21/23837539/first-republican-debate-candidates-gop-primary-milwaukee-2024-election"><em>All the candidates onstage for the first GOP debate, explained</em></a><em>]</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xkuNze">
That much was obvious when <a href="https://www.vox.com/media">Fox News</a> host Bret Baier asked the candidates — who signed a loyalty pledge to the eventual GOP nominee as a condition of participating in the debate — to address the “elephant not in the room.” He told them to raise their hand if they would still back Trump as the party’s choice if he is convicted in any of the four separate criminal cases against him.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IUMSIw">
At first, four candidates raised their hands. <a href="https://www.vox.com/ron-desantis">Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis</a>, Trump’s former protégé running a distant second, looked around to see what everyone else did before raising his own. Trump’s estranged former Vice President <a href="https://www.vox.com/mike-pence">Mike Pence</a> hesitated but followed. Former New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie, whose candidacy is pretty much based on taking down Trump, wagged his finger.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sATX5W">
“Here’s the bottom line. Someone’s got to stop normalizing this conduct,” he said. “Whether or not you believe that the criminal charges are right or wrong, the conduct is beneath the office of president of the United States.”
</p>
<div id="WFnCQX">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Asked directly at the debate if they’d support Donald Trump if he is convicted of a felony, 6 out of 8 Republican presidential candidates raise their hand. <a href="https://t.co/GbciS9sF6f">pic.twitter.com/GbciS9sF6f</a>
</p>
— The Recount (<span class="citation" data-cites="therecount">@therecount</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/therecount/status/1694531303956521443?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 24, 2023</a>
</blockquote></div></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eBKJRg">
Christie was met with boos so overwhelming that the moderators had to lecture the crowd. “Let’s just get through this section,” Baier pleaded.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YIl3ZD">
No other candidate was willing to go as far, though former Arkansas Gov. Asa Hutchinson also did not raise his hand. Pence defended his decision to certify the election results over Trump’s wishes on January 6, 2021, if only out of necessity: “He asked me to put him over the Constitution. And I chose the Constitution.” In addition to Christie, another four candidates concurred that Pence upheld his oath of office that day, but then digressed from the topic to issues they felt to be more important, from the weaponization of law enforcement to <a href="https://www.vox.com/china">China</a>. “Is this what we’re going to be focusing on going forward? The rehashing of this?” DeSantis asked.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iFicTE">
But whether DeSantis likes it or not, the charges against Trump have become the defining issue of the primary. His legal troubles and court appearances, which will likely continue throughout the campaign given that prosecutors are seeking speedy trials ahead of the 2024 election, have consumed media oxygen and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/article/trump-donations-legal-bills.html">millions of his campaign funds</a>. DeSantis’s first big mainstream media interview on CNN, for instance, <a href="https://apnews.com/article/ron-desantis-south-carolina-presidential-primary-739eac048707187fd6fc551a4a49be78">was a footnote</a> next to Trump’s announcement on Truth Social that he expected to be charged by federal prosecutors for his involvement in the January 6 insurrection. (That indictment did later come, and is arguably the most serious of those levied against him.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="l2kLlO">
<em>[Related: </em><a href="https://www.vox.com/trump-investigations/23832341/trump-charges-prison-time-sentence-indictments"><em>Trump’s 4 indictments, ranked by the stakes</em></a><em>]</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Fi3x0V">
But fearing the sway Trump has over the base, his opponents still cower at the prospect of addressing the charges or speaking out against him — or may even genuinely agree that he is the victim of a “political witch hunt.” The former president’s lead in the polls has grown to <a href="https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2024/president/us/2024_republican_presidential_nomination-7548.html">more than 40 points on average</a> since the four indictments against him dropped. An <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-poll-indictments-2023-08-20/">August CBS News/YouGov poll</a> showed that 77 percent of likely <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/2/23/23611828/2024-republican-presidential-candidates-trump-hurd">GOP primary</a> voters believed the charges were politically motivated; only 8 percent said that he tried to overturn the 2020 presidential election.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Vzg04k">
This debate should have presented a golden opportunity for a serious challenger to Trump, who had no means of defending himself because he opted not to participate. But instead of turning on Trump, most of the candidates turned on each other in sometimes raucous fashion, leaving little room for anyone to emerge as a true winner. In so doing, they reinforced Trump’s iron grip on the party and the fiction he has spread about what happened on January 6 — the memory of which Republicans have been <a href="https://www.vox.com/23816484/trump-january-6-capitol-indictment-election-2020-poll-public-opinion-apathy">happy to muddy</a>.
