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<title>09 May, 2023</title>
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<title>Covid-19 Sentry</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
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</ul>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Host inducible-HSP70A1A is an irresistible drug target to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis</strong> -
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<div>
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One of the fundamental mechanisms developed by the host to contain the highly infectious and rapidly proliferating SARS coronavirus is elevation of body temperature, a natural fallout of which is Heat Shock Protein (HSP) over-expression. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 virus exploits the host Hsp70 chaperone for its entry and propagation and blocking it can combat the infection. SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as febrile temperature enhanced Hsp70 overexpression in host Vero E6 cells. In turn, Hsp70 overexpression elevated the host cell autophagic response that is a prerequisite for viral propagation. Suppressive and prophylactic treatment of Vero E6 cells with HSP70 inhibitor PES-Cl, a small molecule derivative of Pifithrin-, abrogated viral infection more potently than the currently used drug Remdesivir by suppressing host HSP70 and autophagic response. In conclusion, our study not only provides a fundamental insight into the role of host Hsp70 in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, it paves the way for the development of potent and irresistible anti-viral therapeutics.
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539661v1" target="_blank">Host inducible-HSP70A1A is an irresistible drug target to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Emergency department visits and boarding for pediatric patients with suicidality before and during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
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<div>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
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Objective: To quantify the increase in pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department with suicidality before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the subsequent impact on emergency department length of stay and boarding. Methods: This retrospective cohort study from June 1, 2016, to October 31, 2022, identified patients presenting to the emergency department with suicidality using ICD-10 codes. Number of emergency department encounters for suicidality, demographic characteristics of patients with suicidality, and emergency department length of stay were compared before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Unobserved components models were used to describe monthly counts of emergency department encounters for suicidality. Results: There were 179,736 patient encounters to the emergency department during the study period, 6,168 (3.4%) for suicidality. There were, on average, more encounters for suicidality each month during the COVID-19 pandemic than before the COVID-19 pandemic. A time series unobserved components model demonstrated an initial drop in encounters for suicidality in April and May of 2020, followed by an increase starting in July 2020. The average length of stay for patients that boarded in the emergency department with a diagnosis of suicidality was 37.4 hours longer during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: The number of encounters for suicidality among pediatric patients and the emergency department length of stay for psychiatry boarders has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a need for acute care mental health services and solutions to emergency department capacity issues.
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</p>
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.23289659v1" target="_blank">Emergency department visits and boarding for pediatric patients with suicidality before and during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in Children below 5 Years in German Primary Care</strong> -
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
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Background Despite the approval of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine for children aged 6 months to 4 years by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) in 2022, no data on vaccine effectiveness (VE) of BNT162b2 are available in this age group. We here report on the VE of BNT162b2 during an Omicron BA.1-2 dominant period. Methods An authentication-based retrospective survey was performed between April 14th 2022 and May 9th 2022 in individuals that had registered children for off-label SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in Germany. We used Cox regression to estimate relative VE of two BNT162b2 doses, with the period between first and second vaccine dose as reference period (24.8+-0.6 days) and >=7 days after Dose 2 to before Dose 3 as post-vaccination period (59.5+-23.6 days). Results The present analysis included 4615 children aged 2.8+-1.2 years (mean+-standard deviation) who had received their first dose of BNT162b2 on January 1st 2022 or thereafter. VE was substantial for protection from any SARS-CoV-2 infection (VE: 53.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 36.3-69.6%], p<0.001), symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections (VE: 57.5% [95% CI: 40.8-74.2%], p<0.001), and SARS-CoV-2 infections leading to medication use (VE: 66.2% [95% CI: 43.7-88.7%], p<0.001). Differences in dosage of BNT162b2 yielded no change in VE. Conclusion This study offers a first industry-independent insight in the potential VE of two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine in children aged below 5 years, as currently only immunogenicity data by the manufacturer Pfizer/BioNTech are available. Limitations include the retrospective study design, and that the reported VE does not necessarily correspond to currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.23289209v1" target="_blank">Vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in Children below 5 Years in German Primary Care</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 Infection Biomarkers Reveal an Extended RSAD2 Dependant Metabolic Pathway</strong> -
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
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We present compelling evidence for the existence of an evolutionary adaptive response to viral agents such as SARS-CoV-2, that results in the human in vivo biosynthesis of a family of compounds with potential antiviral activity. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we detected a characteristic spin-system motif indicative of the presence of an extended panel of urinary and serum metabolites during the acute viral phase. The structure of eight of nucleoside analogues was elucidated (six of which have not previously been reported in human urine), and subsequently confirmed by total-synthesis and matrix spiking. The molecular structures of the nucleoside analogues and their correlation with an array of serum cytokines, including IFN-α2, IFN-γ and IL-10, suggest an association with the viperin enzyme contributing to an endogenous innate immune defense mechanism against viral infection.
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</p>
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.23289637v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 Infection Biomarkers Reveal an Extended RSAD2 Dependant Metabolic Pathway</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Mobilizing faith-based COVID-19 health ambassadors to address COVID-19 health disparities among African American older adults in under-resourced communities: A hybrid, community-based participatory intervention</strong> -
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The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected older adults, particularly those with pre-existing chronic health conditions. To address the health disparity gap and challenges faced by under-resourced African American older adults in South Los Angeles during this period, we implemented a hybrid (virtual/in-person), pre-post, community-based participatory intervention research project utilizing a faith-based lay health advisor model (COVID-19 Health Ambassador Program (CHAP)). We recruited COVID-19 Health Ambassadors (CHAs) and African American older adults (participants) from faith-based organizations who partook in CHA-led meetings and follow-ups that educated and supported the participants. This paper seeks to evaluate this intervention9s implementation using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) as a reporting tool with an emphasis on fidelity, challenges, and adaptations based on data collected via stakeholder interviews and surveys. Results: CHAP was delivered to 152 participants by 19 CHAs from 17 faith-based organizations. CHAs assisted with chronic disease management, resolved medication-related challenges, encouraged COVID-19 vaccination, reduced psychological stress and addressed healthcare avoidance behaviors such as COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the participants. Challenges encountered include ensuring participant engagement and retention in the virtual format and addressing technological barriers for CHAs and participants. Adaptations made to better suit the needs of participants included providing communication tools and additional training to CHAs to improve their proficiency in using virtual platforms in addition to adapting scientific/educational materials to suit our participants’ diverse cultural and linguistic needs. Conclusion: The community-centered hybrid approach in addition to our partnership with faith-based organizations and their respective COVID-19 health ambassadors proved to be essential in assisting underserved African American older adults manage chronic health conditions and address community-wide health disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Adaptability, cultural sensitivity, and teamwork are key to implementing health interventions especially in underserved populations.
