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<title>22 October, 2023</title>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron EG.5.1 variant</strong> -
<div>
In middle-late 2023, a sublineage of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB, EG.5.1 (a progeny of XBB.1.9.2), is spreading rapidly around the world. Here, we performed multiscale investigations to reveal virological features of newly emerging EG.5.1 variant. Our phylogenetic-epidemic dynamics modeling suggested that two hallmark substitutions of EG.5.1, S:F456L and ORF9b:I5T, are critical to the increased viral fitness. Experimental investigations addressing the growth kinetics, sensitivity to clinically available antivirals, fusogenicity and pathogenicity of EG.5.1 suggested that the virological features of EG.5.1 is comparable to that of XBB.1.5. However, the cryo-electron microscopy reveals the structural difference between the spike proteins of EG.5.1 and XBB.1.5. We further assessed the impact of ORF9b:I5T on viral features, but it was almost negligible at least in our experimental setup. Our multiscale investigations provide the knowledge for understanding of the evolution trait of newly emerging pathogenic viruses in the human population.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563209v1" target="_blank">Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron EG.5.1 variant</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Scope+: An open source generalizable architecture for single-cell atlases at sample and cell levels</strong> -
<div>
With the recent advancement in single-cell technologies and the increased availability of integrative tools, challenges arise in easy and fast access to large collections of cell atlas. Existing cell atlas portals rarely are open sourced and adaptable, and do not support meta-analysis at cell level. Here, we present an open source, highly optimised and scalable architecture, named Scope+, to allow quick access, meta-analysis and cell-level selection of the atlas data. We applied this architecture to our well-curated 5 million Covid-19 blood and immune cells, as a portal, Covidscope (https://covidsc.d24h.hk/). We achieved efficient access to atlas-scale data via three strategies, such as server-side rendering, novel database optimization strategies and an innovative architectural design. Scope+ serves as an open source architecture for researchers to build on with their own atlas, and demonstrated its capability in the Covidscope portal for an effective meta-analysis to atlas data at cellular resolution for reproducible research.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.518997v2" target="_blank">Scope+: An open source generalizable architecture for single-cell atlases at sample and cell levels</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Perceptions and responses to COVID-19 through wastewater surveillance information and online search behavior: A randomized controlled trial</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Wastewater surveillance is anticipated to be a representative and timely method to assess infectious disease status; however, its influence on public perception and behavior remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we used a randomized controlled trial to analyze the influence of wastewater surveillance-based information on understanding of, interest in, relief regarding, preventive behavioral intention against, and subsequent online search behavior related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Valid responses were obtained from 1,000 individuals in both control and intervention groups from Yahoo crowdsourcing users aged ≥18 years in Japan. This survey was conducted from August 4 to August 7, 2023, just before the common Japanese tradition of returning to hometowns. The questionnaire not only collected personal attributes but also gauged responses to COVID-19 information. This information highlighted the early detection capabilities and representativeness of wastewater surveillance compared with sentinel surveillance at medical institutions. At one-week post-survey, we obtained the survey participants9 online search history for key words such as “bullet train,” “highway,” “airplane,” and “wastewater.” The findings showed no significant differences between the two groups in terms of COVID-19 interest or preventive behavior before information provision, verifying the effectiveness of participant randomization. Wastewater surveillance-based information did not notably elevate understanding or specific intentions regarding COVID-19, such as wearing masks and receiving vaccination. However, it significantly increased interest in, relief concerning the infection status, and general preventive behavioral intentions. Heightened interest and general preventive intentions did not depend on prior interest or behavior. However, those who previously engaged in preventive behavior or who were less interested in COVID-19 exhibited more relief after exposure to wastewater surveillance-based information. Furthermore, this information could slightly influence online searches related to return travel modes, such as highways. In conclusion, information from wastewater surveillance effectively shapes individual perceptions of and responses to infections.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.23297297v1" target="_blank">Perceptions and responses to COVID-19 through wastewater surveillance information and online search behavior: A randomized controlled trial</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among household contacts with recent vaccination and past COVID-19 infection: results from two multi-site case-ascertained household transmission studies</strong> -
<div>
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Background COVID-19 vaccines reduce the risk of severe disease, but it is less clear what effect vaccines have on reducing the risk of infection in high contact settings like households, alone or in combination with prior infection. Methods Households with an individual who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during Sep 2021-May 2023 were screened nationwide and at 7 sentinel sites and enrolled if the index cases illness onset was ≤6 days prior. Household members had daily self-collected nasal swabs tested by RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 vaccination status was assessed by plausible self-report (with date) or vaccination records. Prior infection was assessed by self-reported prior testing and by anti-nucleocapsid antibodies presence at enrollment. The effects of prior immunity, including vaccination, prior infection, or hybrid immunity (both vaccination and prior infection) on SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among household contacts were assessed by robust, clustered multivariable Poisson regression. Findings There were 1,532 contacts from 905 households included in this analysis. Of these, 67% were enrolled May-November 2022, when Omicron BA.4/5 predominated. Most contacts (89%) had some immunity to SARS-CoV-2 at the time of household exposure: 8% had immunity from prior infection alone, 51% from vaccination alone, and 29% had hybrid immunity. Sixty percent of contacts tested SARS-CoV-2-positive during follow-up. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection was not significantly reduced by vaccination but was reduced among those with prior infection considering such immunity separately (adjusted relative risk 0.83; 95% confidence interval: 0.77, 0.90); however, when accounting for both sources of immunity, only contacts with vaccination and prior infection had significantly reduced risk of infection (aRR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.70, 0.93). The risk of infection was lower when the last immunizing event (vaccination or infection) occurred ≤6 months before COVID-19 affected the household (aRR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.57, 0.83). Interpretation Immunity from COVID-19 vaccination and prior infection was synergistic in protecting household contacts from SARS-CoV-2 infection. These data support COVID-19 vaccination, even for those who have been previously infected.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.23297317v1" target="_blank">Reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among household contacts with recent vaccination and past COVID-19 infection: results from two multi-site case-ascertained household transmission studies</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Postacute Sequelae SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Vaccination Status: A Six-Month Latent Class Analysis</strong> -
<div>
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Symptoms post- SARS-CoV-2 infection may persist for months and cause significant impairment and impact to quality of life. Acute symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection are well studied, yet data on clusters of symptoms over time, or postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), are limited. We aim to characterize PASC phenotypes by identifying symptom clusters over a six-month period following infection in individuals vaccinated (boosted and not) and those unvaccinated. Subjects with ≥1 self-reported symptom and positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 at CVS Health US test sites were recruited between January and April 2022. Patient-reported outcomes symptoms, heath-related quality of life (QoL), work productivity and activity impairment (WPAI) were captured at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months post-acute infection. Logistic regression and latent class analysis (LCA) were performed on 20 symptoms using baseline socio-demographic, clinical characteristics, and vaccination status as well as EQ-5and WPAI results as covariables. Subjects with more symptoms were associated with lower health-related quality of life, and worse WPAI scores. LCA identified three phenotypes that are primarily differentiated by number of symptoms. These three phenotypes remained consistent across time periods. Vaccinated individuals were more likely to be in the low symptom burden latent classes at all time points compared to unvaccinated individuals.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.23297332v1" target="_blank">Postacute Sequelae SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Vaccination Status: A Six-Month Latent Class Analysis</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Is Recovery Just the Beginning? Persistent Symptoms and Health and Performance Deterioration in Post-COVID-19, non-hospitalised University Students - A Cross-Sectional Study</strong> -
<div>
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Many individuals experience persistent symptoms such as deteriorated physical and mental health, increased fatigue, and reduced cognitive performance months after recovering from COVID-19. Current data are limited on the long-term trajectory of these symptoms and their prevalence in milder cases. Our study aimed to assess the persistent effects of COVID-19 on physical and mental health, fatigue, and cognitive performance in a cohort of 214 students, averaging 21.8 years of age. Of these, 148 had contracted COVID-19 but were not hospitalized, with the time since infection ranging from 1 to 39 months. We utilized a comprehensive panel of cognitive tests to measure intelligence, memory, and psychomotor skills, and a detailed anamnestic questionnaire to evaluate physical and mental health. While contracting COVID-19 did not significantly impact overall health and performance, it was associated with increased reports of fatigue. However, the reported severity of the disease had a pronounced negative influence on physical health, mental well-being, fatigue, and reaction time. Trends of improvement in physical and mental health, as well as error rate, were observed within the first two years post-infection. However, fatigue and reaction time showed a trend of deterioration. Beyond the two-year mark, physical health and error rate continued to improve, while mental health began to deteriorate. Fatigue and reaction time continued to decline. Overall, our findings suggest that some effects of contracting COVID-19 can persist or even deteriorate over time, even in younger individuals who had mild cases that did not require hospitalization.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.23297203v1" target="_blank">Is Recovery Just the Beginning? Persistent Symptoms and Health and Performance Deterioration in Post-COVID-19, non-hospitalised University Students - A Cross-Sectional Study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Factors Influencing the Trajectory of COVID-19 Evolution: A Longitudinal Study of 12 Asian Countries</strong> -
