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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Renal morphophysiology is not a significant correlate of observable body condition in Masked Palm Civets (Paguma larvata)</strong> -
<div>
Background Viverrid species such as Masked Palm Civets (Paguma larvata) are commonly hunted and widely trafficked in Southeast Asia. Anti-poaching and anti-trafficking efforts to intercept trafficked animals are increasing in countries where the wild meat trade is dominant, such as Vietnam, due to concerns of potential animal-human disease transfer which may have caused the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods This study aimed to create a baseline of renal morphology for P. larvata using data collected from 91 individuals seized from wildlife traffickers in Vietnam. Since body condition was also scored and examined for each animal, we explored whether or not healthy or emaciated body condition could be used as a predictor of kidney morphometrics in the species. Results Our results indicate that renal morphology for P larvata is not significantly sexually dimorphic, and do not significantly reflect body conditions in the species. Conclusion Since baseline data for Viverrid average renal structure is deficient, and non-existent for the species, this information can be used to evaluate the species in future seizures, rescues, and release programs to detect kidney size abnormalities and exclude body condition as an associated sign.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/nc5b7/" target="_blank">Renal morphophysiology is not a significant correlate of observable body condition in Masked Palm Civets (Paguma larvata)</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Association of physical activity and the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization: a dose-response meta-analysis</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Many people have experienced a high burden due to the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and its serious consequences for health and everyday life. Prior studies have reported that physical activity (PA) may lower the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization. The present meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022339672) explored the dose–response relationship between PA and the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization. Methods: Epidemiological observational studies on the relationship between PA and the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization were included. Categorical dose–response relationships between PA and the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization were assessed using random effect models. Robust error meta-regression models assessed the continuous relationship between PA (metabolic equivalent [MET]–h/week) and COVID-19 hospitalization risk across studies reporting quantitative PA estimates. Results: Seventeen observational studies (cohort–control-section) met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Categorical dose-relationship analysis showed a 40% (risk ratio (RR) 0.60, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.48–0.71) reduction in the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization compared to the lowest dose of PA. The results of the continuous dose–response relationship showed a non-linear inverse relationship (Pnon-linearity &lt; 0.05) between PA and the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization. When total PA was less than or greater than 10 Met-h/week, an increase of 4 Met-h/week was associated with a 14% (RR = 0.83, 95%CI: 0.85–0.87) and 11% (RR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.87–0.90) reduction in the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization, respectively. Conclusions: There was an inverse non-linear dose–response relationship between PA level and the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization. Doses of the guideline-recommended minimum PA levels by WTO may be required for more substantial reductions in the COVID-19 hospitalization risk.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.22276789v1" target="_blank">Association of physical activity and the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization: a dose-response meta-analysis</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>On the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality: Lost years or lost days?</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objective: To quantify the (direct and indirect) impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality for actual populations of persons living in 12 European countries in 2020. Method: Based on demographic and mortality data, as well as remaining life expectancies found in the Human Mortality Database, we calculated a “population life lost” in 2020 for men and women living in Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. This quantity was obtained by dividing the total number of years lost in 2020 (estimated from all-cause mortality data and attributed directly or indirectly to COVID-19) by the size of the population. Results: A significant population life loss was found in 8 countries in 2020, with men losing an average of 8.7, 5.0, 4.4, 4.0, 3.7, 3.4, 3.1 and 2.7 days in Lithuania, Spain, Belgium, Hungary, Croatia, Portugal, Switzerland and Sweden, respectively. For women, this loss was 5.5, 4.3, 3.7, 3.7, 3.1, 2.4, 1.6 and 1.4 days, respectively. No significant losses were found in Finland, Luxembourg, Denmark and Norway. Life loss was highly dependent on age, reaching 40 days at the age of 90 in some countries, while only a few significant losses occurred under the age of 60. Even in countries with a significant population life loss in 2020, it was on average about 30 times lower than in 1918, at the time of the Spanish flu. Conclusions: Our results based on the concept of population life loss were consistent with those based on the classical concept of life expectancy, confirming the significant impact of COVID-19 on mortality in 8 European countries in 2020. However, while life expectancy losses were typically counted in months or years, population life losses could be counted in days, a potentially useful piece of information from a public health perspective.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.22276812v1" target="_blank">On the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality: Lost years or lost days?</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>In vivo virological efficacy of monoclonal antibodies and direct antiviral agents against the SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 and BA.2 Omicron sublineages</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background Omicron variant questioned the efficacy of the approved therapies for the early COVID-19. In vitro data show retained neutralizing activity against BA.1 and BA.2 for remdesivir (RDV), molnupiravir (MLN), and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (NRM/r), while poor efficacy for Sotrovimab (STR) against BA.2. No data about the risk of clinical failure and in vivo antiviral activity are available. Material and methods Single-center observational comparison study enrolling all consecutive patients with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (BA.1 or BA.2) diagnosis and who met eligibility criteria for treatment with RDV, MLN, NRM/r, or STR. Treatment allocation was subject to drug availability, time from symptoms onset, and comorbidities. Patients were followed through day 30. Nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) VL was measured on day 1 (D1) and D7 and was expressed by log2 cycle threshold (CT) scale. Comparisons between groups were made by Chi-square and Wilcoxon paired-test. Primary endpoint was D1-D7 VL variation. Potential decrease in VL and average treatment effect (ATE) were calculated from fitting marginal linear regression models weighted for calendar month of infusion, duration of symptoms, and immunodeficiency. Secondary endpoints were the proportion of D7 undetectable VL in NPS and clinical outcomes compared by treatment groups using a Chi-square test. Results A total of 521 pts received treatments (STR 202, MLN 117, NRM/r 84, and RDV 118): female 250 (48%), median age 66 yrs (IQR 55-76), 90% vaccinated; 15% with negative baseline serology. At D1, median time from symptoms onset was 3 days (2,4). 378 (73%) pts were infected with BA.1 and 143 (27%) with BA.2. D1 mean viral load was 4.12 log2 (4.16 for BA.1 and 4.01 for BA.2). The adjusted analysis showed that NRM/r significantly reduced VL compared to all the other drugs in pts infected with BA.1 while no evidence for a difference vs. MLP was seen in those infected with BA.2. MLN had comparable activity to STR against BA.1 and to NRM/r against BA.2. There was no significant difference between STR and RDV for BA.2. At D7, 35/521 (6.7%) pts had undetectable VL. Of these, 31 were infected with BA.1 [9 (9%) MLN, 7 (14%) NRM/r, 7 (8%) RDV, and 8 (5%) STR)], and only 4 with BA.2, all treated with NRM/r. After 30 days of follow-up, 9/568 pts experienced COVID-19-related clinical failure [7/226 STR (5 BA.1) and 2/87 NRM /r (2 BA.1)]. Conclusions In this analysis of in vivo early VL reductions, NRM/r appears to be the drug showing the greatest antiviral activity regardless of the VoC, together with MLN, although the latter limited to people with BA.2. In the Omicron era, due to the high prevalence of vaccinated people and the lower probability of hospital admission, VL decrease can be a valuable surrogate of drug activity.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.22276509v1" target="_blank">In vivo virological efficacy of monoclonal antibodies and direct antiviral agents against the SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 and BA.2 Omicron sublineages</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Hill numbers at the edge of a pandemic: rapid SARS-COV2 surveillance without alignments or trees</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical role of genomic surveillance for guiding policy and control strategies. Timeliness is key, but rapid deployment of existing surveillance is difficult because current approaches are based in sequence alignment and phylogeny. Millions of SARS-CoV-2 genomes have been assembled, the largest collection of sequence data in history. Phylogenetic methods are ill equipped to handle this sheer scale. We introduce a pan-genomic measure that examines the information diversity of a k-mer library drawn from a country9s complete set of sequenced genomes. Quantifying diversity is central to ecology. Studies that measure the diversity of various environments increasingly use the concept of Hill numbers, or the effective number of species in a sample, to provide a simple metric for comparing species diversity across environments. The more diverse the sample, the higher the Hill number. We adopt this ecological approach and consider each k-mer an individual and each genome a transect in the pan-genome of the species. Applying Hill numbers in this way allows us to summarize the temporal trajectory of pandemic variants by collapsing each day9s assemblies into genomic equivalents. We do this quickly, without alignment or trees, using modern genome sketching techniques to accommodate millions of genomes in one condensed view of pandemic dynamics. Using data from the UK, USA, and South Africa, we trace the ascendence of new variants of concern as they emerge in local populations. This history of emerging variants uses all available data as it is sequenced, intimating variant sweeps to dominance or declines to extinction at the leading edge of the COVID19 pandemic.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.22276807v1" target="_blank">Hill numbers at the edge of a pandemic: rapid SARS-COV2 surveillance without alignments or trees</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>OpenSAFELY: Representativeness of Electronic Health Record platform OpenSAFELY-TPP data compared to the population of England.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Abstract Background Since its inception in March 2020, data from the OpenSAFELY-TPP electronic health record platform has been used for more than 50 studies relating to the global COVID-19 emergency. OpenSAFELY-TPP data is derived from practices in England using SystmOne software, and has been used for the majority of these studies. We set out to investigate the representativeness of OpenSAFELY-TPP data by comparing it to national population estimates. Methods With the approval of NHS England, we describe the age, sex, Index of Multiple Deprivation and ethnicity of the OpenSAFELY-TPP population compared to national estimates from the Office for National Statistics. The five leading causes of death occurring between the 1st January 2020 and the 31st December 2020 were also compared to deaths registered in England during the same period. Results Despite regional variations, TPP is largely representative of the general population of England in terms of IMD (all within 1.1 percentage points), age, sex (within 0.1 percentage points), ethnicity and causes of death. The proportion of the five leading causes of death is broadly similar to those reported by ONS (all within 1 percentage point). Conclusions Data made available via OpenSAFELY-TPP is broadly representative of the English population. Summary Users of OpenSAFELY must consider the issues of representativeness, generalisability and external validity associated with using TPP data for health research. Although the coverage of TPP practices varies regionally across England, TPP registered patients are generally representative of the English population as a whole in terms of key demographic characteristics.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.22276802v1" target="_blank">OpenSAFELY: Representativeness of Electronic Health Record platform OpenSAFELY-TPP data compared to the population of England.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>S373P Mutation of Spike Protein in SARS-CoV-2 Stabilizes Omicron</strong> -
