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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Suspensions of prominent accounts minimally impact platform engagement</strong> -
<div>
Health-related misinformation online poses threats to individual well-being and undermines public health efforts. In response, many social media platforms have temporarily or permanently suspended accounts that spread misinformation, at the risk of losing traffic vital to platform revenue. Here we examine the impact on platform engagement following removal of six prominent accounts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Focused on those who engaged with the removed accounts, we find that suspension did not meaningfully reduce activity on the platform. Moreover, we find that removal of the prominent accounts minimally impacted the diversity of information sources consumed.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/x4jau/" target="_blank">Suspensions of prominent accounts minimally impact platform engagement</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Complex Adaptive Systems and Human Resource Management: Fostering a Thriving Workforce in the Post-Pandemic Era</strong> -
<div>
The outbreak of COVID-19 has presented unparalleled difficulties for both companies and their staff, resulting in a state of emergency that jeopardizes the welfare of employees and the prosperity of organizations. The present article delves into the prospects of human resource management (HRM) in promoting a workforce that is sustainable and thrives in diverse situations or paradigms through the lens of complex adaptive systems. An examination of the current body of literature indicates deficiencies in comprehending the function of HRM in fostering employee thriving, particularly within the framework of broader and more remote organizational contexts. The article utilizes the framework of complex adaptive systems to suggest various human resource strategies, policies, practices, systems, and processes that can enhance the thriving of the workforce. These strategies include initiatives aimed at promoting employee well-being, flexible working arrangements, and leadership that fosters inclusivity. The significance of HR executives in steering organizations through periods of crisis and recuperation is underscored, along with the imperative to reevaluate the definition of thriving in the context of the pandemic and its enduring ramifications. The article’s final remarks entail the identification of potential avenues for future research and practice in the field of HRM. The significance of HRM in fostering a workforce that is capable of thriving sustainably, both during and post-pandemic, is underscored.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/74pg5/" target="_blank">Complex Adaptive Systems and Human Resource Management: Fostering a Thriving Workforce in the Post-Pandemic Era</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Combinatorial Regimens Augment Drug Monotherapy for SARS-CoV-2 Clearance in Mice</strong> -
<div>
Direct acting antivirals (DAAs) represent critical tools for combating SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) that evolve to escape spike-based immunity and future coronaviruses with pandemic potential. Here, we used bioluminescence imaging to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of DAAs that target SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (favipiravir, molnupiravir) or Main protease (nirmatrelvir) against Delta or Omicron VOCs in K18-hACE2 mice. Nirmatrelvir displayed the best efficacy followed by molnupiravir and favipiravir in suppressing viral loads in the lung. Unlike neutralizing antibody treatment, DAA monotherapy did not eliminate SARS-CoV-2 in mice. However, targeting two viral enzymes by combining molnupiravir with nirmatrelvir resulted in superior efficacy and virus clearance. Furthermore, combining molnupiravir with Caspase-1/4 inhibitor mitigated inflammation and lung pathology whereas combining molnupiravir with COVID-19 convalescent plasma yielded rapid virus clearance and 100% survival. Thus, our study provides insights into treatment efficacies of DAAs and other effective combinations to bolster COVID-19 therapeutic arsenal.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543159v1" target="_blank">Combinatorial Regimens Augment Drug Monotherapy for SARS-CoV-2 Clearance in Mice</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The HLA-II immunopeptidome of SARS-CoV-2</strong> -
<div>
Targeted synthetic vaccines have the potential to transform our response to viral outbreaks; yet the design of these vaccines requires a comprehensive knowledge of viral immunogens, including T-cell epitopes. Having previously mapped the SARS-CoV-2 HLA-I landscape, here we report viral peptides that are naturally processed and loaded onto HLA-II complexes in infected cells. We identified over 500 unique viral peptides from canonical proteins, as well as from overlapping internal open reading frames (ORFs), revealing, for the first time, the contribution of internal ORFs to the HLA-II peptide repertoire. Most HLA-II peptides co-localized with the known CD4+ T cell epitopes in COVID-19 patients. We also observed that two reported immunodominant regions in the SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein are formed at the level of HLA-II presentation. Overall, our analyses show that HLA-I and HLA-II pathways target distinct viral proteins, with the structural proteins accounting for most of the HLA-II peptidome and non-structural and non-canonical proteins accounting for the majority of the HLA-I peptidome. These findings highlight the need for a vaccine design that incorporates multiple viral elements harboring CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes to maximize the vaccine effectiveness.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542482v1" target="_blank">The HLA-II immunopeptidome of SARS-CoV-2</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Single-cell multi-omic topic embedding reveals cell-type-specific and COVID-19 severity-related immune signatures</strong> -
<div>
The advent of single-cell multi-omics sequencing technology makes it possible for researchers to leverage multiple modalities for individual cells and explore cell heterogeneity. However, the high dimensional, discrete, and sparse nature of the data make the downstream analysis particularly challenging. Most of the existing computational methods for single-cell data analysis are either limited to single modality or lack flexibility and interpretability. In this study, we propose an interpretable deep learning method called multi-omic embedded topic model (moETM) to effectively perform integrative analysis of high-dimensional single-cell multimodal data. moETM integrates multiple omics data via a product-of-experts in the encoder for efficient variational inference and then employs multiple linear decoders to learn the multi-omic signatures of the gene regulatory programs. Through comprehensive experiments on public single-cell transcriptome and chromatin accessibility data (i.e., scRNA+scATAC), as well as scRNA and proteomic data (i.e., CITE-seq), moETM demonstrates superior performance compared with six state-of-the-art single-cell data analysis methods on seven publicly available datasets. By applying moETM to the scRNA+scATAC data in human bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs), we identified sequence motifs corresponding to the transcription factors that regulate immune gene signatures. Applying moETM analysis to CITE-seq data from the COVID-19 patients revealed not only known immune cell-type-specific signatures but also composite multi-omic biomarkers of critical conditions due to COVID-19, thus providing insights from both biological and clinical perspectives.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526312v2" target="_blank">Single-cell multi-omic topic embedding reveals cell-type-specific and COVID-19 severity-related immune signatures</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Geospatially-resolved public-health surveillance via wastewater sequencing</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Wastewater, which contains everything from pathogens to pollutants, is a geospatially- and temporally-linked microbial fingerprint of a given population. As a result, it can be leveraged for monitoring multiple dimensions of public health across locales and time. Here, we integrate targeted and bulk RNA sequencing (n=1,419 samples) to track the viral, bacterial, and functional content over geospatially distinct areas within Miami Dade County from 2020-2022. First, we used targeted amplicon sequencing (n=966) to track diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants across space and time, and we found a tight correspondence with clinical caseloads from University students (N = 1,503) and Miami-Dade County hospital patients (N = 3,939 patients), as well as an 8-day earlier detection of the Delta variant in wastewater vs. in patients. Additionally, in 453 metatranscriptomic samples, we demonstrate that different wastewater sampling locations have clinically and public-health-relevant microbiota that vary as a function of the size of the human population they represent. Through assembly, alignment-based, and phylogenetic approaches, we also detect multiple clinically important viruses (e.g., norovirus) and describe geospatial and temporal variation in microbial functional genes that indicate the presence of pollutants. Moreover, we found distinct profiles of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors across campus buildings, dorms, and hospitals, with hospital wastewater containing a significant increase in AMR abundance. Overall, this effort lays the groundwork for systematic characterization of wastewater to improve public health decision making and a broad platform to detect emerging pathogens.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.23290781v1" target="_blank">Geospatially-resolved public-health surveillance via wastewater sequencing</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>An explanation for SARS-CoV-2 rebound after Paxlovid treatment</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
In a fraction of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals treated with the oral antiviral Paxlovid, the virus rebounds following treatment. The mechanism driving rebound is not understood. Here, we show that viral dynamic models based on the hypothesis that Paxlovid treatment near the time of symptom onset halts the depletion of target cells, but may not fully eliminate the virus, which can lead to viral rebound. We also show that the occurrence of viral rebound is sensitive to model parameters, and the time treatment is initiated, which may explain why only a fraction of individuals develop viral rebound. Finally, the models are used to test the therapeutic effects of two alternative treatment schemes. These findings also provide a possible explanation for rebounds following other antiviral treatments for SARS-CoV-2.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.23290747v1" target="_blank">An explanation for SARS-CoV-2 rebound after Paxlovid treatment</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC MANIFESTATIONS OF COVID 19 ILLNESS AND DEVELOPMENT OF PERSISTENT RV DYSFUNCTION AND PULMANARY HYPERTENSION AS A LONG TERM SEQUELAE OF COVID 19 ILLNESS: A STUDY AMONG PATIENTS OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN REGION</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Abstract Objectives- To study the Echocardiographic manifestations of covid 19 illness among patients admitted in our facility, Correlate MAPSE, TAPSE, PASP, CRP levels and CTSI among covid 19 patients with their 28 day outcome as survivors and non survivors and to look for evidence of residual RV dysfunction and Pulmonary hypertension using TTE after 1 year of follow-up. Study design- Prospective observational study at various medical wards and ICUs in SMS medical college and associated hospitals. Methods- 258 patients with a Covid-19 RT-PCR positive report from a throat or a nasal swab within 72 hours of admission were included in the study. Each patient underwent a complete clinical assessment and routine blood investigations including CRP levels were done. A complete transthoracic echocardiogram was done within 48 hours of admission. Patients also underwent a HRCT chest and CTSI scores were estimated. All patients were followed for a period of 28 days. The MAPSE, TAPSE, PASP, CTSI and CRP levels were then correlated with the outcome of the patient. The survivors again underwent a TTE at 1 year after their recovery from covid-19 illness to look for residual RV dysfunction by TAPSE and the development of pulmonary hypertension as measured by PASP using Bernoulli?s equation. Results-Amongst patient of covid 19 illness the MAPSE, TAPSE, PASP, CTSI and CRP levels all correlated well with outcome of patients. While most covid-19 survivors recovered from their illness yet some patients showed evidence of persistent RV dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension even after 1 year of follow up.