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<title>04 July, 2023</title>
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<title>Covid-19 Sentry</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Alternative cell entry mechanisms for SARS-CoV-2 and multiple animal viruses</strong> -
<div>
The cell entry mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, is not fully understood. Most animal viruses hijack cellular endocytic pathways as an entry route into the cell. Here, we show that in cells that do not express serine proteases such as TMPRSS2, genetic depletion of all dynamin isoforms blocked the uptake and strongly reduced infection with SARS-CoV-2 and its variant Delta. However, increasing the viral loads partially and dose-dependently restored infection via a thus far uncharacterized entry mechanism. Ultrastructural analysis by electron microscopy showed that this dynamin-independent endocytic processes appeared as 150-200 nm non-coated invaginations and was efficiently used by numerous mammalian viruses, including alphaviruses, influenza, vesicular stomatitis, bunya, adeno, vaccinia, and rhinovirus. Both the dynamin-dependent and dynamin-independent infection of SARS-CoV-2 required a functional actin cytoskeleton. In contrast, the alphavirus Semliki Forest virus, which is smaller in diameter, required actin only for the dynamin-independent entry. The presence of TMPRSS2 protease rescued SARS-CoV-2 infection in the absence of dynamins. Collectively, these results indicate that some viruses such as canine parvovirus and SARS-CoV-2 mainly rely on dynamin for endocytosis-dependent infection, while other viruses can efficiently bypass this requirement harnessing an alternative infection entry route dependent on actin.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.02.547368v1" target="_blank">Alternative cell entry mechanisms for SARS-CoV-2 and multiple animal viruses</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Lack of detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Wildlife from Kerala, India in 2020-21</strong> -
<div>
Spill over of SARs-CoV-2 into a variety of wild and domestic animals has been an ongoing feature of the human pandemic. The establishment of a new reservoir in white tailed deer in North America and increasing divergence of the viruses circulating in them from those circulating in the human population has highlighted the ongoing risk this poses for global health. Some parts of the world have seen more intensive monitoring of wildlife species for SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses but there are still very large gaps in geographical and species-specific information. This paper reports negative results for SARS-CoV-2 PCR based testing using a pan coronavirus end point RDRP PCR and a Sarbecovirus specific E gene qPCR on lung and or gut tissue from wildlife from the Indian State of Kerala. These animals included: 121 Rhinolophus rouxii (Rufous Horsehoe Bat), 6 Rhinolophus bedommei (Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat), 15 Rossettus leschenaultii (Fulvous Fruit Bat), 47 Macaca radiata (Bonnet macaques), 35 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Common Palm Civet), 5 Viverricula indica (Small Indian Civet), 4 Herpestes edwardsii (Common Mongoose), 10 Panthera tigris (Bengal Tiger), 8 Panthera pardus fusca (Indian Leopard), 4 Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cats), 2 Felis chaus (Jungle cats), 2 Cuon alpinus (Wild dogs), and 1 Melursus ursinus (sloth bear).
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547244v1" target="_blank">Lack of detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Wildlife from Kerala, India in 2020-21</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Antigenic cartography using variant-specific hamster sera reveals substantial antigenic variation among Omicron subvariants</strong> -
<div>
SARS-CoV-2 has developed substantial antigenic variability. As the majority of the population now has pre-existing immunity due to infection or vaccination, the use of experimentally generated animal immune sera can be valuable for measuring antigenic differences between virus variants. Here, we immunized Syrian hamsters by two successive infections with one of eight SARS-CoV-2 variants. Their sera were titrated against 14 SARS-CoV-2 variants and the resulting titers visualized using antigenic cartography. The antigenic map shows a condensed cluster containing all pre-Omicron variants (D614G, Alpha, Delta, Beta, Mu, and an engineered B.1+E484K variant), and a considerably more distributed positioning among a selected panel of Omicron subvariants (BA.1, BA.2, BA.4/5, the BA.5 descendants BF.7 and BQ.1.18; the BA.2.75 descendant BN.1.3.1; and the BA.2-derived recombinant XBB.2). Some Omicron subvariants were as antigenically distinct from each other as the wildtype is from the Omicron BA.1 variant. The results highlight the potential of using variant-specifically infected hamster sera for the continued antigenic characterisation of SARS-CoV-2.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.02.547076v1" target="_blank">Antigenic cartography using variant-specific hamster sera reveals substantial antigenic variation among Omicron subvariants</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Informing pandemic response in the face of uncertainty. An evaluation of the U.S. COVID-19 Scenario Modeling Hub</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Our ability to forecast epidemics more than a few weeks into the future is constrained by the complexity of disease systems, our limited ability to measure the current state of an epidemic, and uncertainties in how human action will affect transmission. Realistic longer-term projections (spanning more than a few weeks) may, however, be possible under defined scenarios that specify the future state of critical epidemic drivers, with the additional benefit that such scenarios can be used to anticipate the comparative effect of control measures. Since December 2020, the U.S. COVID-19 Scenario Modeling Hub (SMH) has convened multiple modeling teams to make 6-month ahead projections of the number of SARS-CoV-2 cases, hospitalizations and deaths. The SMH released nearly 1.8 million national and state-level projections between February 2021 and November 2022. SMH performance varied widely as a function of both scenario validity and model calibration. Scenario assumptions were periodically invalidated by the arrival of unanticipated SARS-CoV-2 variants, but SMH still provided projections on average 22 weeks before changes in assumptions (such as virus transmissibility) invalidated scenarios and their corresponding projections. During these periods, before emergence of a novel variant, a linear opinion pool ensemble of contributed models was consistently more reliable than any single model, and projection interval coverage was near target levels for the most plausible scenarios (e.g., 79% coverage for 95% projection interval). SMH projections were used operationally to guide planning and policy at different stages of the pandemic, illustrating the value of the hub approach for long-term scenario projections.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.23291998v1" target="_blank">Informing pandemic response in the face of uncertainty. An evaluation of the U.S. COVID-19 Scenario Modeling Hub</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Projecting COVID-19 intensive care admissions in the Netherlands for policy advice: February 2020 to January 2021</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Introduction: Model projections of COVID-19 incidence into the future help policy makers about decisions to implement or lift control measures. During 2020, policy makers in the Netherlands were informed on a weekly basis with short-term projections of COVID-19 intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. Here we present the model and the procedure by which it was updated. Methods: the projections were produced using an age-structured transmission model. A consistent, incremental update procedure that integrated all new surveillance and hospital data was conducted weekly. First, up-to-date estimates for most parameter values were obtained through re-analysis of all data sources. Then, estimates were made for changes in the age-specific contact rates in response to policy changes. Finally, a piecewise constant transmission rate was estimated by fitting the model to reported daily ICU admissions, with a change point analysis guided by Akaike9s Information Criterion. Results: The model and update procedure allowed us to make mostly accurate weekly projections, accounting for recent and future policy changes, and to adapt the estimated effectiveness of the policy changes based only on the natural accumulation of incoming data. Discussion: The model incorporates basic epidemiological principles and most model parameters were estimated per data source. Therefore, it had potential to be adapted to a more complex epidemiological situation, as it would develop after 2020.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.23291989v1" target="_blank">Projecting COVID-19 intensive care admissions in the Netherlands for policy advice: February 2020 to January 2021</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A new Omicron lineage with Spike Y451H mutation that dominated a new COVID-19 wave in Kilifi, Coastal Kenya: March-May 2023</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
We report a newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage, named FY.4, that has two unique mutations; spike:Y451H and ORF3a:P42L. FY.4 emergence has coincided with increased SARS-CoV-2 cases in coastal Kenya, April-May 2023. We demonstrate the value of continued SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance in the post-acute pandemic era in understanding new COVID-19 outbreaks.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.23292158v1" target="_blank">A new Omicron lineage with Spike Y451H mutation that dominated a new COVID-19 wave in Kilifi, Coastal Kenya: March-May 2023</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Integration of human organoids single-cell transcriptomic profiles and human genetics repurposes critical cell type-specific drug targets for severe COVID-19</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Human organoids recapitulate the cell type diversity and function of their primary organs holding tremendous potentials for basic and translational research. Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology and genome-wide association study (GWAS) have accelerated the biological and therapeutic interpretation of trait-relevant cell types or states. Here, we constructed a computational framework to integrate atlas-level organoid scRNA-seq data, GWAS summary statistics, expression quantitative trait loci, and gene-drug interaction data for distinguishing critical cell populations and drug targets relevant to COVID-19 severity. We found that 39 cell types across eight kinds of organoids were significantly associated with COVID-19 outcomes. Notably, subset of lung mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) increased proximity with fibroblasts predisposed to repair COVID-19-damaged lung tissue. Brain endothelial cell subset exhibited significant associations with severe COVID-19, and this cell subset showed a notable increase in cell-to-cell interactions with other brain cell types, including microglia. We repurposed 33 druggable genes, including IFNAR2, TYK2, and VIPR2, and their interacting drugs for COVID-19 in a cell-type-specific manner. Overall, our results showcase that host genetic determinants have cellular specific contribution to COVID-19 severity, and identification of cell type-specific drug targets may facilitate to develop effective therapeutics for treating severe COVID-19 and its complications.