<div>
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Summary Background The effectiveness of different strategies in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic has been assessed, but there is still not enough evidence in Asian countries. This study aims to examine the factors influencing the trajectory of COVID-19 evolution in Asia, to provide insights for optimizing public health policies. Methods In this longitudinal analysis, we combined COVID-19 cases and vaccination percentages from Our Word in Data with the policy stringency index from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker for 12 Asian countries between January 1, 2021, and September 30, 2022. An agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was conducted to identify countries with similar COVID-19 evolution trajectories. We also investigated the potential impact of seasonal variations on the virus9 trajectory. The relationship between the level of policy response, vaccination coverage, and COVID-19 cases was explored using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs). Findings There were noticeable differences in the evolution trajectory of COVID-19 among the countries. The 12 Asian countries were grouped into two clusters based on evolutionary similarities. Cluster 1 consisted of West Asian countries (Azerbaijan, Turkey, Bahrain, Israel and Lebanon); while Cluster 2 included Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Indonesia. The analysis revealed that the stringency index and vaccination coverage were associated with a statistically significant impact (both P values &lt; 0.0001) on the evolution trajectory of COVID-19 (adjR2=0.54). The dose-response relationships demonstrated that the continuous high levels of stringency index (≥87.6) or vaccination coverage (≥ 42.0%) have led to a decrease in COVID-19 infection rates. In early 2021, the adjR2 increased to 0.93 for all countries. Furthermore, the adjR2 for Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 were 0.86 and 0.90 respectively. All GAMs models have significantly improved compared to null model (P values &lt;0.0001). Interpretation By strengthening vaccination ahead of susceptible seasons and enhancing personal self-protection measures, the transmission of COVID-19 among the population can be reduced even during the highly infectious Omicron era.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.23297319v1" target="_blank">Factors Influencing the Trajectory of COVID-19 Evolution: A Longitudinal Study of 12 Asian Countries</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in a Large US population Over a Period of 12 Months</strong> -
<div>
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Due to a combination of asymptomatic or undiagnosed infections, the proportion of the United States population infected with SARS-CoV-2 was unclear from the beginning of the pandemic. We previously established a platform to screen for SARS-CoV-2 positivity across a representative proportion of the US population, from which we reported that almost 17 million Americans were estimated to have had undocumented infections in the Spring of 2020. Since then, vaccine rollout and prevalence of different SARS-CoV-2 variants have further altered seropositivity trends within the United States population. To explore the longitudinal impacts of the pandemic and vaccine responses on seropositivity, we re-enrolled participants from our baseline study in a 6- and 12- month follow-up study to develop a longitudinal antibody profile capable of representing seropositivity within the United States during a critical period just prior to and during the initiation of vaccine rollout. Initial measurements showed that, since July 2020, seropositivity elevated within this population from 4.8% at baseline to 36.2% and 89.3% at 6 and 12 months, respectively. We also evaluated nucleocapsid seropositivity and compared to spike seropositivity to identify trends in infection versus vaccination relative to baseline. These data serve as a window into a critical timeframe within the COVID-19 pandemic response and serve as a resource that could be used in subsequent respiratory illness outbreaks.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.20.23297329v1" target="_blank">Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in a Large US population Over a Period of 12 Months</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>FAKHRAVAC and BBIBP-CorV vaccine seeds’ binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: A comparative molecular dynamics study</strong> -
<div>
Background: Safety and efficacy of the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines have been question since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). Using residue fluctuations and statistically comparing RMSF values, have escalated the understanding of the binding dynamics of the viral proteins to their receptors and here in this study, we compared the interaction between inactivated spike proteins (representing FAKHRAVAC and BBIBP-CorV vaccines seed) and the human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. Methodology: Through 100 set of accelerated 1 ns comparative molecular dynamics simulations, we analyze the binding dynamics and energy components of these interactions and compared residue backbone fluctuations using entropy and statistics including KL-Divergence and KS-test. Principal Findings: Our results reveal that FAKHRAVAC and Sinopharm exhibit similar binding dynamics and affinity to hACE2. Further examination of residue-wise fluctuations highlights the common behavior of binding key residues and mutation sites between the two vaccines. However, subtle differences in residue fluctuations, especially at critical sites like Q24, Y435, L455, S477, Y505, and F486, raise the possibility of distinct efficacy profiles. Conclusion: These variations may influence vaccine immunogenicity and safety in response to evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants. The study underscores the importance of considering residue-wise fluctuations for understanding vaccine-pathogen interactions and their implications for vaccine design.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563051v1" target="_blank">FAKHRAVAC and BBIBP-CorV vaccine seeds’ binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: A comparative molecular dynamics study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Divergent spike mutations impact the activation of the fusion core in Delta and Omicronvariants of SARS-CoV-2</strong> -
<div>
SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells by binding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of its spike protein to the receptor, ACE2. A subset of highly effective spike mutations plays critical roles in altering the conformational dynamics of spike protein. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate how spike mutations affect the conformational dynamics of spike/ACE2 complex in the D614G, Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variants. We observe that the increased positive-charged mutations in the Omicron spike amplify its structural rigidity and reduce its structural flexibility. The mutations (P681R in Delta and P681H in Omicron) at the S1/S2 junction facilitate S1/S2 cleavage and aid the activation of the fusion core. We report that high structural flexibility in Delta lowers the barrier for the activation of the S2 core; however, high structural rigidity in Omicron enhances the barrier for the same. Our results also explain why Omicron requires the presence of a higher number of ACE2 to activate its fusion core than Delta.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563184v1" target="_blank">Divergent spike mutations impact the activation of the fusion core in Delta and Omicronvariants of SARS-CoV-2</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Neuroinflammation in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) as assessed by PBR28 PET correlates with vascular disease measures</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has triggered a consequential public health crisis of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), sometimes referred to as long COVID. The mechanisms of the heterogeneous persistent symptoms and signs that comprise PASC are under investigation, and several studies have pointed to the central nervous and vascular systems as being potential sites of dysfunction. In the current study, we recruited individuals with PASC with diverse symptoms, and examined the relationship between neuroinflammation and circulating markers of vascular dysfunction. We used [11C]PBR28 PET neuroimaging, a marker of neuroinflammation, to compare 12 PASC individuals versus 43 normative healthy controls. We found significantly increased neuroinflammation in PASC versus controls across a wide swath of brain regions including midcingulate and anterior cingulate cortex, corpus callosum, thalamus, basal ganglia, and at the boundaries of ventricles. We also collected and analyzed peripheral blood plasma from the PASC individuals and found significant positive correlations between neuroinflammation and several circulating analytes related to vascular dysfunction. These results suggest that an interaction between neuroinflammation and vascular health may contribute to common symptoms of PASC.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563117v1" target="_blank">Neuroinflammation in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) as assessed by PBR28 PET correlates with vascular disease measures</a>
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<li><strong>Analysis of uptake, effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccinations in pregnancy using the QResearch database: research protocol and statistical analysis plan</strong> -
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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of people globally with major health, social and economic consequences, prompting development of vaccines for use in the general population. However, vaccination uptake is lower in some groups, including in pregnant women, because of concerns regarding vaccine safety. There is evidence of increased risk of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but fear of vaccine-associated adverse events on the baby both in short and longer term is one of the main drivers of low uptake for this group. Other vaccines commonly used in pregnancy include influenza and pertussis. These both have reportedly higher uptake compared with COVID-19 vaccination, which may be because they are perceived to be safer. In this study, we will undertake an independent evaluation of the uptake, effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccinations in pregnant women using the QResearch primary care database in England. Objectives A. To determine COVID-19 vaccine uptake in pregnant women compared to uptake of influenza and pertussis vaccinations. B. To estimate COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in pregnant women by evaluating the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes following vaccination. C. To assess the safety of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy by evaluating the risks of adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes and adverse events of special interest for vaccine safety after COVID-19 vaccination compared with influenza and pertussis vaccinations. Methods This population-based study uses the QResearch database of primary health care records, linked to individual-level data on hospital admissions, mortality, COVID-19 vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 testing data and congenital anomalies. We will include women aged 16 to 49 years with at least one pregnancy during the study period of 30th December 2020 to the latest date available. Babies born during the study period will be identified and linked to the mothers record, where possible. We will describe vaccine uptake in pregnant women by trimester and population