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.23290622v1" target="_blank">ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC MANIFESTATIONS OF COVID 19 ILLNESS AND DEVELOPMENT OF PERSISTENT RV DYSFUNCTION AND PULMANARY HYPERTENSION AS A LONG TERM SEQUELAE OF COVID 19 ILLNESS: A STUDY AMONG PATIENTS OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN REGION</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 viral replication persists in the human lung for several weeks after symptom onset in mechanically ventilated patients with severe COVID-19: a prospective tissue-sampling study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background. The immunopathogenesis of severe COVID-19 is incompletely understood. Remdesivir is not recommended in mechanically ventilated (MV) patients. In the upper respiratory tract (URT) replicating (culturable) SARS-CoV-2 is recoverable for ~ 4 to 8 days after symptom onset, however, there is paucity of data about the frequency or duration of replicating virus in the lower respiratory tract (i.e. the human lung). Methods. We undertook lung tissue sampling (needle biopsy), shortly after death, in 42 mechanically ventilated (MV) decedents during the Beta and Delta waves. An independent group of 18 ambulatory patents served as a comparative control. Lung biopsy cores from decedents underwent viral culture, histopathological analysis, electron microscopy, transcriptomic profiling, immunohistochemistry and cell-based flow cytometry of deconstructed tissue. Findings. 38% (16/42) of MV decedents had culturable virus in the lung for a median of 15 days (persisting for up to 4 weeks) after symptom onset compared to &lt; ~5 days in the URT of ambulatory patients. Lung viral culture positivity was not associated with comorbidities or steroid use. Delta but not Beta variant lung culture positivity was associated with accelerated death and secondary bacterial infection (p&lt;0.05). NP culture was negative in 23.1% (6/26) of decedents despite lung culture positivity. This, hitherto, undescribed bio-phenotype of lung-specific persisting viral replication was associated with an enhanced transcriptomic pulmonary pro-inflammatory response but concurrent with viral culture positivity. Interpretation. In a sizable subset of patients with acute COVID-19, concurrent, rather than sequential active viral replication continues to drive a heightened pro-inflammatory response in the human lung beyond the second week of illness (despite lack of viral replication in the URT) and was associated with variant-specific increased mortality and morbidity. These findings have potential implications for the design of interventional strategies and clinical management of patients with severe COVID-19 disease.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.23286834v2" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 viral replication persists in the human lung for several weeks after symptom onset in mechanically ventilated patients with severe COVID-19: a prospective tissue-sampling study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Potential for bias in (sero)prevalence estimates</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objectives: The COVID-19 has led to many studies of seroprevalence. A number of methods exist in the statistical literature to correctly estimate disease prevalence in the presence of diagnostic test misclassification, but these methods seem to be less known and not routinely used in the public health literature. We aimed to show how widespread the problem is in recent publications, and to quantify the magnitude of bias introduced when correct methods are not used. Methods: We examined a sample of recent literature to determine how often public health researcher did not account for test performance in estimates of seroprevalence. Using straightforward calculations, we estimated the amount of bias introduced when reporting the proportion of positive test results instead of using sensitivity and specificity to estimate disease prevalence. Results: Of the seroprevalence studies sampled, 87% failed to account for sensitivity and specificity. Expected bias is often more than is desired in practice, ranging from 1% to 10%. Conclusions: Researchers conducting studies of prevalence should correctly account for test sensitivity and specificity in their statistical analysis.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.24.22282720v5" target="_blank">Potential for bias in (sero)prevalence estimates</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Metagenomic sequencing detects human respiratory and enteric viruses in air samples collected from congregate settings.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Innovative methods for evaluating viral risk and spread, independent of test-seeking behavior, are needed to improve routine public health surveillance, outbreak response, and pandemic preparedness. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, environmental surveillance strategies, including wastewater and air sampling, have been utilized alongside widespread individual-based SARS-CoV-2 testing programs to provide population-wide data. To date, environmental surveillance strategies have mainly relied on pathogen-specific detection methods to monitor viruses through space and time. However, this provides a limited picture of the virome present in a sample, leaving us blind to most circulating viruses. In this study, we explore whether virus-agnostic deep sequencing can improve the utility of air sampling to detect human viruses captured in air samples. We show that sequence-independent single-primer amplification sequencing of nucleic acids from air samples can detect common and unexpected human respiratory and enteric viruses, including influenza virus type A and C, respiratory syncytial virus, human coronaviruses, rhinovirus, SARS-CoV-2, rotavirus, mamastrovirus, and astrovirus.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.23290648v1" target="_blank">Metagenomic sequencing detects human respiratory and enteric viruses in air samples collected from congregate settings.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Colocalization of expression transcripts with COVID-19 outcomes is rare across cell states, cell types and organs.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Identifying causal genes at GWAS loci can help pinpoint targets for therapeutic interventions. Expression studies can disentangle such loci but signals from expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) often fail to colocalize-which means that the genetic control of measured expression is not shared with the genetic control of disease risk. This may be because gene expression is measured in the wrong cell type, physiological state, or organ. We tested whether Mendelian randomization (MR) could identify genes at loci influencing COVID-19 outcomes and whether the colocalization of genetic control of expression and COVID-19 outcomes was influenced by cell type, cell stimulation, and organ. We conducted MR of cis-eQTLs from single cell (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA sequencing. We then tested variables that could influence colocalization, including cell type, cell stimulation, RNA sequencing modality, organ, symptoms of COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 status among individuals with symptoms of COVID-19. The outcomes used to test colocalization were COVID-19 severity and susceptibility as assessed in the Host Genetics Initiative release 7. Most transcripts identified using MR did not colocalize when tested across cell types, cell state and in different organs. Most that did colocalize likely represented false positives due to linkage disequilibrium. In general, colocalization was highly variable and at times inconsistent for the same transcript across cell type, cell stimulation and organ. While we identified factors that influenced colocalization for select transcripts, identifying 33 that mediate COVID-19 outcomes, our study suggests that colocalization of expression with COVID-19 outcomes is partially due to noisy signals even after following quality control and sensitivity testing. These findings illustrate the present difficulty of linking expression transcripts to disease outcomes and the need for skepticism when observing eQTL MR results, even accounting for cell types, stimulation state and different organs.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.23290694v1" target="_blank">Colocalization of expression transcripts with COVID-19 outcomes is rare across cell states, cell types and organs.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Prevalence of coronary artery disease among COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background Throughout the surge of the COVID-19 pandemic high rate of chronic diseases have been reported, including respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of coronary artery disease has remained high throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, which also draws great concern towards it. This study seeks to provide a pooled estimate of the burden of coronary artery disease in COVID-19. Objective To estimate the overall prevalence of coronary artery disease among COVID-19 patients. Data Sources In this systematic review and meta-analysis, an extensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, EBSCO ,Web of Science, Cochrane,Proquest and preprint servers (medRxiv, arXiv, bioRxiv, BioRN, ChiRxiv, ChiRN, and SSRN). References fo eligible articles, forward citation tracking, and expert opinion were used to identify other relevant articles. All published articles until 13 April 2023 were assessed as per the PROSPERO registration protocol (CRD42022367501). Study Selection, Data Extraction, and Synthesis Primary studies that reported coronary artery  disease among COVID-19 patients were included. The characteristics of the study and information on the number of cases of coronary artery disease were extracted from the included studies. Individual study estimates were pooled using the random intercept logistic regression model. The heterogeneity between the selected studies was assessed using the I2 statistic, tau, tau-squared, Cochran’s Q. Prediction interval was used to identify the range into which future studies are expected to fall. Subgroup analysis based on geography (continent) was done to reduce heterogeneity. Publication bias was analyzed using doi plot and LFK index. The risk of bias in the studies was assessed as per the tools proposed by the National Institute of Health.   Main outcomes The primary outcome was the pooled prevalence of coronary artery disease among COVID-19 patients within the examined population. ­ Results 510 records were initially retrieved from electronic databases in addition to other sources like reference screening. 33 studies with 40,064 COVID-19 patients were included for quantitative synthesis. The prevalence of coronary artery disease among COVID-19 patients was 15.24% (95% CI: 11.41% - 20.06%). The prediction interval ranged from 2.49% to 55.90%. The studies were highly heterogeneous (tau-sqaured of 0.89), and subgroup analysis significantly reduced it (test of moderators: Q = 14.77, df=2, P=.002). Europe reported the highest prevalence [21.70% (14.80% - 30.65%)], and Asia has the least prevalence [10.07% (6.55% - 15.19%)]. Meta-regression for sample size was not significant (P=.11). A symmetric doi plot and an LFK index of 0.57 revealed no evidence of publication bias or small-study effects. Conclusion The burden of coronary artery disease has been considerable, varying with geography. and further research in this area is needed. Routine cardiac screening and assessment of COVID-19 patients can help uncover undiagnosed cases, and better optimise the management of all COVID-19 patients.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.23290768v1" target="_blank">Prevalence of coronary artery disease among COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Omicron’s Intrinsic Gene-Gene Interactions Jumped Away from Earlier SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Gene Homologs between Humans and Animals</strong> -