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.23292161v1" target="_blank">Integration of human organoids single-cell transcriptomic profiles and human genetics repurposes critical cell type-specific drug targets for severe COVID-19</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Inclusion Criteria for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Due to COVID-19: A Systematic Review</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Introduction: At the end of 2019, in the city of Wuhan, China, a virus of the family of coronaviruses first appeared, mainly affecting the respiratory system, which was called SARS-COV-2 and causes COVID-19. Although in most patients, it occurs with mild symptomatology, however, a significant percentage (15-30%) will develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with increased chances of intubation and mechanical ventilation. In special cases of severe disease, where the oxygenation of the patient is not improved by the use of the ventilator, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be applied, a technique that has been used in previous pandemics that affected the respiratory system. Aim: To investigate the evidence of the appliance of the ECMO, based on international literature, of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenator in patients with severe respiratory failure due to Covid-19 disease. Method: Articles were searched on the international bases of scientific studies PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. This review was carried out using meta-analysis and international guidelines. Results: Four articles were included where there was an agreement on the basic characteristics of patients, which can be considered as selection criteria. The primary criteria indicate the age, where the patient must be under 65 years old, and the body mass index (BMI) should be below 40. In addition, it is very important that there is no serious underlying pathology such as multi-organ failure syndrome. Also, the mechanical ventilation should not exceed seven (7) days until the placement of the ECMO, while all the other therapeutic methods, such as the prone position, neuromuscular blockers, and the appropriate positive end-expiratory pressure of the airways (Positive end-expiratory pressure - PEEP) should be already applied. Conclusions: The application of ECMO is widely used as a treatment for patients with severe COVID-19 disease. However, in order to have the best therapeutic results while reducing hospitalization costs, it is necessary to follow the guidelines regarding the selection of patients who will benefit substantially. Key Words: ECMO, ECMO criteria, ECMO guidelines, ARDS, Covid-19 treatment, ICU
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.01.23291847v1" target="_blank">Inclusion Criteria for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Due to COVID-19: A Systematic Review</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The impact of COVID-19 on household energy consumption in England and Wales from April 2020 – March 2022</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic changed the way people lived, worked, and studied around the world, with direct consequences for domestic energy use. This study assesses the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns in the first two years of the pandemic on household electricity and gas use in England and Wales. Using data for 508 (electricity) and 326 (gas) homes, elastic net regression, neural network and extreme gradient boosting predictive models were trained and tested on pre-pandemic data. The most accurate model for each household was used to create counterfactuals (predictions in the absence of COVID-19) against which observed pandemic energy use was compared. Median monthly model error (CV(RMSE)) was 3.86% (electricity) and 3.19% (gas) and bias (NMBE) was 0.21% (electricity) and -0.10% (gas). Our analysis showed that on average (electricity; gas) consumption increased by (7.8%; 5.7%) in year 1 of the pandemic and by (2.2%; 0.2%) in year 2. The greatest increases were in the winter lockdown (January – March 2021) by 11.6% and 9.0% for electricity and gas, respectively. At the start of 2022 electricity use remained 2.0% higher while gas use was around 1.9% lower than predicted. Households with children showed the greatest increase in electricity consumption during lockdowns, followed by those with adults in work. Wealthier households increased their electricity consumption by more than the less wealthy and continued to use more than predicted throughout the two-year period while the less wealthy returned to pre-pandemic or lower consumption from summer 2021. Low dwelling efficiency was associated with a greater increase in energy consumption during the pandemic. Additionally, this study shows the value of different machine learning techniques for counterfactual modelling at the individual-dwelling level, and our approach can be used to robustly estimate the impact of other events and interventions.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/m5p3b/" target="_blank">The impact of COVID-19 on household energy consumption in England and Wales from April 2020 – March 2022</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>“Lessons from the COVID War”: An incomplete analysis of U.S. COVID-19 policies</strong> -
<div>
A new book, “Lessons from the COVID War”, attempts to analyze reasons for the failure to contain the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the United States. Based primarily on interviews with government officials and advisors, it neglects the quantitative studies of virus spread and containment associated with testing, tracing, and quarantine. More successful policies of several countries that had a fraction of the U.S. COVID-19 death rate are ignored.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/9x3jy/" target="_blank">“Lessons from the COVID War”: An incomplete analysis of U.S. COVID-19 policies</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>RNA structure and multiple weak interactions balance the interplay between RNA binding and phase separation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid</strong> -
<div>
The nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds viral RNA, condensing it inside the virion, and phase separating with RNA to form liquid-liquid condensates. There is little consensus on what differentiates sequence-independent N-RNA interactions in the virion or in liquid droplets from those with specific genomic RNA motifs necessary for viral function inside infected cells. To identify the RNA structures and the N domains responsible for specific interactions and phase separation, we use the first 1000nt of viral RNA and short RNA segments designed as models for single-stranded and paired RNA. Binding affinities estimated from fluorescence anisotropy of these RNAs to the two folded domains of N (the NTD and CTD) and comparison to full-length N demonstrate that the NTD binds preferentially to single-stranded RNA, and while it is the primary RNA binding site, it is not essential to phase separation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy identifies two RNA binding sites on the NTD: a previously characterized site and an additional although weaker RNA-binding face that becomes prominent when binding to the primary site is weak, such as with dsRNA or a binding-impaired mutant. Phase separation assays of nucleocapsid domains with different RNA structures support a model where multiple weak interactions, such as with the CTD or the NTD's secondary face promote phase separation, while strong, specific interactions do not. These studies indicate that both strong and multivalent weak N-RNA interactions underlie the multifunctional abilities of N.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.02.547440v1" target="_blank">RNA structure and multiple weak interactions balance the interplay between RNA binding and phase separation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Prothrombotic factors associated with COVID-19 complications: A systematic review preprint.</strong> -
<div>
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic caused deaths and severe clinical complications associated with thrombosis and hypercoagulability, motivating this literature review. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the scope of scientific publications that demonstrate an association of thromboembolism with complications of COVID-19. METHOD: A systematic literature review was performed to identify clinical complications associated with thrombosis in people exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The articles were selected from MEDLINE database after being screened and filtered to extract the methodologies used and the evidence of clinical complications by compromised organs or systems and pathology description. The evidence was extracted in Cohort Studies for statistical analysis and hypothesis testing (t-test). RESULTS: A total of 208 studies were selected. Observational Studies were predominant, corresponding to 64% of the total, and other methodologies corresponded to 9% in the inclusion. Review articles were excluded and corresponded to the remaining 27% of the selected articles. Subsequently, 150 articles were screened, and 121 were filtered. Among these, 11 Cohort Studies were extracted as the sample, which were eligible for analysis and subsequent Hypothesis Test. This test showed a Mean Difference of 4.74 [Ha (μ=8.08 Exposure) &gt; (μ=3.33 No exposure)], with a p-value of 0.096 for a 95% confidence interval. Despite the numerical value of the difference in the means due to the influence of variance, the test result was not statistically significant due to the small number of the sample of Cohort studies. CONCLUSION: It was observed that prothrombotic conditions were present and translated by hypercoagulability in the evaluated articles. Individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection have been shown to experience complications caused by thrombosis more often than the unexposed. It is suggested to conduct a Meta-analysis with a larger sample of Cohort Studies to further analyze this association.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/nakmq/" target="_blank">Prothrombotic factors associated with COVID-19 complications: A systematic review preprint.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Knowledge graphs and wikidata subsetting</strong> -
<div>
Knowledge graphs have successfully been adopted by academia, governement and industry to represent large scale knowledge bases. Open and collaborative knowledge graphs such as Wikidata capture knowledge from different domains and harmonize them under a common format, making it easier for researchers to access the data while also supporting Open Science. Wikidata keeps getting bigger and better, which subsumes integration use cases. Having a large amount of data such as the one presented in a scopeless Wikidata offers some advantages, e.g., unique access point and common format, but also poses some challenges, e.g., performance. Regular wikidata users are not unfamiliar with running into frequent timeouts of submitted queries. Due to its popularity, limits have been imposed to allow for fair access to many. However this suppreses many interesting and complex queries that require more computational power and resources. Replicating Wikidata on one’s own infrastructure can be a solution which also offers a snapshot of the contents of wikidata at some given point in time. There is no need to replicate Wikidata in full, it is possible to work with subsets targeting, for instance, a particular domain. Creating those subsets has emerged as an alternative to reduce the amount and spectrum of data offered by Wikidata. Less data makes more complex queries possible while still keeping the compatibility with the whole Wikidata as the model is kept. In this paper we report the tasks done as part of a Wikidata subsetting project during the Virtual BioHackathon Europe 2020 and SWAT4(HC)LS 2021, which had already started at NBDC/DBCLS BioHackathon 2019 in Japan, SWAT4(HC)LS hackathon 2019, and Virtual COVID-19 BioHackathon 2019. We describe some of approaches we identified to create subsets and some susbsets from the Life Sciences domain as well as other use cases we also discussed.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://biohackrxiv.org/wu9et/" target="_blank">Knowledge graphs and wikidata subsetting</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Prosocial behavior in emergencies: Evidence from blood donors recruitment and retention during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
