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<title>21 March, 2023</title>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Surveillance of 16 UK native bat species through conservationist networks uncovers coronaviruses with zoonotic potential</strong> -
<div>
There has been limited characterisation of bat-borne coronaviruses in Europe. Here, we screened for coronaviruses 48 faecal samples from 16 of the 17 bat species breeding in the UK and collected through a bat rehabilitation and conservationist network. We recovered nine (two novel) complete genomes across six bat species: four alphacoronaviruses, a MERS-related betacoronavirus, and four closely-related sarbecoviruses. We demonstrate that at least one of these sarbecoviruses can bind and use the human ACE2 receptor for infecting human cells, albeit suboptimally. Additionally, the spike proteins of these sarbecoviruses possess an R-A-K-Q motif, which lies only one nucleotide mutation away from a furin cleavage site (FCS) that enhances infectivity in other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. However, mutating this motif to an FCS does not enable spike cleavage. Overall, while UK sarbecoviruses would require further molecular adaptations to infect humans, their zoonotic risk is unknown but warrants closer surveillance.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524183v4" target="_blank">Surveillance of 16 UK native bat species through conservationist networks uncovers coronaviruses with zoonotic potential</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Introducing the COVID-19 crisis Special Education Needs Coping Survey</strong> -
<div>
Individuals with special education needs have been particularly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic as they have been shown to be at high risk of losing medical and institutional support at a time when people are being asked to stay isolated, suffering increased anxiety and depression as a consequence. Their families have often found themselves under tremendous pressure to provide support, engendering financial hardship, and physical and emotional strains. In such times, it is vital that international collaborations assess the impact on the individuals and their families, affording the opportunity to make national and international comparisons of how people have coped and what needs to be done to optimize the measures taken by families, associations and governments. This paper introduces one such collaboration.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/rtswa/" target="_blank">Introducing the COVID-19 crisis Special Education Needs Coping Survey</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>An interpretable, finite sample valid alternative to Pearson’s X2 for scientific discovery</strong> -
<div>
Contingency tables, data represented as counts matrices, are ubiquitous across quantitative research and data-science applications. Existing statistical tests are insufficient however, as none are simultaneously computationally efficient and statistically valid for a finite number of observations. In this work, motivated by a recent application in reference-genome-free inference (Chaung et al., 2022), we develop OASIS (Optimized Adaptive Statistic for Inferring Structure), a family of statistical tests for contingency tables. OASIS constructs a test-statistic which is linear in the normalized data matrix, providing closed form p-value bounds through classical concentration inequalities. In the process, OASIS provides a decomposition of the table, lending interpretability to its rejection of the null. We derive the asymptotic distribution of the OASIS test statistic, showing that these finite-sample bounds correctly characterize the p-value bound derived up to a variance term. Experiments on genomic sequencing data highlight the power and interpretability of OASIS. The same method based on OASIS significance calls detects SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis strains de novo, which cannot be achieved with current approaches. We demonstrate in simulations that OASIS is robust to overdispersion, a common feature in genomic data like single cell RNA-sequencing, where under accepted noise models OASIS still provides good control of the false discovery rate, while Pearson’s X2 test consistently rejects the null. Additionally, we show on synthetic data that OASIS is more powerful than Pearson’s X2 test in certain regimes, including for some important two group alternatives, which we corroborate with approximate power calculations.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.533008v1" target="_blank">An interpretable, finite sample valid alternative to Pearson’s X2 for scientific discovery</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Defining drivers of under-immunisation and vaccine hesitancy in refugee and migrant populations globally to support strategies to strengthen vaccine uptake for COVID-19: a rapid review</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background Some refugee and migrant populations have been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, yet evidence suggests lower uptake of COVID-19 vaccines. They are also an under-immunised group for many routine vaccines. We did a rapid review to explore drivers of under-immunisation and vaccine hesitancy among refugee and migrant populations globally to define strategies to strengthen both COVID-19 and routine vaccination uptake. Methods We collected global literature (01/01/2010 - 05/05/2022) pertaining to drivers of under-immunisation and vaccine hesitancy in refugees and migrants, incorporating all vaccines. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health PsycINFO and the WHO Global Research on COVID-19 database and grey literature. Qualitative data were analysed thematically to identify drivers of under-immunisation and vaccine hesitancy, then categorised using the Increasing Vaccination Model. Results 63 papers were included in this review, reporting data on diverse population groups, including refugees, asylum seekers, labour and undocumented migrants from 22 countries, with six papers reporting on a regional or global scale. Drivers of under-immunisation and vaccine hesitancy pertaining to a wide range of vaccines were covered, including COVID-19 (n=27), HPV (13), measles or MMR (3), influenza (3), tetanus (1), and vaccination in general. We found a range of factors driving under-immunisation and hesitancy in refugee and migrant groups, including unique awareness and access factors that need to be better considered in policy and service delivery. Acceptability of vaccination was often deeply rooted in social and historical context and influenced by personal risk perception. Conclusions These findings hold direct relevance to current efforts to ensure high levels of global immunisation coverage, key to which is to ensure marginalised refugees and migrant populations are included in national vaccination plans of low- middle- and high-income countries. We found a stark lack of research from low- and middle-income and humanitarian contexts on vaccination in mobile groups, a situation that needs to be urgently rectified to ensure high coverage for COVID-19 and routine vaccinations.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.23287477v1" target="_blank">Defining drivers of under-immunisation and vaccine hesitancy in refugee and migrant populations globally to support strategies to strengthen vaccine uptake for COVID-19: a rapid review</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Leveraging global genomic sequencing data to estimate local variant dynamics</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Accurate, reliable, and timely estimates of pathogen variant risk are essential for informing public health responses. Unprecedented rates of genomic sequencing have generated new insights into variant dynamics. However, estimating the fitness advantage of a novel variant shortly after emergence, or its dynamics more generally in data-sparse settings, remains difficult. This challenge is exacerbated in countries where surveillance is limited or intermittent. To stabilize inference in these data-sparse settings, we develop a hierarchical modeling approach to estimate variant fitness advantage and prevalence by pooling data across geographic regions. We demonstrate our method by reconstructing SARS-CoV-2 BA.5 variant emergence, and assess performance using retrospective, out-of-sample validation. We show that stable and robust estimates can be obtained even when sequencing data are sparse. Finally, we discuss how this method can inform risk assessment of novel variants and provide situational awareness on circulating variants for a range of pathogens and use-cases.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.02.23284123v4" target="_blank">Leveraging global genomic sequencing data to estimate local variant dynamics</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Statistical analysis plan for the Identification and Treatment of Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure (HRF) and ARDS with Protection, Paralysis, and Proning: a type-1 hybrid stepped-wedge cluster randomized effectiveness-implementation study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: The Identification and Treatment of Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure (HRF) and ARDS with Protection, Paralysis, and Proning (TheraPPP) study is a type-1 hybrid stepped-wedge cluster randomized effectiveness-implementation study involving 17 adult Intensive Care Units (ICUs). This study will evaluate the effectiveness and implementation of an evidence-based, stakeholder-informed, multidisciplinary care pathway called Venting Wisely that standardizes the diagnosis and delivery of life-saving therapies for critically ill patients with Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure (HRF) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Objective: To describe a pre-specified statistical analysis plan (SAP) for the TheraPPP study prior to completion of recruitment, electronic data retrieval, and before any analysis has been conducted. Methods and analysis: The Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP) was designed by the principal investigators and senior biostatistician and reviewed in detail by the Venting Wisely Scientific Steering Group before being approved. This statistical analysis plan is reported in accordance with Guidelines for the Content of Statistical Analysis Plans in Clinical Trials. A study specific CONSORT diagram and baseline characteristics table were developed. We estimate a total of 18816 mechanically ventilated patients will be included in this study with 11424 patients pre-implementation and 7392 patients post implementation. Given that ARDS patients are an important subgroup within this study, we estimate that this will generate a sample size of 2688 sustained ARDS patients within our TheraPPP study cohort. The primary clinical outcome is 28-day ventilator free days (VFDs). For the primary analysis, we will compare the mean 28-day VFDs pre-implementation and post-implementation using a mixed effects linear regression model to account for clustering of patients within site. Secondary clinical outcomes will be similarly compared pre-implementation and post-implementation using mixed effects linear or logistic regression models, as appropriate. All models will be adjusted for age, sex, severity of illness (sequential organ failure assessment score on admission) and severity of hypoxemia on admission based on PF ratio, as well as type and size of ICU. Pre-specified subgroups will include patient sex, age, HRF, ARDS, Covid-19 and cardiac surgical status, body mass index (BMI), height, illness acuity, and ICU volume. Ethics and Trial Registration: The study has received ethics approval from the University of Calgary (20-0646) and the University of Alberta (pro00112232). The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04744298) prior to the enrollment of any patients on Feb 8, 2021.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.23287218v1" target="_blank">Statistical analysis plan for the Identification and Treatment of Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure (HRF) and ARDS with Protection, Paralysis, and Proning: a type-1 hybrid stepped-wedge cluster randomized effectiveness-implementation study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>New Approach to the SIR Inversion Problem: From the 1905-1906 Plague Outbreak in the Isle of Bombay to the 2021-2022 Omicron Surges in New York City and Los Angeles County</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
We describe a novel approach to recovering the underlying parameters of the SIR dynamic epidemic model from observed data on case incidence or deaths. We formulate a discrete-time approximation to the original continuous-time model and search for the parameter vector that minimizes the standard least squares criterion function. We show that the gradient vector and matrix of second-order derivatives of the criterion function with respect to the parameters adhere to their own systems of difference equations and thus can be exactly calculated iteratively. Applying our new approach, we estimate four-parameter SIR models on two types of datasets: (1) daily reported cases of COVID-19 during the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron/BA.1 surges of December 2021 - March 2022 in New York City and Los Angeles County; and (2) weekly deaths from a plague outbreak on the Isle of Bombay during December 1905 - July 1906, originally studied by Kermack and McKendrick in their now-classic 1927 paper. The estimated parameters from the COVID-19 data suggest a duration of persistent infectivity beyond that reported in small-scale clinical studies of mostly symptomatic subjects. The estimated parameters from the plague data suggest that the Bombay outbreak was in fact driven by pulmonic rather than bubonic plague.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.23287177v1" target="_blank">New Approach to the SIR Inversion Problem: From the 1905-1906 Plague Outbreak in the Isle of Bombay to the 2021-2022 Omicron Surges in New York City and Los Angeles County</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Childhood Adversity and COVID-19 Outcomes: Findings from the UK Biobank</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused global declines in life expectancy; it is therefore critical to understand risk factors related to mortality and morbidity for this infectious disease. Past work indicates that certain pre-existing medical conditions, behavioral patterns, and sociodemographic factors may increase COVID-19-related negative outcomes. Left unexplored, however, is whether COVID-19 outcomes are influenced by exposure to childhood adversity. This is a notable gap given that childhood adversity is associated with lifelong physical health disparities and early mortality. We leverage data from the UK Biobank cohort (N=151,200) to investigate relations between early childhood adversity and COVID-19 mortality and morbidity. As predicted, we show that childhood adversity is associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality, even after adjusting for potential confounding variables. Such results highlight the importance of considering early-life experiences and their impact on COVID-19 outcomes to guide public health intervention and prevention strategies.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.23287479v1" target="_blank">Childhood Adversity and COVID-19 Outcomes: Findings from the UK Biobank</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Safety and Effectiveness of SA58 Nasal Spray against SARS-CoV-2 family transmission: an exploratory single-arm trial</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: This study has assessed the protective effect of a new Anti-COVID-19 SA58 Nasal Spray (SA58 Nasal Spray) against SARS-CoV-2 infection under continuous exposure. Methods: This is an exploratory open-label, single-arm trial. To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of SA58 against SARS-CoV-2 family transmission, SA58 was administered to all enrolled family contacts at 3~6-hour intervals. The frequency of administration and adverse events (AEs) were self-reported by online questionnaire, and RT-PCR tests were used to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection. The effectiveness was assessed in comparison to a contemporaneous control group whose information was collected through three follow-up visits. Total effectiveness and single-day effectiveness were calculated. Results: The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 62.9% (44/70) in the experimental group and 94.8% (343/362) in the control group. Using SA58 nasal spray at least three times per day could possibly reduce the risk of household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by 46.7%~56.5%. The incidence of AEs was 41.4% and the severity of all AEs was mild. Conclusion: Even under the scenario of continuous exposure to SARS-CoV-2, SA58 nasal spray remained effective in blocking viral transmission and was well tolerated.