<div>
Omicron and its subvariants have become the predominant SARS-CoV-2 variants worldwide. The Omicron’s basic reproduction number (R0) has been close to 20 or higher. However, it is not known what caused such an extremely high R0. This work aims to find an explanation for such high R0 Omicron infection. We found that Omicron’s intrinsic gene-gene interactions jumped away from earlier SARS-CoV-2 variants which can be fully described by a miniature set of genes reported in our earlier work. We found that the gene PTAFR (Platelet Activating Factor Receptor) is highly correlated with Omicron variants, and so is the gene CCNI (Cyclin I), which is conserved in chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, dog, cow, mouse, rat, chicken, zebrafish, and frog. The combination of PTAFR and CCNI can lead to a 100% accuracy of differentiating Omicron COVID-19 infection and COVID-19 negative. We hypothesize that Omicron variants were potentially jumped from COVID-19-infected animals back to humans. In addition, there are also several other two-gene interactions that lead to 100% accuracy. Such observations can explain Omicron’s fast-spread reproduction capability as either of those two-gene interactions can lead to COVID-19 infection, i.e., multiplication of R0s leads to a much higher R0. At the genomic level, PTAFR, CCNI, and several other genes identified in this work rise to Omicron druggable targets and antiviral drugs besides the existing antiviral drugs.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526736v2" target="_blank">Omicron’s Intrinsic Gene-Gene Interactions Jumped Away from Earlier SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Gene Homologs between Humans and Animals</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>CD4+ T-cell immunity of SARS-CoV-2 patients determine pneumonia development</strong> -
<div>
Most humans infected with SARS-CoV-2 will recover without developing pneumonia. A few SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, however, develop pneumonia, and occasionally develop cytokine storms. In such cases, it is assumed that there is an inadequate immune response to eliminate viral infected cells and an excessive inappropriate immune response causing organ damage, but little is known about this mechanism. In this study, we used single cell RNA sequencing and mass cytometry to analyze peripheral blood T cells from patients hospitalized with proven COVID-19 infection in order to clarify the differences in host immune status among COVID-19 pneumonia cases, non-pneumonia cases, and healthy controls. The results showed that a specific CD4+ T cell cluster with chemokine receptor expression patterns, CXCR3+CCR4-CCR6+ (Th1/17), was less abundant in COVID-19 pneumonia patients. Interestingly, these CD4+ T-cell clusters were identical to those we have reported to correlate with antitumor immunity and predict programmed cell death (PD)-1 blockade treatment response in lung cancer. The Th1/17 cell percentages had biomarker performance in diagnosing pneumonia cases. In addition, CTLA-4 expression of type17 helper T cells (Th17) and regulatory T cells (Treg) was found to be significantly lower. This indicates that functional suppression of Th17 was less effective and Treg function was impaired in pneumonia cases. These results suggest that imbalance of CD4+ T-cell immunity generates excessive immunity that does not lead to viral eradication. This might be a potential therapeutic target mechanism to prevent severe viral infections.
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543129v1" target="_blank">CD4+ T-cell immunity of SARS-CoV-2 patients determine pneumonia development</a>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Extracorporeal Photopheresis as a Possible Therapeutic Approach to Adults With Severe and Critical COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Procedure: Extracorporeal photopheresis<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Del-Pest Central Hospital - National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Investigation of the Effect on Cognitive Skills of COVID-19 Survivors</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: green walking and intelligence gam<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Bayburt University;   Karadeniz Technical University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of Safety, Tolerability, Reactogenicity, Immunogenicity of Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 2 as a Booster for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19 Vaccine;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: 50 μg Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 2;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Baiya Phytopharm Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effect of Special Discharge Training in the COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pneumonia<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: COVID-19 Discharge Education<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Kilis 7 Aralik University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Physiotherapy in Mutated COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Physiotherapy<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Giresun University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>To Explore the Regulatory Effect of Combined Capsule FMT on the Levels of Inflammatory Factors in Peripheral Blood of Patients With COVID-19 During Treatment.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Fecal Microbiota Transplantation;   COVID-19 Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Procedure: Fecal microbiota transplantation<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Telerehabilitation Program and Detraining in Patients With Post-COVID-19 Sequelae</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Telerehabilitation program<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Campus docent Sant Joan de Déu-Universitat de Barcelona<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 3 Study of Novavax Vaccine(s) as Booster Dose After mRNA Vaccines</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: NVX-CoV2373;   Biological: SARS-CoV-2 rS antigen/Matrix-M Adjuvant<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Novavax<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Amongst Underserved Populations in East London</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Influenza;   Vaccination Refusal<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: Patient Engagement tool<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Queen Mary University of London;   Social Action for Health<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Learn About How Loss of Liver Function Affects the Blood Levels of the Study Medicine Called PF-07817883.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: PF-07817883<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Pfizer<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies for Long COVID (COVID-19)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Long COVID;   Post-Acute Sequela of COVID-19;   Post-Acute COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: AER002;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Michael Peluso, MD;   Aerium Therapeutics<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dose Exploration Intramuscular/Intravenous Prophylaxis Pharmacokinetic Exposure Response Study</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: AZD3152;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   AstraZeneca<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID Frequent Antigen Testing</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Respiratory Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Diagnostic Test: SARS CoV-2 antigen tests<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   IDX20 Inc;   National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD)<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study to Assess Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of the repRNA(QTP104) Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2(COVID-19)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   SARS-CoV-2<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: QTP104 1ug;   Biological: QTP104 5ug;   Biological: QTP104 25ug<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Quratis Inc.<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effects of Individual Tailored Physical Exercise in Patients With POTS After COVID-19 - a Randomized Controlled Study</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome;   COVID-19;   Post COVID-19 Condition;   Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Individual tailored exercise<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Karolinska Institutet;   Karolinska University Hospital<br/><b>Enrolling by invitation</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>PACT inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 through the blockage of GSK-3β-N-nsp3 cascade</strong> - The protein activator of protein kinase R (PKR) (PACT) has been shown to play a crucial role in stimulating the host antiviral response through the activation of PKR, retinoic acid-inducible gene I, and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5. Whether PACT can inhibit viral replication independent of known mechanisms is still unrevealed. In this study, we show that, like many viruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hijacks GSK-3β to facilitate its replication….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 isolation in cell culture from nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs or saliva specimens of patients with COVID-19</strong> - It has been revealed that SARS-CoV-2 can be efficiently isolated from clinical specimens such as nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs or saliva in cultured cells. In this study, we examined the efficiency of viral isolation including SARS-CoV-2 mutant strains between nasal/nasopharyngeal swab or saliva specimens. Furthermore, we also examined the comparison of viral isolation rates by sample species using simulated specimens for COVID-19. As a result, it was found that the isolation efficiency of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Facile Strategy to Construct Anti-Swelling, Antibacterial and Antifogging Coatings for Protection of Medical Goggles</strong> - During the COVID-19 pandemic, traditional medical goggles are not only easy to attach bacteria and viruses in long-term exposure, but also easy to fogged up, which increases the risk of infection and affects productivity. Bacterial adhesion and fog can be significantly inhibited through the hydrogel coatings, owing to their super hydrophilic properties. But on the one hand, hydrophilic hydrogel coatings are easy to absorb water and swell in wet environment, resulting in reduced mechanical…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Secreted ORF8 induces monocytic pro-inflammatory cytokines through NLRP3 pathways in patients with severe COVID-19</strong> - Despite extensive research, the specific factor associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection that mediates the life-threatening inflammatory cytokine response in patients with severe COVID-19 remains unidentified. Herein we demonstrate that the virus-encoded Open Reading Frame 8 (ORF8) protein is abundantly