<div>
The impact of COVID-19 represents a specific challenge for voluntary transfusional systems sustained by the intrinsic motivations of blood donors. In general, health emergencies can stimulate altruistic behaviors. However, in this context, the same prosocial motivations, besides the personal health risks, could foster the adherence to social distancing rules to preserve collective health and, therefore, discourage blood donation activities. In this work, we investigate the consequences of the pandemic shock on the dynamics of new donors exploiting the individual-level longitudinal information contained in administrative data on the Italian region of Tuscany. We compare the change in new donors’ recruitment and retention during 2020 with respect to the 2017-2019 period, considering donors’ and their municipalities of residence characteristics. Our results show an increment of new donors, with higher growth for older donors. Moreover, we demonstrate that the quality of new donors, as proxied by the frequency of subsequent donations, increased with respect to previous years. Finally, we show that changes in extrinsic motivations, such as the possibility of obtaining a free antibody test or overcoming movement restrictions, cannot explain the documented improvement in performances.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/6t72b/" target="_blank">Prosocial behavior in emergencies: Evidence from blood donors recruitment and retention during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>COVID-related anthropause highlights the impact of marine traffic on breeding little penguins</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic and its lock-down measures have resulted in periods of reduced human activity, known as anthropause. While this period was expected to be favorable for the marine ecosystem, due to a probable reduction of pollution, shipping traffic, industrial activity and fishing pressure, negative counterparts such as the increased use of disposable plastic and reduced fisheries surveillance and enforcement could counterbalance these positive effects. Simultaneously, on-land pressure due to human disturbance and tourism should have drastically decreased, potentially benefiting land-based marine breeders such as seabirds. Thus, long-term datasets became crucial to differentiate between historical trends and any evident changes resulting from the anthropause. We analyzed 11 years of data on several biological parameters of little penguins (Eudyptula minor) from the Penguin Parade (R), a popular tourist attraction at Phillip Island, Australia. We investigated the impact of anthropogenic activities on penguin behavior during the breeding season measured by (1) distribution at sea, (2) colony attendance, (3) isotopic niche (4) chick meal mass, and (5) offspring investment against shipping traffic and number of tourists. The 2020 lock-downs resulted in a near absence of tourists visiting the Penguin Parade (R), which was otherwise visited by 800,000+ visitors on average per year. However, our long-term analysis showed no effect of the presence of visitors on little penguins' activities. Surprisingly, the anthropause did not triggered any changes in maritime traffic intensity and distribution in the region. While we found significant inter- and intra-annual variations for most parameters, we detected a negative effect of marine traffic on the foraging efficiency. Our results suggest that environmental variations have a greater influence on the breeding behavior of little penguins compared to short-term anthropause events. Our long-term dataset was key to test whether changes in anthropogenic activities affected the wildlife during the COVID-19 pandemic.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547199v1" target="_blank">COVID-related anthropause highlights the impact of marine traffic on breeding little penguins</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Probiotic and Colchicine in COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Colchicine 0.5 MG;   Dietary Supplement: Probiotic Formula;   Other: Standard protocol<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Ain Shams University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Counseling Intervention for Pharmacists</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Standard implementation webinar and online training;   Behavioral: Virtual facilitation<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill;   University of Arkansas;   University of South Carolina;   National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD)<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Clinical Trial of Recombinant COVID-19 Bivalent (XBB+Prototype) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 Cell) in Booster Vaccination</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 Bivalent (XBB+Prototype) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 Cell) (WSK-V101C);   Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 vaccine(Sf9 Cell) (WSK-V101)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   WestVac Biopharma Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Phase Ⅲ Clinical Trial of Recombinant COVID-19 Trivalent (XBB+BA.5+Delta) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 Cell) in Booster Vaccination</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: High dose of Recombinant COVID-19 Trivalent (XBB+BA.5+Delta) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 Cell);   Biological: Low dose of Recombinant COVID-19 Trivalent (XBB+BA.5+Delta) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 Cell);   Biological: control group;   Biological: Placebo group<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   WestVac Biopharma Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>LUSZ Treatment Efficacy in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Lopinavir / Ritonavir;   Drug: Remdesivir (RDV);   Drug: Tocilizumab;   Other: Corticosteroid Therapy-enhanced Standard Care (CTSC)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Lebanese University;   Hospital Saydet Zgharta University Medical Center<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Impact Of Sensory Re-Education Paradigm On Sensation And Quality Of Life In Patients Post-Covid 19 Polyneuropathy</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: sensory re-education training;   Other: traditional treatment<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Cairo University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Comprehensive Imaging Exam of Convalesced COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   COVID Long-Haul<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Magnetic Resonance Imaging;   Other: Ultra-High Resolution Computed Tomography (CT) Scan<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Johns Hopkins University;   Canon Medical Systems, USA<br/><b>Enrolling by invitation</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>UNAIR Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine as Heterologue Booster (Immunobridging Study)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19 Pandemic;   COVID-19 Vaccines<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Vaksin Merah Putih - UA SARS-CoV-2 (Vero Cell Inactivated) 5 µg;   Biological: CoronaVac Biofarma COVID-1 9 Vaccine 3 µg<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Dr. Soetomo General Hospital;   Indonesia-MoH;   Universitas Airlangga;   Biotis Pharmaceuticals, Indonesia<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity and Safety Study of SCB-2023 Vaccine as a Booster in Adults</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: SCB-2023 vaccine (trivalent), a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 trimeric S-protein subunit vaccine for COVID-19; intramuscular injection;   Biological: SCB-2019 (monovalent), a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 trimeric S-protein subunit vaccine for COVID-19; intramuscular injection<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Clover Biopharmaceuticals AUS Pty Ltd<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Safety and Immunogenicity Following a Heterologous Booster Dose of Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine LYB002</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: LYB002V14;   Biological: LYB002V14A;   Biological: LYB002CA<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Guangzhou Patronus Biotech Co., Ltd.;   Yantai Patronus Biotech Co., Ltd.;   Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of Different Booster Dose Levels of Monovalent and Bivalent SARS-CoV-2 rS Vaccines in Adults ≥ 50 Years</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: NVX-CoV2540 (5, 10, 25 μg);   Biological: NVX-CoV2373 (5 μg);   Biological: Bivalent BA.4/5 Omicron subvariant<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Novavax<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluating the Efficacy of Remdesivir for Long COVID Following a Confirmed COVID-19 Infection.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   SARS-CoV-2 Infection;   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Remdesivir<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of Derby;   University of Exeter;   Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit;   University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Immunogenicity and Safety Following a Heterologous Booster Dose of Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine LYB001</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Vaccine Reaction<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: LYB001;   Biological: CoronaVac<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Guangzhou Patronus Biotech Co., Ltd.;   Yantai Patronus Biotech Co., Ltd.;   Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF ANAKINRA TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH POST ACUTE COVID SYNDROME</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Placebo;   Drug: Anakinra 149 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe [Kineret]<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Hellenic Institute for the Study of Sepsis<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effect of Smart Sensor Combined With APP for Individualized Precise Exercise Training in Long Covid-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Coronavirus Disease;   COVID-19;   Long Covid-19;   Telerehabilitation<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Device: KNEESUP smart knee assistive device + KNEESUP care APP;   Device: KNEESUP care APP;   Behavioral: Healthy consulation<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shang-Lin Chiang<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cell surface nucleocapsid protein expression: A betacoronavirus immunomodulatory strategy</strong> - We recently reported that SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein is abundantly expressed on the surface of both infected and neighboring uninfected cells, where it enables activation of Fc receptor-bearing immune cells with anti-N antibodies (Abs) and inhibits leukocyte chemotaxis by binding chemokines (CHKs). Here, we extend these findings to N from the common cold human coronavirus (HCoV)-OC43, which is also robustly expressed on the surface of infected and noninfected cells by binding heparan…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>AI-guided pipeline for protein-protein interaction drug discovery identifies a SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor</strong> - Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) offer