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</p>
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.23289636v1" target="_blank">Mobilizing faith-based COVID-19 health ambassadors to address COVID-19 health disparities among African American older adults in under-resourced communities: A hybrid, community-based participatory intervention</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Assessing Contributing and Mediating Factors of Telemedicine on Provider Burnout</strong> -
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Scientific Abstract: Objective: The prevalence of burnout among healthcare providers has been steadily increasing, with a call to action issued in 2019. Immediately following this call to action, the COVID-19 pandemic drastically changed demand. Use of telemedicine expanded in response to COVID-19 and changed the experience of care delivery for healthcare providers. The impact of telemedicine use during COVID-19 on the provider well-being is less well known. This study aims to assess the prevalence of burnout in providers who used telemedicine and to better understand how specific factors of telemedicine can impact workplace stress. Methods: Providers in urgent care clinics were invited to participate in a burnout assessment survey using the Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire. The prevalence of burnout, burnout profiles, and correlations were analyzed in the resulting data. Follow-up interviews provided further insight on contributing and mediating factors of telemedicine on provider burnout. Results: The findings from this study provide technology- and organizational-level recommendations to prevent increased risk of burnout among telemedicine providers. The classification of contributing and mediating factors also provides a framework for understanding the risks that this technology can pose to workplace stress. Future research recommendations to better quantify the relationship between burnout and telemedicine use and to effectively design intervention and implementation strategies are discussed. Public Interest Summary: Considering the high rates of burnout in the healthcare industry prior to the pandemic, the severe demands the COVID-19 pandemic had on healthcare workers, and the drastic changes in workflow due to the widespread adoption of telemedicine, it is important to assess current levels of provider burnout and to collect information from frontline clinicians on how telemedicine impacts workplace stress. A survey was administered to assess burnout in healthcare workers who provided care via telemedicine. The interviews provided additional insight on how telemedicine affected workplace stress. Survey results showed that 25% of the respondents reported one or more manifestations of burnout; and there was a correlation between personal accomplishment scores and reported months of telemedicine use. Findings from the interviews and review of literature identified what design and use characteristics of telemedicine contributed to and/or alleviated burnout. Results address how organizations can best support their employees who administer care via telemedicine and guide researchers with direction for future studies.
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</p>
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.23289673v1" target="_blank">Assessing Contributing and Mediating Factors of Telemedicine on Provider Burnout</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>The impact of remote consultations on the quality of primary care: A systematic review</strong> -
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Background: The adoption of remote consultations, catalysed by the COVID-19 pandemic, has transformed the delivery of primary care services. We evaluated the impact of remote consultations on the quality of primary care. Methods: Six databases were searched. Studies evaluating the impact of remote consultations, for any disease, were included. Title and abstract screening, and full-text screening were performed by two pairs of investigators. Risk of bias was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. A narrative synthesis of the results was performed. Findings: Thirty studies (5,469,333 participants) were included in the review. Remote consultations generally had a positive or equivalent impact compared to face-to-face (F2F) consultations, particularly in reducing patient costs and improving time efficiency. The effectiveness of remote consultations was non-inferior to F2F care in six out of seven studies evaluating this aspect. Two studies found that remote consultations reduced wait times for appointments. Younger, female patients were more likely to use remote consultations and those of lower socioeconomic status were less likely to use video consultations than telephone appointments. The impacts on safety and patient-centeredness were largely inconclusive. Interpretation: Remote consultations may be equally as effective as F2F care and have a potentially positive impact on the efficiency and timeliness of care. Those of lower socioeconomic status were more likely to use consultations delivered via telephone than videoconference. Developing a strong evidence-base capitalising on real-world data as well as clinical trials is crucial for the future development of remote consultations and tailoring them to patient needs and preferences.
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</p>
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.23289593v1" target="_blank">The impact of remote consultations on the quality of primary care: A systematic review</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Association of Seizure with COVID-19 Vaccines in Persons with Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis</strong> -
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
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Objective: Seizure following immunization, especially in persons with epilepsy (PwE), has long been a concern, and seizure aggravation followed by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines is a serious issue for PwE. The immunization rate in PwE has been lower compared to same-age controls due to vaccine hesitancy and concerns about seizure control. Herein, we systematically reviewed the seizure activity-related events in PwE following COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: Four search engines were searched from inception until January 31, 2023, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses was followed. Random- and fixed-effect models using the logit transformation method were used for meta-analysis. The quality of the studies was evaluated by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Outcomes of interest included (a) pooled proportion of increased seizure frequency and (b) pooled incidence proportion of status epilepticus (SE) in PwE receiving COVID-19 vaccines. Results: Of the 2207 studies identified, 18 met eligibility criteria, of which 16 entered the meta-analysis. The pooled proportion of increased seizure frequency (16 studies-4197 PwE) was 5% (95CI: 3%-6%, I2 =57%), further subcategorized into viral vector (3%, 95CI: 2%-7%, I2 =0%), mRNA (5%, 95CI: 4%-7%, I2 =48%), and inactivated (4%, 95CI: 2%-8%, I2 =77%) vaccines. The pooled incidence proportion of SE (15 studies-2480 PwE) was 0.08% (95CI: 0.02%-0.32%, I2 =0%), further subcategorized into the viral vector (0.00%, 95CI: 0.00%-1.00%, I2 =0%), mRNA (0.09%, 95CI: 0.01%-0.62%, I2 =0%), and inactivated (0.00%, 95CI: 0.00%-1.00%, I2 =0%) vaccines. No significant difference was observed between mRNA and viral vector vaccines (5 studies, 1122 vs. 198 PwE, respectively) regarding increased seizure frequency (OR: 1.10, 95CI: 0.49-2.50, p-value=0.81, I2 =0%). Significance: The meta-analysis proposed a 5% increased seizure frequency following COVID-19 vaccination in PwE, with no difference between mRNA and viral vector vaccines. Furthermore, we found a 0.08% incidence proportion for SE. While this safety evidence is noteworthy, this cost should be weighed against vaccination benefits.
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</p>
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.23289604v1" target="_blank">Association of Seizure with COVID-19 Vaccines in Persons with Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis</a>
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<li><strong>Bivalent booster effectiveness against severe COVID-19 outcomes in Finland, September 2022 - March 2023</strong> -
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
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Bivalent COVID-19 vaccines were introduced in 2022 but knowledge of their effectiveness against severe COVID-19 outcomes is currently limited. In Finnish register-based cohort analyses, we compared the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes among those who received bivalent vaccination (exposed) between September 2022 and March 2023 to those who did not (unexposed). Among elderly aged 65-110 years, bivalent vaccination reduced the risk of hospitalisation and death due to COVID-19 in September-December 2022; the hazard ratios comparing exposed and unexposed ranged from 0.37 to 0.45 during the first 31-60 days since bivalent vaccination. However, in January-March 2023 the effect disappeared possibly indicating immune evasion of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, waning of vaccine effectiveness and increased presence of hybrid immunity. Among the chronically ill aged 18-64 years bivalent vaccination did not reduce the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. These results are important for developing COVID-19 vaccines and programmes worldwide.