subgroups defined by demographics and other characteristics. Cox proportional hazards multivariable regression will be used to identify factors associated with vaccine uptake. The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant women will be assessed using time varying Royston-Palmar regression analyses to determine unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios for the occurrence of severe COVID-19 outcomes after each vaccine dose compared with unvaccinated individuals. For the safety analysis, we will we use logistic regression analyses to determine unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for the occurrence of maternal (e.g. miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy and gestational diabetes) and perinatal outcomes (e.g. stillbirth, small for gestational age and congenital anomalies) by vaccination status compared to unvaccinated individuals. For the adverse events of special interest for vaccine safety (e.g. venous thromboembolism, myocarditis and Guillain Barre syndrome), we will use time varying Royston-Palmar regression analyses to determine unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios for the occurrence of each outcome by vaccination status to unvaccinated individuals. Ethics and dissemination QResearch is a Research Ethics Approved Research Database with ongoing approval from the East Midlands Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee (Ref: 18/EM/0400). This study was approved by the QResearch Scientific Committee on 9th June 2022. This research protocol has been developed with support from a patient and public involvement panel, who will continue to provide input throughout the duration of the study. Research findings will be submitted to pre-print servers such as MedRxIv, academic publication and disseminated more broadly through media releases and community groups and conference presentations.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.22283660v2" target="_blank">Analysis of uptake, effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccinations in pregnancy using the QResearch database: research protocol and statistical analysis plan</a>
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<li><strong>Influence of age, sex, body habitus, vaccine type and anti-S serostatus on cellular and humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination</strong> -
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Vaccine development targeting SARS-CoV-2 in 2020 was of critical importance in reducing COVID-19 severity and mortality. In the U.K. during the initial roll-out most individuals either received two doses of Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) or the adenovirus-based vaccine from Oxford/AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-nCoV-19). There are conflicting data as to the impact of age, sex and body habitus on cellular and humoral responses to vaccination, and most studies in this area have focused on determinants of mRNA vaccine immunogenicity. Here we studied a cohort of participants in a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK) to determine the influence of age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and pre-vaccination anti-Spike (anti-S) antibody status on vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses to two doses of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx-n-CoV-19 vaccination. Younger age and pre-vaccination anti-S seropositivity were both associated with stronger antibody responses to vaccination. BNT162b2 generated higher neutralising and anti-S antibody titres to vaccination than ChAdOx1-nCoV-19, but cellular responses to the two vaccines were no different. Irrespective of vaccine type, increasing age was also associated with decreased frequency of cytokine double-positive CD4+ T cells. Increasing BMI was associated with reduced frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific TNF+ CD8% T cells for both vaccines. Together, our findings demonstrate that increasing age and BMI associate with attenuated cellular and humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Whilst both vaccines induced T cell responses, BNT162b2 induced significantly elevated humoral immune response as compared to ChAdOx-n-CoV-19.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.23296222v2" target="_blank">Influence of age, sex, body habitus, vaccine type and anti-S serostatus on cellular and humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination</a>
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<li><strong>The gravity of the status quo: the response of research governance to system-level shocks</strong> -
<div>
Using semi-structured interviews with n=69 global research stakeholders, , this research explores the ways in which stakeholders within system-level research governance organisations conceptualised, responded to, and reasoned the realities of disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and how they positioned procedural changes to their governance mechanisms. Given that shocks to systems present critical challenges to established practices and embedded institutional norms, we use neo-institutional theory as a heuristic device to examine the relationship between the exogenous shock of COVID-19, trajectories of institutional norms and cultures, and the role institutional stakeholders play in managing responses. Across all the research systems studied (with particular focus on the UK, Australia, Norway, New Zealand, Hong Kong SAR and Italy), participants were concerned about how the shock provided by COVID-19 had both revealed and entrenched deep inequalities (between individuals and between organisations) inherent in their research systems and globally. There were tensions in how participants centralised the concept of the ‘normal’ as part of a process of recovery permeating all system-level responses, often with a sense of nostalgia for past structures (a pre-pandemic ‘golden age’ of research), modes of operation, and embedded norms. Aspirations for short-, medium- and long-term plans for research change echoed a dependency on returning to ‘normal’ and reflected an inevitable pull of the norms of the pre-pandemic status quo. Despite the desire of individuals involved in research governance to ‘build back better’, the pull of institutional norms and the gravitational force of the status quo appears too strong for meaningful change to happen in recovering research systems.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/3wfcb/" target="_blank">The gravity of the status quo: the response of research governance to system-level shocks</a>
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<li><strong>Wastewater as a back door to serology?</strong> -
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Wastewater surveillance is a powerful tool for monitoring the prevalence of infectious disease. Systems for wastewater monitoring were put in place throughout the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. These systems use viral RNA copies as the basis of estimates of COVID-19 cases in the sewershed area, thereby providing data critical for public health responses. However, the potential to measure other biomarkers in wastewater during outbreaks has not been fully explored. Here we report a novel approach for detecting specific human antibodies from wastewater. We measured the abundance of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG and IgA from fresh samples of community wastewater and from archived frozen samples dating from 2020-22. The assay described can be performed with readily available reagents, at a moderate per-sample cost. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of noninvasive serological surveillance via wastewater, enabling a new approach to immunity-based monitoring of populations.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.22282224v2" target="_blank">Wastewater as a back door to serology?</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity of Concomitant Administration of COVID-19 Vaccines With Influenza Vaccines</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Influenza; Vaccine Reaction; Contaminant Injected <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: Omicron-containing COVID-19 vaccine; Biological: influenza vaccine <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Catholic Kwandong University; Korea University Guro Hospital <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Narrative Intervention for Long COVID-19 (NICO)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID; Long Covid19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Narrative Intervention for Long COVID-19 (NICO) <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of Colorado, Denver <br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inspiratory Muscle Training in People With Long COVID- A Pilot Investigation.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: PrO2 <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of Bath; Swansea University <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Home-Based Respiratory Muscle Strength Training Program for Individuals With Post-COVID-19 Persistent Dyspnea</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post-COVID-19 Syndrome; Dyspnea <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: Respiratory Muscle Strength Trainers <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of South Florida <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training in Post-Covid Syndrome</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Cardiovascular Abnormalities; Post-COVID-19 Syndrome; Physical Exercise <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Inspiratory muscle strength training <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: D’Or Institute for Research and Education <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rural Tailored Communication to Promote SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Testing in Saliva</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: SARS-CoV2 Infection <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: General SARS-CoV-2 Communication; Behavioral: Rural-Targeted SARS-CoV-2 Communication <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Michigan State University; National Cancer Institute (NCI); Johns Hopkins University <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Compensatory Cognitive Training for COVID-19; Behavioral: Holistic Cognitive Education <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: VA Office of Research and Development <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID Rehabilitation</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Rehabilitation; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome; Post-Infectious Disorders <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: One day course; Behavioral: Individual follow-ups <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University Hospital of North Norway; University of Bergen; Oslo University Hospital; Norwegian University of Science and Technology <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 3 Open-Label Controlled Trial of Convalescent Plasma in Early COVID-19 Infection</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Covid19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Convalescent Plasma; Other: Standard of Care <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Larkin Community Hospital <br/><b>Withdrawn</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Food Effects of GST-HG171 Tablets Combined With Ritonavir in Healthy Chinese Participants</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 Respiratory Infection <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: GST-HG171/ritonavir; Drug: ritonavir <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Fujian Akeylink Biotechnology Co., Ltd. <br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Improving Post COVID-19 Syndrome With Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatments</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post COVID-19 Condition; Post-COVID-19 Syndrome; Post-COVID Syndrome; COVID-19; Fatigue; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: Monoplace Hyperbaric Chamber (Class III medical device). <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Education of Medical Staff to Post Acute Covid susTained sYmptoms</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Training in the management of functional disorders; Other: Reimbursement of 3 long consultations <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris; ANRS, Emerging Infectious Diseases <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pharmacist Management of Paxlovid eVisits</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Quality of Care <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Pharmacist Care; Other: AFM Pool Care <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Kaiser Permanente <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>tDCS in the Management of Post-COVID Disorders</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Long COVID <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS); Behavioral: Motor Training; Behavioral: Cognitive Training <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; São Paulo State University <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Equity Evaluation of Fact Boxes on Informed COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccination Decisions - Study Protocol</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Influenza <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Fact box <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Harding Center for Risk Literacy <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronaviruses in urban and indigenous children in Colombia</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Overall, antibody titers, but in particular ACE2 binding inhibition are low within Colombian samples, requiring further investigation to determine any potential clinical significance.