great opportunities to expand the druggable proteome and therapeutically tackle various diseases, but remain challenging targets for drug discovery. Here, we provide a comprehensive pipeline that combines experimental and computational tools to identify and validate PPI targets and perform early-stage drug discovery. We have developed a machine learning approach that prioritizes interactions by analyzing quantitative data from binary PPI assays and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A single polymorphic residue in humans underlies species-specific restriction of HSV-1 by the antiviral protein MxB</strong> - Myxovirus resistance proteins (MxA and MxB) are interferon-induced proteins that exert antiviral activity against a diverse range of RNA and DNA viruses. In primates, MxA has been shown to inhibit myxoviruses, bunyaviruses, and hepatitis B virus, whereas MxB restricts retroviruses and herpesviruses. As a result of their conflicts with viruses, both genes have been undergoing diversifying selection during primate evolution. Here, we investigate how MxB evolution in primates has affected its…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>PARP12 is required to repress the replication of a Mac1 mutant coronavirus in a cell and tissue specific manner</strong> - ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs) mediate the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD ^(+) to protein or nucleic acid substrates. This modification can be removed by several different types of proteins, including macrodomains. Several ARTs, also known as PARPs, are stimulated by interferon, indicating ADP-ribosylation is an important aspect of the innate immune response. All coronaviruses (CoVs) encode for a highly conserved macrodomain (Mac1) that is critical for CoVs to replicate and cause disease,…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IgM N-glycosylation correlates with COVID-19 severity and rate of complement deposition</strong> - The glycosylation of IgG plays a critical role during human SARS-CoV-2, activating immune cells and inducing cytokine production. However, the role of IgM N-glycosylation has not been studied during acute viral infection in humans. In vitro evidence suggests that the glycosylation of IgM inhibits T cell proliferation and alters complement activation rates. The analysis of IgM N-glycosylation from healthy controls and hospitalized COVID-19 patients reveals that mannosylation and sialyation levels…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Involvement of a serotonin/GLP-1 circuit in adolescent isolation-induced diabetes</strong> - In 2020, stay-at-home orders were implemented to stem the spread of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. Social isolation can be particularly harmful to children and adolescents-during the pandemic, the prevalence of obesity increased by ∼37% in persons aged 2-19. Obesity is often comorbid with type 2 diabetes, which was not assessed in this human pandemic cohort. Here, we investigated whether male mice isolated throughout adolescence develop type 2 diabetes in a manner consistent with human obesity-induced…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Universal features of Nsp1-mediated translational shutdown by coronaviruses</strong> - Nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1) produced by coronaviruses shuts down host protein synthesis in infected cells. The C-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 was shown to bind to the small ribosomal subunit to inhibit translation, but it is not clear whether this mechanism is broadly used by coronaviruses, whether the N-terminal domain of Nsp1 binds the ribosome, or how Nsp1 specifically permits translation of viral mRNAs. Here, we investigated Nsp1 from three representative Betacoronaviruses -…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Saline nasal irrigation and gargling in COVID-19: a multidisciplinary review of effects on viral load, mucosal dynamics, and patient outcomes</strong> - With unrelenting SARS-CoV-2 variants, additional COVID-19 mitigation strategies are needed. Oral and nasal saline irrigation (SI) is a traditional approach for respiratory infections/diseases. As a multidisciplinary network with expertise/experience with saline, we conducted a narrative review to examine mechanisms of action and clinical outcomes associated with nasal SI, gargling, spray, or nebulization in COVID-19. SI was found to reduce SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal loads and hasten viral…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Design, Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Protein Kinase CK2 Inhibitors Containing a Purine Scaffold</strong> - Protein kinase CK2 (CK2) is involved in the suppression of gene expression, protein synthesis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, thus making it a target protein for the development of therapeutics toward cancer, nephritis, and coronavirus disease 2019. Using the solvent dipole ordering-based method for virtual screening, we identified and designed new candidate CK2α inhibitors containing purine scaffolds. Virtual docking experiments supported by experimental structure-activity relationship…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A fish perspective on SARS-CoV-2: toxicity of benzalkonium chloride on Danio rerio</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 outbreak lead to an increased marketing of disinfectants, creating a potential environmental problem. For instance, pre-pandemic environmental levels of the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BAC) ranging from 0.5 to 5 mgL^(-1) in effluents were expected to further increase threatening aquatic life. Our aim was to characterize potential adverse effects after an acute exposure of zebrafish to different concentrations of BAC. An increase in the overall swimming activity, thigmotaxis…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Polyvalent Nano-Lectin Potently Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 by Targeting Glycans on the Viral Spike Protein</strong> - Mutations in spike (S) protein epitopes allow SARS-CoV-2 variants to evade antibody responses induced by infection and/or vaccination. In contrast, mutations in glycosylation sites across SARS-CoV-2 variants are very rare, making glycans a potential robust target for developing antivirals. However, this target has not been adequately exploited for SARS-CoV-2, mostly due to intrinsically weak monovalent protein-glycan interactions. We hypothesize that polyvalent nano-lectins with flexibly linked…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Fatal outcome of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and severe and critical COVID-19 is associated with the hyperproduction of IL-10 and IL-6 and the low production of TGF-β</strong> - Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can cause the hyperproduction of inflammatory cytokines, which have pathological effects in patient including severe or fatal cytokine storms. To characterize the effect of SFTSV and SARS-CoV-2 infection on the production of cytokines in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and COVID-19 patients, we performed an analysis of cytokines in SFTS and COVID-19…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Dexamethasone in COVID-19 Patients: Translational Population PK/PD Modeling and Simulation</strong> - Dexamethasone (DEX) given at a dose of 6 mg once-daily for 10 days is a recommended dosing regimen in patients with COVID-19 requiring oxygen therapy. We developed a population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (popPK/PD) model of DEX anti-inflammatory effects in COVID-19 and provide simulations comparing the expected efficacy of four dosing regimens of DEX. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling and simulations were performed using Monolix Suite version 2021R1 (Lixoft, France). Published data for…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The ribosome-inactivating proteins MAP30 and Momordin inhibit SARS-CoV-2</strong> - The continuing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has highlighted the need to identify additional points for viral inhibition. Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs), such as MAP30 and Momordin which are derived from bitter melon (Momordica charantia), have been found to inhibit a broad range of viruses. MAP30 has been shown to potently inhibit HIV-1 with minimal cytotoxicity. Here we show that MAP30 and Momordin potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in A549 human lung cells (IC50 ~ 0.2 μM) with…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dynamical Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations Identify Allosteric Sites and Positions Associated with Drug Resistance in the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease</strong> - The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^(pro)) plays an essential role in the coronavirus lifecycle by catalyzing hydrolysis of the viral polyproteins at specific sites. M^(pro) is the target of drugs, such as nirmatrelvir, though resistant mutants have emerged that threaten drug efficacy. Despite its importance, questions remain on the mechanism of how M^(pro) binds its substrates. Here, we apply dynamical nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (D-NEMD) simulations to evaluate structural and dynamical…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What Does California’s Homeless Population Actually Look Like?</strong> - Politicians and commentators spend a disproportionate amount of time talking about a small subset of the homeless population. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/what-does-californias-homeless-population-actually-look-like">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Next Targets in the Fight Against Affirmative Action</strong> - It won’t be admissions offices at selective schools but institutions and programs that use race as a plus factor in making decisions about who gets contracts, jobs, scholarships, and awards. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-next-targets-in-the-fight-against-affirmative-action">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Titan Submersible Implosion Was “an Accident Waiting to Happen”</strong> - Interviews and e-mails with expedition leaders and employees reveal how OceanGate ignored desperate warnings from inside and outside the company. “It’s a lemon,” one wrote. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/a-reporter-at-large/the-titan-submersible-was-an-accident-waiting-to-happen">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Could Putin Lose Power?</strong> - Regime stability is a funny thing. One day it’s there; the next day, poof—it’s gone. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-weekend-essay/could-putin-lose-power">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Why the Champions of Affirmative Action Had to Leave Asian Americans Behind</strong> - The original concept in pursuit of diversity was vital and righteous. The way it was practiced was hard to defend. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/why-the-champions-of-affirmative-action-had-to-leave-asian-americans-behind">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>No, AI can’t tell the future</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Hands hovering over a crystal ball displaying blue sky and white clouds." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/AljC-KN_lIzOYMBMXw9wEvd_0jQ=/0x2:4864x3650/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72424753/GettyImages_398797_001.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
AI oracles are all the rage on TikTok. | John Lund/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
 TikTok users are turning AI filters into fortunetellers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eaiXiY">