secreted as a glycoprotein in vitro and in symptomatic patients with COVID-19. ORF8 specifically binds to the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) in CD14^(+) monocytes to…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nsp14 of SARS-CoV-2 inhibits mRNA processing and nuclear export by targeting the nuclear cap-binding complex</strong> - To facilitate selfish replication, viruses halt host gene expression in various ways. The nuclear export of mRNA is one such process targeted by many viruses. SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome, also prevents mRNA nuclear export. In this study, Nsp14, a bifunctional viral replicase subunit, was identified as a novel inhibitor of mRNA nuclear export. Nsp14 induces poly(A)+ RNA nuclear accumulation and the dissolution/coalescence of nuclear speckles. Genome-wide…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>In Silico Screening of Drugs That Target Different Forms of E Protein for Potential Treatment of COVID-19</strong> - Recently the E protein of SARS-CoV-2 has become a very important target in the potential treatment of COVID-19 since it is known to regulate different stages of the viral cycle. There is biochemical evidence that E protein exists in two forms, as monomer and homopentamer. An in silico screening analysis was carried out employing 5852 ligands (from Zinc databases), and performing an ADMET analysis, remaining a set of 2155 compounds. Furthermore, docking analysis was performed on specific sites…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Combination Therapy for the Treatment of Shingles with an Immunostimulatory Vaccine Virus and Acyclovir</strong> - Practically the entire global population is infected by herpesviruses that establish lifelong latency and can be reactivated. Alpha-herpesviruses, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1/HSV-2) and varicella zoster virus (VZV), establish latency in sensory neurons and then reactivate to infect epithelial cells in the mucosa or skin, resulting in a vesicular rash. Licensed antivirals inhibit virus replication, but do not affect latency. On reactivation, VZV causes herpes zoster, also known as…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Discovery of Polyphenolic Natural Products as SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup> Inhibitors for COVID-19</strong> - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has forced the development of direct-acting antiviral drugs due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The main protease of SARS-CoV-2 is a crucial enzyme that breaks down polyproteins synthesized from the viral RNA, making it a validated target for the development of SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. New chemical phenotypes are frequently discovered in natural goods. In the current study, we used a fluorogenic assay to test a…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Neutralizing antibody levels and epidemiological information of patients with breakthrough COVID-19 infection in Toyama, Japan</strong> - Breakthrough infection (BI) after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination has exploded owing to the emergence of various SARS-CoV-2 variants and has become a major problem at present. In this study, we analyzed the epidemiological information and possession status of neutralizing antibodies in patients with BI using SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped viruses (SARS-CoV-2pv). Analysis of 44 specimens diagnosed with COVID-19 after two or more vaccinations showed high inhibition of infection by 90% or…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Circulating ACE2 level and zinc/albumin ratio as potential biomarkers for a precision medicine approach to COVID-19</strong> - Highly mutable influenza is successfully countered based on individual susceptibility and similar precision-like medicine approach should be effective against SARS-COV-2. Among predictive markers to bring precision medicine to COVID-19, circulating ACE2 has potential features being upregulated in both severe COVID-19 and predisposing comorbidities. Spike SARS-CoVs were shown to induce ADAM17-mediated shedding of enzymatic active ACE2, thus accounting for its increased activity that has also been…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Discovery of quinazolin-4-one-based non-covalent inhibitors targeting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 main protease (SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup>)</strong> - The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 continues to pose a great threat to public health while various vaccines are available worldwide. Main protease (M^(pro)) has been validated as an effective anti-COVID-19 drug target. Using medicinal chemistry and rational drug design strategies, we identified a quinazolin-4-one series of nonpeptidic, noncovalent SARS-CoV-2 M^(pro) inhibitors based on baicalein, 5,6,7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one. In particular, compound C7 exhibits superior…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Aurones: A Promising Scaffold to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Replication</strong> - Aurones are a small subgroup of flavonoids in which the basic C(6)-C(3)-C(6) skeleton is arranged as (Z)-2-benzylidenebenzofuran-3(2H)-one. These compounds are structural isomers of flavones and flavonols, natural products reported as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of a series of 25 aurones bearing different oxygenated groups (OH, OCH(3), OCH(2)OCH(3), OCH(2)O, OCF(2)H, and OCH(2)C(6)H(4)R) at the A- and/or…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phytochemicals and micronutrients in suppressing infectivity caused by SARS-CoV-2 virions and seasonal coronavirus HCoV-229E in vivo</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 infection still poses health threats especially to older and immunocompromised individuals. New emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2, including Omicron and Arcturus, have been challenging the effectiveness of humoral immunity resulting from repeated vaccination and infection. With recent study implying a wave of new mutants in vaccinated people making them more susceptible to the newest variants and fueling a rapid viral evolution, there is a need for alternative or adjunct approaches…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Impact of disposable mask microplastics pollution on the aquatic environment and microalgae growth</strong> - The COVID-19 pandemic has mandated people to use medical masks to protect the public. However the improper management of disposable mask waste has led to the increase of marine pollution, in terms of water quality, and the decline in aquatic microorganisms. The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of disposable mask waste on fresh water and microalgae biomass quality. Disposable masks (untreated or treated with Enterococcus faecalis) were placed in 10-L glass reactors containing…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Olmesartan alleviates SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein induced renal fibrosis by regulating HMGB1 release and autophagic degradation of TGF-β1</strong> - Background and aims: Renal damage in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly associated with mortality. Finding relevant therapeutic candidates that can alleviate it is crucial. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) have been shown to be harmless to COVID-19 patients, but it remains elusive whether ACEIs/ARBs have protective benefits to them. We wished to determine if ACEIs/ARBs had a protective effect on the renal damage…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Sound and Fury of the House Freedom Caucus</strong> - To raise the debt ceiling, Kevin McCarthy had to defy the Republican Party’s most conservative members. Will he pay a price? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-political-scene/the-sound-and-fury-of-the-house-freedom-caucus">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Confession Exposes India’s Secret Hacking Industry</strong> - The country has developed a lucrative speciality: cyberattacks for hire. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-crime/a-confession-exposes-indias-secret-hacking-industry">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Turkish Elections Swung from Hope to Despair</strong> - The corrupt state that President Erdoğan built essentially guaranteed his reëlection. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-turkish-elections-swung-from-hope-to-despair">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Abortion Fight Has Voters Turning to Ballot Initiatives</strong> - And Republicans are increasingly attempting to limit that direct-democracy option. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-abortion-fight-has-voters-turning-to-ballot-initiatives">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Irrational Exuberance of a Non-Catastrophe</strong> - The bipartisan debt deal was a win for both Biden and McCarthy, but it might not have been the breakthrough Washington was waiting for. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/the-irrational-exuberance-of-a-non-catastrophe">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Scandoval is bad for personal lives, really good for business</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/s-AFriNZUKxGwd_VOGkGwb2453k=/312x0:2979x2000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72334873/1255957478.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Ariana Madix, the true winner of the Scandoval, on <em>Today</em>. | Nathan Congleton/NBC via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The Scandoval affair is a blight and a blessing for the Vanderpump Rules cast.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EfDRBT">
The realest thing about Bravo’s hit-show-turned-true-crime-affair-documentary<em> Vanderpump Rules</em> is something that no one can actually say on camera: Everyone in the cast’s real job is to create great television.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="coUWwf">
Technically, the show began with the conceit that they had other jobs: working at Lisa Vanderpump’s Sexy Unique Restaurant a.k.a. SUR. Sadly, these attractive people’s long-held dreams of being actors or writers or musicians or whatever were extremely unlikely to come true on their own terms, thanks in part to their messy personal lives. Over the years, and with each passing season, it became more and more clear that the cast members were accruing real fame from the show itself, thanks entirely to those messy personal lives. They couldn’t actually acknowledge that, however, because it would break the illusion that these people were just servers and bartenders at an acronym restaurant.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xCWodh">
And nothing has broken that illusion, or the strange economy of the show and its attendant businesses, quite like the “Scandoval” — a hidden-in-plain-sight affair between cast members Tom Sandoval and Raquel Leviss that broke the nine-year relationship between Sandoval and girlfriend Ariana Madix.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ls9qfE">
Scandoval has turned <em>Vanderpump Rules</em> into Bravo’s crown jewel. The<a href="https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/vanderpump-rules-scandoval-episode-series-high-ratings-bravo-1235619339/"> finale tallied</a> a combined 4.1 million viewers from Bravo and Peacock, a series high. <em>Vanderpump</em>’s rise in viewership brought more media visibility and commercial attention to Madix and her cast members, the elusive off-camera success that they’re all chasing together.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Lj2ves">
This terrible thing that’s happened to Madix has, at the same time, been the best thing for the cast’s collective businesses and job security. Witnessing the cast scramble and Rumpelstiltskin Madix’s personal disaster into gold is both strange and satisfying TV. It’s the clearest the show has ever been about its own artifice, how reality television is made, how it operates, and how lucrative it can be.