<div>
Recently, a cluster of several newly occurring mutations on Omicron, which is currently the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant, are found at the (mechanically) stable {beta}-core region of spike protein’s receptor-binding domain (RBD), where mutation rarely happened before. Notably, the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to human receptor ACE2 via RBD happens in a dynamic airway environment, where mechanical force caused by coughing or sneezing occurs and applies to the proteins. Thus, we used atomic force microscopy-based single-molecule force spectroscopy (AFM-SMFS) to measure the stability of RBDs and found that the unfolding force of Omicron RBD increased by 20% compared with the wild-type. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that Omicron RBD showed more hydrogen bonds in the {beta}-core region due to the closing of the -helical motif caused primarily by the S373P mutation, which was further confirmed by the experiment. This work reveals the stabilizing effect of the S373P mutation and suggests mechanical stability becomes another important factor in SARS-CoV-2 mutation selection.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497114v1" target="_blank">S373P Mutation of Spike Protein in SARS-CoV-2 Stabilizes Omicron</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic</strong> -
<div>
Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors that associated with people reported adopting public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public policy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during the early stage of the pandemic (April-May 2020). Respondents who reported identifying more strongly with their nation consistently reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies. Results were similar for representative and non-representative national samples. Study 2 (N = 42 countries) conceptually replicated the central finding using aggregate indices of national identity (obtained using the World Values Survey) and a measure of actual behaviour change during the pandemic (obtained from Google mobility reports). Higher levels of national identification prior to the pandemic predicted lower mobility during the early stage of the pandemic (r = -.40). We discuss the potential implications of links between national identity, leadership, and public health for managing COVID-19 and future pandemics.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/ydt95/" target="_blank">National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>I trust my immunity more than your vaccines: “Appeal to nature” bias strongly predicts questionable health behaviors in the pandemic</strong> -
<div>
Health care policies often rely on public cooperation, especially during a health crisis. However, a crisis is also a period of uncertainty and proliferation of health related advice: while some people adhere to the official recommendations, others tend to avoid them and resort to non-evidence based, pseudoscientific practices. People prone to the latter are often the ones endorsing a set of epistemically suspect beliefs, with two being particularly relevant: conspiratorial pandemic-related beliefs, and the appeal to nature bias (i.e. trusting natural immunity to fight the pandemic). These in turn are rooted in trust in different epistemic authorities, seen as mutually exclusive: trust in science and trust in the “wisdom of the common man”. Drawing from two nationally representative probability samples, we tested a model in which trust in science/wisdom of the common man predicted COVID-19 vaccination status (Study 1, N = 1001) or vaccination status alongside use of pseudoscientific health practices (Study 2, N = 1010), through COVID-19 conspiratorial beliefs and the appeal to nature bias. As expected, epistemically suspect beliefs were interrelated, related to vaccination status, and to both types of trust. Moreover, trust in science had both a direct and indirect effect on vaccination status through both types of epistemically suspect beliefs. Trust in the wisdom of the common man had only an indirect effect on vaccination status. Contrary to the way they are typically portrayed, the two types of trust were unrelated. These results were largely replicated in the second study, in which we added pseudoscientific practices as an outcome; trust in science and the wisdom of the common man contributed to their prediction only indirectly, through epistemically suspect beliefs. We offer recommendations on how to make use of different types of epistemic authorities and how to tackle unfounded beliefs in communication during a health crisis.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/y25bs/" target="_blank">I trust my immunity more than your vaccines: “Appeal to nature” bias strongly predicts questionable health behaviors in the pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Priming reasoning increases intentions to wear a face covering to slow down COVID-19 transmission</strong> -
<div>
Finding mechanisms to promote the use of face masks is fundamental during the second phase of the COVID-19 pandemic response, when shelter-in-place rules are relaxed and some segments of the population are allowed to circulate more freely. Here we report three pre-registered studies (total N = 1,920), using an heterogenous sample of people living in the USA, showing that priming people to “rely on their reasoning” rather than to “rely on their emotions” significantly increases their intentions to wear a face covering. Compared to the baseline, priming reasoning promotes intentions to wear a face covering, whereas priming emotion has no significant effect. These findings have theoretical and practical implications. Practically, they offer a simple and scalable intervention to promote intentions to wear a face mask. Theoretically, they shed light on the cognitive basis of intentions to wear a face covering.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/wtcqy/" target="_blank">Priming reasoning increases intentions to wear a face covering to slow down COVID-19 transmission</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behavior with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and also highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/y38m9/" target="_blank">Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The effect of messaging and gender on intentions to wear a face covering to slow down COVID-19 transmission</strong> -
<div>
Now that various countries are or will soon be moving towards relaxing shelter-in-place rules, it is important that people use a face covering, to avoid an exponential resurgence of the spreading of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Adherence to this measure will be made explicitly compulsory in many places. However, since it is impossible to control each and every person in a country, it is important to complement governmental laws with behavioral interventions devised to impact people’s behavior beyond the force of law. Here we report a pre-registered online experiment (N=2,459) using a heterogenous, although not representative, sample of people living in the USA, where we test the relative effect of messages highlighting that the coronavirus is a threat to “you” vs “your family” vs “your community” vs “your country” on self-reported intentions to wear a face covering. Results show that focusing on “your community” promotes intentions to wear a face covering relative to the baseline; the trend is the same when comparing “your community” to the other conditions, but not significant. We also conducted pre-registered analyses of gender differences on intentions to wear a face covering. We find that men less than women intend to wear a face covering, but this difference almost disappears in counties where wearing a face covering is mandatory. We also find that men less than women believe that they will be seriously affected by the coronavirus, and this partly mediates gender differences in intentions to wear a face covering (this is particularly ironic because official statistics actually show that men are affected by the COVID-19 more seriously than women). Finally, we also find gender differences in self-reported negative emotions felt when wearing a face covering. Men more than women agree that wearing a face covering is shameful, not cool, a sign of weakness, and a stigma; and these gender differences also mediate gender differences in intentions to wear a face covering.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/tg7vz/" target="_blank">The effect of messaging and gender on intentions to wear a face covering to slow down COVID-19 transmission</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Conspiracy Beliefs and Generosity across 52 Countries during the COVID-19 Pandemic</strong> -
<div>
Previous research has demonstrated that higher levels of belief in conspiracy theories are related to higher levels of distrust toward others, greater antisocial tendencies, and more self-centeredness. These findings suggest that conspiracy believers may also be less likely to be generous. However, very little research has thus far investigated this possibility. In the current study, we examined the association between COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and generosity across a sample of 45,073 participants from 52 countries. We found that participants with higher COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs were less likely to donate to national and international charities, and that this negative association was stronger for donations to national charities. Exploratory analyses revealed that the discrepancy between national and international charity donations was more salient in countries with high levels of corruption, suggesting that conspiracy beliefs might be negatively related to the relative preference for national charities over international ones in highly corrupt countries.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/fdyxr/" target="_blank">Conspiracy Beliefs and Generosity across 52 Countries during the COVID-19 Pandemic</a>
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<li><strong>The effect of norm-based messages on reading and understanding COVID-19 pandemic response governmental rules</strong> -
<div>