Can an AI predict your fate? Can it read your life and draw trenchant conclusions about who you are?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Qd9Ong">
Hordes of people on TikTok and Snapchat seem to think so. They’ve started using AI filters as fortunetellers and fate predictors, divining everything from the age of their crush to whether their marriage is meant to last.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9UGlag">
The most viral instances have featured broken-hearted women <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@poofi.humor.n.things/video/7238648514069138731">waxing despondent</a> because their AI filter is erasing the men in their lives from photos of the two of them. To the women, this either means they will never find love again, or that the love they had was doomed.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cTg4nD">
The trend of using AI signifiers as oracles has taken off more generally as well. TikTok is awash in people swearing fealty to everything from <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@kinderclothdiapers/video/7230234198240447786">randomized “soulmate” predictors</a> to <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@futuredeadbruja/video/7179719188645252394">third-eye detectors</a>. The <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/soulmatefilter">“soulmate filter” tag</a> has racked up over 30 million views for a bevy of options such as filters showing <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@emsecretaccounttt/video/7131612304151547182">how far away</a> your soulmate is, <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@blaisemichaud/video/7202279596300225838">when they were born</a>, <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@lapigeonnedebooktok/video/7208512970966551813">how compatible you are</a>, and whether you have an AI-generated <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@y0hanaazul/video/7197668183992585515">soulmate ring</a> (indicating you’ve already found your soulmate). Others are using AIs to <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@skattitude/video/7183749687357213995">build on tarot readings</a>, <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@emariposaa/video/7237990456355851566">see chakras</a>, or generate horoscopes that don’t sound quite like the ones in your local newspaper (“the stars recommend being in a state of <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@creek.ai/video/7056819831223471406">quantum antelope</a>”).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="p9QSeE">
For the most part, these memes aren’t serious, and most come across as pure silliness — though occasionally, things get a little more alarming. One purported <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@grkoukla/video/7238606806614887726">actual widow</a> posted her AI-generated oracle erasing her dead husband’s photo. AI may also start <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@annarozay1/video/7182628385066061102">detecting ghosts</a> all <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@doris_fleming/video/7220665000476609835">around your house</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YG2kuq">
All of these glitches in the matrix may stand out as part of a viral TikTok trend, but they also speak to a larger cultural desire for artificial intelligence to be more than what it is. In its current stage of development, AI is nothing more than a giant collection of data points that can be shaped into predictive patterns. There’s nothing sentient or supernatural about it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pyouz1">
Yet humans inevitably seek ways to humanize AI — and, really, this shouldn’t come as a surprise. Humans <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/in-the-eye-the-beholder/201012/reading-the-actions-others">read into everything</a>. We <a href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90288928/the-case-against-anthropomorphizing-robots">anthropomorphize robots</a>. We <a href="https://www.thecut.com/2013/12/science-confirms-it-cats-dont-love-us.html">pretend our pets love us</a>. We imagine our lives are being directed by everything from sky gods to playing cards to star patterns.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XjRnZ0">
“It’s fundamentally human for people to want to play with and explore these technologies,” says Karen Gregory, a sociology professor at the University of Edinburgh. “This is the essence and history of divination and gambling. Cards, bones, tea leaves, all manner of objects (whether they are digital or not) can be used to play with change and uncertainty — to play with the question of ‘what next?’”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6bg1oj">
She explains that “at some level, we are compelled to play.” So it seems inevitable that humans are doing their best to make auto-generated AI bots into predictors of fate.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ATOtVn">
“In general, we tend to scan for patterns in our environment,” A.J. Marsden, an associate professor of psychology at Beacon College in Leesburg, Florida, tells me. “Our brains are trying to make sense of the world around us and search for any potential threats. Finding patterns helps our brain process information faster in order to make predictions regarding future events.” In other words, with these virtual oracles, we’re doing what we’ve always done — just with newer, quirkier tools.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vChZaO">
“What’s happening here is akin to getting ‘a reading,’ much like you would get from a psychic reading or a tarot card reading, except here the subject is your media content,” Gregory tells me. “I think it makes a lot of sense that people are playing and experimenting with TikTok’s AI filters. Social media norms and the broader social context of creating content encourages and rewards this kind of experimentation and meme making.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="A7kd0a">
Gregory points out that the internet has already given rise to countless forms of digital innovations in New Age practices. Take, for example, the wildly popular Labyrinthos tarot, which comes with <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.labyrinthos.app&amp;hl=en_US&amp;gl=US">a fancy mobile app</a> that auto-generates card readings and meditations with the click of a button. She also notes that there’s a striking similarity between what people are doing with AI online and what people already do with tarot cards — perhaps because the mechanisms we use for making meaning from random results are virtually identical.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iodv2b">
“Like a tarot card that has been flipped, whatever the AI generates can be read as personally meaningful and significant, says Gregory. “In my own work on tarot communities, I’ve looked at people’s relationships with tarot cards, and what is happening here seems very similar — the power of the card flip to quickly and almost effortlessly produce something new, insightful, and useful is being found in the AI filter’s response. Once a card has been flipped, your attention has been pulled into a next moment in time, a next possible interpretation. That’s exceptionally valuable in a highly uncertain world.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="72tOct">
You might think from this type of observation that AI fortunetelling would fit seamlessly into established esoteric traditions. Yet while many people are optimistic about the creative possibilities of tarot, <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/tarot/comments/y3idqa/notice_theres_a_new_trend_of_kickstarter_tarot/">others hotly debate</a> their use in the creative sphere of divination.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LwVfNg">
Some insist that the spiritual essence of divination gets lost when you try to map the creative process onto a machine. In April, longtime druid and tarotologist <a href="https://thedruidsgarden.com/about-the-druid/">Dana O’Driscoll</a> wrote <a href="https://thedruidsgarden.com/2023/04/02/artificial-intelligence-ai-magic-and-the-inner-realms/">a lengthy blog post</a> arguing against the use of AI in divination for a number of reasons. Many of O’Driscoll’s arguments are familiar to anyone who’s followed the ongoing debate over AI and creativity: AI is no substitute for artistic inspiration. But O’Driscoll went further, expressing concern that a reliance on AI pulls people away from a connection with all of the inner spiritual insight that divination is meant to cultivate. “The broader problem as I see it,” she wrote, “is that in mechanizing the world and in turning people into consumers, we’ve also seen a major loss of a really important thing for human development and consciousness — the cultivation of a rich inner life and a deep connection to nature.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BfwSQA">
Since O’Driscoll’s animistic philosophy holds that all things, even artificial intelligence, are imbued with a spirit, her concerns enfold the worry that “since AI has been created for obvious capitalist reasons,” the spirits of the machines might be of dubious intent. With AI tarot decks and other metaphysical tools, whatever spiritual energy might be present fills her with skepticism. “What I say is that under no circumstances will I touch anything spiritual that has been created with AI,” she wrote. “Tread very carefully, friends.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xgffso">
Of course, from a skeptical viewpoint, there are plenty of non-metaphysical reasons that AI-generated oracles are bad news. “Although fun to engage with, in almost every case, divinatory tools are merely coincidences,” Marsden reminds us.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fFS7Pp">
Marsden does concede that many people seem to find a psychological benefit in using tarot and other divination tools as forms of self-reflection. “If I use tarot cards as a way to predict the likelihood of finding a partner, there probably won’t be much benefit psychologically. If, however, I use tarot cards as a form of self-reflection — what am I looking for in a partner, what would make me happy, etc. — then the cards would likely have more benefits to us psychologically.” Science suggests, she notes, that when we do things with intent, like spell-casting or goal visualization, we’re more likely to work hard to achieve the things we want.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PYp8LX">
Ultimately, though, she argues that any psychological benefit derived from such esoteric tools might not outweigh the cost of deluding ourselves into believing divination is real. “We often find patterns in random phenomena, so any shortcuts based on these patterns would not be reliable. And therein lies the problem with divination. In most cases, we are likely deluding ourselves more than we are truly benefiting ourselves.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rLB95h">
Still, despite being blunt — “AI does not have magic powers, it does not know you better than you know yourself, and it is not revealing special information that should be banked on or trusted” — Gregory holds that it’s a very human trait to be drawn to the promise of an AI oracle. “Much like [a psychic’s] cold reading, the AI doesn’t have any special powers. It’s responding to input and spitting out a response. However, whatever that response is — something beautiful or even gibberish — it can become the grounds for new meaning or new interpretations.” She describes the phenomenon as “a great extension of a very human curiosity to see what comes next and to manage that uncertainty and anxiety.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tND3gC">
And if much of that uncertainty and anxiety involves <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23674696/chatgpt-ai-creativity-originality-homogenization">the question of AI itself</a>, well, perhaps the humanization of your TikTok filter may be all the better to welcome our robot overlords.