</p>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sea The Sun shines</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Chess World Cup final: Carlsen beats Praggnanandhaa; lifts title</strong> - By winning the silver medal, Praggnanandhaa also secured a ticket to the FIDE Candidates.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Wrestling: After back-to-back junior world titles, Antim now targets success at senior level</strong> - With little time to recover between events and trials and with little respite in the coming months, the 19-year old admitted it was tough but was confident of managing both the workload and expectations.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>United World Wrestling body suspends Wrestling Federation of India</strong> - Indian wrestlers won’t play under India flag at Worlds</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cricket South Africa takes step towards pay parity, announces equal match fees for genders</strong> - This decision comes on the back of the landmark announcement from the ICC earlier this year that saw equal prize money for men’s and women’s teams at ICC events</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ED claims Baghel’s political advisor helped cop bribe seniors; he says allegations fabricated</strong> - ED alleges that bribes amounted to ₹65 cr, says incriminating documents were found in raids of Chhattisgarh CM’s aides; political advisor Vinod Verma denies charges, alleges political angle</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>QR Codes mandatory in real estate advertisements from September 1: Kerala Real Estate Regulatory Authority</strong> - By scanning the code, homebuyers can access information on the projects such as their physical and financial progress, approved plans and latest photographs</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Here are the big stories from Karnataka today</strong> - Welcome to the Karnataka Today newsletter, your guide from The Hindu on the major news stories to follow today. Curated by Nalme Nachiyar.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Spot fine of over ₹1 lakh collected for illegal disposal of garbage in Kannur</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Chittoor Collector reviews arrangements for CM Jagan Mohan Reddy’s visit to Nagari</strong> -</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Wagner defied Putin and now its leader Prigozhin may be dead</strong> - If Yevgeny Prigozhin’s reported death is revenge, it sends a message to Russians, writes Steve Rosenberg.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Wagner boss Prigozhin’s years of living dangerously</strong> - For decades Russia’s Vladimir Putin relied on Yevgeny Prigozhin’s services, until he staged a mutiny.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Who is Dmitry Utkin and who else was reportedly on the plane?</strong> - Wagner chief Prigozhin’s “right hand man” Dmitry Utkin, financier Valeriy Chekalov and fighters.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine claims Crimea landing for ‘special operation’ on Independence Day</strong> - Kyiv claims Russia suffered personnel losses in an encounter that ensued in the peninsula’s west.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nîmes shootings: Two killings in three days in small French city</strong> - A teenager is shot dead in the same week as a boy aged 10 in the southern city of Nîmes.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>YouTube may face billions in fines if FTC confirms child privacy violations</strong> - Child groups asked the FTC to investigate YouTube ad placements on kids’ videos. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1962721">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>You can now train ChatGPT on your own documents via API</strong> - Developers can now bring their own data to customize GPT-3.5 Turbo outputs. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1962565">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>“Project Moohan” is Google and Samsung’s inevitable Apple Vision Pro clone</strong> - After a decade in the market with nothing to show for it, here’s the latest plan. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1962511">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dark Forces: Remaster gives you a cleaned-up 4K view of an absolute classic</strong> - Better cutscenes and resolutions, but all of the same Star Wars-but-<em>Doom</em>-iness - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1962593">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>WinRAR 0-day that uses poisoned JPG and TXT files under exploit since April</strong> - Vulnerability allows hackers to execute malicious code when targets open malicious ZIP files. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1962625">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>I matched with a tinder profile that had no pics.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
We chatted a bit. Smart and funny so i asked for a date. She said yes!