The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) threatens the lives of millions of people around the world, making it the largest health threat in recent times. Billions of people around the world are asked to adhere to strict shelter-in-place rules, finalised to slow down the spread of the virus. Appeals and messages are being used by leaders and policy-makers to promote pandemic response. Given the stakes at play, it is thus important for social scientists to explore which messages are most effective in promoting pandemic response. In fact, some papers in the last month have explored the effect of several messages on people’s intentions to engage in pandemic response behaviour. In this paper, we make two contributions. First, we explore the effect of messages on people’s actual engagement, and not on intentions. Specifically, our dependent variables are the level of understanding of official COVID-19 pandemic response governmental informative panels, measured through comprehension questions, and the time spent on reading these rules. Second, we test a novel set of appeals built through the theory of norms. One message targets the personal norm (what people think is the right thing to do), one targets the descriptive norm (what people think others are doing), and one targets the injunctive norm (what people think others approve or disapprove of). Our experiment is conducted online with a representative (with respect to gender, age, and location) sample of Italians. Norms are made salient using a flier. We find that norm-based fliers had no effect on comprehension and on time spent on the panels. These results suggest that norm-based interventions through fliers have very little impact on people’s reading and understanding of COVID-19 pandemic response governmental rules.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/7863g/" target="_blank">The effect of norm-based messages on reading and understanding COVID-19 pandemic response governmental rules</a>
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<li><strong>COVID-19 vaccine booster strategies in light of emerging viral variants: Frequency, timing, and target groups</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Vaccinations have reduced severe burden of COVID-19 and allowed for lifting of non-pharmaceutical interventions. However, with immunity waning alongside emergence of more transmissible variants of concern, vaccination strategies must be examined. Methods: Here we apply a SARS-CoV-2 transmission model to identify preferred frequency, timing, and target groups for vaccine boosters to minimise public health burden and health systems risk. We estimated new infections and hospital admissions averted over two-years through annual or biannual boosting of those eligible (those who received doses one and two) who are 1) most vulnerable (60+ or persons with comorbidities) or 2) those 5+, at universal (98% of eligible) or lower coverage (85% of those 50+ or with comorbidities and 50% of 5-49-year-olds who are eligible) representing moderate vaccine fatigue and/or hesitancy. We simulated three emerging variant scenarios: 1) no new variants; 2) 25% more infectious and immune-evading, Omicron-level severity, variants emerge annually and become dominant; and 3) emerge biannually. We further explored the impact of varying seasonality, variant severity, timing, immune evasion, and infectivity, and vaccine infection blocking assumptions. Results: To minimise COVID-19-related hospitalisations over the next two years, boosters should be provided for all those eligible annually three-four months ahead of peak winter whether or not new variants of concern emerge. Only boosting those most vulnerable is unlikely to ensure reduced stress on health systems. Moreover, boosting all eligible protects those most vulnerable more than only boosting the vulnerable group. Conversely, more hospitalisations could be averted per booster dose through annual boosting of those most vulnerable versus all eligible, an indication of cost-effectiveness. Whereas increasing to biannual boosting showed diminishing returns. Results were robust when key model parameters were varied. However, we found that the more frequently variants emerge, the less the effect boosters will have, regardless of whether administered annually or biannually. Conclusions: Well-timed and targeted vaccine boosters preferencing vulnerable, and if possible, all those eligible to receive boosters, can minimise infections and hospital admissions. Findings provide model-based evidence for decision-makers to plan for administering COVID-19 boosters ahead of winter 2022-2023 to help mitigate the health burden and health system stress.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.22276760v1" target="_blank">COVID-19 vaccine booster strategies in light of emerging viral variants: Frequency, timing, and target groups</a>
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</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Algorithm Treatment at Home</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Recommended treatment schedule;   Drug: Usual care<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunosuppression and COVID-19 Boosters</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (adsorbed) vaccine;   Biological: COVID-19 vaccine<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Kirby Institute;   Seqirus Pty Ltd, Australia;   Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF)<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Discussing COVID-19 Vaccines in Private Facebook Groups</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Gist messages on COVID-19 vaccination;   Behavioral: COVID-19 vaccine information<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   George Washington University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Epidemiological Monitoring of COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized on Reunion Island</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: telephone interview 24 months after hospitalization for Covid-19<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Réunion<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Home-Based Exercise Tele-Rehabilitation After COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19)<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Tele-exercise<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   VA Office of Research and Development;   Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center;   Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IMM-BCP-01 in Mild to Moderate COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   SARS-CoV2 Infection;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: IMM-BCP-01;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Immunome, Inc.;   United States Department of Defense<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Calcitriol Supplementation in COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Vitamin D Deficiency<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Calcitriol<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   RenJi Hospital<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Olfactory Training in COVID-19 Associated Loss of Smell</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Hyposmia<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: Sniffin’ sticks Duftquartett<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Medical University Innsbruck<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Psychological Impact of Medical Evacuations on Families of Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit for Severe COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Revised Impact of Event Scale;   Other: Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale;   Other: 36-Item Short Form Survey;   Other: satisfaction survey;   Other: semi-directed interview with trusted person on the general experience of the patient’s medical evacuation;   Other: semi-directed interview with trusted person on the general experience of hospitalization in intensive care<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Centre Hospitalier Metropole Savoie<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect of COVID-19 on Platelet Mitochondrial Bioenergetic, Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress in Infertile Men.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Infertility, Male;   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: diagnostic test and sperm analysis<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Comenius University;   GYN-FIV<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Trial</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Vaccination Refusal;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Short Message Service (SMS) + Website Link Strategy;   Other: Phone Call with Peer Strategy<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Washington University School of Medicine<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate Immunogenicity and Safety of MVC-COV1901 Vaccine Compared With AZD1222</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Vaccine<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: MVC-COV1901;   Biological: AZD1222<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corp.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cardiovascular Autonomic and Immune Mechanism of Post COVID-19 Tachycardia Syndrome</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome;   Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS);   Long COVID;   SARS CoV 2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Diagnostic Test: Determine the inflammatory and immune profile of post-COVID-19 POTS patients;   Diagnostic Test: Measurement of PNS activity by HRV (Heart rate Variation);   Diagnostic Test: Autonomic Symptoms assessment<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Vanderbilt University Medical Center;   American Heart Association<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Clinical Trial of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine(LVRNA009) as Heterologous Booster in Islamabad</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   SARS-CoV-2<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: LVRNA009;   Biological: CoronaVac®<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   AIM Vaccine Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>STEP-COVID: A Program for Pregnant Women During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Psychological;   Mental Health Issue;   Prenatal Stress;   Maternal Distress;   COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: STEP-COVID<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières;   Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC);   Canada Research Chairs Endowment of the Federal Government of Canada<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 M Protein Facilitates Malignant Transformation of Breast Cancer Cells</strong> - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread faster due to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, which carry an increased risk of infecting patients with comorbidities, such as breast cancer. However, there are still few reports on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the progression of breast cancer, as well as the factors and mechanisms involved. In the present study, we investigated the impact of SARS-CoV-2 proteins on breast cancer cells (BCC). The results suggested that SARS-CoV-2 M…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antifibrotic Mechanism of Piceatannol in Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice</strong> - Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal interstitial lung disease characterized by myofibroblast accumulation and extracellular matrix deposition, which lead to irreversible damage of the lung’s architecture and the formation of fibrotic lesions. IPF is also a sequela in serious patients with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The molecular mechanisms under pulmonary fibrosis remain unclear, and there is no satisfactory treatment currently available….