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.19.23287462v1" target="_blank">Safety and Effectiveness of SA58 Nasal Spray against SARS-CoV-2 family transmission: an exploratory single-arm trial</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Data-driven control of airborne infection risk and energy use in buildings</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The global devastation of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to calls for a revolution in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to improve indoor air quality (IAQ), due to the dominant role of airborne transmission in disease spread. While simple guidelines have recently been suggested to improve IAQ mainly by increasing ventilation and filtration, this goal must be achieved in an energy-efficient and economical manner and include all air cleaning mechanisms. Here, we develop a simple protocol to directly, quantitatively, and optimally control transmission risk while minimizing energy cost. We collect a large dataset of HVAC and IAQ measurements in buildings and show how models of infectious aerosol dynamics and HVAC operation can be combined with sensor data to predict transmission risk and energy consumption. Using this data, we also verify that a simple safety guideline is able to limit transmission risk in full data-driven simulations and thus may be used to guide public health policy. Our results provide a comprehensive framework for quantitative control of transmission risk using all available air cleaning mechanisms in an indoor space while minimizing energy costs to aid in the design and automated operation of healthy, energy-efficient buildings.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.19.23287460v1" target="_blank">Data-driven control of airborne infection risk and energy use in buildings</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>COVID-19 primary series and booster vaccination and potential for immune imprinting</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Laboratory science evidence suggests possibility of immune imprinting, a negative impact for vaccination on subsequent protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. We investigated differences in incidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the cohort of persons who had a primary omicron infection, but different vaccination histories using matched, national, retrospective, cohort studies. Adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) for incidence of reinfection, factoring also adjustment for differences in testing rate, was 0.43 (95% CI: 0.39-0.49) comparing history of two-dose vaccination to no vaccination, 1.47 (95% CI: 1.23-1.76) comparing history of three-dose vaccination to two-dose vaccination, and 0.57 (95% CI: 0.48-0.68) comparing history of three-dose vaccination to no vaccination. Divergence in cumulative incidence curves increased markedly when incidence was dominated by BA.4/BA.5 and BA.2.75* omicron subvariant. History of primary-series vaccination enhanced immune protection against omicron reinfection, but history of booster vaccination compromised protection against omicron reinfection. These findings do not undermine the short-term public health utility of booster vaccination.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.22281756v2" target="_blank">COVID-19 primary series and booster vaccination and potential for immune imprinting</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Mouse Adapted SARS-CoV-2 Model Induces “Long-COVID” Neuropathology in BALB/c Mice</strong> -
<div>
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused significant global morbidity and mortality and continues to burden patients with persisting neurological dysfunction. COVID-19 survivors develop debilitating symptoms to include neuro-psychological dysfunction, termed “Long COVID”, which can cause significant reduction of quality of life. Despite vigorous model development, the possible cause of these symptoms and the underlying pathophysiology of this devastating disease remains elusive. Mouse adapted (MA10) SARS-CoV-2 is a novel mouse-based model of COVID-19 which simulates the clinical symptoms of respiratory distress associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. In this study, we evaluated the long-term effects of MA10 infection on brain pathology and neuroinflammation. 10-week and 1-year old female BALB/cAnNHsd mice were infected intranasally with 104 plaque-forming units (PFU) and 103 PFU of SARS-CoV-2 MA10, respectively, and the brain was examined 60 days post-infection (dpi). Immunohistochemical analysis showed a decrease in the neuronal nuclear protein NeuN and an increase in Iba-1 positive amoeboid microglia in the hippocampus after MA10 infection, indicating long-term neurological changes in a brain area which is critical for long-term memory consolidation and processing. Importantly, these changes were seen in 40-50% of infected mice, which correlates to prevalence of LC seen clinically. Our data shows for the first time that MA10 infection induces neuropathological outcomes several weeks after infection at similar rates of observed clinical prevalence of “Long COVID”. These observations strengthen the MA10 model as a viable model for study of the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 in humans. Establishing the viability of this model is a key step towards the rapid development of novel therapeutic strategies to ameliorate neuroinflammation and restore brain function in those suffering from the persistent cognitive dysfunction of “Long-COVID”.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.533204v1" target="_blank">Mouse Adapted SARS-CoV-2 Model Induces “Long-COVID” Neuropathology in BALB/c Mice</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 NSP12 associates with the TRiC complex and the P323L substitution is a host adaption.</strong> -
<div>
SARS-CoV-2 emerged into the human population in late 2019 and human to human transmission has dominated the evolutionary landscape and driven the selection of different lineages. The first major change that resulted in increased transmission was the D614G substitution in the spike protein. This was accompanied by the P323L substitution in the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) (NSP12). Together, with D614G these changes are the root of the predominant global SARS-CoV-2 landscape. Here, we found that NSP12 formed an interactome with cellular proteins. The functioning of NSP12 was dependent on the T-complex protein Ring Complex, a molecular chaperone. In contrast, there was differential association between NSP12 variants and components of a phosphatase complex (PP2/PP2A and STRN3). Virus expressing NSP12L323 was less sensitive to perturbations in PP2A and supports the paradigm that ongoing genotype to phenotype adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in humans is not exclusively restricted to the spike protein.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.18.533280v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 NSP12 associates with the TRiC complex and the P323L substitution is a host adaption.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Analysis of spike protein variants evolved in a novel mouse model of persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> -
<div>
SARS-CoV-2 mutation rates have increased over time, resulting in the emergence of several variants of concern. Persistent infection is assumed to be involved in the evolution of the variants; however, there is currently no animal model to recapitulate persistent infection. We established a novel model of persistent infection using xenografts of Calu-3 human lung cancer cells in immunocompromised mice. After infection with wild-type SARS-CoV-2, viruses were found in the tumor tissues for up to 30 days and acquired various mutations, predominantly in the spike (S) protein, some of which increased while others fluctuated for 30 days. Three isolated viral clones with defined mutations produced higher virus titers than the wild-type virus in Calu-3 cells without cytotoxic effects. In K18-hACE2 mice, the variants were less lethal than the wild-type virus. Infection with each variant induced production of cross-reactive antibodies to the receptor binding domain of wild-type S protein and provided protective immunity against subsequent challenge with wild-type virus. These results suggest that most of the SARS-CoV-2 variants acquired mutations promoting host adaptation in the Calu-3 xenograft mice. This model can be used in the future to further study persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.19.533317v1" target="_blank">Analysis of spike protein variants evolved in a novel mouse model of persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Enhanced protective efficacy of a novel, thermostable, RBD-S2 fusion immunogen against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants</strong> -
<div>
With the rapid emergence of variants of concern (VOC), the efficacy of currently licensed vaccines has reduced drastically. VOC mutations largely occur in the S1 subunit of Spike. The S2 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 is conserved and thus more likely to elicit broadly protective antibody and T-cell responses. However, the contribution of the S2 subunit in improving the overall efficacy of vaccines remains unclear. Therefore, we designed, characterized, and evaluated the immunogenicity and protective potential of a stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) fused to a stabilized S2. Designed immunogens were expressed as soluble proteins with significantly higher purified yield than the Spike ectodomain. Squalene-in-water emulsion (SWE) formulated fusions were highly immunogenic. S2 immunization failed to elicit a neutralizing immune response but significantly reduced lung viral titers in mice challenged with the heterologous Beta variant, while RBD-S2 fusions elicited broad neutralization including against the Clade 1a WIV-1 variant, and were highly efficacious. A lyophilized RBD-S2 fusion retained antigenicity and immunogenicity even after incubation at 37 degrees C for a month. In hamsters, SWE-formulated RBD-S2 showed enhanced immunogenicity and efficacy relative to corresponding RBD and Spike formulations.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.19.533338v1" target="_blank">Enhanced protective efficacy of a novel, thermostable, RBD-S2 fusion immunogen against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Clinical Performance Evaluation of the CareSuperb™ COVID-19 Antigen Home Test</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: CareSuperb COVID-19 Antigen Home Test Kit<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   AccessBio, Inc.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Use of E-health Based Exercise Intervention After COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Exercise training using an e-health tool<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Norwegian University of Science and Technology;   University of Oslo<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect Of Calcitriol On Neutrophil To Lymphocytes Ratio And High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Covid-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Calcitriol;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Universitas Sebelas Maret<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Clinical Study for the Efficacy and Safety of Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b in Moderate COVID19.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: P1101 (Ropeginterferon alfa-2b);   Procedure: SOC<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   National Taiwan University Hospital<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase I Clinical Trial of Recombinant Variant COVID-19 Vaccine (Sf9 Cell) (WSK-V102)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: Recombinant variant COVID-19 vaccine(Sf9 cell)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   WestVac Biopharma Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Phase II Clinical Trial of Recombinant Variant COVID-19 Vaccine (Sf9 Cell) (WSK-V102)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Recombinant variant COVID-19 vaccine (Sf9 cell);   Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (CHO cell);   Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (Sf9 cell)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   WestVac Biopharma Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Compare QLS1128 With Placebo in Symptomatic Participants With Mild to Moderate COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: QLS1128;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Short-term Effects of Transdermal Estradiol on Female COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Hormone Replacement Therapy<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Climara 0.1Mg/24Hr Transdermal System;   Other: Hydrogel patch<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa (IUC);   Turkish Menopause and Osteoporosis Society;   Karakoy Rotary Club;   Rebul Pharmacy<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect of Kinesio Tape Versus Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise In Post COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post COVID-19 Condition<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Pursed lip breathing;   Other: Cognitive Behavior Therapy;   Other: Diaphragmatic breathing exercise;   Other: Kinesio tape<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Cairo University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hydrogen-Oxygen Generator With Nebulizer for Adjuvant Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Covid19;   Hydrogen-oxygen Gas;   AMS-H-03<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Device: Hydrogen-Oxygen Generator with Nebulizer, AMS-H-03;   Device: OLO-1 Medical Molecular Sieve Oxygen Generator<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Oxygen Atomizing Inhalation of EGCG in the Treatment COVID-19 Pneumonia in Cancer Patients</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19 Pneumonia;   Neoplasms Malignant<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: EGCG;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Use of Photobiomodulation in the Treatment of Oral Complaints of Long COVID-19.A Randomized Controlled Trial.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Xerostomia;   COVID-19;   Long COVID;   Persistent COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Combination Product: Institutional standard treatment for xerostomia and Long Covid;   Radiation: Photobiomodulation Therapy;   Radiation: Placebo Photobiomodulation Therapy<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Nove de Julho<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Balneotherapy for Patients With Post-acute Coronavirus Disease (COVID) Syndrome</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Balneotherapy and aquatic exercises<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Parc de Salut Mar;   Caldes de Montbui’s City Council;   Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER);   European Regional Development Fund<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Assess the Efficacy of HH-120 Nasal Spray for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Adult Close Contacts of Individuals Infected With SARS-CoV-2</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   SARS-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: HH-120 nasal spray 1;   Drug: HH-120 nasal spray 2;   Drug: Placebo Comparator 1;   Drug: Placebo Comparator 2<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Beijing Ditan Hospital<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A FIRST IN HUMAN TO EVALUATE THE SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF SARS-CoV-2 UQSC2 VACCINE IN HEALTHY ADULTS.