</p></li>
<li><strong>What could cause a malaria comeback in the US — and what could stop it</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A man in a shirt reading “Miami-Dade Mosquito Inspector” stands outside a house with vegetation while another man spreads material on plants." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/qcvP9PnC-vgO_6ylTG5eScfEvGU=/167x0:2834x2000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72424651/594886104.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
A Miami-Dade County mosquito control inspector uses larvicide granules on plants where water has pooled in August 2016, in Miami Beach, Florida.  | Joe Raedle/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Americans shouldn’t take a malaria-free future for granted.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FShlpk">
Over the last month, five people in the US (four in Florida and one in Texas) have <a href="https://www.vox.com/science/2023/6/23/23771154/malaria-transmission-florida-texas-mosquitoes-risk-prevention-anopheles">acquired malaria</a> within the country’s borders. That’s pretty uncommon — at least, in this century; until the 1950s, malaria was a persistent plague in the US, especially in the Southeast.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QHdVVx">
Many of the conditions that favor malaria’s spread haven’t changed much since then. The Anopheles mosquitoes that spread malaria still thrive in many parts of the country, and states that receive high numbers of travelers from countries where malaria is endemic still have warm, wet weather that favors mosquito reproduction.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6wK8UY">
Nevertheless, it’s extraordinarily rare for American mosquitoes to be infected with malaria. Since the turn of the last century, there have been only about <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7808401/">a dozen cases</a> of local malaria transmission in the US. But the disease remains a <a href="https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/malaria">major force of destruction</a> elsewhere in the world: In 85 countries across Africa and parts of Asia and South America, malaria caused 240 million illnesses and 627,000 deaths in 2020 alone.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kPyx5s">
The last spate of local malaria transmission in the US took place 20 years ago. Now circumstances are different: These cases are happening amid <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6717e1.htm#:~:text=Top-,Results,Pacific%20Coast%20(Figure%201).">rising rates</a> of other insect-borne infections nationwide, and smack in the middle of a heat and wildfire wave that together make <a href="https://www.vox.com/climate">climate change</a>’s health risks undeniable. It’s reasonable to wonder whether the US is at risk for becoming a malaria hot spot again.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RnAooT">
“Something would have to go seriously wrong for malaria to become endemic in the United States,” said Colin Carlson, a global change biologist at Georgetown University’s Center for Global Health Science and Security who has led <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0365">research</a> on the rapidly expanding reach of malaria-spreading mosquitoes in Africa.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dxWmdh">
It’s perhaps the understatement of the year to say the nation is not immune to “things going seriously wrong.” Recent history, ahem, has shown that the country’s <a href="https://www.vox.com/public-health">public health</a> infrastructure, which Americans rely on to catch and contain invasive infectious diseases, is far more fragile than many realized.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QWKDA0">
But how vulnerable is the nation, really, to a malaria comeback?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Hdi47q">
Here’s what the US has going for it — and against it — when it comes to future malaria risk.
</p>
<h3 id="FlGBBH">
The US has some things in its favor in the fight against a malaria resurgence
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lRb462">
One key factor the US has going for it is that it’s already <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/elimination_us.html">eliminated malaria</a>. “Our centralized focus” on getting rid of both malaria parasites and their mosquito hosts’ breeding grounds “really kicked it in the butt,” said Kyndall Dye-Baumuller, a post-doctoral student in vector-borne disease epidemiology at the University of South Carolina’s public health school.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9vcSXz">
Containing a handful of malaria cases — and eliminating a handful of malaria-infected mosquitoes — is much easier than battling back an infection that’s already entrenched.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0ytJBu">
That’s also made easier by the fact that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135302/">most</a> malaria only causes disease in humans and not in any other animal, said Dye-Baumuller. She compared the infection with West Nile virus, another infection spread by mosquitoes that leads to illness in humans and in a variety of wild birds. Because it’s so hard to contain this virus in the bird population, there’s a persistent reservoir of West Nile virus in many parts of the US — and the persistent risk of some crossover to humans. That’s not a risk with malaria.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xmDxnD">
The US <a href="https://www.vox.com/health-care">health care</a> and public health systems are plagued with problems that <a href="https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2023/jan/us-health-care-global-perspective-2022#:~:text=The%20U.S.%20has%20the%20highest,hospital%20beds%20per%201%2C000%20population.">don’t affect</a> other developed nations. But compared with poorer nations, these US systems have more capacity to mobilize against malaria transmission when a case occurs, said Carlson. That’s particularly important now because in the case of malaria, “you want to sort of take people off the grid before onward transmission happens,” he said. “And we’re capable of doing that here.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zfUobJ">
The US also has <a href="https://bit.ly/2020VAreport">good (if uneven)</a> capacity for controlling mosquito populations — a key element of reducing human risk for infections they transmit.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OLwSrX">
Sadie Ryan, a medical geographer at the University of Florida who studies the ecology of emerging pathogens, remembers what happened when, as a graduate student, she returned to her northern California home from a trip to Ghana with a malaria infection. The local health department “started hanging traps in my trees in my yard where I rented at the time,” she said. The goal was to ensure no mosquitoes near her home had gotten infected, enabling them to spread the disease to others.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="24q7FA">
Mosquito control — which experts call “vector control” — is also extremely robust in Ryan’s new home of Florida, a state that has been an entry point for more than one invasive mosquito-borne disease (including the last outbreak of locally spread malaria, in 2003). “We have fairly effective vector control response in places we’re expecting the vectors to be,” she said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Wie6OQ">
The Anopheles mosquitoes that spread malaria are nighttime biters, so the broad prevalence of <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9536247/">window screens</a> and air conditioning in the US offer an additional measure of security against the broad spread of malaria. “Here, mosquitoes mostly stay outside the home,” said Carlson. So even if we deal with a major outbreak, “is it going to be something that every single household is worrying about? Probably not.”