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inhibitors of Activin Receptor-like Kinase 5 Interfere with SARS-CoV-2 S-Protein Processing and Spike-Mediated Cell Fusion via Attenuation of Furin Expression</strong> - Screening of a protein kinase inhibitor library identified SB431542, targeting activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5), as a compound interfering with SARS-CoV-2 replication. Since ALK5 is implicated in transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling and regulation of the cellular endoprotease furin, we pursued this research to clarify the role of this protein kinase for SARS-CoV-2 infection. We show that TGF-β1 induces the expression of furin in a broad spectrum of cells including Huh-7 and Calu-3…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Borneol Ester Derivatives as Entry Inhibitors of a Wide Spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 Viruses</strong> - In the present work we studied the antiviral activity of the home library of monoterpenoid derivatives using the pseudoviral systems of our development, which have glycoproteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus strains Wuhan and Delta on their surface. We found that borneol derivatives with a tertiary nitrogen atom can exhibit activity at the early stages of viral replication. In order to search for potential binding sites of ligands with glycoprotein, we carried out additional biological tests to study…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nucleopore Traffic Is Hindered by SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 Protein to Efficiently Suppress IFN-β and IL-6 Secretion</strong> - A weak production of INF-β along with an exacerbated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been reported during infection by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus. SARS-CoV-2 encodes several proteins that are able to counteract the host immune system, which is believed to be one of the most important features contributing to the viral pathogenesis and development of a severe clinical outcomes. Previous reports demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 protein strongly suppresses INF-β production by…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>High Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern Breakthrough Infections Despite Residual Humoral and Cellular Immunity Induced by BNT162b2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study in Belgium</strong> - To mitigate the massive COVID-19 burden caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), several vaccination campaigns were initiated. We performed a single-center observational trial to monitor the mid- (3 months) and long-term (10 months) adaptive immune response and to document breakthrough infections (BTI) in healthcare workers (n = 84) upon BNT162b2 vaccination in a real-world setting. Firstly, serology was determined through immunoassays. Secondly, antibody…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Evasion: Interferon Pathway and Therapeutic Options</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by an important capacity to circumvent the innate immune response. The early interferon (IFN) response is necessary to establish a robust antiviral state. However, this response is weak and delayed in COVID-19 patients, along with massive pro-inflammatory cytokine production. This dysregulated innate immune response contributes to pathogenicity and in some…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Repurposing an In Vitro Measles Virus Dissemination Assay for Screening of Antiviral Compounds</strong> - Measles virus (MV) is a highly contagious respiratory virus responsible for outbreaks associated with significant morbidity and mortality among children and young adults. Although safe and effective measles vaccines are available, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in vaccination coverage gaps that may lead to the resurgence of measles when restrictions are lifted. This puts individuals who cannot be vaccinated, such as young infants and immunocompromised individuals, at risk. Therapeutic…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Carriers of <em>ADAMTS13</em> Rare Variants Are at High Risk of Life-Threatening COVID-19</strong> - Thrombosis of small and large vessels is reported as a key player in COVID-19 severity. However, host genetic determinants of this susceptibility are still unclear. Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura is a severe autosomal recessive disorder characterized by uncleaved ultra-large vWF and thrombotic microangiopathy, frequently triggered by infections. Carriers are reported to be asymptomatic. Exome analysis of about 3000 SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects of different severities, belonging…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>In Silico Screening and Testing of FDA-Approved Small Molecules to Block SARS-CoV-2 Entry to the Host Cell by Inhibiting Spike Protein Cleavage</strong> - The COVID-19 pandemic began in 2019, but it is still active. The development of an effective vaccine reduced the number of deaths; however, a treatment is still needed. Here, we aimed to inhibit viral entry to the host cell by inhibiting spike (S) protein cleavage by several proteases. We developed a computational pipeline to repurpose FDA-approved drugs to inhibit protease activity and thus prevent S protein cleavage. We tested some of our drug candidates and demonstrated a decrease in protease…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The AI-Assisted Identification and Clinical Efficacy of Baricitinib in the Treatment of COVID-19</strong> - During the current pandemic, the vast majority of COVID-19 patients experienced mild symptoms, but some had a potentially fatal aberrant hyperinflammatory immune reaction characterized by high levels of IL-6 and other cytokines. Modulation of this immune reaction has proven to be the only method of reducing mortality in severe and critical COVID-19. The anti-inflammatory drug baricitinib (Olumiant) has recently been strongly recommended by the WHO for use in COVID-19 patients because it reduces…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Fractional Low Dose of BNT162b2 Booster in Adults Following AZD1222</strong> - In the era of globally predominant omicron strains, a COVID-19 booster vaccine is needed. Our study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity of a half-dose BNT162b2 booster after AZD1222 in healthy adults. A randomized trial of volunteers aged 18-69 years who received two-dose AZD1222 was conducted. The participants were randomized to receive the BNT162b2 vaccine intramuscularly-half (15 µg) vs. standard dose (30 µg). The immunogenicity was evaluated by a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT)…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine among Thai Adolescents with Chronic Diseases</strong> - Adolescents with underlying diseases are at risk of severe COVID-19. The immune response of BNT162b2 may be poor among immunocompromised adolescents. We aim to describe immunogenicity of mRNA BNT162b2 among adolescents who are immunocompromised or have chronic diseases. We recruited adolescents 12-18 years of age; group A impaired-immunity (post-transplantation, cancer, on immunosuppressive drugs) and group B chronic diseases. A two-dose regimen of BNT162b2 was given. Immunogenicity was…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Development of Nafamostat Mesylate Immediate-Release Tablet by Drug Repositioning Using Quality-by-Design Approach</strong> - We aimed to develop nafamostat mesylate immediate-release tablets for the treatment of COVID-19 through drug repositioning studies of nafamostat mesylate injection. Nafamostat mesylate is a serine protease inhibitor known to inhibit the activity of the transmembrane protease, serine 2 enzyme that affects the penetration of the COVID-19 virus, thereby preventing the binding of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in vivo and the spike protein of the COVID-19 virus. The formulation was…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Protocetraric and Salazinic Acids as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CL Protease: Biochemical, Cytotoxic, and Computational Characterization of Depsidones as Slow-Binding Inactivators</strong> - The study investigated the inhibitory activity of protocetraric and salazinic acids against SARS-CoV-2 3CL^(pro). The kinetic parameters were determined by microtiter plate-reading fluorimeter using a fluorogenic substrate. The cytotoxic activity was tested on murine Sertoli TM4 cells. In silico analysis was performed to ascertain the nature of the binding with the 3CL^(pro). The compounds are slow-binding inactivators of 3CL^(pro) with a K(i) of 3.95 μM and 3.77 μM for protocetraric and…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What It Means to Be Targeted by the President</strong> - Witnesses at the latest January 6th hearings share an experience that, since Donald Trump, has become a hallmark of politics: being terrorized by the full modern machinery of American hate-mongering. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/what-it-means-to-be-targeted-by-the-president">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>An Uncertain Future for Documented Dreamers</strong> - The children of employment-based visa holders often have to scramble to find ways to legally remain in the country they call home. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/an-uncertain-future-for-documented-dreamers">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>“We Have to Get Out of This Phase”: Ashish Jha on the Future of the Pandemic</strong> - President Biden’s COVID czar talks about his public-health philosophy, his Twitter threads, his unlikely path to the White House, and where we go from here. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-new-yorker-interview/we-have-to-get-out-of-this-phase-ashish-jha-on-the-future-of-the-pandemic">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Controversial Legal Strategy Behind the Indictment of Young Thug</strong> - The RICO Act, which was designed to go after the Mafia, is now used to target supposed members of predominantly Black street gangs. Critics say the law is being stretched very thin. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/the-controversial-legal-strategy-behind-the-indictment-of-young-thug">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Historical Cherry-Picking at the Heart of the Supreme Court’s Gun-Rights Expansion</strong> - A century-old New York law requiring individuals to prove “proper cause” to carry a handgun has been struck down. Are other gun-safety measures in peril? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-historical-cherry-picking-at-the-heart-of-the-supreme-courts-gun-rights-expansion">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Emotional exhaustion is real. Your friendships don’t need to suffer.</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/4_PNR1SG2Oel0HSTEh8GAmIdXnE=/375x0:2626x1688/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71011781/STORY_6.0.jpeg"/>
<figcaption>
Shanée Benjamin for Vox
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
How to be there for your people when you’re emotionally out of gas.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ttgXSz">
In January, Bart Vijendra felt like the world’s worst friend. A few friends came down with Covid-19, another went through a terrible breakup, and they all needed a sympathetic ear.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="08gnNn">
Vijendra, though, was incredibly burned out. The 25-year-old works in the food industry, and between staffing shortages and long hours, he was exhausted, stretched thin, and felt as though he didn’t have enough energy to be there for his friends.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="d87fHN">
Life’s demands — long shifts at work, an ongoing pandemic, compounding tragedies, rampant inflation — have put people through the wringer. “We have more to handle — not just work but how we perceive the world, how we see ourselves emotionally, mentally, and physically — than we have the capacity for, so we burn out,” says <a href="http://natalykogan.com/">Nataly Kogan</a>, author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/books/the-awesome-human-project-break-free-from-daily-burnout-struggle-less-and-thrive-more-in-work-and-life-9781683647874/9781683647850"><em>The Awesome Human Project: Break Free From Daily Burnout, Struggle Less, and Thrive More in Work and Life</em></a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5Fafk5">
Being a good friend on top of everything else can seem like an uphill battle when you’re running on empty. You can’t meaningfully support friends, partners, colleagues, and community members, Kogan says. At the height of his exhaustion, Vijendra says he was unable to celebrate a best friend’s birthday. “She hit me with a text a few days later,” he says, “like, ‘Hey, I didn’t appreciate you didn’t do too much for my birthday.’” (He eventually smoothed things over with the friend.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O13u6v">
Instead of retreating into isolation or continuing to overwork yourself, there are ways to support those who mean the most to you while caring for yourself.