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ASK1 inhibitors are potential pan-antiviral drugs, which dampen replication of diverse viruses including SARS-CoV2</strong> - Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)/MAP3K5 is a stress response kinase that is activated by various stimuli. It is known as an upstream activator of p38- Mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) that are reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced kinases. Accumulating evidence show that ROS accumulate in virus-infected cells. Here, we investigated the relationship between viruses and ASK1/p38MAPK or ASK1/JNK pathways. Our findings suggest that virus…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Analysis of blood and nasal epithelial transcriptomes to identify mechanisms associated with control of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the upper respiratory tract</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Correlations between the transcriptional host response and inter-individual variations in SARS-CoV-2 URT viral load, revealed many molecular mechanisms plausibly favouring or constraining viral replication. Existing evidence corroborates many of these mechanisms, including likely roles for NK cells, granulysin, prostanoids and interferon alpha-14. Inhibition of prostanoid production, and administration of interferon alpha-14 may be attractive transmission-blocking interventions.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Assembly of SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleosomes by truncated N* variant of the nucleocapsid protein</strong> - The Nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 compacts the RNA genome into viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes within virions. Assembly of vRNPs is inhibited by phosphorylation of the N protein SR region. Several SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern carry N protein mutations that reduce phosphorylation and enhance the efficiency of viral packaging. Variants of the dominant B.1.1 viral lineage also encode a truncated N protein, termed N* or Δ(1-209), that mediates genome packaging despite lacking the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Update on fungal lipid biosynthesis inhibitors as antifungal agents</strong> - Fungal diseases today represent a world-wide problem. Poor hygiene and decreased immunity are the main reasons behind the manifestation of this disease. After COVID-19, an increase in the rate of fungal infection has been observed in different countries. Different classes of antifungal agents, such as polyenes, azoles, echinocandins, and anti-metabolites, as well as their combinations, are currently employed to treat fungal diseases; these drugs are effective but can cause some side effects and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Assessment of virus and Leptospira carriage in bats in France</strong> - With over 1,400 species worldwide, bats represent the second largest order of mammals after rodents, and are known to host major zoonotic pathogens. Here, we estimate the presence of pathogens in autochthonous bat populations. First, we set out to check our samples for PCR amplification efficiency by assessing the occurrence of inhibited PCR reactions from different types of bat samples with amplifying the housekeeping gene β-actin. Second, we investigated the presence of five targeted pathogens…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Blocking of doublecortin-like kinase 1-regulated SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle restores cell signaling network</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can lead to fatal outcomes for subgroups of patients with pre-existing co-morbidities. We previously reported a significant association between high expression levels of a cancer stem cell protein, doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1), in the lungs and macrophages of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Herein, we demonstrate a pivotal role of DCLK1 in the viral replication cycle…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>In Silico Screening of Some Active Phytochemicals to Identify Promising Inhibitors Against SARS-CoV-2 Targets</strong> - CONCLUSION: The present in silico screening study suggested that active phytomolecules from medicinal plants could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 targets. The elite docked compounds with drug-like properties have a harmless ADMET profile, which may help to develop promising COVID-19 inhibitors.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The SARS-CoV-2 protein ORF3c is a mitochondrial modulator of innate immunity</strong> - The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes a multitude of accessory proteins. Using comparative genomic approaches, an additional accessory protein, ORF3c, has been predicted to be encoded within the ORF3a sgmRNA. Expression of ORF3c during infection has been confirmed independently by ribosome profiling. Despite ORF3c also being present in the 2002-2003 SARS-CoV, its function has remained unexplored. Here we show that ORF3c localizes to mitochondria, where it inhibits innate immunity by restricting IFN-β…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Synthesis, evaluation, and mechanism of 1-(4-(arylethylenylcarbonyl)phenyl)-4-carboxy-2-pyrrolidinones as potent reversible SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors</strong> - A class of 1-(4-(arylethylenylcarbonyl)phenyl)-4-carboxy-2-pyrrolidinones were designed and synthesized via Michael addition, cyclization, aldol condensation, and deprotonation to inhibit the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and Furin, which are involved in priming the SARS-CoV-2 Spike for virus entry. The most potent inhibitor 2f (81) was found to efficiently inhibit the replication of various SARS-CoV-2 delta and omicron variants in VeroE6 and Calu-3 cells, with EC(50) range of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antiviral Effects of Micafungin against Pteropine Orthoreovirus, an Emerging Zoonotic Virus Carried by Bats</strong> - Bat-borne emerging zoonotic viruses cause major outbreaks, such as the Ebola virus, Nipah virus, and/or beta coronavirus. Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV), whose spillover event occurred from fruits bats to humans, causes respiratory syndrome in humans widely in South East Asia. Repurposing approved drugs against PRV is an effective tool to confront future PRV pandemics. We screened 2,943 compounds in an FDA-approved drug library and identified eight hit compounds that reduce viral cytopathic…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cellular assays for dynamic quantification of deubiquitinase activity and inhibition</strong> - Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are proteolytic enzymes that catalyze the removal of ubiquitin from protein substrates. The critical role of DUBs in regulating protein ubiquitination makes them attractive drug targets in oncology, neurodegenerative disease, and antiviral development. Biochemical assays for quantifying DUB activity have enabled characterization of substrate preferences and discovery of small molecule inhibitors. However, assessing the efficacy of these inhibitors in cellular contexts to…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Transporter modulation of molnupiravir and its metabolite β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine across the blood-brain barrier in a rat</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: In summary, molnupiravir rapidly transforms into NHC and crosses the BBB and reaches the brain at approximately 0.3-0.8% of the blood‒brain ratio. The maximum concentration of NHC in the blood and brain is above the average half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the drug required to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, suggesting a therapeutic effect. The penetration of NHC is modulated by NBMPR. These findings provide constructive…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation and Mechanistic Investigation of Human Milk Oligosaccharide against SARS-CoV-2</strong> - Four human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), 3’-sialyllactose (3’-SL), 6’-sialyllactose (6’-SL), 2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FL), and 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), were assessed for their possible antiviral activity against the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) in vitro. Among them, only 2’-FL/3-FL exhibited obvious antibinding activity against direct binding and trans-binding in competitive immunocytochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The antiviral effects of 2’-FL/3-FL were…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Explore intersection genes of oxymatrine and COVID-19 with lung cancer as potential therapeutic targets based on network pharmacology</strong> - Introduction. Oxymatrine is a natural quinazine alkaloid extracted from Sophora flavescens and has many medicinal values. Oxymatrine showed protective effects, viral inhibition and effects against lung cancer.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Individuals with lung cancer exhibit heightened vulnerability to COVID-19 infection due to compromised immune function. In conjunction with COVID-19, it is hypothesized that oxymatrine may exert potent pharmacological effects on lung cancer patients.Aim. The…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The View from My Window in Gaza</strong> - Two days before Israel escalated attacks in the Gaza Strip, my family bought some bread. After we evacuated, I biked home to get it. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-weekend-essay/the-view-from-my-window-in-gaza">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Week When Biden Hugged Bibi</strong> - The President, fresh off a grim trip to the Middle East, makes the case for funding Israel’s war—and Ukraine’s, too. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/the-week-when-biden-hugged-bibi">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Anguished Fallout from a Pro-Palestinian Letter at Harvard</strong> - Students issued a statement blaming Israel for the Hamas attacks. Then a doxing campaign tested the courage of their conviction. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-anguished-fallout-from-a-pro-palestinian-letter-at-harvard">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Simmering Lebanese Front in Israel’s War</strong> - A series of tit-for-tat exchanges between Hezbollah fighters and the Israeli Army risks blowing the Gaza offensive into a regional conflict. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-simmering-lebanese-front-in-israels-war">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ibram X. Kendi’s Anti-Racism</strong> - The historian espoused grand ambitions to dismantle American racism, but the crisis at his research center suggests that he always had a more limited view of change. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/ibram-x-kendis-anti-racism">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Abortion is on the ballot in November. The outcome will shape 2024.</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="People cast their votes at a polling place in The Ohio Union, a student activity center at Ohio State University in Columbus on November 8, 2022." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/LkLjUVq0D_NvzVpGqsWrsTkZ-2U=/195x0:3306x2333/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72781524/1244628399.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Sarah L. Voisin/The Washington Post via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Republicans hope to prove the legitimacy of “consensus” bans.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gGx9gM">