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: UQSC2 Vaccine;   Biological: NVX-CoV2373 vaccine<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   The University of Queensland;   Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>New bi-phosphonate derivative: Synthesis, characterization, antioxidant activity in vitro and via cyclic voltammetry mode and evaluation of its inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease</strong> - In this study, we have synthesized a new molecule labeled HBPA. Its molecular structure was determined by spectroscopic methods such as: FT-IR, NMR (¹H, ^(13)C and ^(31)P); our compound is subjected to two antioxidant activities assays: DPPH scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); in the results, HBPA was expanded remarkable inhibition when compared especially to standard BHT with values of 14.936±0.808 and 7.1486±0.0645 μg/ml, respectively; in addition to the scavenging test of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Co-pyrolysis of medical protective clothing and oil palm wastes for biofuel: Experimental, techno-economic, and environmental analyses</strong> - The ongoing global pandemic of COVID-19 has devastatingly influenced the environment, society, and economy around the world. Numerous medical resources are used to inhibit the infectious transmission of the virus, resulting in massive medical waste. This study proposes a sustainable and environment-friendly method to convert hazardous medical waste into valuable fuel products through pyrolysis. Medical protective clothing (MPC), a typical medical waste from COVID-19, was utilized for…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>An in-solution snapshot of SARS-COV-2 main protease maturation process and inhibition</strong> - The main protease from SARS-CoV-2 (M^(pro)) is responsible for cleavage of the viral polyprotein. M^(pro) self-processing is called maturation, and it is crucial for enzyme dimerization and activity. Here we use C145S M^(pro) to study the structure and dynamics of N-terminal cleavage in solution. Native mass spectroscopy analysis shows that mixed oligomeric states are composed of cleaved and uncleaved particles, indicating that N-terminal processing is not critical for dimerization. A 3.5 Å…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bioactive Compositions of Cinnamon (<em>Cinnamomum verum</em> J. Presl) Extracts and Their Capacities in Suppressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Binding to ACE2, Inhibiting ACE2, and Scavenging Free Radicals</strong> - Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) bark and its extracts are popular ingredients added to food and supplement products. It has various health effects, including potentially reducing the risk of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). In our study, the bioactives in cinnamon water and ethanol extracts were chemically identified, and their potential in suppressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding, reducing ACE2 availability, and scavenging free radicals was…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Structure-based design of a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-specific inhibitor</strong> - The Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) introduced a relatively large number of mutations, including three mutations in the highly conserved heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region of the spike glycoprotein (S) critical for its membrane fusion activity. We show that one of these mutations, N969K induces a substantial displacement in the structure of the heptad repeat 2 (HR2) backbone in the HR1HR2 postfusion bundle. Due to this mutation, fusion-entry peptide…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Omicron-induced interferon signalling prevents influenza A H1N1 and H5N1 virus infection</strong> - Recent findings in permanent cell lines suggested that SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 induces a stronger interferon response than Delta. Here, we show that BA.1 and BA.5 but not Delta induce an antiviral state in air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells and primary human monocytes. Both Omicron subvariants caused the production of biologically active type I (α/β) and III (λ) interferons and protected cells from super-infection with influenza A viruses….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study between rosuvastatin and emvododstat, a potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) DHODH (dihydroorotate dehydrogenase) inhibitor</strong> - A therapeutic agent that targets both viral replication and the hyper-reactive immune response would offer a highly desirable treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19) management. Emvododstat (PTC299) was found to be a potent inhibitor of immunomodulatory and inflammation-related processes by the inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) to reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication. DHODH is the rate-limiting enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine nucleotide…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Innovative, rapid, high-throughput method for drug repurposing in a pandemic-A case study of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19</strong> - Several efforts to repurpose drugs for COVID-19 treatment have largely either failed to identify a suitable agent or agents identified did not translate to clinical use. Reasons that have been suggested to explain the failures include use of inappropriate doses, that are not clinically achievable, in the screening experiments, and the use of inappropriate pre-clinical laboratory surrogates to predict efficacy. In this study, we used an innovative algorithm, that incorporates dissemination and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Therapeutic developments for SARS-CoV-2 infection-Molecular mechanisms of action of antivirals and strategies for mitigating resistance in emerging variants in clinical practice</strong> - This article systematically presents the current clinically significant therapeutic developments for the treatment of COVID-19 by providing an in-depth review of molecular mechanisms of action for SARS-CoV-2 antivirals and critically analyzing the potential targets that may allow the selection of resistant viral variants. Two main categories of agents can display antiviral activity: direct-acting antivirals, which act by inhibiting viral enzymes, and host-directed antivirals, which target host…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Multiple functions of stress granules in viral infection at a glance</strong> - Stress granules (SGs) are distinct RNA granules induced by various stresses, which are evolutionarily conserved across species. In general, SGs act as a conservative and essential self-protection mechanism during stress responses. Viruses have a long evolutionary history and viral infections can trigger a series of cellular stress responses, which may interact with SG formation. Targeting SGs is believed as one of the critical and conservative measures for viruses to tackle the inhibition of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Erastin inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication in Vero cells</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Since NRF2, ACSL4 and GPX4 are classical Ferroptosis genes, this study speculates that erastin may inhibit the replication of PEDV in Vero cells in part through the regulation of ferroptosis pathway, and erastin may be a potential drug for the treatment of PEDV infection.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Treatment of severe covid-19 with interleukin 6 receptor inhibition</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Wearing N95 masks decreases the odor discrimination ability of healthcare workers: a self-controlled before-after study</strong> - CONCLUSION: Wearing N95 masks decreases the odor discrimination ability of healthcare workers. Therefore, we suggest that healthcare workers seek other clues when diagnosing disease with a characteristic odor.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Structure-based computational screening of 470 natural quercetin derivatives for identification of SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup> inhibitor</strong> - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic infecting the respiratory system through a notorious virus known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to viral mutations and the risk of drug resistance, it is crucial to identify new molecules having potential prophylactic or therapeutic effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the present study, we aimed to identify a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 through virtual screening of a compound library of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>In-silico studies of <em>Momordica charantia</em> extracts as potential candidates against SARS-CoV-2 targeting human main protease enzyme (M<sup>pro</sup>)</strong> - Momordica charintia, a well-known plant called bitter melon, has been shown to have antibacterial, anti-diabetic, and antiviral properties against HIV infection. The goal of this work was to investigate the inhibitory effect of phytocompounds found in Momordica charintia leaf extracts on SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease (also known as the Main protease, M^(pro)) utilizing GC-MS analysis and molecular docking studies. The Crystal Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease in complex with an inhibitor N3 was…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The G.O.P. and the Ghosts of Iraq</strong> - Ukraine shows that Republicans have moved a long way from the Party of George W. Bush. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/the-gop-and-the-ghosts-of-iraq">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hip-Hop at Fifty: An Elegy</strong> - A generation is still dying younger than it should—this time, of “natural causes.” - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/hip-hop-at-fifty-an-elegy">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Allure of Exotic Animals in Strange Places</strong> - Thefts from the Dallas Zoo made headlines. But Texas is a hotbed for ownership of all kinds of rare species. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-southwest/the-allure-of-exotic-animals-in-strange-places">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The U.N. Issues a Final Warning on the Climate—and a Plan</strong> - The I.P.C.C. report contains no new data; nevertheless, it manages to alarm in new ways. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-un-issues-a-final-warning-on-the-climate-and-a-plan">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Regulatory Breakdown Behind the Collapse of Silicon Valley Bank</strong> - For more than a year, the Fed knew that the bank was headed toward a crisis. Why didn’t it intervene sooner? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-regulatory-breakdown-behind-the-collapse-of-silicon-valley-bank">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>The authenticity paradox of BookTok</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="An illustration shows two smartphones sitting next to each other on a yellow background. A hand reaches out from the screen of the smartphone on the left holding a book, and another hand reaches out from the smartphone on the right to accept it." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/gQCUJaI0E67f8Bu7ikuxUfOB-yY=/347x0:5903x4167/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72097588/GettyImages_1333334764.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Tell all your closest online friends about your favorite books. | Getty Images/iStockphoto
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
BookTok is the only profitable publishing trend of the year. How much of the profit goes to BookTokers?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="o3j9J7">
Walk into a Barnes &amp; Noble these days, and you’ll see a peculiar sight. Instead of Barnes &amp; Noble branding everywhere, there’s BookTok branding everywhere.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qQ6G6P">
Tables of books emblazoned with BookTok signs, pushing the books that are popularly recommended on TikTok’s reading community. A little reading journal for sale titled <em>BookTok Made Me Read It</em>. A special display just for Colleen Hoover, who went from indie romance author to queen of the bestseller list after blowing up on BookTok. There’s a little sign over her name that says “BookTok.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lYfdEp">
Loosely speaking, BookTok is a community of people on TikTok who focus all their content on books. They <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@elvirreads/video/7210221732110535982?lang=en">pan their cameras across shelves of beautiful hardcovers</a>, <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@aymansbooks/video/7199364146033331502">analyze the tropes of their favorite genres</a>, <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@tellthebeees/video/7186807468402461994?lang=en">recommend their favorite books</a>, record themselves <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@sb.reads/video/7023881790872063278">throwing their favorite books across the room</a> in a fury of emotional overwhelm. The <a href="https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/booktok-tiktok-books-community">stereotype</a> is that BookTokers lean young and emotional, but as users are quick to point out, the community is huge. Search the #BookTok tag long enough, and you’re bound to find a BookToker who talks about books that appeal to you.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7KS0oF">
What all BookTokers have in common is that they are a hot commodity. Barnes &amp; Noble is leaning so hard into the BookTok angle right now because, simply put, BookTok sells books. It’s one of the only things that does.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qnELlE">
“It’s one of the strongest drivers that we’ve seen in the US market in the last couple of years. It is the only area of the market right now with very strong growth,” says Kristen McLean, the primary industry analyst for books at industry tracker Circana (formerly Nielsen). “When I look at the data, there’s no other area of the US publishing market that we can pin that’s seeing that level of year-over-year growth right now. That’s the third year of growth for these authors.”
</p>
<div class="c-float-right c-float-hang">
<aside id="yBy62b">
<q>BookTok sells books. It’s one of the only things that does. </q>
</aside>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rKtTIr">
During lockdown, as Americans with extra time on their hands began picking up books to keep themselves busy, <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/22687960/book-shortage-paper-ink-printing-labor-explained">the US book market grew at unprecedented rates</a>. The post-vaccine market appears to have corrected itself. Before the pandemic, it was common for the US book market to grow at rates of 3 or 4 percent. From 2019 to 2021, it grew 21 percent. In the first three months of 2023, according to Circana, it has declined 1 percent — except for the authors whose books blew up on BookTok. So far this year, they’re seeing an increase of 43 percent over their 2022 sales figures.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DPBtGZ">
In a market where it’s notoriously difficult for anyone to make a living, BookTok is helping a select few people make a whole lot of money. That state of affairs raises a surprisingly knotty question: How much of that cash is making its way back to the creators who made the videos that are generating all of these book sales in the first place? And how is it getting to them?
</p>
<h3 id="OU0BAu">
“I always want to be authentic.”