</p>
<h3 id="6jbhr8">
But climate change, travel, and social vulnerability create some undeniable risk
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NRNHan">
Climate change is one of the key factors that’s making the US increasingly vulnerable to malaria transmission, in part by making more of the country warmer and thus more hospitable to the malaria parasite and its Anopheles mosquito vector.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dDddon">
That could mean an expansion of the malaria risk range well beyond the Southeastern US and into other parts of the US, said Dye-Baumuller. In a <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7808401/">recent analysis</a> she led, 32 states had Anopheles mosquitoes capable of spreading malaria.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RdfH3T">
There is such a thing as weather that’s too hot for most malaria transmission — “A mosquito is not a mosquito is not a mosquito,” said Carlson. When an area’s temperatures don’t dip below 80 degrees F, American Anopheles mosquitoes don’t fly or reproduce as well, and the malaria parasite itself doesn’t thrive.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kcDFlx">
But that actually means a new, invasive mosquito species could be particularly dangerous in the US: Anopheles stephensi, a type of mosquito that <a href="https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-022-04197-4">until recently</a> lived only in South Asia and the Middle East, has been on the move. Unlike the American Anopheles species, this pest thrives in hotter temperatures. Also unlike the American species — which prefer to make their families in forested swamps — it loves reproducing in the cleaner water that gathers near human habitation, especially in urban environments.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JYYeMP">
All of that means the extreme heat that would normally reduce one malaria threat now sets the stage for another, even worse version, should this particular mosquito get entrenched in the US, said Ryan.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="446kW3">
“Being prepared for something like that is really essential,” she said — but not all states are prepared. A 2020 <a href="https://bit.ly/2020VAreport">report</a> by the National Association of County and City Health Officials judged that only 24 percent of mosquito programs nationwide were capable of seeking out and destroying dangerous mosquitoes in the event of elevated outbreak risk.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TtC7VA">
“There are large-scale vector control districts in many other states than Florida and Texas,” said Ryan. “But they’re not necessarily anticipating the specific vectors that may show up as climate shifts them around, or as travel moves them around.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yyG7bK">
Climate change is also increasing US malaria risk in another way: by increasing infection rates in other parts of the world. While widespread prevention and treatment initiatives have <a href="https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/malaria">greatly reduced</a> malaria in many endemic countries over the past two decades, a lot of that progress has been undone in some areas of political instability — for example, <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2331502419860138">along the Colombia-Venezuela border</a>, where rising malaria prevalence has raised the specter of spread <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6471461/">throughout South America</a>, especially as that continent’s <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-14012-4#Sec9">temperatures rise</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="paH4yg">
In the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, it shouldn’t be news to anyone that infectious diseases outside the US pose a risk inside the US. The same is true for malaria.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ttUtGa">
Anyone who enters the US with malaria risks serving as a source of infection to local mosquitoes, and eventually to other people. Most of the malaria cases identified in the US are among <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/ss/ss7108a1.htm">Americans returning from foreign travel</a>. That’s largely preventable: While medicines are available to prevent malaria infection during travel, only a quarter of travelers reported taking so-called malaria prophylaxis in 2018.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nKclth">
A variety of persistent social vulnerabilities in the US also help create an environment that favors malaria transmission. Because malaria-spreading mosquitoes bite mostly at night, people who sleep outdoors are at higher risk for infection in the event the disease is introduced — and homelessness is <a href="https://endhomelessness.org/homelessness-in-america/homelessness-statistics/state-of-homelessness/#key-facts">on the rise</a> in the US.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bhMppE">
Fundamentally, there’s still enough poverty and poor sanitation in the US to sustain many diseases that should long since have been eliminated, says Carlson. He points at <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html">hookworm</a>, a disease transmitted when people walk barefoot on soil contaminated with infected feces, that causes anemia in millions of children and adults worldwide. The parasite’s persistence was recently <a href="https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/97/5/article-p1623.xml">identified</a> in the poorest part of the Southeastern US — to him, proof that there’s enough neglect and vulnerability in the country to allow almost anything to re-entrench.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O6jecq">
To Carlson, hookworm’s persistence sends a warning about malaria risk in the United States. “It will be shocking and sort of impossible to reconcile with how we think of our country if it happens,” he said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zTN0G8">
“And also, things happen.”
</p></li>
<li><strong>It’s pasta salad summer</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A bowl of pasta salad featuring fusilli with corn, tomatoes, and feta cheese." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/aLiNz0GkizgZ8SN7Bg-WzGoR8mU=/334x0:5667x4000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72422378/GettyImages_1389124765.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
It’s not your imagination: pasta salad is taking over social media. | Carlo A/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Here’s why the summer picnic staple is all over TikTok, Instagram, and food publications.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZCnRWy">
<em>Welcome to </em><a href="https://www.vox.com/2019/2/1/18205669/design-culture-fashion-home-shopping-trends-movies-tv"><em><strong>Noticed</strong></em></a><em>, Vox’s cultural trend column. You know that thing you’ve been seeing all over the place? Allow us to explain it.</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ker8Yu">
<strong>What is it: </strong>Glorious pasta salads. But these are not your random aunt’s mayo-filled macaroni creations you remember from childhood barbeques. These are aesthetically pleasing bowls with interesting noodle shapes (heard of anellini?) and creative ingredients (halloumi, anyone?). They use fresh produce and <a href="https://www.vox.com/instagram-news">Instagram</a>-friendly oil brands, and they sometimes even require cooking rather than just haphazardly chopping items and throwing them together. The dressings? They are homemade.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Jl7JT9">
<strong>Where is it: </strong>The feeds of food <a href="https://www.vox.com/influencers">influencers</a> on Instagram and <a href="https://www.vox.com/tiktok">TikTok</a>. On the latter platform, the hashtag #pastasaladsummer now has over 31 million views. Some of the prominent purveyors include food influencers <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@grossypelosi?lang=en"><span class="citation" data-cites="GrossyPelosi">@GrossyPelosi</span></a>, <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@babytamago?lang=en"><span class="citation" data-cites="babytamago">@babytamago</span></a>, and <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@cafehailee?lang=en"><span class="citation" data-cites="cafehailee">@cafehailee</span></a>. Of course, there’s also an <a href="https://anewsletter.alisoneroman.com/p/secret-ingredient-pasta-salad-video">Alison Roman pasta salad</a>, and the trend has even made its way to <a href="https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/food/video/pasta-salad-recipes-viral-summer-kicks-off-100475068"><em>Good Morning America</em></a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oWSnXP">
<strong>Why you’re seeing it everywhere: </strong>Nostalgia mixed with aesthetics. It’s a classic summer gathering dish that can be remade into a colorful wonder with fresh ingredients and pantry staples. “Pasta salad’s the kind of perfect mix of a rebranding of a nostalgic thing,” content creator and cookbook author Dan Pelosi, also known as <a href="https://www.instagram.com/grossypelosi/?hl=en">Grossy Pelosi</a>, says.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jrKvHa">
Last year, TikToker Katie Zukhovich, a.k.a. the aforementioned <span class="citation" data-cites="babytamago">@babytamago</span>, was looking for a recipe to bring to a barbecue at her Italian American boyfriend’s house. She was always turned off by the idea of pasta salad drenched in bottled Italian dressings. “It kind of just seemed like a mishmash of vegetables, just like everything but the kitchen sink sort of thing,” she says. But then she had an idea: What if she loaded it up with stuff she loved (tomatoes, roasted red peppers, soppressata, mini mozzarella balls, arugula) and dressed it in a simple vinaigrette? She hashtagged <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@babytamago/video/7113202653655485738?lang=en">a video of its creation</a> with #pastasaladsummer on TikTok, adding ABBA’s “Chiquitita” as a soundtrack. It currently has 2.1 million views on the platform.
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<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@babytamago?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="@babytamago"><span class="citation" data-cites="babytamago">@babytamago</span></a>
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Italian pasta salad goes too hard and its so easyyyyy <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/pastasaladsummer?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="pastasaladsummer">#pastasaladsummer</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/pastasaladrecipe?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="pastasaladrecipe">#pastasaladrecipe</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/italianpastarecipe?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="italianpastarecipe">#italianpastarecipe</a> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/summerpasta?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="summerpasta">#summerpasta</a>
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<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/music/Chiquitita-7001822966770042881?refer=embed" target="_blank" title="♬ Chiquitita - ABBA">♬ Chiquitita - ABBA</a>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nq57i1">
This year, she doubled down on pasta salad, anointing herself the “Pasta Salad Queen” with a dose of self-deprecation and kicking things off in <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@babytamago/video/7222041716314918187?lang=en">April with a green version</a> where orecchiette is nestled in with asparagus, marinated artichokes, olives, and more good green stuff including a pesto-type dressing. She has also made versions <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@babytamago/video/7237976091439353134?lang=en">with ravioli</a>, <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@babytamago/video/7233559901405023530?lang=en">with fried capers</a>, and <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@babytamago/video/7244246465655164206?lang=en">with grilled peaches</a>. And people are loving it. “I didn’t know there was such a cult following for pasta salad, to be honest,” Zukhovich says. “Because every time I post a video, I’ve never seen anything like it. People are like, ‘oh my god pasta salad pasta salad.’” Her pasta salads are even worth suffering for. Case in point, one person commented on the one featuring peaches, marinated tomatoes, and burrata: “As a member of the lactose sensitive community, I made this and am still recovering 4 days later but I would 10/10 do it again.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XwqoKX">
So why has pasta salad taken off? “It’s a really easy vehicle to be creative with, so I feel like that’s why creators and chefs like to make different versions of it,” Hailee Catalano, a.k.a. <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@cafehailee?lang=en"><span class="citation" data-cites="cafehailee">@cafehailee</span></a>, tells me. “You really can put anything in it, honestly.” Catalano’s most <a href="https://cafehailee.com/recipes/chickpea-pasta-salad/">recent </a> involves circular pasta known as anellini with chickpeas, sun-dried tomatoes, and feta, among other goodies. She likes the idea that the pasta’s hole could cradle the chickpea when you eat it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PWPse3">
Most versions are not that hard to make — you chop, you whisk, maybe you do a bit of grilling or marinating — and they look nice, which, as Catalano adds, is good for internet engagement as well. There’s a satisfaction to watching all the disparate parts of the pasta salad come together in shortform video, ultimately resulting in a vibrant medley — no stop in the oven needed. Plus, pasta salad is just a good summer food. It tastes great cold right out of the fridge or even lukewarm after sitting out on a picnic table. It can be made ahead of time. In fact, Pelosi argues that “four days later is when your pasta salad peaks.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JBZBpD">
There is without a doubt a lot of innovation happening in the pasta salad space, but another reason that both Catalano and Zukhovich cite for its popularity is one that often drives online impulses: childhood memories — either good or bad.