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</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.23286561v3" target="_blank">Bivalent booster effectiveness against severe COVID-19 outcomes in Finland, September 2022 - March 2023</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>A diagnostic and economic evaluation of the complex artificial intelligence algorithm aimed to detect 10 pathologies on the chest CT images</strong> -
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Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies can help solve the significant problem of missed findings in radiology studies. An important issue is assessing the economic benefits of implementing AI. Aim: to evaluate the frequency of missed pathologies detection and the economic potential of AI technology for chest CT, validated by expert radiologists, compared with radiologists without access to AI in a private medical center. Methods: An observational, single-center retrospective study was conducted. The study included chest CTs without IV contrast performed from 01.06.2022 to 31.07.2022 in “Yauza Hospital” LLC, Moscow. The CTs were processed using a complex AI algorithm for ten pathologies: pulmonary infiltrates, typical for viral pneumonia (COVID-19 in pandemic conditions); lung nodules; pleural effusion; pulmonary emphysema; thoracic aortic dilatation; pulmonary trunk dilatation; coronary artery calcification; adrenal hyperplasia; osteoporosis (vertebral body height and density changes). Two experts analyzed CTs and compared results with AI. Further routing was determined according to clinical guidelines for all findings initially detected and missed by radiologists. The lost potential revenue (LPR) was calculated for each patient according to the hospital price list. Results: From the final 160 CTs, the AI identified 90 studies (56%) with pathologies, of which 81 studies (51%) were missing at least one pathology in the report. The “second-stage” LPR for all pathologies from 81 patients was RUB 2,847,760 (＄37,251 or CNY 256,218). LPR only for those pathologies missed by radiologists but detected by AI was RUB 2,065,360 (＄27,017 or CNY 185,824). Conclusion: Using AI for chest CTs as an “assistant” to the radiologist can significantly reduce the number of missed abnormalities. AI usage can bring 3.6 times more benefits compared to the standard model without AI. The use of complex AI for chest CT can be cost-effective.
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</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.23288584v2" target="_blank">A diagnostic and economic evaluation of the complex artificial intelligence algorithm aimed to detect 10 pathologies on the chest CT images</a>
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<li><strong>Alpha-1-antitrypsin and its variant-dependent role in COVID-19 pathogenesis</strong> -
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Rationale: SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is facilitated by endogenous and exogenous proteases that proteolytically activate the spike glycoprotein and antiproteases inhibiting this process. Understanding the key actors in viral entry is crucial for advancing knowledge of virus tropism, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic targets. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the role of naive serum and alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) in inhibiting protease-mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry and explore the implications of AAT deficiency on susceptibility to different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Findings: Our study demonstrates that naive serum exhibits significant inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry, with AAT identified as the major serum protease inhibitor potently restricting entry. Using pseudoparticles, replication-competent pseudoviruses, and authentic SARS-CoV-2, we show that AAT inhibition occurs at low concentrations compared with those in serum and bronchoalveolar tissues, suggesting physiological relevance. Furthermore, sera from subjects with an AAT-deficient genotype show reduced ability to inhibit entry of both Wuhan-Hu-1 (WT) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) but exhibit no difference in inhibiting B.1.1.529 (Omicron) entry. Conclusions: AAT may have a variant-dependent therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2. Our findings highlight the importance of further investigating the complex interplay between proteases, antiproteases, and spike glycoprotein activation in SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses to identify potential therapeutic targets and improve understanding of disease pathogenesis.
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.248880v2" target="_blank">Alpha-1-antitrypsin and its variant-dependent role in COVID-19 pathogenesis</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Syariah Governance and Disclosure Islamic Corporate Social Responsibility: A Comparative Study of Indonesian and Malaysian Islamic Banking</strong> -
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<div>
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The existence of the Sharia Supervisory Board in the Sharia banking GCG structure is a unique feature that distinguishes it from the GCG structure of conventional banks. The inconsistency of the results of previous research related to the relationship between GCG and CSR disclosure is the motivation of this study, in addition to the differences in the progress of Indonesian and Malaysian Islamic banks. The research population of Islamic banking is listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and the Malaysia Stock Exchange. Research period on 2016 – 2019 before covid 19 pandemic. The research sample was determined based on purposive sampling, 12 Islamic banks in Indonesia and 14 Islamic banks in Malaysia was selected. The method of analysis is multi group using Partial Least Squares. The results of this study provide empirical evidence that the Sharia Supervisory Board, Board of Commissioners and Board of Directors have not succeeded in playing a role in increasing I-CSR disclosure except for the Independent Board of Commissioners and Independent Board of Directors. The results of the study also have not shown any differences in the influence of GCG on I-CSR in Indonesian and Malaysian Islamic banking.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/3xqrb/" target="_blank">Syariah Governance and Disclosure Islamic Corporate Social Responsibility: A Comparative Study of Indonesian and Malaysian Islamic Banking</a>
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<li><strong>Omicron Spike confers enhanced infectivity and interferon resistance to SARS-CoV-2 in human nasal tissue</strong> -
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<div>
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Omicron emerged following COVID-19 vaccination campaigns, displaced previous SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern worldwide, and gave rise to lineages that continue to spread. Here, we show that Omicron exhibits increased infectivity in primary adult upper airway tissue. Using recombinant forms of SARS-CoV-2 and nasal epithelial cells cultured at the liquid-air interface, enhanced infectivity maps to the step of cellular entry and evolved recently through mutations unique to Omicron Spike. Unlike earlier variants of SARS-CoV-2, Omicron enters nasal cells independently of serine transmembrane proteases and instead relies upon matrix metalloproteinases to catalyze membrane fusion. This entry pathway unlocked by Omicron Spike enables evasion of interferon-induced factors that restrict SARS-CoV-2 entry following attachment. Therefore, the increased transmissibility exhibited by Omicron in humans may be attributed not only to its evasion of vaccine-elicited adaptive immunity, but also to its superior invasion of nasal epithelia and resistance to the cell-intrinsic barriers present therein.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539698v1" target="_blank">Omicron Spike confers enhanced infectivity and interferon resistance to SARS-CoV-2 in human nasal tissue</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>A multiadjuvant polysaccharide-amino acid-lipid (PAL) subunit nanovaccine generates robust systemic and lung-specific mucosal immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice</strong> -
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Existing parenteral SARS-CoV-2 vaccines produce only limited mucosal responses, which are essential for reducing transmission and achieving sterilizing immunity. Appropriately designed mucosal boosters could overcome the shortcomings of parenteral vaccines and enhance pre-existing systemic immunity. Here we present a new protein subunit nanovaccine using multiadjuvanted (e.g. RIG-I: PUUC, TLR9: CpG) polysaccharide-amino acid-lipid nanoparticles (PAL-NPs) that can be delivered both intramuscularly (IM) and intranasally (IN) to generate balanced mucosal-systemic SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Mice receiving IM-Prime PUUC+CpG PAL-NPs, followed by an IN-Boost, developed high levels of IgA, IgG, and cellular immunity in the lung, and showed robust systemic humoral immunity. Interestingly, as a purely intranasal vaccine (IN-Prime/IN-Boost), PUUC+CpG PAL-NPs induced stronger lung-specific T cell immunity than IM-Prime/IN-Boost, and a comparable IgA and neutralizing antibodies, although with a lower systemic antibody response, indicating that a fully mucosal delivery route for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may also be feasible. Our data suggest that PUUC+CpG PAL-NP subunit vaccine is a promising candidate for generating SARS-CoV-2 specific mucosal immunity.