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZpfGpe">
The main reason BookTok sells so many books, according to most of the BookTokers I talked to, is because it feels authentic and personal.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1aBB5n">
TikTok’s native format of short, punchy videos and culture of casual chattiness combine to create an atmosphere of intense intimacy between content creators and their audience. In the book world, that kind of intimacy and emotional connection is rare. All the caps-locked blog posts in the world can’t match the visceral force of <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@aymansbooks/video/6927732409303665925">a camera on a real person’s tearstained face as they sob over their favorite books</a> — books that could easily become your favorites, too, if you want to buy them.
</p>
<div id="ZtAfY9">
<blockquote cite="https://www.tiktok.com/@aymansbooks/video/6927732409303665925" class="tiktok-embed">
<section>
<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@aymansbooks?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="@aymansbooks"><span class="citation" data-cites="aymansbooks">@aymansbooks</span></a>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
this book ain’t for everyone, look up tw!<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/thesongofachilles?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="thesongofachilles">#thesongofachilles</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/songofachilles?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="songofachilles">#songofachilles</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/booktok?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="booktok">#booktok</a>
</p>
<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/music/original-sound-6927732398947896069?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="♬ original sound - Ayman">♬ original sound - Ayman</a>
</section>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Cb1dAv">
“We make books seem personal. It’s like talking to a friend,” says <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@schizophrenicreads?lang=en">Nathan Shuherk</a>, a 30-year-old with 133,000 followers. “I think there might be a bit of a parasocial relationship you develop with some of the creators. I hear quite consistently that people have purchased 20, 30 books that I have talked about, because they know I cover books they’re interested in.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="63PzzL">
Accordingly, BookTokers treat their authenticity as a valuable asset.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JKKUk7">
“I always want to be authentic,” says Caitlin Jacobs, “to myself, my interests, and what my viewers would be interested in.” Jacobs, 25, was one of the earliest TikTokers to start using the #BookTok hashtag in 2019, a level of seniority that’s left her with over <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@caitsbooks?lang=en">300,000 followers</a>. When she makes sponsored videos, Jacobs says, she makes it a priority to let her followers know that “this isn’t really that different from my regular stuff. This is a video I would make normally.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CeqGZU">
“The whole process of choosing books to share on my platform: I take it seriously,” says Ayman, a student who preferred not to use her last name in this article. “At the end of the day, somebody is going to take that recommendation and then attach it to me. And hopefully they like the books that I recommend. So it’s important to me.” Ayman, 22, has <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@aymansbooks">close to a million TikTok followers</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yaNbnJ">
Authenticity also features heavily into one of the issues that both Jacobs and Ayman cite as one of their big concerns about the platform: making sure that sponsorships opportunities for books about marginalized communities go to TikTokers from those communities.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VxbXtW">
“I think that’s really important when it comes to sponsorships,” says Jacobs, “that the community that’s represented in the book is able to be the ones who are paid to promote it.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IZE2Am">
“I’d like to see, for example, Muslims promote Muslim books that are coming out, that publishers reached out to them for,” says Ayman. “This is their representation; they deserve it 10 times more. They can make it more authentic.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AnaLpy">
This is the business model of the influencer economy: You forge a connection with your followers, and then you can use that to sell them stuff.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VaaCM1">
But there’s an inherent tension here. Once you monetize your own authenticity, how do you keep it authentic?
</p>
<h3 id="dOLxi9">
“This would be cool, to make money off this.”
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BQyTwM">
BookTok exists within a larger creator economy where <a href="https://www.economist.com/business/2022/04/02/the-business-of-influencing-is-not-frivolous-its-serious">it’s normal for influencers to partner with the brands they produce content about</a>. If you make videos reviewing different lipsticks, your go-to business model will be partnering with Revlon to talk about how great their lipstick is.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wnI2J1">
BookTok also exists within a rising social trend in which young people are encouraged to know their value and stop giving away their work for free. If someone wants to “pick your brain” for your professional expertise, charge them a consultation fee, <a href="https://www.freshbooks.com/blog/how-to-stop-giving-away-your-ideas-for-free">admonish the advice posts online</a>. If you’re interviewing for a new job, <a href="https://www.camelsandchocolate.com/stop-working-for-free/">don’t do labor for free as part of the auditioning process</a>. This ethos extends seamlessly into influencing as well: If your content is valuable, then you have a duty to yourself to monetize it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jczAW9">
Satoria Ray is a 26-year-old working at an educational nonprofit. <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@satrayreads?lang=en">Her books-centric TikTok account</a> has close to 20,000 followers. “People want to get paid for their labor,” she says. “I feel like that’s a valid thing to do.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vZiLgp">
Traditional book media is not set up to operate under this type of model. There, critics and reporters are paid by their outlet. A publisher wouldn’t offer money to a traditional book reporter, and a writer wouldn’t accept it if they did: It would be unethical.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="t1xELT">
The conversation becomes murkier when you consider these creators not as journalists, but as subcontractors, making and distributing content for a <a href="https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/tiktoks-net-worth%3A-how-much-is-tiktok-worth-right-now">$50 billion company like TikTok</a>. But TikTok, like many social media networks, tends to be miserly when it comes to paying the people who distribute their content on its platform. The current model is the TikTok Creator Fund. Users can join if they get 100,000 video views within a 30-day window, and they get cash based on <a href="https://newsroom.tiktok.com/en-gb/tiktok-creator-fund-your-questions-answered">what TikTok describes as</a> “a combination of factors; including the number of views and the authenticity of those views, the level of engagement on the content, as well as making sure content is in line with our Community Guidelines and Terms of Service.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aMQICE">
“It’s like pennies,” says Ray.
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<aside id="1ytYMa">
<q>“People want to get paid for their labor. I feel like that’s a valid thing to do.” </q>
</aside>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aepeLz">
Ray, however, is reluctant to do formal videos sponsored by a publisher on her TikTok. “I know that if I go to monetize my content, then I’m going to have to do more labor than I’m already doing,” she says. “I am reading the books that I want to read, and I’m promoting the books that I want to promote on BookTok. I would read them anyway if I wasn’t on BookTok. There’s no commitment, there’s no contract for me to even post about the books I’m reading if I don’t want to. As someone who works full time and is in grad school, it’s very difficult for me to think about what monetization would look like.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Jz8EbD">
For other BookTokers, monetization is a no-brainer. “It was always in the back of my head,” says Ayman. “Like, ‘This would be cool, to make money off this.’” Ayman is typically paid around $2,000 per video. While she works an internship, she says TikTok constitutes the majority of her income.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="x80P2P">
BookTok pays Jacobs enough to be her day job. She gets paid around $2,000 per video, going up to $4,000 if publishers want usage rights (the option to repost the video on their own platforms or use it as an ad). She’s used her downtime to write a fantasy novel that her agent is currently shopping around with publishers.
</p>
<div id="RHYxaL">
<blockquote cite="https://www.tiktok.com/@caitsbooks/video/7168873045220707627" class="tiktok-embed">
<section>
<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@caitsbooks?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="@caitsbooks"><span class="citation" data-cites="caitsbooks">@caitsbooks</span></a>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/ad?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="ad">#ad</a> <span class="citation" data-cites="Chloe">@Chloe</span> Gong said <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/lastviolentcall?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="lastviolentcall">#LastViolentCall</a> is domestic fluff and I need it in my life! It’s available for preorder now from <span class="citation" data-cites="Riveted">@Riveted</span> by Simon Teen and will hit shelves on february 28th <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/simonteenpartner?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="simonteenpartner">#SimonTeenPartner</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/secretshanghai?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="secretshanghai">#SecretShanghai</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/afoulthing?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="afoulthing">#AFoulThing</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/thisfoulmurder?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="thisfoulmurder">#ThisFoulMurder</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/booktok?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="booktok">#booktok</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/bookishvlog?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="bookishvlog">#bookishvlog</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/theseviolentdelights?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="theseviolentdelights">#theseviolentdelights</a>
</p>
<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/music/Jazz-masterpiece-As-time-goes-by-covered-by-a-Jazz-violinist-by-profession-962408-6925859865231362049?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="♬ Jazz masterpiece ">♬ Jazz masterpiece “As time goes by” covered by a Jazz violinist by profession(962408) - ricca</a>
</section>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="phRMvQ">
Both Ayman and Jacobs say they share Ray’s concerns about sponsorships pushing them to read books they otherwise wouldn’t. They are careful to only say yes to promoting books they would be interested in reading even if they weren’t getting paid for it. That doesn’t mean they always do end up reading those books.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KVxUDV">
“The thing for me is to never lie about a book and my opinions about a book. I always want to be authentic,” says Jacobs. “When I’m accepting a sponsorship, they will often give me talking points, and I will always make sure that I’m never being told to lie about it. If I haven’t read a book, then I will say I haven’t read it yet. But maybe I’m looking forward to it, or maybe I just heard about it and it was amazing, based on what I’ve heard.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="963dPY">
“They never ask me, ‘Give me a good review and I’ll pay you.’ It’s never like that,” says Ayman. “It’s more like, ‘Hey, here’s a book that’s coming out. I’m going to recommend it to my audience.’ I always disclose which posts are ads. It’s not like false advertising. I take it seriously.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UiF5px">
Zoe Jackson, a 24-year-old journalist, says that <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@zoes_reads?lang=en">at 55,000 followers</a>, she hasn’t yet reached the level where she could live off TikTok alone. Still, her videos did make her enough money last year that she had to report it on her taxes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HvnCzz">
According to Jackson, publishers have a tendency to ask for too much and offer too little. One book company, she says, offered her $100 for a video whose rights they would control forever. “The contract was like, ‘We will own this forever,’” says Jackson. “Your face, your voice, your likeness, everything.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="j5MUHV">
Jackson considered signing before savvier friends advised her never to give away her likeness in perpetuity. “You could end up on the side of the bus, and they’d only have paid you $100 for that one video,” she says.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lZnZZA">
From friends who work as influencers in other fields, she has gathered that other companies pay much more for the same kind of ask. “I think a lot of BookTok folks are devaluing themselves a little bit,” she says.
</p>
<h3 id="o2dabC">
“It’s been very tricky for marketers to fully co-opt it.”
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wbKWId">
Everyone I spoke to was hyper-aware of the problem of guarding their authenticity from the corrupting influence of money. Their strategies varied. As Jackson succinctly put it, “No one likes an influencer who takes money for books they don’t actually like.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3UUn5u">
Shuherk says he’s been offered $2,000 to review a book on his channel, “but it came with heavy stipulations about what I was allowed to say and how I was allowed to not make criticisms of the book. I just felt uncomfortable,” he says. “I didn’t think it was something ethically I could support, and so I did not take it.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tjigDz">
Everyone I spoke to said they research their endorsements thoroughly, and make sure that even if they don’t have time to read the book in question, it’s at least something they would be interested in reading without a sponsorship. The biggest concern most of them expressed was accidentally endorsing something that might turn out to be problematic — a reasonable concern given that YA is one of TikTok’s most popular genres, and the YA community can sometimes have <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/under-review/in-ya-where-is-the-line-between-criticism-and-cancel-culture">an expansive definition</a> of what calling a book “problematic” entails.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aMSLw4">
“I always look at the book to make sure that it’s in line with what I would support,” says Jacobs. “I like to do a good amount of research to make sure that I know the history of the publisher, author, and book before I agree to promote it on my account.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZeZTUQ">
“I want to promote books that don’t stem from anything problematic, whether it’s all through the publisher or anything like that,” says Ayman. “I do plenty of research to make sure I’m not promoting the wrong thing.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1aVTZa">
“I’ve seen some creators talk about not working with different types of places because of ethical concerns,” says Jackson. “I totally get that. I wouldn’t want to work with just anybody.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b0kGAW">
Industry analyst McLean agrees that TikTok’s authenticity is part of what makes it so good at selling things. “At least early on, it was a very interactive, authentic exchange of ideas that wasn’t being messed with by marketers,” she says. She thinks that TikTok’s relative opacity as a platform means it’s likely to remain so for a while. “It does not have a native analytics platform built into it. It’s not like Google Trends where you can go and look up what people have been looking at. It is a black box, and that’s one of the keys to its sustained success: it’s been very tricky for marketers to fully co-opt it.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ooJUSS">
That doesn’t mean marketers aren’t going to try. Publishing is an old and slow-to-evolve industry, and it has a tendency to clumsily cast every new technological innovation as either a savior or a demon. When I started working in publishing in 2010, the Kindle was going to be the death of the industry, the future of ebooks was popularly held to be book apps, and all the editors were being encouraged to acquire books from people who were popular on YouTube. Thirteen years later, <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/12/23/20991659/ebook-amazon-kindle-ereader-department-of-justice-publishing-lawsuit-apple-ipad">the Kindle did not destroy publishing</a>, the book app market has failed to materialize, and I don’t know of any book by a YouTuber that became a meaningful hit.