Few states have major elections coming up in November. But in those that do,<strong> </strong><a href="https://www.vox.com/abortion">abortion</a> rights are playing a pivotal role.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8cHyUY">
The outcome of those contests — an abortion rights ballot measure in Ohio, a competitive gubernatorial election in Kentucky, and a fight over whether Republicans in Virginia will gain full control of state government — will shape reproductive health care in those states.<strong> </strong>The results also have big ramifications for<strong> </strong>political strategy and investments into 2024, as leaders wait to see if abortion rights yield the same kinds of electoral wins for Democrats as they did in 2022.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LnylGf">
For many on the left, the question of whether abortion rights serve as a winning issue has already been decisively answered. Activists and progressive leaders point to the fact that abortion rights ballot measures <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23451074/abortion-ballot-measure-midterms-kentucky-montana-michigan">won in all six states</a> where they appeared in 2022, including red and purple states that otherwise elected Republican candidates. They point to a slew of <a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4242036-democrats-special-elections-wins-2024/">special elections in battleground states</a> that Democrats have won over the past 18 months, a closely watched Wisconsin state supreme court election <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/23653403/wisconsin-supreme-court-election">where the pro-choice candidate won</a>, and polls showing voters appear to<strong> </strong><a href="https://navigatorresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/May-2-Release-FINAL.pdf">have grown</a> <a href="https://maristpoll.marist.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/NPR_PBS-News-Hour_Marist-Poll_USA-NOS-and-Tables_0426_202304211458.pdf">even more supportive</a> <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/support-for-legalized-abortion-grows-since-dobbs-ruling-wsj-poll-shows-11662210020">of abortion rights</a> than they were before the <a href="https://www.vox.com/scotus">Supreme Court</a> <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/5/3/23055125/roe-v-wade-abortion-rights-supreme-court-dobbs-v-jackson">overturned <em>Roe </em>v. <em>Wade</em></a><em> </em>in June 2022.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FUEiKj">
Still, anti-abortion groups and some Republican officials continue to argue this electoral confidence in messaging that supports abortion rights is misplaced. After the midterms last year, anti-abortion leaders <a href="https://www.theamericanconservative.com/abortion-didnt-hold-back-republicans/">were quick to point out</a> that Democrats failed to unseat incumbent anti-abortion governors, and that candidates who promised to aggressively restrict abortion access, including Florida Sen. Marco Rubio and Ohio Sen. J.D. Vance, prevailed in their contests, compared to Republican candidates such as Mehmet Oz in Pennsylvania and Adam Laxalt in Nevada who shied more from the topic. More recently, activist groups have argued that Republican presidential candidates <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/republicans-who-won-were-willing-call-out-democrat-abortion-extremism">must double down on anti-abortion bans</a>, contending that any electoral losses the party has suffered to date have been driven by meek commitment and insufficient spending.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dy6BGy">
The outcomes this November will play a key role in shaping the narratives and expectations headed into 2024. If abortion rights prove salient once again, advocates will be able to more confidently rebut those who worry the earlier wins were driven primarily by other factors.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mOpanx">
If Democrats lose or the Ohio abortion rights ballot measure fails, there will likely be more debate and hand-wringing about what went wrong and what that means for the presidential campaign next fall.
</p>
<h3 id="AtTBbN">
Abortion rights are at the center of the fight for Virginia’s legislature
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RMymAn">
Virginia is the only Southern state that has not restricted abortion rights since the Supreme Court overruled <em>Roe </em>v. <em>Wade, </em>though not for lack of trying. Republicans currently hold a small majority in the state’s House of Delegates, and Glenn Youngkin, a Republican, controls the governorship. But when Republican lawmakers tried to pass a 15-week ban earlier this year, Democrats, who retain a small majority in the state Senate, <a href="https://apnews.com/article/abortion-virginia-state-government-42791ab80e24a3c6944819ac820273a6">blocked it</a>. A revival of that effort is front and center for voters this coming November, when every seat in both legislative chambers is on the ballot.
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Republicans, for their part, are trying to market their support for a 15-week ban as a “consensus” position, though a number of polls suggest that may be overstated in a post-<em>Roe </em>world. It’s true that before <em>Roe </em>v. <em>Wade </em>was overturned, national polls <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/05/06/americas-abortion-quandary/pf_05-06-22_abortion-views_0_1/">showed broad support</a> for restricting abortion after 15 weeks, but since the <em>Dobbs </em>decision, voters have been signaling opposition to bans. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/07/31/us/elections/times-siena-poll-republican-primary-crosstabs.html">One poll released this summer</a> even showed a third of Republican primary voters opposing the 15-week ban idea.
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Highlighting these emotional complexities, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2023/04/06/virginia-voters-youngkin-approval-poll/">a Washington Post/Schar School poll</a> from April found a small plurality of Virginia voters said they’d back a 15-week abortion ban with exceptions (49 to 46 percent), but the same poll found only 17 percent of Virginia voters wanted abortion laws to become more restrictive.
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Youngkin and anti-abortion groups <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/15/glenn-youngkin-republicans-abortion-00121549">are betting</a> that if they can win in Virginia by running emphatically on a 15-week ban (they prefer the more euphemistic “15-week limit”), then Republicans nationwide should feel more confident adopting their playbook in 2024. They want to prove they can win not only conservatives in deep red America, but also the same Biden-to-Youngkin voters who helped flip Virginia’s governor’s mansion in 2021. (Some GOP donors also continue to hold out hope that Youngkin might emerge as a plausible alternative to <a href="https://www.vox.com/donald-trump">Donald Trump</a>.)
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Abortion rights groups, by contrast, are betting that voters will reject what Republicans are selling, and show once and for all there’s no such thing as a “consensus” ban. Abortion <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/6/21/23768726/virginia-primary-election-2023-democrast-abortion-youngkin-2024">was a motivating force</a> in Virginia’s Democratic primaries, and Virginia Democrats are going all in now to frame the election as a referendum on abortion rights, <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/09/22/democrats-abortion-kentucky-elections-00117739">with more than 40 percent of TV ads</a> released this cycle highlighting the issue.
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Gubernatorial elections in Kentucky and Mississippi reveal contrasting approaches for Democrats in red states
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Democratic Gov. Andy Beshear is running for reelection in Kentucky, and leaning hard on abortion rights in his conservative state. The Republican running in the race, state Attorney General Daniel Cameron, has voiced support for a total abortion ban with no exceptions for rape or incest, and Beshear’s campaign has worked to highlight his opponent’s anti-abortion views. (More recently, Cameron <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Coq53UZcBM">said</a> he would sign an anti-abortion bill that included exceptions, but then clarified he meant <a href="https://apnews.com/article/abortion-kentucky-governor-campaign-ec767bf7802852d48ea150b7118fc90c">only if a court ordered it</a>.)
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Part of Besehar’s political calculus to<strong> </strong>focus on abortion rights is fueled by the victory of a ballot measure last year in his red state where 52 percent of Kentucky voters <a href="https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/recorddocuments/bill/21RS/hb91/bill.pdf">rejected a proposed change</a> to the state’s constitution that would have stripped rights to abortion. The incumbent governor is also hoping to motivate younger voters and suburban women, and if he pulls off a win, the implications for 2024 will be clear.
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In the red state of Mississippi, however, Democratic candidate Brandon Presley is making a different calculation, and <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/23807436/mississippi-brandon-presley-tate-reeves-governor">hoping to win his uphill gubernatorial contest</a> by emphasizing that he’s “pro-life,” supports the state’s current abortion restrictions, and believes life begins at conception. His opponent, Republican Gov. Tate Reeves, has sought to paint Presley as a puppet for the national Democratic Party, and though Reeves is not very popular himself, he’s still <a href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/mississippi-governor-lieutenant-governor-primary-election-2023-preview/">favored to win the election</a>.
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All eyes are on Ohio’s big abortion ballot rights measure
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The only abortion rights ballot measure for the 2023 cycle is in Ohio, where people will vote on a proposed state constitutional amendment to codify abortion access up to the point of fetal viability, and permit abortions beyond that point if a patient’s doctor deems it necessary to protect their life or health. A win for abortion rights in Ohio could bode well for Democratic Sen. Sherrod Brown, who faces a competitive reelection next year and who hopes he can win over independents and conservatives concerned about reproductive freedom. A win for abortion rights in Ohio would also be promising news for those activists organizing for 2024 abortion rights ballot measures, such as those <a href="https://www.axios.com/local/tampa-bay/2023/09/08/florida-abortion-ballot-initiative-signatures-supreme-court-review">in Florida</a> and <a href="https://apnews.com/article/abortion-arizona-ballot-voters-2024-a7ea711840cbe2103a9c75c4c4dd4ef3">Arizona</a>.