</p>
<h3 id="jvsZBO">
Oh no, this terrible thing happened — here, cry into some money
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vfmDOX">
In the lead-up to the reunion, trailers promised that the three-part event would be full of revelations. In the first reunion episode, one reveal was Madix and Katie Maloney reporting they made around $200,000 in online merch sales attached to their yet-unopened sandwich shop, Something About Her.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NER4TS">
“We were always going to do merch in the shop, and we thought that was something we would do, like, down the road,” Madix told Andy Cohen. “But then people were saying ‘How can we support you?’ And so we launched it early.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EUjaM6">
The support for Madix has also manifested in an <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/18/style/ariana-madix-tom-sandoval-vanderpump-rules.html">interview with</a> the New York Times, an invite to the White House Correspondents’ Association Dinner, an <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CrQ0AE9Lo_U/?hl=en">advertisement</a> for bougie department store Bloomingdale’s, a fake move from the home she shares with Sandoval <a href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2023-05-24/ariana-madix-tom-sandoval-vanderpump-rules-move-out-staged-sofi-ad">sponsored by SoFi</a>, a <a href="https://www.etonline.com/vanderpump-rules-star-ariana-madix-in-talks-to-join-dancing-with-the-stars-202412">rumored casting on</a> <em>Dancing With the Stars</em>,<em> </em>and, among other perks, a <em>Watch What Happens Live</em> solo interview with Cohen himself.<a href="https://people.com/tv/who-is-daniel-wai-ariana-madix/#:~:text=Get%20to%20know%20Ariana%20Madix,new%20man%20named%20Daniel%20Wai."> Madix is also reportedly</a> dating a new man named Daniel Wai, a muscular<a href="https://www.instagram.com/thestrongwai/?hl=en"> fitness influencer</a>. Plus, with all this mess that she’s endured, it seems like her status as a cast member on the next season of <em>Vanderpump Rules</em> is all but cemented — even if the cast<a href="https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a43928194/vanderpump-rules-filming-contracts/"> is still negotiating</a> new contracts. Madix has become the fan favorite. People will want to see her life post-Sandoval.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Lala Kent, Lisa Vanderpump, and Ariana Madix pose together in long dresses." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/a4MciDdswIFwq3buHWMWgz9EqQI=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24696721/1252372915.jpg"/> <cite>Stefani Reynolds/AFP via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Lala Kent, Lisa Vanderpump, and Ariana Madix at the White House Correspondents’ Association Dinner.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5Dn0oE">
Madix isn’t the first Bravolebrity to use a show to promote their own business; that’s kind of the whole game. Her producer and boss on the show, Lisa Vanderpump, has been the master at shilling her restaurants and her wine. But Madix might be the first Bravoleb to achieve this level of financial and cultural success by something like an accident. Like any good tragedy, it’s almost fitting that her ex Sandoval’s enduring storyline on the show has been his multiple, fruitless attempts to get more legitimately famous, so famous that he wouldn’t need the show anymore.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sX1GqL">
Fans have chosen Madix in the fallout, and the outrage against Sandoval has driven them to support Madix in quantifiable (merch sales) and unquantifiable (fame) ways. The payoff for being a wronged party on Bravo is pretty handsome — much more than being the man who wronged.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WoaEkS">
Madix’s fellow cast members smartly began closing ranks behind her too. In the first two episodes of the reunion, Lala Kent and DJ James Kennedy have been the most vocal anti-Sandovalers. They mock him at every turn, and even rebuked bosses Lisa Vanderpump and Andy Cohen when told to cool it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mYZVcn">
Granted, it’s very easy to see that Madix is the wronged party, but you also can’t dismiss that it behooves Vanderpumpers to cause drama, be messy, and in this case, have larger-than-life emotions about Sandoval and Leviss. Kent, along with cast member Scheana Shay, recently appeared with Madix in an <a href="https://www.youtube.com/shorts/39EePow7jJU">UberEats commercial</a> that smirks at Madix’s newfound “freedom.” Kent has also been selling “<a href="https://shoplalakent.com/products/send-it-to-darrell-black-hoodie">Send it to Darrell</a>” merchandise, a reference to Leviss legally threatening her with a cease and desist. <a href="https://time.com/6280723/james-kennedy-vanderpump-rules/">Kennedy, long hated, is now perceived</a> as a fan favorite, the No. 1 guy in the group. Maloney, a partner in the sandwich shop, is making bank from those merch sales.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XARZVi">
On-screen, the story is simple: Madix and her friends hate Sandoval. But off-screen, these people are also her co-workers. Her break-up has become a way for them to cash in. On Bravo, personal misery is a tide that raises all boats.
</p>
<h3 id="Ucptje">
Lisa Vanderpump doesn’t want to have to pick a side
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rk8Y6Z">
Sandoval and Leviss’s affair has also benefited Vanderpump herself. The former queen bee of the <em>Real Housewives of Beverly Hills</em> produces the show, and Scandoval busted the show out of its lull and into a ratings peak. Ten seasons in, there’s never been a better time to have a piece of <em>Vanderpump Rules. </em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9dku8G">
Even as Vanderpump has a part in orchestrating the machinations and dramas on her series, however, she also portrays herself as a mother figure on it.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/auknNJbsT8jUS5KDm0XzxhPA6Us=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24696727/1255109607.jpg"/> <cite>Nicole Weingart/Bravo via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Lisa Vanderpump sitting next to Tom Sandoval, who was called a “worm with a mustache” during the <em>Vanderpump Rules</em> reunion.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WbezWa">
In the finale episode, there’s a moment when Sandoval comes to her house and seeks comfort from Vanderpump. Logically, it makes sense because she’s been there since the very beginning and mentored him. She’s long created opportunities for him, both personal and professional. On the couch at her estate, he cries so aggressively that it invites scrutiny about his own authenticity, and then picks himself up and continues to cry while staring out of one of Vanderpump’s beautiful windows and into her expansive backyard. It’s raining, and he’s crying, and she’s watching him cry. You can almost see Vanderpump realize that this is a perfectly unhinged TV moment, and she takes a split second — maybe analyzing how she’ll be perceived, how not to ruin the shot, how to make better television — before she goes over there to comfort him.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GpgJju">
Many of <a href="https://www.vulture.com/2023/04/is-scandoval-drama-good-for-business.html">Vanderpump’s restaurants</a> — SUR, Villa Blanca, and the Vanderpump Cocktail Garden in Vegas, among others — stand to benefit from the hullaballoo, but she has been vocal in downplaying the affair, saying that Sandoval and Leviss<a href="https://pagesix.com/2023/03/08/lisa-vanderpump-on-tom-sandoval-raquel-leviss-affair-backlash/"> didn’t actually murder anyone</a>. (Perhaps this leap in logic is why Vanderpump manages a restaurant on a television show instead of being a criminal defense lawyer.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lU3FEN">
She again asked for cooler heads during the reunion, telling cast member Lala Kent not to call Sandoval “dangerous” and, like Cohen, proceeded to point out that “a lot of other people” on the cast cheated with one another prior to the Scandoval.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bumy8o">
It’s worth noting that Vanderpump also has a <a href="https://www.bravotv.com/vanderpump-rules/style-living/lisa-vanderpump-on-tom-sandoval-excluding-her-from-schwartz-sandys#:~:text=Although%20Sandoval%20and%20Schwartz%20didn,needed%20money%2C%E2%80%9D%20Lisa%20explained.">financial stake</a> in Sandoval and Tom Schwartz’s eponymous TomTom bar. TomTom, which opened in 2018, was endlessly promoted on the show. Multiple episodes were spent on Vanderpump, Sandoval, and Schwartz conceptualizing, creating, and finally opening the West Hollywood locale. Her ties to Sandoval’s name may explain why she’s been demonstrably kinder to Sandoval than the rest of the cast since the scandal broke (a choice <a href="https://pagesix.com/2023/05/19/lisa-vanderpump-defends-supporting-tom-sandoval-after-backlash/">fans have noticed)</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="S0Kvzp">
Sandoval has also seemed aware of how much his affair is affecting his own personal business (<a href="https://www.yelp.com/biz/schwartz-and-sandy-s-los-angeles">fans review-bombed</a> his restaurant Schwartz and Sandy’s on Yelp), and has tried to do what he can to change the narrative. In the second part of the reunion, there’s an extended sequence where he pleads with producers to speak with Leviss off-camera, and is irritated when he’s denied. There’s also a moment when host Andy Cohen asks Leviss whether she’s been coached by Sandoval. And, at one point, the TomTom co-owner mutters under his breath that he’s losing the reunion.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rAWB1R">