</p>
<div class="c-float-right c-float-hang">
<aside id="W2aw1f">
<q>“We are good at getting people to buy books [because] the average person on BookTok isn’t getting paid to give their reviews”</q>
</aside>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0tEsqP">
Currently, publishers see BookTok as their savior, all the moreso because they don’t really understand it. But publishing trends come and go.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="g1dr2z">
There’s no guarantee that BookTok will stay this effective at selling books forever. Advertisers might finally crack it and make it lose its cool, or maybe <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2023/3/2/23622149/tiktok-ban-questions">Congress will ban TikTok in the US</a>, or maybe TikTok will simply follow the pattern set by every social network before it and see its user base drift slowly and steadily away.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="inChoJ">
When that day comes, and all that Barnes &amp; Noble BookTok merch gets thrown out and publishers find a new digital unicorn to chase, what will happen to the core community of readers left on TikTok? The ones who are still making videos and the ones still watching them? What will happen to the people who made enormous amounts of money for an industry that never quite knew what to make of them?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qtlAn3">
“Honestly, one of the main reasons we are good at getting people to buy books is the average person on BookTok isn’t getting paid to give their reviews,” says Ray. “There aren’t these big influencers with huge followings and all these brand deals and sponsorships flying all over the place. It’s usually a person in their car who just got out of work and is like, ‘I was reading this audiobook and I really enjoyed it.’ It’s moms who are cleaning the kitchen and just put the kids to bed and are like, ‘Hey, I just read this really cool book.’
</p>
<p class="c-end-para" data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cbNQJA">
“That’s unique to BookTok.”
</p></li>
<li><strong>We need the right kind of climate optimism</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Image of a flower beneath a rainbow" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/r1UjetcyTdaGR6EXRiiMcjCZizU=/168x0:5568x4050/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72068455/Vox_Doomerism_Optimism_Final_2.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Tyler Comrie for Vox
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Climate pessimism dooms us to a terrible future. Complacent optimism is no better.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FTHfVw">
We environmentalists spend our lives thinking about ways the world will end. There’s nowhere that I see <a href="https://www.vox.com/23158406/climate-change-tell-kids-wont-destroy-world">doomer culture</a> more vocal than on my home turf.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1ZAnvh">
With leading activists like Roger Hallam, co-founder of the popular climate protest movement Extinction Rebellion, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=au33QX9I-Mg&amp;ab_channel=RogerHallam">telling young people</a> that they “face annihilation,” it’s no surprise so many of them feel terrified. In a large recent <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(21)00278-3/fulltext">international survey</a> on youth attitudes toward climate change, more than half said that “humanity is doomed” and three-quarters said the future is frightening. Young people have good reasons to worry about our ability to tackle climate change, but this level of despair should be alarming to anyone who cares about the well-being of future generations — which is, after all, what the climate movement is all about.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="F22hM1">
As the lead researcher for <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/">Our World in Data</a>, an organization that aims to make data on the world’s biggest problems accessible and understandable, I’ve written extensively on the reasons to be optimistic about the future. The prices of solar and wind power, as well as of <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/battery-price-decline">batteries</a> for storing low-carbon energy, <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/cheap-renewables-growth">have all plunged</a>. Global deforestation <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/global-deforestation-peak">peaked decades ago</a> and has been slowly declining. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-01/when-will-gas-cars-be-phased-out-sales-peaked-and-soon-the-fleet-will-too">Sales</a> of new gas and diesel cars are now falling. Coal is <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/energy?tab=chart&amp;facet=none&amp;country=GBR~ESP~DEU~CAN~ITA~NLD~PRT&amp;Total+or+Breakdown=Select+a+source&amp;Energy+or+Electricity=Electricity+only&amp;Metric=Share+of+total&amp;Select+a+source=Coal">starting to die</a> in many countries. Government commitments are <a href="https://climateactiontracker.org/global/temperatures/">getting closer</a> to limiting global warming to 2°C. Deaths from natural disasters — despite what <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/01/climate/wildfire-extreme-rain-mudslides.html">news about climate change-related fires and hurricanes</a> might appear to suggest — are <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/natural-disasters?facet=none&amp;Disaster+Type=All+disasters&amp;Impact=Deaths&amp;Timespan=Decadal+average&amp;Per+capita=false&amp;country=~OWID_WRL">a fraction</a> of what they used to be. The list goes on.
</p>
<aside id="1Poy0B">
<div>
</div>
</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="B3Ddmb">
But here, I don’t want to talk about whether pessimism is accurate. I want to focus on whether it’s useful. People might defend doomsday scenarios as the wake-up call that society needs. If they’re exaggerated, so what? They might be the crucial catalyst that gets us to act on climate change.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1DFUXB">
Setting aside the moral problem of stretching the truth, this claim is wrong. Scaring people into action doesn’t work. That’s true not just for climate change, air pollution, and biodiversity loss, but for almost any issue we can think of. We need optimism to make progress — yet that alone isn’t enough. To contend with environmental crises and make life better for everyone, we need the right kind of optimists: those who recognize that the world will only improve if we fight for it.
</p>
<h3 id="oFWkPD">
A framework for bringing about societal change
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RyGn6L">
To understand what sort of thinking does drive positive change, we can imagine a framework for how people conceptualize the future and their ability to shape it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2zUXhJ">
Credit where it’s due: I first saw a version of this concept in the venture capitalist Peter Thiel’s book <a href="https://bookshop.org/p/books/zero-to-one-notes-on-startups-or-how-to-build-the-future-peter-thiel/9402001?ean=9780804139298"><em>Zero to One</em></a>. He presented it in the context of entrepreneurship, but it tied perfectly with my experiences in the environmental space. I’ve adapted it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="60ix1C">
My framework has two axes. On one axis, we have “level of optimism,” spanning from optimistic to pessimistic. People who think the future will be much better are on one end, and those who think it will be much worse are on the other.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iRmuOB">
On the other axis, we have “changeability.” This reflects how much people think the future can be shaped by the decisions we make today. People who think the world is changeable believe they have an agency to mold it, while those who think it’s unchangeable believe we’re on a predetermined path and that trying to shape the future is futile.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A blank cartesian graph with two axes. The X axis is labeled with a left arrow and “How much the world can be shaped,” and the Y axis is labeled with an up arrow and “Level of optimism.”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/okOq2LDzvOf2YGbVzGS25JefveQ=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24491304/Optimism_chart_1.jpg"/> <cite>Hannah Ritchie/Vox</cite>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="btnQQg">
This gives us four quadrants — but only one really matters for our purposes. The “optimistic and changeable” box is where people who move the world forward fall. We need more people in there. None of the other quadrants are effective. By exploring the characteristics of each person, we’ll see why.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A table with four boxes. “Optimistic, changeable” box reads: The future can be better if we work hard to change it. “Optimistic, not changeable” box reads: The future will be better; it’ll all work out fine. “Pessimistic, changeable” box reads: We’re doomed and need to take extreme action to protect ourselves. “Pessimistic, not changeable” box reads: We’re doomed and there’s nothing we can do about it." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/WYGwTRfwdAhrSYFBIwPg6EOcHZU=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24491305/Optimism_chart_2.jpg"/> <cite>Hannah Ritchie/Vox</cite>
</figure>
<h3 id="VszSjd">
Pessimists doom most of humanity to a terrible future
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Rb4Zau">
Pessimists in the lower right-hand quadrant, those who think the future is not changeable, are the true doomers. Their position is that we’re screwed and there’s nothing we can do about it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Sf9QA0">
I used to be one. After completing several degrees in environmental science and following the climate movement closely for years, I became submerged by helplessness at the scale of the environmental problems we face. Despite it being my lifelong passion, I was ready to turn my back on the field and work on something else. The idea that I could do anything had been slowly beaten out of me.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zSqxto">
Unchangeable pessimists have given up on agitating for change, and experience high levels of anxiety and despondency. But it’s important to realize that not all levels of anxiety are equal, or equally arresting. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378022001078">Research</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667278221000018">shows</a> that some anxiety can be a strong predictor of positive, constructive action. It can be a signal that we’re unhappy with how things are and give us an initial trigger to act. But it’s useless unless combined with hope that things really can get better.
</p>
<aside id="ixrIJ2">
<div>
</div>
</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AzbotM">
What unchangeable pessimists feel is paralyzing anxiety. That’s a horrible place to be in emotionally, but it’s also an ineffective one. It <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494419307145">prevents</a> people from actually going out and doing things to mitigate climate change.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="E0UovS">
There is a second flavor of pessimism: those in the lower left-hand quadrant of our framework, who are resigned to a doomed future but think that rather than do nothing, we must prepare for the inevitable.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rfTaEG">
This group is just as anxious as the unchangeable pessimists. But rather than being despondent, they become self-serving and indignant. They do all they can to protect themselves and whatever morsels of a livable planet are left.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Jzy1Fd">
Changeable pessimists promote extreme and divisive environmental solutions that are unrealistic and would leave many far worse off. Extinction Rebellion, for example, <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-48607989">has called</a> for the UK to reach net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2025. It’s undeniable that the UK has to reduce its emissions rapidly, but <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2200755-the-science-behind-extinction-rebellions-three-climate-change-demands/">many scientists agree</a> that a 2025 deadline would be unworkable and damaging because we don’t have replacements ready to fill the energy gap.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6otvH1">
An immediate boycott of fossil fuels would <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/energy?facet=none&amp;country=~OWID_WRL&amp;Total+or+Breakdown=Select+a+source&amp;Energy+or+Electricity=Primary+energy&amp;Metric=Share+of+total&amp;Select+a+source=Fossil+fuels">result in a humanitarian disaster</a> because the world still <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/energy?facet=none&amp;country=~OWID_WRL&amp;Total+or+Breakdown=Select+a+source&amp;Energy+or+Electricity=Primary+energy&amp;Metric=Share+of+total&amp;Select+a+source=Fossil+fuels">overwhelmingly relies</a> on them to meet everyday energy needs. This way of thinking doesn’t rationally weigh the costs and benefits of trying to radically reduce our resource use overnight. It represents a kind of self-preservation for people in affluent countries: Rather than looking outward to build international cooperation, it pushes countries and communities to look inward.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1yyVhH">
At its extreme, changeable pessimism is susceptible to the sort of ideas advanced by biologist Paul Ehrlich, who <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/22/collapse-civilisation-near-certain-decades-population-bomb-paul-ehrlich">has</a> <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/earth-mass-extinction-60-minutes-2023-01-01/">been</a> <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/book-incited-worldwide-fear-overpopulation-180967499/">predicting</a> environmental collapse due to human overpopulation <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/22/collapse-civilisation-near-certain-decades-population-bomb-paul-ehrlich">for over half a century</a>. It’s an approach that assumes — against our past experience — that it’s impossible for humans to overcome perceived environmental limits, and that we have to impose devastating austerity instead. It would <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/06/africa-climate-emissions-energy-renewable-gas-oil-coal/">sacrifice the well-being</a> of some of the poorest people on the planet, who <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/africa-deserves-right-use-natural-gas-reserves-afdb-chief-2022-11-15/">need both growth and energy</a>. This is no way to solve global challenges. But it’s an inevitable outcome of a scarcity mindset.