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
|
||||
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539395v1" target="_blank">A multiadjuvant polysaccharide-amino acid-lipid (PAL) subunit nanovaccine generates robust systemic and lung-specific mucosal immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice</a>
|
||||
</div></li>
|
||||
<li><strong>Robust identification of perturbed cell types in single-cell RNA-seq data</strong> -
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
Single-cell transcriptomics has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding how different cells contribute to disease progression by identifying cell types that change across diseases or conditions. However, detecting changing cell types is challenging due to individual-to-individual and cohort-to-cohort variability and naive approaches based on current computational tools lead to false positive findings. To address this, we propose a computational tool, scDist, based on a mixed-effects model that provides a statistically rigorous and computationally efficient approach for detecting transcriptomic differences. By accurately recapitulating known immune cell relationships and mitigating false positives induced by individual and cohort variation, we demonstrate that scDist outperforms current methods in both simulated and real datasets, even with limited sample sizes. Through the analysis of COVID-19 and immunotherapy datasets, scDist uncovers transcriptomic perturbations in dendritic cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and FCER1G+NK cells, that provide new insights into disease mechanisms and treatment responses. As single-cell datasets continue to expand, our faster and statistically rigorous method offers a robust and versatile tool for a wide range of research and clinical applications, enabling the investigation of cellular perturbations with implications for human health and disease.
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
|
||||
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539326v1" target="_blank">Robust identification of perturbed cell types in single-cell RNA-seq data</a>
|
||||
</div></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Long COVID-19 Syndrome Lifestyle Intervention Study</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Long COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Dietary Supplement: Low carbohydrate diet intervention<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: University of Southern California<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Working Towards Empowered Community-driven Approaches to Increase Vaccination and Preventive Care Engagement</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: mHealth Outreach; Other: Care Coordination<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of California, San Diego; San Ysidro Health Center<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Coping and Resilience Intervention for Adolescents</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Coping and Resilience Intervention for Adolescents; Other: Printing materials of Coping and Resilience Intervention for Adolescents<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Taipei Medical University<br/><b>Enrolling by invitation</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effectiveness of Modified Diaphragmatic Training for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Post Covid-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: GERD; Post COVID-19 Condition; Diaphragm Issues<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: modified diaphragmatic training; Other: standard diaphragmatic training<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Indonesia University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of Alveavax-v1.2, a BA.2/Omicron-optimized, DNA Vaccine for COVID-19 Prevention</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Sars-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Alveavax-v1.2; Drug: Janssen Ad26.COV2.S<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Alvea Holdings, LLC<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Role of Anthropometric Indices and Vit-D Supplementation on BioNTech, Pfizer Vaccine Side Effect and Immunoglobulin G Response Against SARS-CoV-2 in Individuals Infected With COVID-19; A Randomized Control Trial</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Role of Anthropometric Indices and Vit-D Supplementation on BioNTech, Pfizer Vaccine Side Effect and IgG Response Against SARS-CoV-2<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Combination Product: Vitamin-D<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Sulaimany Polytechnic university<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Vaccination Detoxification in LDL-C</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 Stress Syndrome; COVID-19 Vaccine Adverse Reaction; COVID-19-Associated Thromboembolism; COVID-19 Post-Intensive Care Syndrome; COVID-19-Associated Stroke; COVID-19 Respiratory Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Combination Product: Atorvastatin Calcium Tablets<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Yang I. Pachankis<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
|
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics Study of RAY1216 in Healthy Adult Participants</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: RAY1216 dose 1; Drug: RAY1216 dose 2; Drug: RAY1216 dose 3; Drug: RAY1216 dose 4 &ritonavir Drug: RAY1216 dose 5; Drug: RAY1216 dose 6; Drug: RAY1216 dose 7; Drug: RAY1216 dose 8; Drug: RAY1216 dose 9; Drug: RAY1216 dose 10<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Guangdong Raynovent Biotech Co., Ltd<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Exercise for Health in Patients With Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Long COVID<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Other: Rehabilitation program<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Campus docent Sant Joan de Déu-Universitat de Barcelona; Hospital de Mataró; University of Barcelona<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Computerized Training of Attention and Working Memory in Post COVID-19 Patients With Cognitive Complaints</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Cognitive Impairment; Cognition Disorder; Memory Disorders; Attention Deficit; Memory Impairment; Memory Loss; Attention Impaired<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Device: RehaCom<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Erasmus Medical Center<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Digital Multimodal Rehabilitation for People With Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Post-COVID Syndrome<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: RehabCovid_Telematic; Behavioral: RehabCovid_ImmersiveVR; Behavioral: Control_Condition<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa; University of Barcelona; Universitat de Girona; Unitat Assistencial i Preventiva de l’Esport- Centre d’Alt rendiment; Politecnic University of Catalonia; Corporación Fisiogestión<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study in Healthy Volunteers to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Single and Multiple Doses of ALG-097558</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: ALG-097558; Drug: Placebo; Drug: Midazolam; Drug: Itraconazole; Drug: Carbamazepine; Drug: ALG-097558 in solution formulation; Drug: ALG-097558 in tablet formulation<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Aligos Therapeutics<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunoadsorption Study Mainz in Adults With Post-COVID Syndrome</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post-COVID-19 Syndrome; Post-COVID Syndrome; Post COVID-19 Condition<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: Immunoadsorption; Device: Sham-apheresis<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: University Medical Center Mainz<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>REGAIN: RCT of Oxaloacetate for Fatigue in Long COVID</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post-COVID-19 Syndrome; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Anhydrous Enol-Oxaloacetate, a “Medical Food”; Other: White Rice Flour<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Terra Biological LLC; Bateman Horne Center<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study of mRNA-based Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Multi-component Vaccines in Healthy Adults</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: SARS-CoV-2; Influenza<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: Fluarix; Biological: mRNA-1083.1; Biological: mRNA-1083.2; Biological: mRNA-1083.3; Biological: mRNA-1010.4; Biological: mRNA-1283.222; Biological: mRNA-1273.222; Biological: mRNA-1010; Biological: Fluzone HD<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: ModernaTX, Inc.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Polyphenylene carboxymethylene (PPCM), the active component of the topical contraceptive Yaso-GEL, exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against <em>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</em> in preclinical studies</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Yaso-GEL containing the API PPCM showed significant activity against N. gonorrhoeae in vitro and in vivo in a female mouse model. These data support further development of Yaso-GEL as an inexpensive, non-hormonal and non-systemic product with both contraceptive and antimicrobial activity against gonorrhea and other common sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Such multipurpose prevention technology products are needed by women in all economic, social and cultural circumstances to…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Identification of Potential TMPRSS2 Inhibitors for COVID-19 Treatment in Chinese Medicine by Computational Approaches and Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Specific active compounds including narirutin, saikosaponin B1, and rutin in CM recipes potentially target and inhibit TMPS2, probably exerting a therapeutic effect on COVID-19.