</p>
<h3 id="Ftuqrh">
Set boundaries
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ljcYF8">
Rather than ignore the irritability, tiredness, and resentment that comes when we’re emotionally sapped, be open with your community about how you’re feeling, says marriage and family therapist <a href="https://www.sankofatherapynyc.com/">Racine Henry</a>. “I find that people often delay their own feelings by living in conflict with what’s happening to them,” she says. This can be as simple as telling your friends, “I love our friendship, but I haven’t been myself lately and I need to take some time away from others.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yfge2w">
Vijendra and his friends are in the practice of not only telling each other if they need to tap out of heavy talks, but giving their conversation partners space to take a break if needed. Statements like, “I know you’re suffering a lot. Things are hard. If you need to step back, please do. We understand, you can come back whenever you feel ready,” have proven successful, Vijendra says.
</p>
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<q>“If I’m not loving on myself and caring on myself just as much as I care about everyone else, I’m not going to be able to sustain that over time”</q>
</aside>
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Knowing when to set a boundary is crucial, and it comes with some self-reflection. Knowing that helping your parents with seasonal cleaning drains your batteries, make an effort to clear your calendar afterward to recharge rather than extend yourself with further commitments (and have a mini meltdown later). “Give yourself what you need before you need it,” Henry says, “meaning before you hit that wall, before you are burned out, before you’re unable to function, you want to take some breaks. Give yourself rest, embrace doing less or saying no as a part of your normal way of being. That way, you’re deciding when to break from work or when you step back from friendships versus going and going and going and your body’s forcing you.”
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Then you need to have an honest, and potentially uncomfortable, conversation with your loved ones about how you’re feeling and what could be improved, says marriage and family therapist <a href="https://thriveworks.com/cumming-counseling/our-counselors/">Shontel Cargill</a>. “Approach them in a way that’s like, ‘Hey, I really care about this relationship. I really want us to thrive and I want us to both be healthy. Let’s talk about the things that aren’t working. And I feel kind of scared about this conversation,’” Cargill says. This conversation can look like explaining to a friend that you’re not mad at her when you turn down her happy hour invites, but you like to keep your weeknights free to conserve energy.
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Don’t feel guilty for turning down invites to parties, but instead think of stepping back as a way of restoring your capacity to support your network in the future. “If I’m not loving on myself and caring on myself just as much as I care about everyone else, I’m not going to be able to sustain that over time,” Cargill says. She also notes that even though exhaustion can cause you to retreat from relationships, these connections aren’t necessarily to blame. You should let your friends know that.
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There will be people who won’t respect your boundaries. Perhaps a coworker responds to your explanation that you don’t have the capacity to organize a work social event by saying, “But we’re all overwhelmed. This won’t be that much work,” and you feel pressured to acquiesce. “That person … feels entitled to everything that you have and does not feel uncomfortable pushing your boundaries so hard that you stop trying to protect your ‘no,’” says <a href="https://www.emilynagoski.com/">Emily Nagoski</a>, health educator and co-author of <a href="https://penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/592377/burnout-by-emily-nagoski-phd-and-amelia-nagoski-dma/9781984817068"><em>Burnout: The Secret to Unlocking the Stress Cycle</em></a>. “That is not a person with whom you should collaborate.” As hard as it may be, stick to your boundaries and don’t agree to anything simply because you’re afraid to turn down a request.
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<h3 id="ajlnHF">
Be intentional
</h3>
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Humans <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6125010/">need connection to survive</a>, but when your cup is empty, you may have convinced yourself of the need to retreat. While some alone time is good, you need to engage in your communities, too. Agreeing to every social ask will only further burnout, so you’ll need to decide what circumstances or events are worthy of your emotional energy. Kogan suggests asking yourself if you truly want to do what is asked of you, whether that’s dining out with a large group, attending a community cleanup, or offering advice.
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If the answer is yes, Kogan says to consider if you can energetically afford the event or hangout. Kogan likens the thought process to shopping. First, you have to decide if you want a shirt that catches your eye, and then determine if you can afford it. “We have a limited amount of energy,” Kogan says. “We can’t do all things always. We have to be choosy, especially if we’re feeling depleted.” Maybe you really want to celebrate a friend’s new home but can’t energetically afford a huge housewarming party. Suggest coming by for a one-on-one hangout another day. Instead of joining the planning board for a neighborhood block party, offer to cook a dish or make flyers for the event if staying involved locally is important to you.
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However, setting boundaries and intentionally choosing your social expenditures doesn’t mean reneging on responsibility, Henry says. “Healthy boundaries include prioritizing what is important and committing your time and energy accordingly,” she says. If you’re the primary caregiver for your kids while your partner is traveling, you’ll want to prioritize putting your energy there and avoid overwhelming yourself with additional social asks like PTA meetings or snack duty at kids’ sports practice.
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Sometimes even a scaled-back plan is too exhausting. That’s fine. Be honest with your network and explain how you’re going through a difficult time and you’re too exhausted to partake. Again, not everyone will agree or respect your boundaries, “but are those people that you want in your life?” Kogan says, and you may reconsider the future of the relationship.
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Ways to show up for loved ones
</h3>
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Of course, there will be times when those in your life need support in the event of something like a breakup, a job loss, a death. When you’re in a high-stress physiological state like burnout, Nagoski says, it’s common to feel resentful, like everyone is asking for something from you. Even though your energy and time are limited, “love … is not a limited resource,” Nagoski says. “When you can get to a place of love and care with a person who is suffering, as much as or even more than you are, that actually nourishes both of you.”
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This can look like being physically and emotionally present for each other to mutually collapse and console. “We are both terrible right now,” Nagoski says. “Let’s just let it be terrible right now and not try to fix it and know that if we allow ourselves to release this emotion right now it will move through us.” Additionally, simply lending a sympathetic ear and letting a friend vent without the expectation of offering advice is a low-stakes way to be a good confidant, Kogan offers.