</p>
<h3 id="F69Mex">
Optimism is the only thing that works — but only if we don’t assume that progress is inevitable
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="agDSBk">
Now we turn to the optimists.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5sO1xA">
The “unchangeable optimists,” those in the upper right-hand corner of our chart, are a dangerous group. They assume the world will continue to get better regardless of how hard we work to change it. They look at historical progress and believe it’ll just continue.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YvqP9Q">
Complacency can get us into trouble. We should never think that our <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/11/8/18052076/human-history-in-one-chart-industrial-revolution">rapid progress</a> in health care, energy, technology, and education over the past two centuries was natural or preordained. It has been an unprecedented boom, and it’s required deliberate action from people who were not happy with the status quo.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ean3Gf">
And today, we need to adapt and push in different directions than we have in the past. Yes, we’ve made amazing strides in human well-being, but we now have very large, very novel problems to tackle: environmental ones. Sticking with what got us here won’t solve those.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="I9Jj35">
Alex Epstein, author of <em>The Moral Case for Fossil Fuels</em> and <em>Fossil Future: Why Global Human Flourishing Requires More Oil, Coal, and Natural Gas—Not Less</em>, is a classic unchangeable optimist. He rightly argues that fossil fuels have transformed the lives of billions, and says we should, for now, continue to exploit them to improve more lives. But this fails to acknowledge the problems with fossil fuels — not only for the climate but for the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/data-review-air-pollution-deaths">millions of people</a> who die from air pollution linked to fossil fuels every year. Epstein’s argument may have made sense in the past, when we did not have affordable, scalable alternative energy sources, but not now.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SOmERt">
Fossil fuel boosters demonstrate perfectly why unchangeable optimists are so wrongheaded: They want to maintain a status quo that doesn’t serve us anymore. Their complacency only serves to slow the accelerated action needed to change our trajectory.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9NBGdK">
As a self-identified optimist, I’m always in danger of being boxed into this category. I fight hard to stop the label from sticking. I believe that if the arc of history bends toward justice, it’s because we’ve made a concerted effort to change its trajectory. The path we’re heading on is not okay — we need to redirect it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ax1wlV">
This brings me to the changeable optimists. This is the group that thinks the future can be better but knows that a better future won’t happen on its own. The world has lots of optimist changemakers, even if they don’t identify as such. People <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-64553915">engineering</a> new solar panels, batteries, and electric cars are changeable optimists. So are scientists at organizations like the <a href="https://gfi.org/">Good Food Institute</a> experimenting with ways to make plant-based and cellular meats; entrepreneurs like <a href="https://theoceancleanup.com/">Boyan Slat</a>, whose organization the Ocean Cleanup is trying to pull plastic waste out of the ocean; and policymakers pushing for <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/19/brazil-environment-minister-climate-bolsonaro-legacy/">sustainable policies</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Irb2UL">
These people might not always put high odds on a better future — they may, in fact, think there’s only a slim chance of success. But the act of trying creates possibilities that no one knew about before, which build a concrete case for optimism. Several years ago, for example, most wouldn’t have predicted that renewable energy prices would <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/cheap-renewables-growth">drop so quickly and dramatically</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="558KRa">
Changeable optimists don’t <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/food-emissions-carbon-budget">shy away from criticism</a> of the status quo. In fact, they’re often its fiercest critics. People often mistake pessimism for critical thought and optimism for pollyannaism. In reality, progress is built by those who can look critically at a suite of solutions, discard the bad ones, and find and sharpen the gems that remain. Pessimists use criticism as a wall, while optimists use it as a guiding door.
</p>
<h3 id="HQHVeO">
How we can become more optimistic
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0wiOzX">
Pessimism is hard to overcome precisely because it’s often served humans well. History rewarded those who could detect threats early and fixate on them. But while pessimism might be good for survival — and survival was virtually all humanity had on its mind for most of its history — it’s not good for the flourishing we could achieve in the future. At its best, pessimism helps us stay where we are. It doesn’t give us the agency and determination to build something better.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mm8o3T">
The world would be a much better place if we had more optimistic changemakers. But there are key habits of mind I’ve found that can engender precisely the brand of optimism we need.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gtEVsv">
Most importantly, optimists take a long-term view of human progress. Many people forget how bad the human past was. Until the last century, poverty was the default. <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality">Half of children</a> died before puberty. Health care and education were nonexistent for virtually everyone. Even with respect to environmental health, our preindustrial history was not as rosy as one might assume. The air our ancestors breathed was polluted from burning wood and charcoal; evidence of damaged lung tissue has been found <a href="https://www.livescience.com/14420-ancient-egyptian-mummies-lung-disease-pollution.html">in Egyptian mummies</a> and in the <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-06/afot-4dt061715.php">remains of 400,000-year-old hunter-gatherers</a>. The only reason our aggregate planetary impact was low is that high child mortality kept the human population small. We <a href="https://news.unl.edu/newsrooms/today/article/unprecedented-wave-of-large-mammal-extinctions-linked-to-ancient-humans/">hunted</a> many of the largest mammals into extinction. To think that the world today is dismal is to ignore the misery of our past.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Qs8V95">
Even if you accept that we’ve made enormous progress from the past, you might look at the scale of the threats we face in the future and lose hope that progress will continue. But in thinking about today’s challenges, it’s crucial to look at change over time, not just snapshots in time. During any transition, changes can look small at first; it’s the pace of change that’s important. Renewable energy right now <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy">makes up</a> just 29 percent of global electricity production, but this is changing quickly. The International Energy Agency (IEA) projects that <a href="https://t.co/q86nLhS8VQ">almost all</a> of the growth in electricity use in the next few years will come from renewables. Electric vehicles <a href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/global-ev-data-explorer">made up</a> just under 10 percent of new car sales globally in 2021, but in 2020 <a href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/global-ev-data-explorer">it was</a> 4 percent, and the year before that, it was 2.5. It won’t be long until EVs dominate the car market.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8ZRvxM">
Focusing on change over time doesn’t make us optimistic by default. The early days of Covid-19 are a case in point: Many people underestimated the scale of the pandemic because they were looking at snapshots of reported cases and deaths. In early 2020, these were tiny. What they should have been focusing on was the rate at which these numbers were climbing, which told a much more worrying story. Looking at change over time doesn’t always paint a rosy picture, but it does help us see the world more clearly and understand what future we might be heading toward — and, in most respects, seeing the world more clearly means seeing it more positively.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QAi0e8">
Similarly, we need to look at the complete picture, not isolated individual metrics, to understand complex problems. Global carbon emissions are still <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions">rising</a>, which is bad. But many of the underlying factors that determine emissions — like the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/decarbonizing-energy-progress">growth of low-carbon energy</a> and the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/co2?facet=none&amp;country=USA~GBR~OWID_WRL~Europe&amp;Gas=CO%E2%82%82&amp;Accounting=Production-based&amp;Fuel+or+Land+Use+Change=All+fossil+emissions&amp;Count=Per+capita">emissions of wealthy countries</a> — are changing quickly. We need to look at the inputs into the system, not just the output. We’ll soon reach a tipping point when these inputs cause emissions to <a href="https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7741739e-8e7f-4afa-a77f-49dadd51cb52/EnergyEfficiency2022.pdf">peak and decline</a>, according to the IEA.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="p1XLy7">
Finally, we should probably stop constantly reading the news. I used to read the news obsessively, thinking this was how to be knowledgeable about the world. Every day I was hit with stories about the latest hurricane, flood, drought, or wildfire. The problem is that I didn’t actually know whether the impacts of these events were increasing or decreasing. I thought more people were dying from disasters than ever, but only because I mistook an increase in reporting and my own interest for an increase in the numbers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YlNsFo">
When I looked at the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/natural-disasters?facet=none&amp;Disaster+Type=All+disasters&amp;Impact=Deaths&amp;Timespan=Decadal+average&amp;Per+capita=false&amp;country=~OWID_WRL">long-term statistics</a>, I realized my perception was upside-down. The news isn’t a reliable barometer for the overall state of the world. I’ve found that pessimists look at the news, while optimists look at the data.
</p>
<h3 id="T3Zvbt">
We must avoid complacent optimism
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rZj2AY">
I often worry that people confuse changeable optimism with its counterproductive, unchangeable counterpart. That’s just as ineffective as pessimism. To avoid falling into the complacency trap, we need to hold on to an edge of dissatisfaction. Yes, many trends have been moving in the right direction, but we shouldn’t pretend that this was the best we could do.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Opz5xr">
As my colleague Max Roser has <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/much-better-awful-can-be-better">put it</a>: “The world is awful. The world is much better. The world can be much better.” All three statements are true. We can acknowledge the progress that we’ve made but remain dissatisfied that we haven’t made more. We’ve <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/child-mortality-around-the-world?tab=chart&amp;country=~OWID_WRL">reduced global child mortality</a> to below 4 percent, but 5 million children under age 5 <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/child-deaths-igme-data?tab=chart">still die</a> every year, most of them from preventable conditions like malaria, measles, and diarrheal diseases.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PE5Zv8">
We can learn from this long-term decline in childhood mortality to understand what does and doesn’t work. But we then need to turn those lessons into action in places where child mortality remains high, which won’t happen on its own.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="V3mstC">
We also need to be honest about the areas where things <em>haven’t</em> been going well. Human progress has come at the cost of the environment and the lives of <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/animals-slaughtered-for-meat">tens of billions of non-human animals</a> that we slaughter for food. That may have been a price worth paying in the past, but we shouldn’t — and don’t have to — accept it anymore. Technological progress can build sustainability that works for people, the planet, and the species we share it with.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="p7nXCX">
This is a totally different trajectory from the past, and a track that complacent, unchangeable optimism won’t get us on. Optimistic but dissatisfied is the road to progress. Let’s make sure this coalition is as large and diverse as possible.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="m2Pclv">
<em>Hannah Ritchie is deputy editor and lead researcher at </em><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/"><em>Our World in Data</em></a><em>, and a researcher at the University of Oxford.</em>
</p></li>
<li><strong>The fight against factory farming is winning criminal trials</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Two women dressed in business attire smile and appear relaxed, outside a concrete-walled building." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/YPESBUqfBRbObhw9Z5xmyA3FnNM=/162x0:5159x3748/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72097500/Defendants_Alicia_Santurio_and_Alexandra_Paul_Outside_the_Courthouse_Wednesday.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Animal activists Alicia Santurio and Alexandra Paul await trial outside Merced County Superior Court in Merced, California. | Direct Action Everywhere
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Two activists were just acquitted for taking factory-farmed chickens worth $16.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qRWJIl">
On Friday, after nearly six hours of deliberation, two animal rights activists facing misdemeanor theft charges were acquitted by a California jury. The alleged crime — which the activists freely admitted to — involved taking two sick, slaughter-bound chickens from Foster Farms, one of the <a href="https://www.wattagnet.com/articles/40922-the-top-10-us-broiler-companies-of-2020">biggest</a> poultry companies in the US. Prosecutors called it stealing, but the defendants, Alicia Santurio and Alexandra Paul, both members of the animal rights group Direct Action Everywhere (DxE), called it a rescue.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NKSKnO">
Santurio and Paul (the latter a former <em>Baywatch</em> actress and longtime social justice activist) had taken the chickens from a truck outside a Foster Farms slaughterhouse in Livingston, California, in September 2021. According to Foster Farms, the animals were each worth $8.16, though the defendants still faced up to six months in jail if convicted. But unlike most criminal defendants, Santurio and Paul welcomed the prosecution — they refused multiple plea deals, including one that came with no jail time and would’ve eventually cleared the charge from their records.