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Comparison of antibody responses following natural infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 or receipt of CoronaVac or ChAdOx1 (AZD1222) vaccination in Chiang Mai, Thailand</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: ChAdOx1 vaccine may provide superior immunogenicity than CoronaVac and natural infection.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>In-Silico Approaches for the Screening and Discovery of Broad-Spectrum Marine Natural Product Antiviral Agents Against Coronaviruses</strong> - The urgent need for SARS-CoV-2 controls has led to a reassessment of approaches to identify and develop natural product inhibitors of zoonotic, highly virulent, and rapidly emerging viruses. There are yet no clinically approved broad-spectrum antivirals available for beta-coronaviruses. Discovery pipelines for pan-virus medications against a broad range of betacoronaviruses are therefore a priority. A variety of marine natural product (MNP) small molecules have shown inhibitory activity against…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Heat-Denatured Lysozyme is a Novel Potential Non-alcoholic Disinfectant Against Respiratory Virus</strong> - Respiratory diseases are significant recurrent threats to global public health. Since the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause epidemics around the world each year. More recently, the COVID-19 global pandemic conducted a public health crisis with more than 6 million deaths and it also severely affected the global economy. Due to the phenomenon that people get infection from objects carrying viruses, it has aroused people’s attention to home disinfection. As…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Nucleocapsid Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Close Relative Bat Coronavirus RaTG13 Are Capable of Inhibiting PKR- and RNase L-Mediated Antiviral Pathways</strong> - Coronaviruses (CoVs), including severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2, produce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that activates antiviral pathways such as PKR and OAS/RNase L. To successfully replicate in hosts, viruses must evade such antiviral pathways. Currently, the mechanism of how SARS-CoV-2 antagonizes dsRNA-activated antiviral pathways is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N)…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Critical role of TLR activation in viral replication, persistence, and pathogenicity of Theiler’s virus</strong> - Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) establishes persistent viral infections in the central nervous system and induces chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease in susceptible mice. TMEV infects dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, and glial cells. The state of TLR activation in the host plays a critical role in initial viral replication and persistence. The further activation of TLRs enhances viral replication and persistence, leading to the pathogenicity of TMEV-induced…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Increased inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress enhanced antibody production in breast and prostate cancer patients with COVID-19 related depression</strong> - Cancer management is highly dependent on the immune status of the patient. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a large number of people suffered from anxiety and depression, especially cancer patients. The effect of depression on breast cancer (BC) and prostate cancer (PC) patients, during the pandemic has been analyzed in this study. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6) and oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl content (CC) were estimated in patients’…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>“Super” SERPINs-A stabilizing force against fibrinolysis in thromboinflammatory conditions</strong> - The superfamily of serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs) are a class of inhibitors that utilise a dynamic conformational change to trap and inhibit their target enzymes. Their powerful nature lends itself well to regulation of complex physiological enzymatic cascades, such as the haemostatic, inflammatory and complement pathways. The SERPINs α2-antiplasmin, plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1, plasminogen-activator inhibitor-2, protease nexin-1, and C1-inhibitor play crucial inhibitory roles in…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Deficient Radiation Transcription Response in COVID-19 Patients</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 infection affects a DNA damage response that may modify radiation-induced health risks in exposed patients with COVID-19.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Application of single-cell RNA sequencing on human testicular samples: a comprehensive review</strong> - So far there has been no comprehensive review using systematic literature search strategies to show the application of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in the human testis of the whole life cycle (from embryos to aging males). Here, we summarized the application of scRNA-seq analyses on various human testicular biological samples. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), focusing on English researches published after 2009. Articles related to GEO…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong><em>In silico</em> study of potential SARS-CoV-2 antagonist from <em>Clitoria ternatea</em></strong> - CONCLUSION: From these results, it was concluded that C. ternatea possess potential therapeutic properties against COVID-19.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antiviral properties of trans-δ-viniferin derivatives against enveloped viruses</strong> - Over the last century, the number of epidemics caused by RNA viruses has increased and the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has taught us about the compelling need for ready-to-use broad-spectrum antivirals. In this scenario, natural products stand out as a major historical source of drugs. We analyzed the antiviral effect of 4 stilbene dimers [1 (trans-δ-viniferin); 2 (11’,13’-di-O-methyl-trans-δ-viniferin), 3 (11,13-di-O-methyl-trans-δ-viniferin); and 4…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) ORF3 protein inhibits cellular type I interferon signaling through down-regulating proteins expression in RLRs-mediated pathway</strong> - Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an entero-pathogenic coronavirus, which belongs to the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, causing lethal watery diarrhea in piglets. Previous studies have shown that PEDV has developed an antagonistic mechanism by which it evades the antiviral activities of interferon (IFN), such as the sole accessory protein open reading frame 3 (ORF3) being found to inhibit IFN-β promoter activities, but how this mechanism used by PEDV ORF3 inhibits…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for quantification of favipiravir in human plasma</strong> - Favipiravir (FVP) is a broad-spectrum antiviral that selectively inhibits viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, first trialled for the treatment of influenza infection. It has been shown to be effective against a number of RNA virus families including arenaviruses, flaviviruses and enteroviruses. Most recently, FVP has been investigated as a potential therapeutic for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the…</p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
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<ul>
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||||
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
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||||
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
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||||
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>In the Post-Roe Era, Letting Pregnant Patients Get Sicker—by Design</strong> - Fearing legal repercussions, doctors in Texas say they are risking grave patient harm to comply with new abortion restrictions. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/in-the-post-roe-era-letting-pregnant-patients-get-sicker-by-design">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Will Trump’s Crimes Matter on the Campaign Trail?</strong> - The former President has faced two impeachments and countless accusations of public and private wrongdoing. Yet his approval rating is pretty much unchanged. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-political-scene/will-trumps-crimes-matter-on-the-campaign-trail">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>An Eyewitness to Jordan Neely’s Death</strong> - “It’s shameful,” Johnny Grima, a formerly homeless man, who was aboard the train in which Neely was choked to death, said. “There’s no getting around it.” - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/as-told-to/an-eyewitness-to-jordan-neelys-death">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tony Hsieh and the Emptiness of the Tech-Mogul Myth</strong> - A new biography of the Zappos executive depicts him as a narcissist and an addict who tossed around half-baked ideas and rarely saw them through. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/tony-hsieh-and-the-emptiness-of-the-tech-mogul-myth">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How Joe Biden’s Economic Ratings Could Rebound with Voters</strong> - Strong job growth and falling inflation may still pay off in 2024. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/how-joe-bidens-economic-ratings-could-rebound-with-voters">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>The hidden force that shapes everything around us: Parking</strong> -
|
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<figure>
|
||||
<img alt="A parking lot sparsely filled with cars, seen from high above." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/BDOIRgoLD0GNhaeijbxvtG-DTW8=/306x0:5159x3640/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72262172/GettyImages_1354859135__1_.0.jpg"/>
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
There are at least four parking spaces for every car in the United States, meaning that the parking stock is never more than 25 percent full at any given time. | Andrii Chagovets/iStock/Getty Images