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<q>“Love … is not a limited resource”</q>
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Don’t be a martyr for the sake of your friend if you can’t meaningfully support them in even a small way, Kogan says. “We’re not actually bringing the best of ourselves,” she says. “We’re not actually being a good friend.”
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How to show up for your community
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For those who find fulfillment and energy in volunteering and service, spending time working toward a meaningful cause can help refill your glass as well as aid the community, Cargill and Nagoski agree. Even if it seems counterintuitive, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11467248/">research shows</a> community volunteer work improves happiness, life satisfaction, self-esteem, sense of control over life, physical health, and depression — and it can be a way of refilling your cup, Henry says. “Connecting with your community, being an active participant in the issues that matter to you, and spending time with people with whom you share a purpose is actually a treatment for burnout,” Nagoski says. <a href="https://www.vox.com/22992901/how-to-find-your-community-as-an-adult">Consider your values and passions</a> — from cleaning up the neighborhood to ensuring access to mental health resources — to find a community where you’d do the most good.
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Acts of kindness don’t need to be a heavy lift, either. When you’re stressed or isolated, doing a few small, nice things for others — like sending a friend a quick text or shipping them some candy — helps improve mood, Kogan says. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103117303451">Studies</a> have shown performing acts of kindness for others, like holding open a door or greeting strangers, has a modest positive effect on happiness.
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However, giving back can, unfortunately, deplete your energy if you’re already stretched thin, Cargill says. Feeling like volunteer work is another obligation will only compound feelings of tiredness and irritability and can <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200319125132.htm">actually harm relationships</a>, so only partake if it genuinely won’t feel arduous. Again, this comes back to self-reflection and checking in with yourself regarding your emotions and energy levels.
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Be open to receiving help
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The healthiest relationships are reciprocal. For all the support you offer, you should feel comfortable receiving help, too. “When we feel like we need more grit, we need to persist, what we really need is more help,” Nagoski says. “Which is difficult to accept because we’ve been taught to give and not to need anything and not inconvenience anyone with anything so insignificant as our own emotional needs.”
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As uncomfortable as it may be, you’ll need to be open about how you’re struggling in order to receive help, and then be explicit about how you’d like to be supported: just through text messages, daily FaceTimes, perhaps no contact at all.
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Even when Bart Vijendra, the food industry worker, was at his most burned out, he continued to show up for those he cares about, with the caveat being he wasn’t at full capacity. It’s all in the name of being a good friend, and he knows to expect the same from his inner circle.
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“I’m exhausted, but I still want to be there for you because you need somebody,” he says. “The support is definitely reciprocated. We’re all suffering, but we’re still there.”
</p>
<p class="c-end-para" data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OXW9na">
<a href="http://www.vox.com/even-better"><em>Even Better</em></a><em> is here to offer deeply sourced, actionable advice for helping you live a better life. Do you have a question on money and work; friends, family, and community; or personal growth and health? Send us your question by filling out this </em><a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfiStGSlsWDBmglim7Dh1Y9Hy386rkeKGpfwF6BCjmgnZdqfQ/viewform"><em>form</em></a><em>. We might turn it into a story.</em>
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<li><strong>What Americans think about abortion, in 3 charts</strong> -
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<img alt="Women hold a protest banner outside the Supreme Court that reads, “Overturn Roe? Hell no!”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/-x1g-upRKrfzoNWo0gkRJYevBZc=/222x0:3778x2667/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71011644/1241480016.0.jpg"/>
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Abortion rights demonstrators hold a banner outside the Supreme Court. | Valerie Plesch/Bloomberg via Getty Images
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Americans overwhelmingly support abortion rights, but vary on the specifics.
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The US Supreme Court ruling widely <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/5/3/23055125/roe-v-wade-abortion-rights-supreme-court-dobbs-v-jackson">expected to overturn <em>Roe v. Wade</em></a>, clearing the way for states to outlaw abortion, goes against majority opinion on ending a pregnancy. Americans overwhelmingly want legal access to abortion, at least in some situations.
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But get more specific than that, and the picture is more nuanced. Feelings about specifics are much more varied, and generally include support for some restrictions on when and in what situations the procedure should be performed.
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Only 8 percent of adults say abortion should be against the law in all cases, without exception, while just 19 percent say abortion should be legal in all cases, without exception, according to data from <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/05/06/americas-abortion-quandary/">Pew Research Center</a>.
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Americans’ support of abortion rights in some or all situations — meaning they would disagree with the overturning of <em>Roe v. Wade</em> — has been fairly consistent for a long time. Back in 1975, three-quarters of Americans said it should be legal in all (21 percent) or certain (54 percent) circumstances, according to a <a href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/1576/abortion.aspx">long-running survey by Gallup</a>. In the ensuing half-century, that number has gone up 10 percentage points to 85 percent, meaning the support has only gotten stronger.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QvjmJr">
In that sense, abortion, <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23141651/gun-control-american-approval-polling">like gun control</a>, is an issue where American policy appears to be at odds with American majority opinions.
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But when polled on specifics regarding the situation and timelines, support for abortion is not always as strong.
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While <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/05/06/americans-views-on-whether-and-in-what-circumstances-abortion-should-be-legal/">Pew found</a> that sizable majorities of Americans said abortion should be legal if a woman’s health is at stake (73 percent) or if the pregnancy was a result of rape or incest (69 percent), just over half (54 percent) said it should be legal if the baby was likely to be born with severe disabilities or health issues.
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The stage of pregnancy especially affects people’s views of abortion. Pew found that in the first six weeks of pregnancy, 51 percent of people said abortion should be generally legal, compared with 26 percent who said it should be illegal. By 24 weeks into a pregnancy, just 29 percent said it should be generally legal while 42 percent said it should be generally illegal.
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All along, about a fifth of those polled say that it depends.
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All of this, however, might be beside the point, according to Tresa Undem, co-founder of public opinion research firm PerryUndem, which has extensively researched abortion viewpoints.
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“You can’t take any single polling question at face value because you just dig a centimeter beneath the surface and you get data that’s conflicting,” Undem said. “If they’re not doing qualitative research, they’re not listening to people.”
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Polling that asks people whether they’re for or against abortion or what their opinions are on particular gestational limits runs up against the fact that most people don’t spend a lot of time thinking through their opinions on abortion nor do they understand a lot about it, she said. A <a href="https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/05/25/how-much-do-americans-know-about-abortion-us">series of polls by YouGov</a> found that Americans don’t know much about abortions in general, like when abortions are typically performed (in the first six weeks), who gets them (people with kids), and how prevalent they are (42 percent of unplanned pregnancies end in abortion). The number of abortions in the US <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/06/15/us-abortions-increase-2020-roe-wade-00039452">jumped 8 percent</a> from 2017 to 2020, after decades of decline.
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Surface-level answers about abortion don’t always get at what people really think.
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When PerryUndem asked the binary question of whether abortion should generally be legal or illegal in the second three months of pregnancy, a majority, 57 percent of voters, said it should be illegal. But when it asked more qualitative <a href="https://perryundem.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/PerryUndem-Abortion-Public-Opinion-Survey-2022.pdf">follow-ups about their viewpoints</a>, a third of those who said it should be illegal also said they’d prefer their state lawmakers stay out of this issue. Additionally, when asked something more personal — <a href="https://view.publitas.com/perryundem-research-communication/perryundem-report-on-public-opinion-toward-abortion/page/22">what Americans want the experience to be like</a> for a woman who has chosen to have an abortion — the vast majority said they want abortion to be safe (95 percent), legal (85 percent), and without protesters (83 percent).
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Overall, Undem said, such broad-based polling makes people’s opinions on abortion seem more politicized and contentious than they are, though the issue does often fall on partisan lines.
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“It’s hard to understand through polling, but basically, in all the work I’ve done — qualitative focus groups, in-depth interviews, surveys — the bottom line is that the public wants people making these decisions around abortion, not the government,” she said.
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And high-level polling also can eclipse changes that might be going on below the surface.
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<br/>In May, 55 percent of Americans identified as “pro-choice,” the highest level who’ve done so since 1995, according to Gallup. Part of that could have to do with the fact that Gen Z is substantively more likely to support abortion rights than older generations were at their age, according to Mary Ziegler, a law professor at UC Davis and author of the upcoming book <a href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300260144/dollars-for-life/"><em>Dollars for Life: The Anti-Abortion Movement and the Fall of the Republican Establishment</em></a>. The changing identification also might reflect the changing realities people are living in, rather than changing viewpoints, she said.