</p>
<div class="c-float-left">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Two chickens sit in a grassy backyard on a sunny day, in front of a tall wooden fence." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6QnTaowfYpMb0F38uB1tS2buND0=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24523460/Ethan_and_Jax_in_Grass_4.jpeg"/> <cite>Direct Action Everywhere</cite>
<figcaption>
The chickens, Ethan and Jax, after their rescue.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Dte2VW">
The chickens’ rescue followed a 2021 hidden-camera <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWdJst8f7Sk">investigation</a> (conducted by a separate DxE activist) at the same slaughterhouse, which <a href="https://theintercept.com/2021/09/29/animal-cruelty-chickens-foster-farms-humane/">drew attention</a> to the appalling cruelty of poultry slaughter. When the birds — whom the activists named Ethan and Jax — were removed from the slaughter truck by Santurio and Paul, they were both severely ill and struggled to stand. (Many factory-farmed chickens have been <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/21437054/chickens-factory-farming-animal-cruelty-welfare">bred</a> to grow extremely big extremely fast, and by the time they reach slaughter weight at six weeks old, their legs often can’t support their weight.) Ethan died four days after the rescue, while Jax recovered after intensive veterinary care and now lives on a farm sanctuary.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gkfnCQ">
The defense argued that they weren’t breaking the law because Ethan and Jax were in such terrible shape when they arrived at the slaughterhouse that they were unfit for the food supply, making them worthless to Foster Farms. Both birds had multiple illnesses, and a veterinarian testified for the defense that Ethan’s necropsy showed he had Enterococcus faecium, a multidrug-resistant bacterial infection that can infect and kill humans and which has been <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.03284-19">linked</a> to the chicken industry.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jF2QnS">
The acquittal “is a statement in defense not just of these two women’s right to rescue animals, but the right of every living being to be protected from corporate abuse,” said Paul’s attorney, Wayne Hsiung, a co-founder of DxE who has been a defendant in two other rescue trials, outside the courthouse in Merced, California. “It should be a clarion call for animal-abusing corporations that if you are going to hurt animals, people will intervene and stop you, and they will be defended by our community and by American citizens.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oo80kw">
Since its founding a decade ago, DxE, a grassroots animal rights group, has been testing out this strategy, which it calls “open rescue”: activists walk into factory farms and slaughterhouses and simply remove animals suffering there, taking them to receive veterinary care and eventually to live out their lives peacefully on animal sanctuaries. The tactic serves an elegant double purpose, saving animal lives in the immediate term while intentionally provoking conflict with a legal system that treats living beings on farms as though they were inanimate property rather than sentient individuals.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zEIghC">
Santurio and Paul’s victory comes after a <a href="https://theintercept.com/2022/10/08/smithfield-animal-rights-piglets-trial/">historic trial</a> last October, in which DxE activists were acquitted by a Utah jury after facing a decade in prison for rescuing two sick, dying piglets said to be worth $42 each from Smithfield Foods, America’s <a href="https://www.pigprogress.net/world-of-pigs/who-are-the-worlds-mega-pork-producers/">top</a> pork producer. More and more of the group’s rescues are making their way to trial (two more cases are scheduled for this year), where activists often facing lengthy prison sentences attempt to convince juries that they have a <a href="https://righttorescue.com/">“right to rescue.”</a>
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Two activists with headlamps on in a dark setting each hold a small piglet." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/t2d7Z713V11x1hWQS2SNnCwXbVA=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24523466/piglets.jpg"/> <cite>Direct Action Everywhere</cite>
<figcaption>
Activists rescue two piglets from Smithfield Foods in 2017. The pigs are now enormous and live at a farm sanctuary.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TmbFYj">
As a long-time reporter on factory farming and the animal movement, I’ve been <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/22/an-animal-rights-activist-was-in-court-on-criminal-charges-why-was-the-case-suddenly-dismissed">obsessively</a> <a href="https://theintercept.com/2022/10/08/smithfield-animal-rights-piglets-trial/">covering</a> these cases for more than a year, and until very recently, I thought winning them was near-impossible. I was wrong. Now — with progress for animals seemingly at an impasse as meat consumption continues to grow, plant-based meat remains a <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-01-19/beyond-meat-bynd-impossible-foods-burgers-are-just-another-food-fad#xj4y7vzkg">niche product</a>, and the meat industry <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2022/10/9/23393017/supreme-court-pork-pigs-prop-12-california-animal-welfare">fights</a> hard-won bans on its worst practices — I increasingly think these tactics are vital to the long fight to end factory farming in the US.
</p>
<h3 id="DS3h25">
The theory behind open rescue
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2Y34PL">
I’m almost congenitally pessimistic about our chances of making <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2022/9/12/23339898/global-meat-production-forecast-factory-farming-animal-welfare-human-progress">life better for nonhuman animals</a>, because so little has worked so far. The number of animals <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/animals-slaughtered-for-meat?country=~USA">slaughtered</a> for food every year is enormous and rising, in the US and the world. Compared to the rapidly worsening situation for animals, the gains made by the animal movement feel vanishingly small. Animal welfare groups have, for example, <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22331708/eggs-cages-chickens-hens-meat-poultry">convinced</a> many corporations to raise egg-laying hens free from cages — an impressive achievement that took immense effort, but it’s such a small improvement over the status quo that I’m hesitant to call it a victory. We need, at the very least, to experiment with novel strategies alongside marginal welfare improvements in the meat industry.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FoKKCr">
What I like about open rescue, and the philosophy of direct action more broadly, is that it’s utopian: it enacts the ultimate outcome that activists want to achieve for farmed animals, which is freedom from exploitation and commodification. Direct action represents “the defiant insistence on acting as if one is already free,” as the late anthropologist David Graeber <a href="https://earthbound.report/2013/05/01/the-democracy-project-by-david-graeber/">put it</a> (in a context very different from animal liberation). It’s about “<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/post/youre-creating-a-vision-of-the-sort-of-society-you-want-to-have-in-miniature/2011/08/25/gIQAXVg7HL_blog.html">creating</a> a vision of the sort of society you want to have in miniature.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O8qqeA">
By doing this, activists are refuting animals’ status as chattel, albeit indirectly. Animals’ property status makes it exceedingly hard to fight directly on their behalf in court, as seen in the <a href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/06/happy-the-elephant-lessons-for-the-future-of-animal-rights-law.html">unsuccessful recent lawsuit</a> that attempted to establish personhood for Happy the elephant and free her from the Bronx Zoo.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3LfcIh">
If animals can’t stand in court, human activists can put their freedom on the line for them instead. “Because animals still don’t have legal standing, this is, in a roundabout way, the only way we can get their issues spoken about in a courtroom,” Jeremy Beckham, a former executive director of the Utah Animal Rights Coalition and an aide to DxE’s legal team for the Smithfield trial, told me via text. “Rescuers can advocate on their behalf in a public trial, and through the remarkable risk they take upon themselves, demonstrate the strength of their convictions and the urgency of the issue.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mpRiHi">
A trial offers a chance for rescuers to tell the stories of the animals they saved, connecting the fathomless billions suffering in factory farming to individual animals with lives worth living. Santurio and Paul testified at their trial last week about Foster Farms not being held accountable for how it treats its animals, describing DxE’s investigation at the slaughterhouse where Ethan and Jax would have imminently been killed. The footage shows birds thrown to the concrete floor and left to die, piling up on top of one another. One discarded chicken has their head stuck under a fence and struggles to escape. Some birds jump from the conveyor belt to the floor and are thrown back against the slaughter shackles. They’re then hung and dragged through an electric bath meant to stun them, but some lift their heads above the water and are never stunned properly, so their necks are sliced while still conscious. Workers are visibly overwhelmed as the slaughter line moves extremely fast; according to a 2021 Foster Farms training manual obtained by DxE, they’re each expected to shackle 23.3 chickens per minute.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="laYs9w">
These revelations are consistent with a 2015 investigation into Foster Farms by the animal welfare group Mercy For Animals, which also found birds being <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBZW2FKs8qs">scalded alive</a> in boiling water at the defeathering stage, after missing the blade meant to slaughter them. (This has also been <a href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/2021-05/FOIA-2017-274-MOI-NR.pdf">documented</a> in federal inspection reports at Foster Farms). Responding to questions about these allegations, Ira Brill, the company’s vice president of communications, said in an email, “Foster Farms has no comment.” (Before the trial, a Foster Farms spokesperson <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/14/opinion/foster-farms-chicken-slaughterhouse-animal-cruelty.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&amp;referringSource=articleShare">told</a> the New York Times that allegations of inhumane treatment “are without merit and a disservice to the thousands of Foster Farms team members that are dedicated to providing millions of families in the Western United States and beyond with a quality nutritious product.”)
</p>
<div>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A view of a slaughterhouse with an extremely bloody floor and line of chickens hanging on either side. Workers’ uniforms are covered in blood and one worker is manually slaughtering a chicken with a knife." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/PXoxFjnQVKoNPapO9h1AtGPZWVE=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24523367/image__2_.png"/> <cite>Direct Action Everywhere</cite>
<figcaption>
A still image from a video of DxE’s undercover investigation into Foster Farms’s Livingston, California, slaughterhouse. Some chickens who missed the automatic slaughter blade have their necks sliced manually.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VAkXY2">
“It doesn’t matter where I go, what year I go — I’m always going to find horrific animal cruelty and neglect at Foster Farms,” Santurio testified last week, saying that she’s been inside five different Foster Farms facilities and sent legal complaints about the conditions to law enforcement. “We contacted animal control, the sheriff, the DA, the attorney general,” she told me in an interview. “No response.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="T8diOK">
In light of this history, Paul told the jury, her motives were simple: “You feel like, who is going to do something, if not I? If not us?”
</p>
<div id="bJPvcF">
<div style="width: 100%; height: 0; padding-bottom: 56.25%;">
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="R2yNCq">
Direct rescue has proven it can work — and use of the tactic is growing
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="17XyhK">
In late 2021, I was getting ready to cover the trial of Matt Johnson, another DxE activist who was facing prosecution in Iowa over a piglet rescue and an undercover <a href="https://theintercept.com/2020/05/29/pigs-factory-farms-ventilation-shutdown-coronavirus/">investigation</a> at Iowa Select Farms, the state’s largest pork producer. (His trial ultimately never happened; the charges were dropped at the very last minute.) I asked Justin Marceau, a professor who specializes in animal law at the University of Denver’s Sturm College of Law, what implications it could have for animal rights if Johnson won his case.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Xz2wuK">
His answer was clarifying: on one level, a victory wouldn’t necessarily mean anything because jury trials have no legal precedential value. One jury’s decision has no bearing on how another jury rules in a similar case. On another level, he said, an activist victory would mean everything, because prosecutors hate to lose trials and aim to pursue cases that they think they’ll win. If they sense hesitation among jurors to convict animal activists, they won’t want to pursue them anymore, which in turn creates new opportunities for activists to carry out more ambitious rescues. If activists lose a case, they can challenge it at the appellate level, where decisions <em>do</em> have precedential value. For example, defendants could appeal a judge’s decision to not allow them to show certain kinds of evidence (like conditions inside a factory farm) or use certain kinds of defenses, and an appeals court ruling then creates binding precedent that will influence what happens in future trials.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yPccSy">
When I first talked to Marceau a year and a half ago, these seemed like remote, highly aspirational outcomes. Then DxE won the Smithfield trial in Utah, and the canvas for animal advocacy suddenly expanded. DxE’s theory — that when you show a jury of ordinary citizens what happens to animals in the meat industry, they’ll agree that they deserve rescue — turned out to be true, challenging the idea that the animal rights agenda is radical or unpopular.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="geB9kO">
The open rescue strategy is now gaining attention from legal experts — a notable change from the last decade-plus, when animal advocates shied away from such risky tactics, shaken by high-profile criminal <a href="https://theintercept.com/2019/03/23/ecoterrorism-fbi-animal-rights/">convictions</a> of activists in the 2000s. Last fall, the University of Denver started the <a href="https://www.law.du.edu/content/animal-activist-legal-defense-project">Animal Activist Legal Defense Project</a>, a law clinic devoted to representing activists facing prosecution; one of its attorneys, Chris Carraway, represented Alicia Santurio in the Foster Farms trial last week. At the project’s launch in October, Marceau spoke about the remarkable legal achievement of the Smithfield trial. It showed for the first time that sometimes it can be legal to take animals from factory farms without the consent of their owners, opening up radically different possibilities for animal law, he said. (Disclosure: University of Denver’s animal law program, where Marceau is faculty director, gave me a journalism award at this event.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hCmpPp">
There were, to be sure, important limits to that victory. The verdict depended in large part on DxE being able to prove that the two piglets it rescued were so ill that they wouldn’t have survived much longer in Smithfield’s care, thereby making them worthless to the company in monetary terms. That was crucial to the acquittal because to meet the threshold for theft, the alleged stolen property needs to have value.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="F2zdiz">
A similar argument was central to the recent California trial. Many factory farms throw away sick animals who won’t make it to slaughter weight, which is an industry vulnerability activists can exploit in open rescue trials. But the flipside is that this ties whether or not an animal can be legally rescued to whether they can make money for the meat industry. A key challenge in future litigation will be to devise legal arguments that truly transcend animals’ property status.