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Republicans and local anti-abortion groups tried earlier this year to change state law so that it would be harder for Ohio voters to approve the pro-abortion rights measure in November. But their efforts failed, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/8/8/23817989/issue-1-ohio-special-election-2023-results-abortion-rights">losing by 14 percentage points in August</a>. While polls have indicated that Ohio voters <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/u/0/d/e/2PACX-1vTmJm0hqJPaeo0TAlYWqiQIH8rmmDzJ46JdPqN02qi662u_nntNHoCR_cDCNibAROSMAJEo0gJVOYDx/pubhtml?gid=1434668642&amp;single=true">are broadly</a> <a href="https://www.cleveland.com/news/2023/10/baldwin-wallace-poll-58-of-ohio-voters-supporting-abortion-amendment.html">supportive</a> of the proposed constitutional amendment, it’s not clear what will happen on Election Day in the <a href="https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/bellwether-no-more-ohios-republican-strength-falls-out-of-step-with-nation/H2JLTWG2UFBOHCKXRH5AWI5SJI/">increasingly conservative state</a>, and anti-abortion groups <a href="https://19thnews.org/2023/10/ohio-issue-1-abortion-ballot-measure-november/">are eager to change the narrative</a> that their ideas are political losers. One added wrinkle is that the ballot measure <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/ohio-abortion-rights-supporters-ballot-confusion-november-issue-1-rcna118397">is confusingly named Issue 1</a>, the same name as the measure anti-abortion groups in Ohio backed just a few months ago.
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<li><strong>10 unexpected tips to make dating suck less</strong> -
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<img alt="An illustration of a pair of pink hands holding a pair of white binoculars. In the viewfinder are two pink hearts." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/nD-IoM-WlfObSeitbwF5UUPcUGk=/626x0:6459x4375/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72781460/GettyImages_1362534893.0.jpg"/>
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Getty Images/iStockphoto
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Expert-approved advice that’ll help you rethink romance.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RIzRyd">
Popular opinion would suggest that budding romance in an always-connected, app-forward culture is, well, a mess. After all, dating has been described as a “<a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/dating_advice/comments/qzaje4/why_is_modern_online_dating_such_a_fucking/">minefield</a>,” a “<a href="https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/elle-voices/a36265320/finding-the-one/">numbers game</a>,” and “<a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/AskMen/comments/v0ffhm/why_is_dating_and_trying_to_meet_someone_so/">exhausting</a>.” If you’ve been on a first date within the last few years, you may agree; you might even have a few horror stories you share at parties.
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Still, dating doesn’t have to be a slog. It can be exhilarating and romantic, novel and affectionate, regardless of your age or dating history. Finding a partner doesn’t require a rigid strategy, but it could necessitate a change in perspective. Instead of viewing dating as work, take it as an opportunity to seriously consider what you want out of life — and who you want to spend it with. Ten matchmakers, communication experts, and therapists offer paradigm-shifting dating insights that might make you reconsider modern courtship.
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Responses have been edited and condensed for clarity.
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<h3 id="wFFHOG">
Don’t rely on only one form of dating to try to meet someone
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ez0o1c">
“Create a three-pronged dating plan that includes online dating, meeting people in real life, and getting your ‘super connector’ contacts to set you up on good dates with people they know.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VSm0Vq">
—Bela Gandhi, dating coach at <a href="https://www.smartdatingacademy.com/">Smart Dating Academy</a> and host of the podcast <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/smart-dating-academy-the-podcast/id1583496218"><em>Smart Dating Academy</em></a>
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<h3 id="N9HZ8d">
Take it slow — but not too slow
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“Don’t linger online waiting for some magical insight to appear. If this person seems to have potential, get into a face-to-face context and start talking and sharing time together. But don’t be impatient. Sometimes very high-quality and long-lasting relationships can take off slowly and have a number of false starts and missteps. A rush to judgment has probably cost all of us at least one potentially good relationship in our lives.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZHqGYM">
—<a href="https://profiles.arizona.edu/person/segrin">Chris Segrin</a>, head of the University of Arizona’s department of communication and a behavioral scientist whose specialty is interpersonal relationships
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<h3 id="9G3gyP">
Prioritize your dating life as much as your work life
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“Put as much energy into dating as you do trying to build your career. It takes a lot to be successful. I mostly work with professionals and even I spend a lot of time investing in my career and my company and have to remind myself to do the same with my relationship.”<strong> </strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fN22uw">
—<a href="https://www.fernconnections.com/meetthematchmaker">Daphney Poyser</a>, matchmaker at Fern Connections
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<h3 id="DeMHFM">
Let your 20s be for discovery
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“The human brain does not <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3621648/">fully mature until your mid-to-late 20s</a>, particularly the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for impulse control and decision-making. Statistically speaking, couples who get married at age 20 are 50 percent more likely to divorce than those who wait until they’re at least 25. Your 20s are for figuring yourself out.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MZuZ3Q">
—Tennesha Wood, founder of<a href="http://www.thebroomlist.com/"> The Broom List</a>, a matchmaking firm for marriage-minded Black professionals
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Use dates as an opportunity to connect with someone, no strings attached
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“We often assume that love has to follow some grand romantic script and the only meaningful relationships are those that lead to marriage or long-term commitment. Of course it’s totally fine to pursue commitment, but it’s also okay to throw that script out the window. To make dating feel less like a slog to find ‘the one,’ you could reframe it as an opportunity to genuinely connect with someone you might not otherwise get to know. That connection could be friendly or romantic, physical or intellectual. It can last an hour or decades. I once spent a rainy afternoon trading dad jokes over beers with someone I never saw again. I was disappointed when we didn’t hang out again, but that didn’t change the fact that I’d had a great afternoon. The moments we spend genuinely connecting with other people make us, and them, healthier and happier humans.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OcHKsA">
—<a href="https://www.mandylencatron.com/">Mandy Len Catron</a>, author of <a href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/How-to-Fall-in-Love-with-Anyone/Mandy-Len-Catron/9781501137457"><em>How to Fall in Love With Anyone</em></a>
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Do a chemistry test before meeting someone from an app
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="haMrgd">
“Go on a video chat before each first in-person date to check the chemistry. Make it a must, because their potential unwillingness to video chat is communication too. I did this with each guy I matched with and it helped me avoid spending regrettable dates with complete strangers, or weeks of stilted chatting to find out we didn’t have the same values. Get on camera to introduce yourself, flirt, ask your hardball value questions, and set a date — or not — while live on the line.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aum133">
—<a href="https://joyofodu.com/">Joy Ofodu</a>, host of the podcast <a href="https://datingunsettled.com/"><em>Dating Unsettled</em></a>
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Have only one expectation on a first date: to enjoy yourself
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“On a first date, do not ask questions to determine where they fit in your future, like, ‘What are you looking for?’ ‘Do you want to get married?’ The first date is only to establish if there’s a base connection. The question you ask is, ‘Am I having fun? Do I want to see them again?’
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When you ask questions to see if they fit your vision, you objectify them as a means to an end to your timeline and the plan in your head. Looking for ‘the one’ puts a lot of pressure on you and the date, and that job interview energy can extinguish any chance of a flame. Also, you will prematurely judge them without actually getting to know a person. You don’t know enough about the person or know if you want to even go on a second date with them. You shouldn’t be trying to see if they fit in your future — it takes you out of the present.
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I hear a lot of pushback from clients that their clock is ticking or they have no time to waste. That is a scarcity mindset and that can give off an intense or desperate energy on the date, which is a sure way to not go on a second.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2qJKZz">
—<a href="https://amy-chan.com/">Amy Chan</a>, founder and chief heart hacker of <a href="https://renewbreakupbootcamp.com/">Renew Breakup Bootcamp</a>
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Focus on quality over quantity
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“Be choosy. This may be a bit counterintuitive for people who like to keep their options open, but when dating it is really important to prioritize quality over quantity. This does not mean creating a long list of deal breakers. Reflect on the kind of life you wish to create with someone and the kind of qualities a person must have in order to create that life together. This will give you a more adequate depiction of who is a good match for you. The more you really sit with yourself and understand your actual desires for a relationship, the better you will be able to select the kinds of partners who align with the kind of life you want to create.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IKcIiv">
—<a href="https://theemoeari.com/">Moe Ari Brown</a>, love and connection expert at Hinge and owner of Transcendent Therapy &amp; Consulting
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Expect challenges and have support ready for when things get tough
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“Embrace pessimism. People are often shocked by the amount of disappointment and anguish that comes with dating. Having an idea that things will likely be terrible before they are good helps to alleviate some of that stress. Expecting challenges means that you can also prepare for them. What support might you need if you get ghosted so many times you’re ready to throw in the towel? Who can you turn to when your date says something horrible like ‘I’m just not attracted to you’? These things happen, and they are awful. But planning for the worst will help you move through disappointments quicker. The trick is to not descend into thoughts like ‘It’s never going to happen for me.’ That’s fatalistic, and definitely not true.”<strong> </strong>
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—<a href="https://myishabattle.com/">Myisha Battle</a>, certified clinical sexologist and founder of Sex For Life LLC
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Don’t allow your phone to become the third wheel on your date
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“You may be tempted to check your phone if there’s an awkward silence, but you risk tanking the date if you’re staring at your screen instead of trying to connect. So my advice is to put your phone away and focus on creating those memorable first-date conversations that propel you into a relationship. If your date keeps pulling out their device, playfully call out this behavior and invite them to join you in a no-phones experience. For example: ‘I’ve been trying phone-free dates lately and it’s actually been a nice break for my brain. Want to see how long we can go without checking ours? First person to break buys the next round.’”