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“It’s likely that what states are doing now is too much for people,” Ziegler said. “People who might be totally fine with waiting periods and mandatory ultrasounds are looking at this and saying, ‘Sending people to jail if they have an abortion or if they perform an abortion at seven weeks gestation is not something I’m really interested in.’”
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Perhaps unsurprisingly, people who identify as for or against abortion rights tend to have vastly different ideas about issues like adoption, murder, and bodily autonomy, according to <a href="https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/05/17/pro-life-pro-choice-americans-see-different-poll">polling by YouGov</a>. Some 90 percent of those who say they are “pro-choice” believe forcing someone into an unwanted pregnancy infringes on their bodily autonomy; the same percentage of people who identify as “pro-life” believe abortion is the same as murdering a child.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CfyUED">
Undem also sees abortion as moving from an issue of women’s rights to a broader issue of power and control, and who has a voice in this country.
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“They think power is consolidated into a small handful of people of a particular view that represents the minority and this is just one thing. It’s a big thing, but they see it as part of this larger issue,” Undem said, that includes things like voting rights and democracy. “Everything’s changing, going backward, for the negative, and it’s almost like people are just feeling loss.”
</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>The Senate passes a landmark gun control package</strong> -
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<img alt="Under a sunny sky, a young boy holds a sign reading “I don’t want to be next.” Next to him, other young people hold signs reading “Stop killing our kids,” and “Blood is on Republican hands.”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5mVd15IuptuVININuV9EX1Vd1ag=/0x0:3661x2746/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71010791/GettyImages_1241248917.0.jpg"/>
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Gun control advocates demonstrate in Orlando, Florida in June 2022, following a spate of large mass shootings. | Paul Hennessy/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images
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The bill incentivizes red flag laws, narrows the “boyfriend loophole,” and more.
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The Senate passed a bipartisan package on gun safety Thursday night, ending a nearly 26-year impasse on the issue in the wake of a recent streak of major mass shootings.
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The “Bipartisan Safer Communities Act,” which passed 65-33<strong> </strong>after weeks of negotiations — and which is expected to become law, doesn’t go as far as many Democrats wanted. But it introduces tailored reforms meant to incentivize states to keep guns out of dangerous people’s hands, provide new protections for domestic violence victims, enhance screening for gun buyers under the age of 21, and crack down on illegal gun purchases and trafficking.
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The bill also provides billions of dollars in additional funding for school safety and mental health resources. Democrats have <a href="https://www.murphy.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/murphy-lays-out-bipartisan-gun-safety-framework">stressed</a> they don’t believe that America’s gun violence epidemic can be solved by investments in mental health resources, as Republicans have argued, but have said that they won’t pass up the opportunity to put more money towards mental health.
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The last time Congress passed a major piece of gun legislation was in 1994, when it enacted a now-expired 10-year ban on assault weapons. Though there were attempts to pass gun control legislation in Congress following the 2012 shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, they failed. The recent mass shootings at an elementary school in <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23140441/uvalde-shooting-robb-elementary-school-texas">Uvalde, Texas</a>, and at a supermarket in <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/5/16/23074812/buffalo-shooting-accelerationism-great-replacement-neo-nazi">Buffalo, New York</a> created a renewed urgency for some federal action on guns.
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Sens. John Cornyn of Texas (R-TX), Thom Tillis (R-NC) , Chris Murphy (D-CT), and Kyrsten Sinema (D-AZ) were the primary negotiators. Ultimately, 15 Republicans and 50 members of the<strong> </strong>Democratic caucus ended up joining them in voting for the bill.
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“It’s taken a decade, because for too long Congress has failed to make meaningful progress on gun safety reform,” President Joe Biden said in a <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/23/statement-by-president-biden-on-bipartisan-vote-to-advance-gun-safety-legislation/?category=108&amp;v=accessibility">statement</a> Thursday. “I call on Congress to finish the job and get this bill to my desk.”
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The bill is expected to go there shortly, after a vote in the Democrat-controlled House.
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What’s in the Senate’s gun control bill
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Unlike the 1994 law, the bill doesn’t explicitly ban any weapons. Instead, it creates new rules around gun ownership and provides incentives to states to enact their own gun control measures.
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The bill would allocate $750 million to supporting states in implementing extreme risk laws, or “red flag laws,” that temporarily prevent people who have been found by a court to pose a risk to themselves or others from obtaining a gun. Currently, <a href="https://everytownresearch.org/report/extreme-risk-laws-save-lives/">19 states and Washington, DC</a>, have red flag laws. Most of these states are controlled by Democrats, with the exception of Florida and Indiana.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GD2CQK">
Research has suggested that such laws can <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/red-flag-laws-can-save-lives-school-shooting-law-enforcement-gun-control-mental-health-11655652234?mod=opinion_lead_pos8">prevent mass shootings</a>, given that about half of mass shooters <a href="https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/public-mass-shootings-database-amasses-details-half-century-us-mass-shootings">tell someone</a> about their plans in advance and <a href="https://www.theviolenceproject.org/mass-shooter-database-3/key-findings/">exhibit</a> warning signs such as agitation, abusive behavior, depression, mood swings, an inability to perform daily tasks, and paranoia.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NXgMvP">
The bill would also close what’s called the “boyfriend loophole.” Under current federal law, only those who are convicted and are living with their partner, married to their partner, or have a child with their partner are barred from buying a gun.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="i7TmDR">
Some states have already <a href="https://giffords.org/memo/senate-proposal-on-gun-violence-prevention-package/">passed laws</a> to partially or completely close the loophole, but this would do so at a federal level by prohibiting people convicted of domestic violence while in a “dating relationship” — defined as a “relationship between individuals who have or have recently had a serious relationship of a romanic or intimate nature” — from purchasing firearms. People convicted of non-spousal misdemeanor domestic abuse would be able to own a gun again after five years if they keep a clean record under the bill. But convicted spouses would still be banned from purchasing guns for life.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="j3PmP9">
Gun buyers under the age of 21 would face enhanced background checks under the bill. They would be subject to an elongated, three-day initial review process of juvenile and mental health records, including checks with state databases and local law enforcement. If that initial review process turns up anything of concern, the buyer would have to undergo an additional review process spanning up to 10 days. The bill also provides additional funding to federal and local law enforcement to carry out those background checks and keep accurate criminal and mental health records.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="t0Lecj">
One other thing the measure would do is clarify and expand the definition of a “federally licensed firearms dealer.” That’s important because current federal law only requires that licensed gun dealers conduct background checks when someone attempts to buy a gun. However, unlicensed sellers, such as people who sell guns online or at gun shows, don’t have to conduct background checks.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5m1OC9">
Finally, the package creates new federal criminal offenses for interstate gun trafficking and making straw purchases, meaning someone buying a gun on behalf of someone else, but telling the seller that they’ll be the owner of the gun. Though straw purchases are currently illegal under federal law, the idea is that the new offense categories will give prosecutors more tools to target criminals.
</p>
<h3 id="HSmo8N">
The bill has a few critical omissions
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bYxtGD">
President Joe Biden, Democrats involved in the Senate negotiations, and gun control advocates have all said that the bill doesn’t go as far as they would like.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SIOvoe">
In a national address last month following the Uvalde shooting, Biden <a href="https://www.npr.org/2022/06/02/1102660499/biden-gun-control-speech-congress">advocated</a> for a ban on assault weapons and high-capacity magazines, raising the age to be able to buy a gun from 18 to 21, universal background checks, and allowing gun manufacturers to be sued if their weapons are used in violence.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JxnHDp">
None of those measures were adopted in the final version of the bill. But it’s been received as an important, incremental step towards further progress on gun control and a rare demonstration of bipartisanship on a hot-button issue that has stoked cultural divides.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4pgjSx">
Murphy <a href="https://www.murphy.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/murphy-lays-out-bipartisan-gun-safety-framework">said</a> in a press conference earlier this month that he would have rather just raised the minimum age to purchase a gun to 21 and implemented universal background checks. But Senate Democrats met Republicans in the middle by enhancing background checks for young gun buyers and strengthening requirements for federally licensed dealers to conduct background checks.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BLQ8SM">
“This bill doesn’t do everything. This bill will not end the epidemic of gun violence overnight. But it is substantial. It is significant. It will save lives, and it will provide us the momentum to be able to make further changes. That’s why I describe this as a breakthrough moment,” he added.