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
It’s fueling the affordable housing crisis, worsening flooding, and driving us nuts.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fjlPX0">
|
||||
Most Americans, especially those living outside of major cities, need to drive to get around, and so the need to put one’s car somewhere<em> </em>when we’re not using it — ideally somewhere safe, free, and convenient — is a quiet force that often dominates how we get around. But how parking works (or doesn’t work) is something we rarely stop to consider.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="P8E6aZ">
|
||||
Henry Grabar, a <a href="https://slate.com/author/henry-grabar">staff writer at Slate</a>, has done a lot of thinking about the issue. In his new book, <a href="https://bookshop.org/p/books/paved-paradise-how-parking-explains-the-world-henry-grabar/18727296?gclid=Cj0KCQjw3a2iBhCFARIsAD4jQB2l7xteDcNE8TNeMrWKJX3v-O9ve8ptpT35hMcnccBLCK9GKj8KJksaAgqNEALw_wcB"><em>Paved Paradise: How Parking Explains the World</em></a>, Grabar demonstrates in a fascinating way how parking shapes our lives in the United States, determining the kinds of homes we live in, the communities we build, and how we interact with our built environments. He shows how zoning requirements requiring off-street parking for new construction strangle new development and help fuel the affordable housing crisis. Finally, he offers a series of solutions to make our cities more affordable and livable — and to keep parking from driving us all mad.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UqKfX6">
|
||||
This interview has been edited for length and clarity.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BzM1cZ">
|
||||
<strong>Why does parking make us so crazy?</strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fTIgDS">
|
||||
That is the million-dollar question. I think there are a few reasons that parking makes people really upset, but perhaps the most obvious is that in almost every place in this country, it is obligatory to have a car, and there is almost nothing that you can do without a car. So to the extent that you are able to hold down a job or go to a restaurant or pick your kids up from school, you have to drive, and parking becomes the link between driving and whatever else you want to do with your life. And so naturally, there’s a great deal of importance placed on having a good parking space.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rIvAg4">
|
||||
That’s the first thing. And then the second one is that we have just catastrophically mismanaged the way we provide parking in this country, in a way that actually doesn’t make things better for people who are driving and parking. Parking is not shared, and it’s not properly priced. We have acquiesced to the idea that parking on city streets has to be a total free-for-all.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aWbozQ">
|
||||
<strong>As you point out in the book, you’re not just talking about this symbolically. People have actually died over arguments about parking spots.</strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9AmoAT">
|
||||
Oh yeah, all the time. When I started working on this book, I set up a Google alert for “parking space murder.” So that’s been how I’ve been keeping track of this. I’m really excited to turn that Google alert off now that the reporting is done. <a href="https://nypost.com/2023/01/01/three-stabbings-in-nyc-kill-one-injure-two-as-2023-begins-nypd/">The first person to be killed in New York City this year was actually killed over a parking space</a>. I estimate that it happens several dozen times a year in US cities.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3ZVYLp">
|
||||
<strong>How did you get interested in parking?</strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oRhyf9">
|
||||
In my work as a reporter, I was <a href="https://slate.com/author/henry-grabar">writing about cities</a>, and it seemed like every topic that I would come across had this hidden component to it that was determinative in the result of whatever was being discussed, and that issue was parking. When I went to <a href="https://slate.com/business/2018/08/houston-one-year-after-hurricane-harvey-is-at-a-crossroads.html">Houston to report on Hurricane Harvey</a>, I talked to a guy whose house had flooded for the first time, and he was saying that his house never used to flood and he was blaming it on an enormous parking lot that had been constructed and the displacement of water falling on that parking lot, and how that was contributing to the stormwater issue in his neighborhood. And this is a <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/08/why-cities-flood/538251/">widespread issue in Houston</a> — the city’s brand of sprawling, auto-centric development does involve <a href="https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/article/downtown-houston-parking-one-quarter-area-17888647.php">paving over a ton of land</a>. That’s just an example.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KSqpqt">
|
||||
Parking is really expensive, and the <a href="https://harpers.org/archive/2023/04/henry-grabar-paved-paradise/">obligation to provide parking</a> can break projects that would otherwise succeed. Mass transit, the ability to create bus rapid transit lanes, or even to create bike lanes is dependent on being willing to reallocate the street parking supply.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="emRBn1">
|
||||
When you think about its spatial impact, well, cars spend 95 percent of their time parked. Parking literally takes up more room than the roads, and it costs more than the automobiles. But many of us don’t think much about parking at all, or if we do, it’s an afterthought.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0rRMtX">
|
||||
<strong>Is the problem that we have too little parking or too much?</strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b5WCPb">
|
||||
I will give you an annoying answer: It depends. On a national level, certainly, there’s far more parking than we need. There are at least <a href="https://www.vox.com/a/new-economy-future/cars-cities-technologies">four parking spaces for every car</a>, meaning that the parking stock is no more than 25 percent full at any given time. And some of those cars are moving at any given time, so parking may be a good deal emptier than that.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LcE6I7">
|
||||
Of course, there are places where people get frustrated because there isn’t enough parking. So if what you’re interested in is having a free place to park, you could look at this situation and say, well, there isn’t enough parking. In fact, that’s sort of what we did as a country: We decided, at some point in the middle of the 20th century, that there wasn’t enough parking, that this was at the root of our traffic problem, and we had to create more parking. But you can only do so at great expense, and <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/05/parking-drives-housing-prices/618910/">at a tremendous cost to the urban fabric</a>. There may be places where there isn’t enough parking, but the solution is rarely to create more parking, but rather to more intelligently manage the parking that we have and try and find ways to control demand for parking by, for example, sharing it, pricing it, and telling people where it is.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cnfrVH">
|
||||
<strong>What does that look like?</strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="10gHCX">
|
||||
When somebody decides they want to open a new restaurant or open a new building, instead of saying it needs X number of spaces, we could say, let’s look at the parking stock and find accommodations that are already there. Office parking could be used at night for residential parking. That dentist’s office parking lot could become the parking lot for a restaurant.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Pw5djj">
|
||||
The other part is pricing. If you institute a parking fee, you’ll find out exactly how many people are willing to pay to park there. If you keep raising prices until you always have spots available, you’ll find out exactly how high it needs to be to create a few open spots on every block. Because it might seem like it only takes you a couple of minutes to find a spot for free, but the net effect is thousands of miles of driving every day across the United States. There’s an unbelievable amount of driving being done just looking for parking spaces. You can look up a restaurant and look at exactly how to get there, but finding good parking is dependent on local knowledge. If you want to park downtown, you should be able to know it’s going to cost this much, and you can do it here — that should be made clear at every highway exit to downtown. But it’s not.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Pkz4tv">
|
||||
<strong>Is the implication that parking is going to have to get more annoying in places where everyone wants to park, like busy urban commercial areas?</strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sAUQpM">
|
||||
I don’t think it should be more annoying. We’ve become so accustomed to the idea that you have to hunt for parking that it’s hard for people to wrap their heads around the idea that it will be easier. Yes, you’re going to have to pay for it, but no, you don’t have to stress anymore because you’ll know there’ll be a parking spot where you want it. That’s a new concept, but in the places where it’s been instituted, people seem to have found it agreeable. There is a way, even without eliminating any parking, that a little bit of management can make a smoother parking experience for everyone. Time is money, and circling around the block and not knowing when you can find a spot, or leaving 20 minutes early to find a spot to park, that’s a cost as well.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5JMzNb">
|
||||
<strong>How does parking affect our housing supply?</strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oxnbNg">
|
||||