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<p class="c-end-para" data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0NSYvO">
—<a href="https://www.loganury.com/">Logan Ury</a>, director of relationship science at Hinge and author of <a href="https://bookshop.org/p/books/how-to-not-die-alone-the-surprising-science-that-will-help-you-find-love-logan-ury/15609677?ean=9781982120634"><em>How to Not Die Alone: The Surprising Science That Will Help You Find Love</em></a>
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<li><strong>Israelis feel abandoned by Netanyahu after October 7</strong> -
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A recent poll shows high support for a ground invasion in Gaza, but dismal numbers for the prime minister.
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Two weeks after <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/10/10/23911661/hamas-israel-war-gaza-palestine-explainer">Hamas</a>’ deadly attack on <a href="https://www.vox.com/israel">Israel</a>, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and his government are likely preparing to wage a massive ground assault in Gaza. Though many Israelis are supportive of such a move, they don’t necessarily trust Netanyahu to carry it out — or have their future security in mind.
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Prior to the October 7 attacks Netanyahu’s right-wing government was already deeply unpopular among large swathes of society. A plan to degrade the ability of the Supreme Court to push back on laws passed by the Israeli parliament, the Knesset, sparked<a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/7/23/23804795/israel-protests-judicial-reforms-netanyahu-likud-idf"> massive national protests </a>out of concern that Netanyahu’s right-wing coalition would pass increasingly hard-line laws with no mechanism for pushback. Now, his government is being held at least partly responsible for the massive security failure that enabled the attacks.
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Some of the highest-ranking officials in the government, including the head of the armed forces and the security services, have taken responsibility for the lapses and blind spots that allowed Hamas to kill at least 1,400 Israelis and <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/what-do-we-now-about-hamas-hostages-2023-10-19/">kidnap 200, mostly civilians. </a>
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“The Military Intelligence Directorate, under my command, failed to warn of the terror attack carried out by Hamas,”<a href="https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-news-hamas-war-10-17-23/h_f5fbed98cc654e820508131e13841879"> Maj. Gen Aharon Haliva, head of the Israel Defense Forces military intelligence unit, said in a letter to IDF personnel</a>. “We failed in our most important mission, and as the head of the Military Intelligence Directorate, I bear full responsibility for the failure.”
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But Netanyahu himself has thus far failed apologize or take responsibility for his government’s failure to carry out its primary task — to protect Israel’s citizens. Furthermore, the government’s strategy in Gaza and its war with Hamas remains unclear.
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<strong>Israel’s military response — and the future of Gaza — is still being determined</strong>
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Nearly two weeks after Netanyahu declared war on Hamas and 360,000 IDF reservists reported for duty, Israel’s military response — other than to make sure Hamas is “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/11/world/israel-news-hamas-war">crushed and eliminated</a>” — is as yet unknown, as is the government’s plans for Gaza once it achieves that objective.
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<a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/10/8/23908839/israel-ground-invasion-gaza-hamas-war-2023-idf">In the past</a>, Netanyahu has opted for airstrikes as retaliation against Hamas, rather than bloody and costly ground invasions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="asVRMb">
According to a 2017 research brief by <a href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9975.html">the RAND corporation</a>, Israel has the military capability to wipe out Hamas, but doing so could perhaps be even riskier than not, given that an even more extreme organization could come into power — or that Israel could be put into the position of governing the territory itself. “As such, Israel’s grand strategy became ‘mowing the grass’ — accepting its inability to permanently solve the problem and instead repeatedly targeting leadership of Palestinian militant organizations to keep violence manageable.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="W5jvUw">
That strategy, of “mowing the grass,” is no longer satisfactory given its ineffectiveness and the enormous breach of the Israeli public’s trust that happened on October 7. There is support for a ground invasion, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/most-israelis-think-netanyahu-responsible-failing-prevent-hamas-attack-poll-2023-10-20/">per a limited poll</a> from the Israeli newspaper Ma’ariv; 65 percent of Israelis believe it’s the correct response.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sHZKTR">
A ground operation could be incredibly difficult and costly both for Palestinians in Gaza and for the IDF, as Vox’s Zack Beauchamp explained:
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="j302z2">
“Clearing and holding this kind of environment <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/israeli-military-vulnerable-war-hamas/675591/">poses an immense challenge for the Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF). Their soldiers would need to move very slowly with limited air support, intentionally putting their own lives at risk — or else risk absolutely massive civilian casualties. Success also requires good intelligence, but the fact that Hamas managed such a horrific surprise attack on October 7 suggests that Israel’s understanding of militants in the Strip — including their defenses — may be much weaker than widely appreciated.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9shKYm">
As Natan Sachs, director of the Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution told Vox, “We’re closer [to a ground invasion] in the sense that it is coming. Israel taking some time to prepare and define some clear objectives is a good choice and one that could ultimately save not only Israeli but also Palestinian lives.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="J8cXCg">
As the <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-21/ty-article/.premium/idf-dozens-of-buildings-in-northern-gaza-struck-in-preparation-for-ground-operation/0000018b-5392-df6e-a5db-77f6677d0000">Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported Saturday</a>, the IDF has already begun launching airstrikes in northern Gaza to prepare for the ground invasion.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="v0RL3B">
Perhaps even more of a challenge, though, is what happens once the ground invasion is over.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PsDmFM">
As<a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-pressing-israel-to-devise-strategy-for-scenario-of-hamass-rule-being-toppled/"> the Times of Israel</a> reported Tuesday, National Unity Party head Benny Gantz and Gadi Eizenkot, both of whom are part of Netanyahu’s unity security cabinet, have demanded an exit plan from Gaza should a ground invasion go through.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="h0pRTI">
“Given the stated goal of destroying Hamas, both the Israeli government and the IDF must consider how the war ends as well as how it is conducted,” Kevin Benson, a retired US Army colonel and<em> </em>an adjunct scholar at West Point’s <a href="https://mwi.westpoint.edu/adjunct-scholars/kevin-benson/">Modern War Institute wrote</a> in a recent piece. “The Israeli government knows, or should know, what force can and cannot do.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Pjbaz2">
<strong>After such a failure on the part of the state, how can Israelis get behind a government they’re so angry with?</strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Lu0JRi">
They’re not, exactly. The same Ma’ariv poll that indicated support for the ground invasion showed an abysmal lack of support —<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/most-israelis-think-netanyahu-responsible-failing-prevent-hamas-attack-poll-2023-10-20/"> 28 percent </a>— for Netanyahu himself. Forty-eight percent of respondents thought Gantz, part of the newly-formed unity government and a former defense minister, would make a better prime minister.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jPoSOe">
Gantz and other moderate, experienced members of the unity government did instill a bit more trust in the state’s response to the crisis, Shany Granot-Lubaton, an Israeli protest leader living in the US told Vox in an interview. “I’m happy that they’re there — it’s a life-risking moment and I feel better that more people who I trust are sitting around the table,” she said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="itpsJs">
But even more moderate and experienced voices have to contend with hard-right ministers such as Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich and National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir — not to mention Netanyahu himself. “I think they should have replaced this government and not get into a unity with [Netanyahu],” Granot said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7krdtm">
Ideally, “the unity government provides a basis for solidarity and offers a ‘timeout’ from the usual political struggles, enabling crucial decisions to be made in line with a broad national consensus,” Assaf Shapira, director of the political reform program at the Israel Democracy Institute, <a href="https://en.idi.org.il/articles/51060">wrote in an October 10 piece</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Bcka6o">
“It’s about bringing in people who were chief of staff, and who were not involved in the current disaster,” said Gideon Rahat, a political scientist at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, told <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/11/world/middleeast/israel-hamas-gaza-unity-government.html?smid=url-share">the New York Times last week</a>. “They are not responsible for it, so they can help to get out of it.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qPFTY7">
In the wake of the attacks some 360,000 reservists — Israel’s largest mobilization effort — reported for duty. Just months ago, many of those reservists <a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/7/23/23804795/israel-protests-judicial-reforms-netanyahu-likud-idf">said they would refuse to serve if the government’s controversial judicial reforms became law</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pHAdVO">
“The government isn’t really a government, it’s more a vehicle for the creation of the mini war cabinet,” Sachs said. It can only make decisions related to the war — and it’s “pivotal” for that purpose, Sachs told vox.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Lm4RYK">
“You see the protest movement is literally running the country right now,” Granot-Lubaton said. “We see Brothers and Sisters [for Israel, <a href="https://www.brothersandsistersforisrael.org/">the civil aid group</a>] have their headquarters down south, they’ve been saving people from their homes … because the government didn’t do their job.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="foZDfo">