</p>
<h3 id="taajwh">
What happens now
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iHnQwW">
The bill is <a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3532667-pelosi-expecting-house-vote-on-senate-gun-bill-before-the-weekend/">expected to pass</a> the Democrat-controlled House before Congress breaks for a two-week July 4th recess at the close of business this week, though it’s possible that the vote might not happen until the weekend. Biden has said that <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/23/statement-by-president-biden-on-bipartisan-vote-to-advance-gun-safety-legislation/?category=108&amp;v=accessibility">he intends to sign it</a> once it reaches his desk.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FoybWj">
But that won’t happen without protest from the House Republican caucus. Unlike Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY), who supported the bill, all three House Republican leaders — House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy of California, House Minority Whip Steve Scalise, and House GOP conference Chairwoman Elise Stefanik — have <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/22/politics/house-republicans-bipartisan-gun-bill/index.html">rebuked it.</a>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="D4kfZG">
At least some House Republicans, however, have announced that they intend to vote for the bill, including Rep. Tony Gonzales, who represents Uvalde.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lsqZBJ">
“As a Congressman it’s my duty to pass laws that never infringe on the Constitution while protecting the lives of the innocent,” he <a href="https://twitter.com/TonyGonzales4TX/status/1539597135871606784?s=20&amp;t=7j1T3QC8QcHpjmrwXXeESg">tweeted</a> on Wednesday.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gLXBnM">
It’s not clear, however, whether the bill might face legal challenges under the Supreme Court’s Thursday decision in <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/20-843_7j80.pdf"><em>New York State Rifle &amp; Pistol Association v. Bruen</em></a>, which, as my colleague Ian Millhiser <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/6/23/23180205/supreme-court-new-york-rifle-pistol-clarence-thomas-second-amendment-guns">writes</a>, has put “vast swaths of American gun laws … in terrible danger.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TF2qpz">
The court created a whole new framework for evaluating gun control laws that purports to be based on the text of the Constitution, as well as the history of English and early American gun laws. That framework could jeopardize a number of provisions in the Senate bill, including modern inventions like red flag laws and protections for victims of domestic violence.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bz1EwZ">
That means that while it marks major progress, at least some of the bill could be vulnerable to legal challenges from pro-gun groups and states.
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tejaswin selection: AFI passes the buck to IOA</strong> - Tells Delhi HC it requires increase in quota for the Commonwealth Games</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>PCB to challenge IPL's proposed extended window at ICC meet</strong> - Ramiz Raja also said that while Pakistan is keen on playing India, the political equation between the neighbours continues to act as roadblocks.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Talking to Rohit Sharma, Rishabh Pant helped: Jemimah Rodrigues</strong> - The batter stars in India’s win over Sri Lanka on her return</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Adil Rashid to miss white-ball series against India for Hajj pilgrimage</strong> - India take on hosts England in a white-ball series, including three T20Is and as many ODIs from July 7 to 17</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Forest Flame, Priceless Gold, Rapidus, and Towering Presence please</strong> -</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>School Wiki awards announced</strong> - MM UPS, Maakkootam, wins first prize of ₹1.5 lakh</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Fire in electric vehicles: EV industry urged to ensure quality</strong> - Take care of quality or else it will spell disaster for the industry: Sumantran</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Candidates’ deposit for local body polls raised in Kerala</strong> - Revised amount has to be deposited for July 21 polls</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Andhra Pradesh: Two-day POW State conference begins in Ongole on June 25</strong> - It will chalk out an action plan to fight against atrocities of various kinds</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>NHRC notice to Environment Ministry on air pollution impacting life expectancy</strong> - The rights panel has issued notice to the Secretary of the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, seeking a report within four weeks.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Severodonetsk: Ukraine orders forces to withdraw from key eastern city</strong> - Severodonetsk is the current focus of Russia as it tries to take control of eastern Ukraine.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>EU awards Ukraine and Moldova candidate status</strong> - President Zelensky calls it a “unique and historical moment… Ukraine’s future is within the EU”.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Germany takes step closer to gas rationing</strong> - The country triggers the “alarm” stage of its emergency gas plan after a drop in Russian supplies.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>UK red kite success story sees chicks sent to Spain</strong> - The once near-extinct birds of prey are being flown abroad to help rescue dwindling Spanish populations.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nike latest brand to leave Russia permanently</strong> - Russia’s economic isolation deepens as more Western companies leave the country.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Come work for Ars and write about cool tech</strong> - Ars is hiring a Technology Reporter. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1862577">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rocket Report: SpaceX steamroller rolls on; Russian rocket workers are idled</strong> - “Bechtel’s poor performance is the main reason for the significant projected cost increases.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1861913">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>BA.4/BA.5 will soon be dominant in the US. Here’s what that means</strong> - With the BA.4/5 rise, it’s unclear what will come next—and if we’ll see it coming. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1862621">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>AR, meet ML: IKEA app lets you erase and replace your furniture</strong> - Called IKEA Kreativ, it will exist alongside the IKEA Place app. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1862598">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>In Russia, Western planes are falling apart</strong> - Aircraft operators are running out of options after months of sanctions. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1862587">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>A doctor gets a phone call from a colleague while having dinner home with his wife</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“We need a 4th for poker”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“I’ll be right over” says the doctor.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Is it serious?” His wife asks when she notices him quickly putting on his coat.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Oh yes.. there are 3 other doctors there already.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/SadJ3tsFan"> /u/SadJ3tsFan </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/vj782y/a_doctor_gets_a_phone_call_from_a_colleague_while/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/vj782y/a_doctor_gets_a_phone_call_from_a_colleague_while/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Can someone please tell me what the lowest rank in the military is?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Every time I ask someone, they say “It’s Private”.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/PresidentJeek"> /u/PresidentJeek </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/vjmia4/can_someone_please_tell_me_what_the_lowest_rank/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/vjmia4/can_someone_please_tell_me_what_the_lowest_rank/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Children are like farts.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
You’re proud of your own, but other people’s are kinda gross.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/drlongtrl"> /u/drlongtrl </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/vjgst9/children_are_like_farts/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/vjgst9/children_are_like_farts/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>A young boy says to his father “Dad, our maths teacher is asking to see you.”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“What happened?” The father asks.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
"Well, she asked me, ‘how much is 7 * 9?’ I answered ‘63’ , then she asked, ‘and 9 * 7?’ So I asked ‘what’s the fucking difference?’
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Indeed, what is the difference?” asks the father. ‘’Sure, I’ll go.’’
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The next day, the boy comes home from school and says, “Dad, have you gone by the school?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Not yet.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Well when you do, come and see the gym teacher also.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Why?” asks the father.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Well we had a gym class today, and he asked me to raise my left arm, I did. Then my right arm, I also raised it. Then he asked me to lift my right leg, so I did. ‘Now,’ he says, ‘lift your left leg,’ so I asked, ‘What, am I suppose to stand on…. my cock??’”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Exactly,” says the father. “Alright, I’ll come.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The next day, the boy asks his father “Did you go to the school?” “No, not yet.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Don’t bother, I got expelled.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Surprised, the father asks “Why did you get expelled?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Well, they summoned me to the principal’s office, and sitting there were the math teacher, the gym teacher, and the art teacher.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“The fuck was the art teacher doing there!?” asks the father.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“That’s what I said!”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/FancyAlligator"> /u/FancyAlligator </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/vj4dqe/a_young_boy_says_to_his_father_dad_our_maths/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/vj4dqe/a_young_boy_says_to_his_father_dad_our_maths/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>My son just asked me where poo comes from, I gave him a detailed explanation, where he then stood in stunned silence.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Then he asked, “What about Tigger?”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Puzzleheaded-Scar589"> /u/Puzzleheaded-Scar589 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/viyqwt/my_son_just_asked_me_where_poo_comes_from_i_gave/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/viyqwt/my_son_just_asked_me_where_poo_comes_from_i_gave/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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