There are two principal ways that parking affects the housing supply. The first is that many jurisdictions in this country have parking requirements for new housing. That places a geometric and financial constraint on the types of things that can be built. And then what gets built contains a lot of parking, and the cost of that parking is folded into the cost of the units, whether they’re being sold or rented. And this is a pretty significant cost. In California and Arizona, it adds tens of thousands of dollars onto the cost of every new low-income housing unit. It’s folded into the rent or the asking price, whether you drive a car or not.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YBYeE4">
|
||||
Parking functions as a third rail in neighborhood politics. The public parking supply is such a fixation that people oppose new projects, especially projects that don’t have “enough” parking, on the grounds that they’ll threaten that public parking supply, whereas if I were to say, “I don’t want poor people living in the neighborhood,” that would be considered unacceptable. I cite this survey in the book of baby boomers, and <a href="https://www.zillow.com/research/modest-densification-zhar-30934/">more than half of baby boomers</a> say that free parking is more important than affordable housing in their neighborhood.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TkVFuo">
|
||||
<strong>How did we mess this up so bad? </strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="taRlfX">
|
||||
I think that parking requirements were done with the best of intentions. At its roots, it was really thought that it would solve the traffic problems in congested neighborhoods that were caused, <a href="https://time.com/6217873/parking-lots-climate-change-california/">[mid-century urban planners] thought</a>, by not having enough parking. This was the situation in American cities in the 1940s and ’50s: It was just unbelievable traffic jams, which city planners concluded were caused by the fact that there wasn’t enough parking. So lots and lots of parking was provided. The thing that they probably couldn’t have anticipated was just how thoroughly it would remake the urban environment, and how expensive it would be, and the extent to which it would begin to constrain the types of housing we could build.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QObHF9">
|
||||
What more recent research proves is that the more parking you provide, the more people will drive, and parking is perhaps the greatest determinant of whether people decide to make a trip in a car or by some other means. So providing more parking does not actually make it easier to park. If parking actually encourages people to drive, then more parking is actually going to create more traffic, not soak up the traffic of people looking for parking.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FjV7CC">
|
||||
<strong>Some places have gotten rid of parking minimums, or requirements that new construction have a certain number of parking spots, in the last few years. I’m curious if you can talk a little bit about what the results have been in those communities.</strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="46Dil7">
|
||||
There’s been a ton of movement on this in the last five years. It’s kind of amazing, dozens of cities deciding that they no longer want to require people to build a <a href="https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2021/11/22/announcing-a-new-and-improved-map-of-cities-that-have-removed-parking-minimums">certain amount of parking</a> corresponding to land use. One of the best examples is in Seattle, where in 2012 they decided to <a href="https://council.seattle.gov/2012/05/10/removing-minimum-parking-requirements-where-unneeded/">stop requiring parking for new apartment buildings around transit</a>. This was right at a period when residential construction in Seattle was booming. And they approved 60,000 units between 2012 and 2017. Most of them still have parking — I mean, developers know people who move into their buildings want space to park their cars — but they <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837718312870?via%3Dihub">built 40 percent less parking</a> than would have been required under the old regime. And that meant they built 18,000 fewer parking spaces, and the amount of money saved from that, which we can assume went into cheaper apartments and lower rent, was $540 million: half a billion dollars saved just by not building quite so many parking spaces.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1bLqYP">
|
||||
<strong>What else can we do? </strong>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2s6mVZ">
|
||||
If you could imagine a paradigm in which parking was a little less important, and we needed a little less of it, you can do so much with the land that we have currently reserved for parking lots. The more spectacular opportunity is with curb parking in cities, where we’ve got some of the most valuable real estate on earth, and that is really crucial in shaping people’s perception and understanding and enjoyment of the places they live in. You saw this during Covid, with the [outdoor] <a href="https://www.curbed.com/2020/07/streateries-outdoor-dining-architecture.html">restaurant pop-ups</a>; to even have 12 people outside sitting and having coffee on the street is just tremendous. That’s only the tip of the iceberg, right?
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="C5p1o0">
|
||||
You could imagine a world in which streets were pedestrianized and where we planted trees and gardens and in what is currently space reserved for parking, and closed streets, outside schools, so kids can have places to play. I think all those things are within reach. Those aren’t even particularly expensive or ambitious ideas. They just depend on 25 car owners saying, all right, we’ll give up our rights to this little strip of land. The changes to parking on surrounding streets would probably be pretty marginal, if you consider 25 cars in neighborhood parking stock that’s probably in the thousands.
|
||||
</p></li>
|
||||
<li><strong>The nationalist dark side of Joe Biden’s climate policies</strong> -
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img alt="President Biden, wearing a blue suit, talks to a group of workers in hard hats and safety vests, all in front of a large blue banner reading “Investing In America.”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/JMD2sgLWqLHSeR461lLVSMaZ7AI=/552x0:7716x5373/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72262143/1249748289.0.jpg"/>
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
President Joe Biden greets union workers after a visit to a semiconductor manufacturer on March 28, 2023, in Durham, North Carolina. His focus on “made in America” manufacturing has important, often hidden, costs. | Melissa Sue Gerrits/Getty Images
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
Why an ex-Biden official is “deeply disappointed” in his Buy American policies.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="quKAUu">
|
||||
In everything from climate change to the courts to foreign policy, the Trump and Biden presidencies could not be less alike. But when it comes to foreign trade and protectionism, there’s more continuity than difference.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sTCduP">
|
||||
Former President Donald Trump was the most pro-tariff president in decades, particularly <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/08/07/more-pain-than-gain-how-the-us-china-trade-war-hurt-america/">targeting China</a>. Instead of pushing back, President Joe Biden has <a href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/cost-trumps-trade-war-china-still-adding">preserved most of the Trump tariff regime</a>. The Inflation Reduction Act, Biden’s signature climate bill, extensively favors US industry in a way that has provoked mass outrage from foreign governments, including close allies; an Indian government official called it <a href="https://time.com/6247230/inflation-reduction-act-global-response-climate-trade-protectionsim/">“the most protectionist act ever drafted in the world,”</a> and a South Korean official called it a <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-02/south-korea-sees-betrayal-in-biden-s-electric-vehicle-push?sref=qYiz2hd0">“betrayal.”</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Sxh3tu">
|
||||
Biden seems to be joining Trump in turning America inward, at least economically, and undermining the open trade regime that their predecessors from both parties worked for decades to build.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7NPKjV">
|
||||
In making sense of this strange continuity, the first person I called was Kimberly Clausing. A professor at UCLA Law School, Clausing was formerly deputy assistant secretary of the treasury for tax analysis in the Biden administration, making her the lead economist for tax issues in the Treasury department. Before her time in the White House, she also wrote an excellent book, <a href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674919334"><em>Open: The Progressive Case for Free Trade, Immigration, and Global Capital</em></a>, in 2019, which pushed back both on Trump’s isolationist tendencies and on hostility to trade, immigration, and capital flows from progressives.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Gk3VGe">
|
||||
Clausing is immensely proud of many Biden administration accomplishments, and obviously believes him infinitely better than his predecessor overall. She worked on Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen’s effort to win an international agreement to tax multinational corporations at a minimum rate of 15 percent, which <a href="https://www.piie.com/publications/policy-briefs/international-tax-agreement-2021-why-its-needed-what-it-does-and-what">19 countries plus the EU have taken steps toward adopting</a>, even if the US hasn’t. “This reduces the pressures of tax competition by creating a higher floor on tax rates worldwide, whereas the floor used to be literally zero,” Clausing says. “It makes it a lot easier for a country like France or Japan or the United States to go above a 15 percent rate on corporations if they want to.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="04VT8n">
|
||||
She’s enthusiastic about the Inflation Reduction Act’s potential to combat global warming, and about many aspects of the CHIPS and Science Act and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (“infrastructure is some of the best money a government can spend,” she says).