Families of the hostages presumed to be in Gaza have been notified that their loved ones are among those kidnapped, but there has been no government effort to inform the families about what is being done to help rescue their family members, Yardena Schwarz reported for <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/20/israels-hostage-families-abandoned-israel/">Foreign Policy</a> on Friday.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5qIjMo">
Many civilians who participated in this summer’s protest movement have pivoted to form a system to support people displaced from the towns and villages devastated by the October 7 Hamas raid. They collect food and clothing for the displaced and coordinate medical care, as well as <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/middleeast/100000009136661/israel-victim-identification.html">collect information about hostages</a> and <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-cyber-experts-start-war-room-track-missing-after-hamas-attack-2023-10-16/">identify people still missing after the attack</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IpynlC">
“There isn’t even one minister that we say that we can trust,” Granot-Lubaton said. “There isn’t even one office that is doing what we are expecting them to do — not the health system, not the social security system, not the defense system — no one is doing their job, and people are feeling so scared.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="20UPCS">
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ICC World Cup | Afghanistan coach Trott hopeful of win against under-pressure Pakistan</strong> - The game against Pakistan is a must-win of sorts for Afghanistan if they want to keep their fate in their own hands.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cricket World Cup 2023 IND vs NZ | Match-up of Kiwis’ swing and seam and India’s top order will be crucial</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>‘It’s time to tell the world how good South Africans are under pressure,’ says Heinrich Klaasen</strong> - Klaasen, regarded as one of the finest players of spin, smashed a 67-ball 109 against England</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Messi plays entire game for Inter Miami in 1-0 loss as Charlotte qualifies for the MLS playoffs</strong> - Seven-time Ballon d’Or winner Lionel Messi finished with three shots and had two scoring chances</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Morning Digest | U.S. expresses concern over departure of Canadian diplomats from India; Israel steps up bombing of Gaza, and more</strong> - Here is a select list of stories to start the day</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>South Western Railway organises legal awareness workshop for staff</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>143 people, including two Nepalese, fly out of Israel under ‘Operation Ajay’</strong> - It was the sixth flight as part of Operation Ajay.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Veterinary hospitals will be made smart: Minister</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tej turns into extreme severe cyclone; IMD issues yellow alert in nine districts on Oct. 23</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Talking politics with Nistula Hebbar | SC’s same-sex marriage verdict | All you need to know about the case</strong> - In this episode of Talking politics, we discuss the proceedings of the case, the points putforth by the bench and the reaction of the Centre with regards to the judgement.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Six postal workers killed in Kharkiv missile strike</strong> - The regional governor Oleh Syniehubov says a further 16 people have been taken to hospital with injuries.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine fears drone shortages due to China restrictions</strong> - Volunteers in Ukraine say it is harder to access Chinese-made drone parts after Beijing clamped down.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Why Kyiv’s Dnipro east bank gain could be significant</strong> - Ukrainian troops believe their advance across the Dnipro River could help them launch a larger offensive.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Vinicius Junior: Real Madrid star praises Sevilla after ejecting fan for racism</strong> - The Real Madrid footballer said he has also been sent a video of a second fan being abusive towards him.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Poland election: Women and youth force PiS from power</strong> - A record high turnout in the poll brings momentous change to Poland’s political landscape.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Space is starting to look like the better mining operation</strong> - Mining in space might be less environmentally harmful than mining asteroids on Earth. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1977659">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Space Wreck is a hardcore, combat-optional, break-the-game RPG that clicks</strong> - It’s a deep simulation, a retro throwback, and a funny few hours at a time. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1977497">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Carbon capture pipeline nixed after widespread opposition</strong> - Navigator CO₂ says regulatory hurdles are too much to overcome. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1977635">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Feel-good story of the week: 2 ransomware gangs meet their demise</strong> - One is fatally hacked, the other shut down in international police dragnet. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1977607">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Okta says hackers breached its support system and viewed customer files</strong> - Hackers obtained valid credentials, but Okta doesn’t say how. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1977688">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What do you call a slut who keeps track of how many men she has slept with?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
It’s the thot that counts.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Welease-Wodewick"> /u/Welease-Wodewick </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17dbju3/what_do_you_call_a_slut_who_keeps_track_of_how/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17dbju3/what_do_you_call_a_slut_who_keeps_track_of_how/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The sleeper, the pastor and Adam’s stick</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Mr. Smith and the pastor discuss the problem that Mrs. Smith always falls asleep during the sermon. The pastor gives Mr. Smith a hatpin and recommends that he prick her as soon as he receives a sign from the pastor.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The following Sunday, Mrs. Smith has fallen asleep peacefully, the pastor asks his congregation, “Who has sacrificed himself for you?” and gives Smith a hand signal, whereupon Smith jams the hatpin hard into Mrs. Smith’s thigh. “JESUS!” she cries out in torment: “That’s right, Mrs. Smith, it was Jesus,” the priest replies with a grin.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A short time later, Mrs. Smith falls asleep again. The sermon continues and the pastor asks his congregation: “… Who is your Creator?” and points to Mr. Smith, who gives his wife the hatpin again. “GOD ALMIGHTY!” howls the poor woman loudly, whereupon the priest praises her again, “Quite right, Mrs. Smith!”.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Mrs. Smith falls asleep once again. The pastor increases the tempo of the sermon. Completely engrossed in his holy remarks and gesticulating wildly, he shouts, “… and what did Eve say when she bore Adam his 99th son?” Smith misinterprets a hand movement of the priest and again takes full aim at the thigh of his wife. She roars in her pain: “IF YOU STICK YOUR DAMN THING IN ME ONE MORE TIME, I’LL BREAK IT OFF AND STICK IT UP YOUR ASS!”"
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
AMEN!" shout all the women in the congregation.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/NemoIX"> /u/NemoIX </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17d97xq/the_sleeper_the_pastor_and_adams_stick/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17d97xq/the_sleeper_the_pastor_and_adams_stick/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Mother Superior assembles all the nuns in the refectory</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Sisters,” says the Mother Superior grimly, “while we were gardening this morning, we found a discarded condom!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
99 nuns: <em>horrified gasp</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
one nun: <em>tee-hee</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“And,” adds the Mother Superior, “it had been <em>used!</em>”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
99 nuns: <em>horrified gasp</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
one nun: <em>tee-hee</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“And furthermore,” adds the Mother Superior, “it had a <em>split</em> in it!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
99 nuns: <em>tee-hee</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
one nun: <em>horrified gasp</em>
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Gil-Gandel"> /u/Gil-Gandel </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17dnzqs/the_mother_superior_assembles_all_the_nuns_in_the/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17dnzqs/the_mother_superior_assembles_all_the_nuns_in_the/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cybersecurity experts have found an easy way to spot North Korean hackers. They never use the shift key.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
They hate capitalism.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/mralex"> /u/mralex </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17dhs4t/cybersecurity_experts_have_found_an_easy_way_to/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17dhs4t/cybersecurity_experts_have_found_an_easy_way_to/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Most important body part..</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
All the organs of the body were having a meeting, trying to decide who is in charge.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Brain said “I should be incharge because I run all the body’s systems. So without me, nothing would happen”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Blood said “I should be incharge because I circulate oxygen all over the body. Without me you all will waste away”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Stomach said “I should be incharge because I process food give you energy”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Leg said “I should be incharge because I carry the body wherever it needs to go”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Eye said “I should be incharge because I see wherever the body goes”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Finally the rectum said “I should be incharge because I do all the waste removal”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
All the other body parts laughed at the rectum and insulet him. So in a huff he shutdown tight.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Within a few days, brain had a terrible headache, the stomach was bloated, the legs got wobbly, eyes were watery, and the blood was toxic. So they all decide the rectum could be the boss.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Moral of the story - Even though others do all the work, Asshole is alway incharge.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/EvryUsrnmeAlrdyTakn"> /u/EvryUsrnmeAlrdyTakn </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17dadz6/most_important_body_part/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/17dadz6/most_important_body_part/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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