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I’m not expecting much, probably 400lbs. But she answered the door, this little strawberry blomde with a head full of curls and all the right curves in all the right places. We exchanged our real names and i asked what she did for a living. She says, “Sunday school teacher”. Now i ain’t never had me Christian girl, but I’m open minded about it, so I’m driving her to.the second best restaurant i can think of.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I pullout a joint if my best weed and ask 8f she wants an appetite. She says “Heavens no, what would i tell my sunday school children?”. Well,some people smoke and some don’t so i thought nothing of it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
We go to the restaurant andi i order a steak, she gets the lobster. I order the second most expensive bottle of wine on the menu. But when the waitress brings it she says she doesn’t drink. My mind is blowm. “You don’t drink?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Heavens no. What would i tell my sunday school children?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
We have a good time, laughing at each others jokes, but i know this is a bust as i drink up that overpriced bottle by mysrlf.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
As I’m driving her home i pass a cheap hotel and figuring i got nothing to lose ask her :“want to get a room and knock boots?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
She says " I thought you’d never ask. "
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I’m like really?!? “what will you tell your sunday school children?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
She said the same thing i tell them every week
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“You don’t have to drink and smoke to have a good time”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/KarmicComic12334"> /u/KarmicComic12334 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/15zmkzo/i_matched_with_a_tinder_profile_that_had_no_pics/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/15zmkzo/i_matched_with_a_tinder_profile_that_had_no_pics/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A young blonde was on vacation in the depths of Louisiana. She wanted a pair of genuine alligator shoes in the worst way, but was very reluctant to pay the high prices the local vendors were asking.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
After becoming very frustrated with the “no haggle” attitude of one of the shopkeepers, the blonde shouted, “Maybe I’ll just go out and catch my own alligator so I can get a pair of shoes at a reasonable price!” The shopkeeper said, “By all means, be my guest. Maybe you’ll luck out and catch yourself a big one!” Determined, the blonde turned and headed for the swamps, set on catching herself an alligator. Later in the day, the shopkeeper was driving home, when he spotted the young woman standing waist deep in the water, shotgun in hand. Just then, he saw a huge 9-foot alligator swimming quickly toward her. She took aim, killed the creature, and with a great deal of effort hauled it on to the swamp bank. Lying nearby were several more of the dead creatures. The shopkeeper watched in amazement. Just then the blonde flipped the alligator on its back, and frustrated, shouts out, “Damn it, this one isn’t wearing any shoes either!”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/YZXFILE"> /u/YZXFILE </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/15ztvmt/a_young_blonde_was_on_vacation_in_the_depths_of/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/15ztvmt/a_young_blonde_was_on_vacation_in_the_depths_of/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Russian prime minister Mishustin comes to Putin and nervously tells him to abolish time zones.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“I fly to another city, call home and everyone is asleep. I woke you up at 4AM but I thought it was only evening. - I call Olaf Scholz to congratulate him on his birthday and he tells me he had it yesterday. - I wish the Chinese President a happy New Year, and he says it will be tomorrow.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Indeed” Putin replies “but that’s only minor stuff. Remember when that plane crashed with Prigozhin on board? I called his family to express my condolences, but the plane hadn’t taken off yet!!”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/MudakMudakov"> /u/MudakMudakov </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/15zg51g/russian_prime_minister_mishustin_comes_to_putin/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/15zg51g/russian_prime_minister_mishustin_comes_to_putin/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Why are trans women so good at swimming?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Because they are boyn’t
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/PrinceJustice237"> /u/PrinceJustice237 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/15zkcq9/why_are_trans_women_so_good_at_swimming/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/15zkcq9/why_are_trans_women_so_good_at_swimming/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Two men and a blonde woman are in death row.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Two men and a blonde woman are in death row. They’ve had their last meals and prepare for what’s coming up. The warden calls one of the men and asks: “How would you like to go? Firing squad, electric chair, or hanging?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The man thinks hard, and finally decides on the electric chair. After he has sat down on the chair and has been tied, “Any last words?” the warden asks. The man stays silent. “Very well, on with it” says the warden, and one of the guards pulls the switch.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The man is awaiting his death, but to his surprise, nothing happens. He tries his luck and to the warden he says “Look, nothing’s happening. This must be a divine intervention.”. The warden, being a religious person, doesn’t want to get in the way of God, so he agrees. “You may be correct” he says, and then tells the guards to escort him back to his chamber.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
While on the way to his chamber, he sees the other man lined up for death, and he quickly goes up to him and whispers “The chair isn’t working, trust me.”. The other man thinks to himself, what do I have to lose if it does work? So once again, the warden asks the man: “How would you like to go? Firing squad, electric chair, or hanging?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The man immediately replies with “I’ll take the chair”, and the warden nods. The guards sit him down and tie him up. “Any last words?” the warden asks, and the man stays silent. “Very well, off you go.” the warden says and one of the guards pull the switch. To the warden’s surprise and the man’s favour, nothing happens. “Wow” the man says, “must be God intervening!”. The warden gets suspicious, but again, not wanting to take his chance with God, tells the prisoners to escort him back to his cell.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
On his way to his cell, he sees the blonde woman on her way to the execution chambers, and thinks “The other man did me a favour, I should pass it forward.”. He goes up to the blonde and whispers “The electric chair is broken, trust me”. The woman nods her head and goes on her way.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The warden once again asks, “So how would you like to go? Firing squad, electric chair, or hanging?”.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The blonde responds “Well apparently the chair is broken, so I’ll take the firing squad”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/deeznutsifear"> /u/deeznutsifear </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/15zganq/two_men_and_a_blonde_woman_are_in_death_row/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/15zganq/two_men_and_a_blonde_woman_are_in_death_row/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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