While seeing Sandoval get his comeuppance is good reality television, there’s a question of whether or not this is actually sustainable for the show. For those financially invested in his story — Vanderpump, Sandoval, Cohen, and arguably the rest of the cast — fans can’t just hate Sandoval, they need to love to hate him. The most challenging thing for <em>Vanderpump Rules</em> is how to keep this momentum going heading into next season or whether that’s even possible.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="The cast of Vanderpump Rules sit together and talk on television. " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/pXAiAB-pzRUoakiiCLhYYQSn30E=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24696734/1255109633.jpg"/> <cite>Nicole Weingart/Bravo via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Both these men have kissed this woman.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EfLJ5J">
On the one hand, Vanderpump and Bravo need the cast to be themselves, vicious to the point where people watch. On the other, Vanderpump and Bravo and ostensibly Cohen need the cast to remain largely intact to keep the ratings going. Even though the cast members hate Sandoval and Leviss on television, they’ve also got to realize that Sandoval and Leviss are very good for everyone’s fame. And for viewers, this all becomes a strange television experience as you’re watching the lines between performance and business and reality vaporize with each frame.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qGIN0u">
Since Leviss and Sandoval are so disliked, cast members won’t be champing at the bit to film with them and risk being perceived as friendly. There’s also the possibility that one or both won’t come back to the show (since Scandoval broke,<a href="https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/raquel-leviss-mental-health-treatment-questioned-by-peter-dayna/"> Leviss has released statements</a> about the toll it’s taken on her mental health). And if the main culprits are gone, what happens to the central drama of the show? What about the ratings?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zwFZFx">
During the reunion, perhaps to mitigate some of the damage, Cohen pointed out that almost every single cast member on the show has cheated and that being so vehemently anti-Sandoval and Leviss makes them seem like hypocrites.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Xlkq98">
But this is Andy Cohen, and this is Bravo, and this is<em> Vanderpump Rules</em>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="y28U7k">
Cohen calling out the <em>Vanderpump Rules</em> cast for being hypocrites is like a ringmaster berating his clowns. People come to the circus for clownery, and <em>Vanderpump Rules</em> is the circus. The ratings don’t lie. The three-part reunion doesn’t either. <em>Vanderpump</em>’s stars know what sells and what’s going to make them famous. Through the Scandoval, it’s probably the most honest (and lucrative) the show has ever been.
</p></li>
<li><strong>Climate change is already making parts of America uninsurable</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Fire fills a canyon behind a partially burned house on the eastern flank of the Jesusita fire at night on May 8, 2009 in the mountains overlooking Montecito, just south of Santa Barbara, California." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/nW_8yYqz7w_pqbqMrfVAs239wWY=/206x0:2873x2000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72334820/GettyImages_86861003.0.jpeg"/>
<figcaption>
California has experienced the costliest wildfires in the US in recent years. Some insurance companies are rethinking their business in the state. | David McNew/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“We’re steadily marching toward an uninsurable future.” 
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ityjND">
In a <a href="https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Looking-Forward-April-2023.pdf">report published in April</a>, California Insurance Commissioner Ricardo Lara admonished the industry to better account for far-reaching risks like those wrought by climate change.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IdzzDx">
“The insurance sector no longer has the luxury of thinking only of the year ahead,” he wrote. “Insurance companies, regulators, and consumers all must learn to consider and prepare for the long-term.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sBJRN6">
A week ago, California’s largest insurer did just that — but perhaps not in the way Lara had hoped.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dIJD7Z">
<a href="https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Looking-Forward-April-2023.pdf">State Farm</a> announced that it will not accept any new applications for business or personal property and casualty insurance in the Golden State. The company, accounting for <a href="https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/120-company/04-mrktshare/2021/upload/Top25grps2021wa_Revised.pdf">20 percent of bundled home insurance policies</a> and 13 percent of commercial policies in California, said it was facing “historic increases in construction costs outpacing inflation, rapidly growing catastrophe exposure, and a challenging reinsurance market.” It will still keep existing policy holders on its books for now, but the announcement signals that risks are growing beyond what State Farm, a company <a href="https://newsroom.statefarm.com/2022-by-the-numbers/#:~:text=The%20net%20worth%20for%20State,billion%20at%20year%2Dend%202020.">worth $131 billion</a> at the end of 2022, can bear.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BgnCNy">
Insuring property in California has been a dicey proposition in recent years. Torrential rainfall this past winter caused as much as <a href="https://www.insurancebusinessmag.com/us/news/catastrophe/california-flood-losses-revealed-434097.aspx">$1.5 billion in insured losses this year</a>. The state has also suffered the <a href="https://www.iii.org/fact-statistic/facts-statistics-wildfires">costliest wildfires in US</a> history, including the <a href="https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/11/13/18092580/paradise-california-wildfire-2018">2018 Camp Fire</a>, which led to more than $10 billion in losses.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mG8JOM">
Human action is driving many of these risks. <a href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CASTHPI">Real estate prices</a> have been rising in California for decades, and populations are growing in the places most vulnerable to <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-fastest-population-growth-in-the-wests-wildland-urban-interface-is-in-areas-most-vulnerable-to-wildfires-173410">burning</a> and <a href="https://oag.ca.gov/environment/impact">flooding</a>. Decades of suppressing natural fires have allowed fuel for wildfires to accumulate to dangerously high levels. Humans are also <a href="https://www.vox.com/climate/23648274/climate-change-report-ipcc-ar6-warming-overshoot">heating up</a> the planet, lifting sea levels, amplifying downpours, and exacerbating the conditions for massive blazes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="egM3aV">
So when disasters do occur, they cause extraordinary damage to lives, livelihoods, and property. These threats have led insurance companies to drop existing policies or stop issuing new coverage. “It’s not just the risk of loss but the magnitude of loss when a California house burns down,” said <a href="https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/clee/about/people/dave-jones-2/">Dave Jones</a>, who served as California’s insurance commissioner from 2011 until 2018. “That trend has only gotten worse over time.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0i7bqy">
State Farm <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/wildfire-risk-in-california-drives-insurers-to-pull-policies-for-pricey-homes-11642593601">isn’t the first insurance company to cut back in California</a>, and states like <a href="https://www.nola.com/news/business/here-are-the-louisiana-insurers-that-have-gone-broke-or-left-the-state-amid-deepening/article_c7f077b4-3e98-11ed-86c9-f7f11037202f.html">Louisiana</a> and <a href="https://www.wuft.org/news/2023/03/07/florida-residents-being-dropped-by-private-insurance-companies-turn-to-state-backed-insurer/">Florida have also seen insurers decline coverage</a> due to mounting catastrophic losses. “We’re steadily marching toward an uninsurable future, not just in California but throughout the United States,” said Jones, who now leads the Climate Risk Initiative at the University of California Berkeley School of Law.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5DGdCI">
That in turn stands to ripple throughout the economy. Insurance is the major financial signal of where risks lie, and changes in coverage availability and cost can spur individuals, businesses, and policymakers to change their behavior. Insurance can alter where people live and whether they can rebuild in the wake of a calamity. But climate change is just one of several issues at play here, and the march toward uninsurability began decades ago. Bringing risks to a more manageable level will require systemic action to reduce the threat, from better building codes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions overall.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jTyIPe">
State Farm’s shift is a sign that climate change isn’t a far-off threat; it’s having effects today, on people’s lives and now in the financial sector. And more companies will likely follow their lead.