</p>
<h3 id="BIQstY">
Open rescue cases put factory farming on trial
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CJOfJs">
One way of doing that is to try to introduce a “necessity defense,” in which a criminal defendant argues their actions were necessary to prevent a greater harm, like smashing a window in a locked car to save an overheated dog inside. The judge in the Utah Smithfield trial didn’t allow the defendants to use a necessity defense, nor did the judge in last week’s trial, Merced Superior Court Judge Paul Lo, who said that such a defense could only be used to save humans.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ubDzQC">
But whatever limitations are put on defendants in rescue cases — and especially in the Utah trial, activists’ ability to show the jury factory farm conditions was greatly limited — their message has, so far, come through. Watching the Merced trial last week, I was moved to see the lives of animals that society treats as disposable deliberated at length in a courtroom. Santurio and Paul appeared knowledgeable, convincing, and morally credible to my eyes. Veterinary and animal care experts testified on the deplorable conditions chickens are raised in. A Foster Farms executive was questioned about what the company does with animals who arrive at the slaughterhouse too sick to enter the food supply. A police officer said that allegations of animals scalded alive would be an important issue for his office to investigate. By the closing arguments, prosecutor Travis Colby was forced to concede that “the chicken business may not be a pleasant business.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zgGPX0">
Judge Lo, at the end of the trial, told jurors that “this is not just about two chickens. It’s about very important principles.” This is, of course, why the factory farm industry sought to punish two activists for taking property valued at less than $20. As activists bring more cases, the risk of harsh industry, law enforcement, and political backlash increases. The FBI, which has <a href="https://theintercept.com/2019/12/12/animal-people-documentary-shac-protest-terrorism/">historically</a> categorized animal and environmental activists as terrorists, has <a href="https://theintercept.com/2017/10/05/factory-farms-fbi-missing-piglets-animal-rights-glenn-greenwald/">already</a> <a href="https://theintercept.com/2021/02/17/fbi-iowa-select-pigs-whistleblower/">investigated</a> DxE for multiple incidents and <a href="https://theintercept.com/2022/10/08/smithfield-animal-rights-piglets-trial/">played</a> a significant role in the Smithfield trial. In Utah, legislators swiftly passed an “anti-rescue” <a href="https://www.stgeorgeutah.com/news/archive/2023/03/16/cdr-lgl23-gov-cox-signs-bill-into-law-that-removes-defense-in-theft-cases-involving-sick-livestock/#.ZBeJMC2B30o">law</a> after the Smithfield trial to prevent activists from using the same defense that helped DxE win.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jLcQuQ">
But that everyday citizens are siding with DxE (some jurors have even <a href="https://www.stgeorgeutah.com/news/archive/2023/01/20/cdr-youre-shooting-yourself-in-the-foot-pig-trial-jurors-reveal-what-went-on-in-deliberations/#.ZBbjGS2B1MA">spoken</a> about how revelatory the experience was for them) is evidence enough that these fights are worthwhile — and they’ve made me more optimistic than I’ve ever been about the animal movement’s future.
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>India vs Australia third ODI | Indian top-order burns midnight oil to tackle ‘Mitchell The Menace’</strong> - Chepauk, with all its stands being open for public viewing, will be hosting an international game after quite some time and the re-laid pitch will attract a lot of attention.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Stats | Erling Haaland is leaving football’s greatest in his wake as scoring form in Manchester City continues</strong> - The records are tumbling as Erling Haaland keeps scoring in his prolific first season at Manchester City</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Morning Digest | Delhi Budget presentation on hold as Centre, AAP government trade charges; IMF approves Sri Lanka’s bailout, and more</strong> - Here’s a select list of stories to read before you start your day</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tamil Nadu women enter pre-quarterfinals of the table tennis championships</strong> - TN won its two other matches against Odisha (3-0), Daman and Diu (3-0).</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hima Das impresses on comeback</strong> - Hima blitzed the field and stopped the clock at 23.79, finishing nearly 10 metres from second placed Aishwarya Kailash.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Solidarity meet planned at Indian mission in U.K. after attack by Khalistan extremists</strong> - Indian High Commissioner to the U.K. Vikram Doraiswami hosted a diaspora briefing at India House on Monday evening and addressed the concerns of the community leaders following the attack</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Deletion of name from Interpol notice strengthens Antiguan court’s concerns: Mehul Choksi’s spokesperson</strong> - In an email statement, the fugitive diamantaire’s spokesperson alleges the evidence points to an alarming case of state orchestrated kidnap, torture and attempted rendition by the Indian government</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>H D Kumaraswamy will contest only from Channapatna for Karnataka Assembly elections, mocks Siddaramaiah’s quest for safe seat</strong> - Janata Dal (Secular) leader and former CM H.D. Kumaraswamy says there is no question of contesting from two constituencies</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Awareness rally held to mark World Forest Day</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>State government’s Initiative to convert Nilgiris as organic district of Tamil Nadu welcomed</strong> -</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Xi Putin meeting: What to expect from China-Russia talks</strong> - Our correspondents Steve Rosenberg and Stephen McDonell tell us what to expect from the talks.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine says Russian missiles destroyed in Crimea</strong> - If confirmed, the strike suggests Ukraine’s capacity to deploy drones has increased.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dreams of space that ended in shipwreck off Italy</strong> - Maeda, 17, wanted to be an astronaut - and took huge risks to pursue her goal.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>France pension reform: Macron’s government survives no-confidence vote</strong> - More than 100 people are arrested after protests across Paris following Monday’s vote.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>EU gives Ukraine €2bn of ammunition after shell plea</strong> - Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba hailed the “game-changing decision” from the EU.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>PC maker Acer aspires to get into e-bikes with the 35-pound “ebii”</strong> - There’s no price or release date for Acer’s utilitarian, lightweight e-bike. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1925283">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Deadly drug-resistant yeast gained ground, more drug resistance amid COVID</strong> - <em>Candida auris</em> is considered an “urgent threat” and is rising fast. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1925412">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>8BitDo makes the Mac great for retro games—iPhone? Not so much</strong> - On the iPhone, 8BitDo’s SN30 Pro is a waste with no emulator support. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1925308">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Book publishers with surging profits struggle to prove Internet Archive hurt sales</strong> - A federal judge will soon decide if digital lending violates copyright laws. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1925368">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Today’s best deals: Apple Watch, AirPods Pro, AirTags, and Mac Mini</strong> - The Mac Mini sees its biggest discount yet, while others match Black Friday lows. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1925255">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Murphy’s Law States:</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“the best way to get the right answer on the internet is not to ask a question; it’s to post the wrong answer.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/scoo89"> /u/scoo89 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11xbnhq/murphys_law_states/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11xbnhq/murphys_law_states/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Two men broke into a drugstore and stole all the Viagra.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The authorities put out an alert to be on the lookout for the two hardened criminals.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Edit:They say don’t edit the post to thank ppl for upvoting, its cringe, tbh I tried to but it was very “hard “, so thanks for 500 upvotes.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/MYMILKISMUCHBETTER"> /u/MYMILKISMUCHBETTER </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11wo2e5/two_men_broke_into_a_drugstore_and_stole_all_the/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11wo2e5/two_men_broke_into_a_drugstore_and_stole_all_the/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What sexual position <em>guarantees</em> the ugliest baby?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Go ask your mother.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/CognativeBiaser"> /u/CognativeBiaser </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11x4e49/what_sexual_position_guarantees_the_ugliest_baby/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11x4e49/what_sexual_position_guarantees_the_ugliest_baby/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>An Australian Army Recruit sends home a letter…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Dear Ma &amp; Pa,
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I am well. Hope youse are too. Tell me big brothers Doug and Phil that the Army is better than workin’ on the farm - tell them to get in quick smart before the jobs are all gone! I wuz a bit slow in settling down at first, because ya don’t hafta get outta bed until 6 am. But I like sleeping in now, cuz all ya gotta do before brekky is make ya bed and shine ya boots and clean ya uniform. No cows to milk, no calves to feed, no feed to stack - nothin’!! Ya haz gotta shower though, but its not so bad, coz there’s lotsa hot water and even a light to see what ya doing!
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
At brekky ya get cereal, fruit and eggs but there’s no kangaroo steaks or possum stew like wot Mum makes. You don’t get fed again until noon and by that time all the city boys are dead because we’ve been on a ’route march’ - geez its only just like walking to the windmill in the back paddock!!
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
This one will kill me brothers Doug and Phil with laughter. I keep getting medals for shootin’ - dunno why. The bullseye is as big as a possum’s bum and it don’t move and it’s not firing back at ya like the Johnsons did when our big scrubber bull got into their prize cows before the Ekka last year! All ya gotta do is make yourself comfortable and hit the target! You don’t even load your own cartridges, they comes in lil’ boxes, and ya don’t have to steady yourself against the rollbar of the roo shooting truck when you reload!
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Sometimes ya gotta wrestle with the city boys and I gotta be real careful coz they break easy - it’s not like fighting with Doug and Phil and Jack and Boori and Steve and Muzza all at once like we do at home after the muster.
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Turns out I’m not a bad boxer either and it looks like I’m the best the platoon’s got, and I’ve only been beaten by this one bloke from the Engineers - he’s 6 foot 5 and 15 stone and three pick handles across the shoulders and as ya know I’m only 5 foot 7 and eight stone wringin’ wet, but I fought him till the other blokes carried me off to the boozer.
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I can’t complain about the Army - tell the boys to get in quick before word gets around how good it is.
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Your loving daughter,
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Patricia
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/AkaGurGor"> /u/AkaGurGor </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11wgegv/an_australian_army_recruit_sends_home_a_letter/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11wgegv/an_australian_army_recruit_sends_home_a_letter/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How many potatoes does it take to kill an Irishman?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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None.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Big-Solution-3894"> /u/Big-Solution-3894 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11wy9bh/how_many_potatoes_does_it_take_to_kill_an_irishman/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11wy9bh/how_many_potatoes_does_it_take_to_kill_an_irishman/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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