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<a href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/CsmfRYsv7Gc/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">A post shared by DAN PELOSI (<span class="citation" data-cites="grossypelosi">@grossypelosi</span>)</a>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="buDCFC">
Pelosi, the author of the upcoming cookbook <em>Let’s Eat</em>, understands that deeply. Unlike the other creators I spoke to, Pelosi grew up with positive associations with pasta salad. <a href="https://www.danpelosi.com/post/pelosi-pasta-salad">In July 2020</a> he posted his family recipe, which, in his words, has “all the elements of an Italian sandwich” mixed up with tri-color rotini. Since then, he’s witnessed the virality of the dish grow. “I’m sort of like, get off my lawn, bitch, stop making pasta salad, but I mean the more pasta salad the better,” he says.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uXzzGm">
Pelosi doesn’t scorn some of the classic elements of pasta salad the way he finds some others do. He’s fine with mayo, which Zukhovich has banned from her pasta salads, along with penne, which is a no-go as per her <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@babytamago/video/7222041716314918187?lang=en">rules of Pasta Salad Summer</a>. (To be clear: Pelosi praised Zukhovich’s pasta salads in our conversation. They just land on different sides of the mayo debate.) Pelosi also embraces a “pasta-heavy” pasta salad which he feels he has seen going by the wayside. “I think now people are doing things like adding lettuce or a lot of vegetables and sort of shifting the ratio to be like less pasta,” he says. Pelosi, meanwhile, recently revealed a “honey sesame” pasta salad, an ode to a New England chain Joe’s American Bar and Grill, <a href="https://www.danpelosi.com/post/honey-sesame-pasta-salad">a staple of his adolescence</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ivz136">
Browse #pastasaladsummer and you’ll find all kinds of variations on the theme, many of them gourmet or “healthy,” but some of them old-fashioned and creamy. There are subsets of pasta salad as well, including a host of chicken caesar recipes and a mini-trend involving elote pasta salad. What’s evident is that people are going to continue to make pasta salad. Zukhovich is brainstorming one with couscous or orzo, while Pelosi has new combinations coming in his book. “There’s no end in sight for me and pasta salad,” he says.
</p>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Synthesis, Mighty Swallow, A Star Is Born, Irish Rocket, Etosha and Wild Emperor shIne</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hockey India names women’s squad for Germany tour and four-nation tournament in Spain</strong> - Both events will be part of the team’s preparations ahead of the all-important Hangzhou Asian Games, scheduled to begin in September</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Unlike PSL, Babar Azam refuses to endorse betting firm</strong> - Babar is set to lead the Colombo Strikers in the LPL, scheduled to be held from July 30 to August 22</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Duleep Trophy | Focus on Washington Sundar’s fitness as South Zone takes on North in semifinal</strong> - The match will be important for some of the current and future India hopefuls and Washington is the most notable among them.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Brazil’s Marta Vieira da Silva says upcoming Women’s World Cup will be her last</strong> - The 37-year-old made her World Cup debut in 2003 and has won the Copa America three times but is yet to lift the World Cup</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Kollam to strengthen coastal security</strong> - Enforcement agencies will intensify joint patrolling in the coastal areas; waste management measures and the efforts to make coastal areas drug-free will be made more efficient; fishers will not be allowed to venture into the sea without the biometric identity cards</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Kerala Building Construction Workers Welfare Board run up pension dues of over ₹468 crore</strong> - Members entitled to a pension of ₹1,600 a month which hasn’t been paid since November last</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>State could control price surge and ensure quality food items: Minister</strong> - Padapanal Maveli store upgraded as Supplyco supermarket in Thevalakkara grama panchayat</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rajasthan to bring Bill provisioning life imprisonment to curb recruitment exam paper leaks</strong> - Opposition parties in Rajasthan have been targeting the Congress government over the issue of paper leaks</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Key Nitish aide alleges BJP trying to repeat Maharashtra episode in Bihar</strong> - Bihar Minister and senior JD(U) leader Vijay Kumar Chaudhary alleged that the BJP “hates Bihar” after having lost power in the State</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SCO summit: Putin says sanctions making Russia stronger</strong> - Russia’s president was speaking at a global summit for the first time since last month’s Wagner mutiny.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Chechnya Milashina attack: Armed thugs beat up Russian journalist and lawyer</strong> - Yelena Milashina has had threats from Chechnya’s leader before. Now her fingers are reported broken.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Major Moscow airport flights disrupted by drone attack</strong> - Russia’s defence ministry says five Ukrainian drones were shot down in the Moscow region.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>France riots: Within days we were in hell, says mayor</strong> - A mayor in one of France’s poorest areas wants the state to take tougher measures against rioters.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Paris Fashion Week: Haute couture shows go ahead after riots</strong> - There had been mixed feelings about the event taking place against the backdrop of civil unrest.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>One shot of a kidney protein gave monkeys a brain boost</strong> - An early experiment suggests that an injection of klotho improves working memory. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1951617">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Our Solar System possibly survived a supernova because of how the Sun formed</strong> - The gas that produce stars also cushion them from the blast of nearby supernovae. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1951550">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The 2024 Rolls-Royce Spectre proves EVs make the best luxury cars</strong> - We drive Rolls-Royce’s first electric car, which was 123 years in the making. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1951525">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>336,000 servers remain unpatched against critical Fortigate vulnerability</strong> - 69 percent of devices have yet to receive patch for flaw allowing remote code execution. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1951654">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>AMAs are the latest casualty in Reddit’s API war</strong> - “Will this undermine most of what makes IAmA special? Probably.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1951523">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A fifteen year old Amish boy and his father were in a mall.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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They were amazed by almost everything they saw, but especially by two shiny, silver walls that could move apart and then slide back together again.
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The boy asked, “What is this, Father?”
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The father, never having seen an elevator, responded, “Son, I have never seen anything like this in my life, I don’t know what it is.”
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While the boy and his father were watching with amazement, a fat old lady in a wheel chair moved up to the moving walls and pressed a button.
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The walls opened, and the lady rolled between them into a small room. The walls closed and the boy and his father watched the small numbers above the walls light up sequentially.
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They continued to watch until it reached the last number. and then the numbers began to light in the reverse order.
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Finally the walls opened up again and a gorgeous 24-year-old blonde stepped out. The father, not taking his eyes off the young woman, said quietly to his son…
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“Son, go get your Mother.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Beyondthefirmament"> /u/Beyondthefirmament </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14q3zx6/a_fifteen_year_old_amish_boy_and_his_father_were/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14q3zx6/a_fifteen_year_old_amish_boy_and_his_father_were/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>I can’t believe people are celebrating the Fourth of July early and lighting off fireworks already.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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One of my neighbor’s fireworks landed in my yard and almost lit my Christmas decorations on fire.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/protokhal"> /u/protokhal </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14pvqaw/i_cant_believe_people_are_celebrating_the_fourth/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14pvqaw/i_cant_believe_people_are_celebrating_the_fourth/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What’s worse than having ants in your pants?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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Uncles.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/The_Jinx_Effect"> /u/The_Jinx_Effect </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14q0myx/whats_worse_than_having_ants_in_your_pants/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14q0myx/whats_worse_than_having_ants_in_your_pants/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mary comes home after tending to the garden….</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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Joseph has a warm pie on the table. He cuts Mary a peice of pie and she is thrilled by how amazing it tastes. So she asks Joseph, “Where did you get this pie from?”
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Joseph tells Mary “I baked it!”
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“Baked it?” Says Mary.
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“Yes, right here in our home from scratch!” Says Joseph.
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Mary looks at him confused then says “But we don’t have an oven.”
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So Joseph looks her straight in the eyes and say “God helped me.”
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Mary looks at Joseph annoyed, “Please, not this again.” as Joseph screams
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“YOU SEE HOW THAT SOUNDS MARY?!?!?!?”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/saviorlito"> /u/saviorlito </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14pqwxo/mary_comes_home_after_tending_to_the_garden/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14pqwxo/mary_comes_home_after_tending_to_the_garden/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Why doesn’t Santa have any kids?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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Because he only comes once a year, and it’s down a chimney!
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/rainblade1980"> /u/rainblade1980 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14q9zub/why_doesnt_santa_have_any_kids/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14q9zub/why_doesnt_santa_have_any_kids/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
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