</p>
<h3 id="PEn0q2">
Climate change poses a conundrum for insurers
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Iy165n">
The reasons State Farm gave for declining new insurance coverage — higher construction costs, more expensive reinsurance, and increasing disaster risk — are all interrelated, though not exclusively due to climate change.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mqiqxt">
Remember that the goal of insurance is to spread out the risk of catastrophes like fires, floods, earthquakes, and storms. “Ideally, from the insurance company perspective, you have risks that materialize randomly,” said <a href="https://earthjustice.org/staff/sean-hecht">Sean Hecht</a>, managing attorney at the California regional office for Earthjustice who studies insurance and climate change. The problem is that climate change often raises the chances of these events occurring at the same time and in the same place, an effect known as correlated risk.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ifhelv">
At the same time, rising interest rates have made it more expensive to borrow money to buy property. Lingering supply chain disruptions for <a href="https://www.vox.com/22410713/lumber-prices-shortage">materials like lumber</a> have driven up the costs of building new homes. California is facing a <a href="https://calmatters.org/commentary/2023/01/california-housing-shortage-triggers-cycle-of-despair/">dire housing shortage</a>, driving up the value of existing real estate and making it far more expensive to replace destroyed buildings. And new building codes intended to better withstand disasters and reduce greenhouse gas emissions are making <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/30/business/energy-environment/californias-solar-housing-costs.html">construction more expensive</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ILc2Qx">
That means a lot of money is on the line when it starts to pour or when a wildfire ignites. “There’s a lot of insured value that ends up in claims that have to be paid all at the same time. That creates risks for the solvency of insurers,” Hecht said. “More expensive housing and more expensive construction exacerbates that same problem.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XJfMKo">
Insurance companies can cushion these blows with <a href="https://www.vox.com/22686124/climate-change-insurance-flood-wildfire-hurricane-risk">reinsurance</a>. It’s pretty much what it sounds like: insurance for insurance companies. Reinsurance providers act as a backstop and help front-line insurers cover claims when a massive disaster strikes. As a result, international reinsurers like Swiss Re keep a close eye on global systemic risks branching from rising average temperatures. “It’s actually reinsurers that have been sounding the alarm about climate change and disaster risk for decades,” said Hecht.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Od0wr1">
Reinsurers have also been grappling with massive payouts due to correlated disasters, and some have responded by raising their rates.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="F9Ed7e">
One bit of good news is that <a href="https://www.vox.com/23150467/natural-disaster-climate-change-early-warning-hurricane-wildfire">extreme weather events are killing fewer people</a>. That’s due to a number of factors, including better warning systems, more robust evacuation strategies, and construction codes that can better withstand floods, fires, and winds. But the global population is growing in size, particularly in areas likely to see future disasters, and it’s growing richer, which makes these events more costly when they happen.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gpRVKa">
NOAA reports that the US has already seen seven disasters this year with a damage <a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/">tally exceeding $1 billion</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vB5ZP3">
That’s a massive challenge for insurance companies and for policymakers. If insurers priced their policies in line with growing risks, they’ll soon be too expensive for all but the wealthiest people, leaving the most vulnerable with no protection. If rates are capped too low, insurers may not have enough money to cover all their claims or stay in business. In California, some insurance companies ended up leaving the market or <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/california-wildfires-home-insurers-dropping-homeowners/">dropping their customers altogether</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EbJXy3">
Policymakers imposed limits on how much insurers could <a href="https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/local/california/california-senate-pushes-to-stabilize-the-homeowners-insurance/509-5a9e7d5e-ad86-433e-b554-1da9ed7468d3">raise rates</a>, whether they could <a href="https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/140-catastrophes/MandatoryOneYearMoratoriumNonRenewals.cfm">drop existing customers</a>, and how much they could <a href="https://www.eenews.net/articles/calif-scared-off-its-biggest-insurer-more-could-follow/">factor climate change into their calculations</a>. Some of these restrictions have since loosened, but not enough for State Farm.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YdFint">
There are other approaches as well. The federal government created the National Flood Insurance Program to cover flood losses since few private insurers would underwrite these policies. The program, however, is more than <a href="https://www.fema.gov/case-study/nfip-debt">$20 billion in debt</a> and had to <a href="https://www.eenews.net/articles/flood-insurance-rates-will-soar-in-some-areas-fema-says/">raise rates</a> last year, leading a number of homeowners to drop coverage.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Jpvagf">
California does have a program called the <a href="https://www.cfpnet.com/">FAIR Plan</a>, which is intended as an insurer of last resort for wildfires. But it has <a href="https://www.kcra.com/article/california-fair-plan-wildfire-insurance-what-is-it-how-can-i-get-it/40574517">very expensive policies</a> compared to private insurers. Jones suggested that one approach to expand coverage would be to subsidize these policies for low-income people in high-risk areas. The high price of the insurance plan, however, is an important warning sign. “What we shouldn’t do is artificially suppress insurance prices,” he said. “It’s expensive because it reflects the real risk of wildfire.”
</p></li>
<li><strong>Why a military AI-enabled drone went rogue in a simulation</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Silhouette of spy drone flying over the sea at sunset." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5dyYLzuhkFbBHl55ZxH7Xk-dLc0=/264x0:4488x3168/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72334789/GettyImages_1303811801.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Silhouette of spy drone flying over the sea. | Getty Images/iStockphoto
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
And what it tells us about the growing existential threat of powerful but uncontrolled AI.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JZ5hsY">
At an<a href="https://www.aerosociety.com/news/highlights-from-the-raes-future-combat-air-space-capabilities-summit/"> international defense conference in London this week</a>, Col. Tucker Hamilton, the chief of AI test and operations for the US Air Force, told a funny — and terrifying — story about military AI development.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QnQrgS">
“We were training [an AI-enabled drone] in simulation to identify and target a SAM [surface-to-air missile] threat. And then the operator would say yes, kill that threat. The system started realizing that while it did identify the threat at times, the human operator would tell it not to kill that threat, but it got its points by killing that threat. So what did it do? It killed the operator. It killed the operator because that person was keeping it from accomplishing its objective.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QMGAud">
“We trained the system — ‘Hey don’t kill the operator — that’s bad. You’re gonna lose points if you do that.’ So what does it start doing? It starts destroying the communication tower that the operator uses to communicate with the drone to stop it from killing the target.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rf7W0w">
In other words, the AI was trained to destroy targets unless its operator told it not to. It quickly figured out that the best way to get as many points as possible was to ensure its human operator couldn’t<em> </em>tell it not to. And so it took the operator off the board. (To be clear, the test was a virtual simulation, and no human drone operators were harmed.)
</p>
<h3 id="tT09CX">
When ridicule turns to fear
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eLvXQ4">
As AI systems get more powerful, the fact it’s often hard to get them to do precisely what we want them to do risks going from a fun eccentricity to a very scary problem. That’s one reason there were so many signatories this week to <a href="https://www.safe.ai/statement-on-ai-risk">yet another open letter on AI risk</a>, this one from the Center for AI Safety. The open letter is, in its entirety, a single sentence: “Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MYdCRx">
Signatories included 2018 Turing Award winners Geoffrey Hinton and Yoshua Bengio, both leading and deeply respected AI researchers; professors from world-renowned universities — Oxford, UC Berkeley, Stanford, MIT, Tsinghua University — and leaders in industry, including OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis, Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei, and Microsoft’s chief scientific officer Eric Horvitz.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6ey7cZ">
It also marks a rapid shift in how seriously our society is taking the sci-fi-sounding possibility of catastrophic, even existentially bad outcomes from AI. Some of AI academia’s leading lights are increasingly coming out as concerned about extinction risks from AI. Bengio, a professor at the Université de Montréal, and a co-winner of the 2018 A.M. Turing Award for his extraordinary contributions to deep learning, recently <a href="https://yoshuabengio.org/2023/05/22/how-rogue-ais-may-arise/#:~:text=A%20potentially%20rogue%20AI%20could,agents%20without%20sufficient%20alignment%20guarantees.">published a blog post</a>, “How rogue AIs may arise,” that makes for gripping reading.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="znFGbW">
“Even if we knew how to build safe superintelligent AIs,” he writes. “It is not clear how to prevent potentially rogue AIs to also be built. … Much more research in AI safety is needed, both at the technical level and at the policy level. For example, banning powerful AI systems (say beyond the abilities of GPT-4) that are given autonomy and agency would be a good start.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ELzTHh">
Hinton, a fellow recipient of the 2018 A.M. Turing Award for his contributions as a leader in the field of deep learning, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/01/technology/ai-google-chatbot-engineer-quits-hinton.html">has also spoken out</a> in the last two months, calling existential risk from AI a real and troubling possibility. (The third co-recipient, Meta’s chief AI scientist Yann LeCun, <a href="https://twitter.com/ylecun/status/1663616081582252032">remains a notable skeptic</a>.)
</p>
<h3 id="b1vYz4">
Welcome to the resistance
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="k0ILdR">
Here at Future Perfect, of course, we’ve <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/11/2/18053418/elon-musk-artificial-intelligence-google-deepmind-openai">been arguing</a> that AI poses a genuine risk of human extinction since back in 2018. So it’s heartening to see a growing consensus that this is a problem – and growing interest in how to fix it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8hHUKE">
But I do worry about the degree to which the increased acknowledgment that these risks are real, that they’re not science fiction, and that they’re our job to solve has yet to really change the pace of efforts to build powerful AI systems and transform our society.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="L9meCi">
Col. Hamilton, who told the story of how the simulated military AI would kill its handlers so they couldn’t call it off, had the takeaway that “you can’t have a conversation about artificial intelligence, intelligence, machine learning, autonomy if you’re not going to talk about ethics and AI.” Yet concerns like this haven’t stopped the Pentagon from <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/05/us/politics/ai-military-war-nuclear-weapons-russia-china.html">going ahead</a> with artificial intelligence research and deployment, <a href="https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2023-03/news/pentagon-seeks-facilitate-autonomous-weapons-deployment">including autonomous weapons</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aRhTbE">
Personally, my takeaway from this story was more like, let’s stop deploying more powerful AI systems, and avoid giving them more ability to take massively destructive actions in the real world, until we have a very clear conception of how we’ll know they are safe.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1u6SJZ">
Otherwise, it feels disturbingly plausible that we’ll be pointing out the signs of catastrophe all around us, right up until the point that we’re walking into disaster.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LdtOwk">
<em>A version of this story was initially published in the Future Perfect newsletter. </em><a href="https://confirmsubscription.com/h/d/A2BA26698741513A"><em><strong>Sign up here to subscribe!</strong></em></a>
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Wrestlers’ protest | ‘Khap mahapanchayat’ in Kurukshetra demands arrest of WFI chief, gives Govt. time till June 9</strong> - The “khap mahapanchayat” deliberated on the next steps to be taken in the agitation pertaining to the wrestlers’ issue</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>RPPL planning to have at least five street circuits in India by 2025, says Akhil Reddy</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Members of 1983 World Cup-winning team support wrestlers, urge them not to take hasty decision</strong> - In a joint statement, the 1983 triumphant team said it was distressed and disturbed after seeing the visuals of wrestlers being manhandled but also hoped that law of the land will prevail.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Thailand Open badminton: Lakshya enters semifinals, Kiran loses</strong> - The 21-year-old from Almora punched the air after unleashing a jump smash which sealed his 21-19 21-11 win over the qualifier from Malaysia in the quarterfinals</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Want justice for wrestlers, but after due process of law: Sports Minister Anurag Thakur</strong> - Sports Minister Anurag Thakur said the Delhi Police is expected to file a chargesheet in the matter soon. “All of us are in favour of a speedy investigation,” he added.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Duplicate Malabar Gold &amp; Diamonds showroom in Pakistan shut down following legal battle</strong> - The company, in a statement, said it filed a legal case against Muhammad Faizan, a Pakistani national who illegally used the Malabar Gold &amp; Diamonds brand name to operate a jewellery store in Islamabad.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tremendous anger among people on the way MVA govt. was toppled: Prithviraj Chavan</strong> - He said that seat sharing between the Congress, NCP and Shiv Sena (UBT) was tough but all constituents wanted the MVA to continue</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Andhra Pradesh: Civil Supplies Department will distribute finger millet in Rayalaseema, wheat in North Andhra region from July, says Minister</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Process for regularisation of services of VRAs initiated, says CM</strong> - Committee constituted to work out modalities for regularising services of JPS</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Women find their footing in tourism in flood-ravaged Kuttanad</strong> - While a group of six has opened water sports and entertainment park at a waterlogged paddy polder, others have opened cafeterias, health tourism clinic</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Brics ministers call for rebalancing of global order away from West</strong> - The talks attended by Russia in South Africa are clouded by allegations of war crimes in Ukraine.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anthony Taylor: PGMOL condemns abuse directed at Europa League final referee</strong> - Referees’ body PGMOL says it is appalled by the abuse directed at Anthony Taylor by supporters at Budapest Airport after the Europa League final.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Poland’s quest to retrieve priceless Nazi-looted art</strong> - A 16th Century Italian painting looted by the Nazis has been returned to Poland from Japan.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Andrew Tate BBC interview: Influencer challenged on misogyny and rape allegations</strong> - This is the influencer’s first TV interview with a major broadcaster while under house arrest.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Belgorod: Russia blames Ukraine for shelling inside border</strong> - The defence ministry claims it has also thwarted attempts by Kyiv to “invade” the Belgorod region.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Oppo Find N2 review: Beautiful hardware that Android just can’t deal with</strong> - Square-screened Android devices don’t play well with the app ecosystem. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1908663">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rocket Report: SpaceX pushing ahead on Starbase, North Korea launch failure</strong> - “The world is putting objects into space quicker than they are being removed.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1943474">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dealmaster: Discounts on games, toys, laptops, and more</strong> - Savings on laptops, games, and toys to keep you entertained this summer. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1943519">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A bigger battery and three rows of seats for US-market VW ID Buzz</strong> - Everyone’s favorite EV minivan goes on sale in North America in 2024. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1943692">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Boeing finds two serious problems with Starliner just weeks before launch</strong> - “Safety is always our top priority, and that drives this decision.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1943847">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The husband leans over and asks his wife "Do you remember the first time we had sex together over fifty years ago?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
We went behind the village tavern where you leaned against the back fence and I made love to you."
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Yes, she says, “I remember it well.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
OK, he says, “How about taking a stroll around there again and we can do it for old time’s sake?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Oh Jim, you old devil, that sounds like a crazy, but good idea!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A police officer sitting in the next booth heard their conversation and, having a chuckle to himself, he thinks to himself, I’ve got to see these two old-timers having sex against a fence. I’ll just keep an eye on them so there’s no trouble. So he follows them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The elderly couple walks haltingly along, leaning on each other for support aided by walking sticks. Finally, they get to the back of the tavern and make their way to the fence The old lady lifts her skirt and the old man drops his trousers. As she leans against the fence, the old man moves in..
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Then suddenly they erupt into the most furious sex that the policeman has ever seen. This goes on for about ten minutes while both are making loud noises and moaning and screaming. Finally, they both collapse, panting on the ground.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The policeman is amazed. He thinks he has learned something about life and old age that he didn’t know.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
After about half an hour of lying on the ground recovering, the old couple struggle to their feet and put their clothes back on.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The policeman, is still watching and thinks to himself, this is truly amazing, I’ve got to ask them what their secret is.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
So, as the couple passes, he says to them, “Excuse me, but that was something else. You must’ve had a fantastic sex life together. Is there some sort of secret to this?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Shaking, the old man is barely able to reply,
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Fifty years ago that wasn’t an electric fence.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/HelpingHandsUs"> /u/HelpingHandsUs </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13y1nwm/the_husband_leans_over_and_asks_his_wife_do_you/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13y1nwm/the_husband_leans_over_and_asks_his_wife_do_you/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What do you call a hot babe you met at a party that’s blackout drunk?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
An Uber
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Bezbozny"> /u/Bezbozny </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13xtuo5/what_do_you_call_a_hot_babe_you_met_at_a_party/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13xtuo5/what_do_you_call_a_hot_babe_you_met_at_a_party/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nothing is built in America these days. I just bought a TV and it said “Built In Antenna”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I don’t even know where that is!
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/sbiltihs"> /u/sbiltihs </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13xqfaa/nothing_is_built_in_america_these_days_i_just/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13xqfaa/nothing_is_built_in_america_these_days_i_just/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>There was an old professor who started every class with a vulgar joke…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
After one particularly nasty example, the women in the class decided to walk out the next time he started.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The professor got wind of this plot, so the next morning he walked in and said, “Good morning, class. Did you hear the one about the shortage of whores in Newfound Land?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
With that, all the women stood up and headed for the door.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Wait, ladies,” called the professor, “The boat doesn’t leave until tomorrow!”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/HelpingHandsUs"> /u/HelpingHandsUs </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13y9q0x/there_was_an_old_professor_who_started_every/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13y9q0x/there_was_an_old_professor_who_started_every/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What does sushi have in common with anal?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
You either love it, hate it, or you’re scared to try it. And if you hate it, people keep trying to convince you that yours just wasn’t prepared properly.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Mareep_needs_Sleep"> /u/Mareep_needs_Sleep </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13xrl3y/what_does_sushi_have_in_common_with_anal/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13xrl3y/what_does_sushi_have_in_common_with_anal/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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