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3mPoPY">
|
||||
But she’s concerned about some of the administration’s posture toward international trade, and its insistence on moving production to the US, even at the expense of both friendly trading partners like the EU and Canada and global efforts to rapidly reduce carbon emissions. “It’s kind of a fool’s errand to think that you’re going to get a lot of manufacturing jobs out of all this CHIPS money and all this steel protection,” she says.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0FFXwM">
|
||||
There’s the rub — the Biden approach to industrial policy might not just undermine other commitments, but fail on its own terms to bring huge numbers of jobs building things like solar panels and semiconductors back to the US.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ul1NnC">
|
||||
Our conversation, edited for length and clarity, follows.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h4 id="v9jED9">
|
||||
Dylan Matthews
|
||||
</h4>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MVlvO5">
|
||||
Among the most obvious protectionist measures undertaken by Biden are the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/management/made-in-america/">“made in America” rules</a> that have dominated implementation of the <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/white-house-unveils-plan-boost-use-us-made-goods-infrastructure-2023-02-08/">infrastructure bill</a> and key climate provisions, like <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/02/15/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-standards-and-major-progress-for-a-made-in-america-national-network-of-electric-vehicle-chargers/">tax credits for electric cars</a>. That means that <a href="https://www.oregonlive.com/business/2023/04/only-these-10-electric-vehicles-will-qualify-for-7500-tax-credit-under-made-in-america-rules.html#:~:text=To%20be%20eligible%2C%20electric%20vehicles,sticker%20for%20more%20than%20%2455%2C000.">most of the electric cars on the market aren’t eligible</a> for credits.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wjAGF2">
|
||||
This strikes me as not just a problem for meeting our climate goals but a pretty brazen return to protectionism of the kind you condemn at length in your book.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h4 id="G42vPH">
|
||||
Kimberly Clausing
|
||||
</h4>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Kl61qG">
|
||||
I am deeply disappointed by the inclusion of these national content provisions in the green subsidies for at least two reasons. One reason is that it makes the entire transition project less efficient. While we might hope that all the things that we want can be achieved with one policy tool, often when you load up policy tools with multiple objectives, you make it more difficult to achieve the goals you <em>most</em> wanted.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Zqzosv">
|
||||
For example, if we say you can only have this tax credit if it’s also made in America, and it has certain labor requirements, etc., that makes it harder to achieve the underlying environmental goal.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Q1ml0r">
|
||||
The second reason it’s problematic is that we’ve had a long tradition going back decades of <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/ls601">discouraging national content provisions like these</a>. And the WTO [World Trade Organization] has clear rules on this that we argued for, because we knew that when other countries did this too, it would affect the ability of our firms to sell in their markets. We hadn’t enthusiastically stepped over that line until these credits.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2Ia3Qq">
|
||||
Now the administration’s attitude appears to ask, “What line?” They don’t even use the word “WTO” or acknowledge that this is a problem. When you’ve got an institution like the WTO that’s built around solving a global collective action problem, and then you pretend that it doesn’t apply to you, it would be better if you could think a few steps ahead, and imagine, what happens when the global collective action unravels?
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EPtK6v">
|
||||
What if everybody else decides to do that too? What if Canada and Germany and Japan decide, “You know what, we’re going to have our own national content requirements?” Fortunately, I don’t think many of our trading partners are going to do it that way, because they realize it’s an inefficient way to meet climate goals.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yBdVJd">
|
||||
Climate change is arguably the world’s most important externality. Ideally we’d want to deal with it in a cost-effective way. But that doesn’t seem to be in front of mind on some of these issues.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h4 id="aDkjTe">
|
||||
Dylan Matthews
|
||||
</h4>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="r4SPUF">
|
||||
A counterargument might be that a subsidy competition on particular things in the green transition could be positive. We all suffer from extreme global warming. Yes, this might set off a subsidy race with South Korea, EU, Japan, but that just accelerates the green transition. What’s wrong with that narrative?
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h4 id="ZJnPHS">
|
||||
Kimberly Clausing
|
||||
</h4>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Jy4QhR">
|
||||
Part of that narrative is correct. If we all throw money at our green industries — let’s ignore the national content part, let’s just focus on the fact that we’re subsidizing — if we all do that, then those industries get bigger. The bigger they get worldwide, the better, right? Because there are scale effects, there’s innovation, there’s learning. Take, say, green hydrogen or carbon capture. These are technologies that aren’t quite economically feasible now, but if you invest enough, they might be.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<div class="c-float-right">
|
||||
<aside id="5bj7gT">
|
||||
<q>If you’re making it harder on the Global South to transition away from fossil fuels, that’s not necessarily helping with the vast majority of world emissions</q>
|
||||
</aside>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TH6V5o">
|
||||
Where it gets a little trickier is that in the short run, there are some zero-sum elements here. If you want to expand the supply of critical minerals, you need more mines. Mines take years to develop. There’s going to be some short-run scarcity regarding key companies, key expertise, and key inputs. If the rich countries of the world are cornering those resources, that makes it harder for India or countries in Africa to do their transitions. If one country has the lock on the expertise or the inputs, it may actually set back others in the short run, even though those clean energy industries are expanding over time in a useful way.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UefHKj">
|
||||
It’s easy for the US government to say, in a somewhat self-serving way, “everybody should just subsidize.” But not everybody can afford to, poor countries especially. If you add up US and EU emissions combined, [it’s] less than <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions">a quarter of the entire world</a>’s emissions. If you’re making it harder on the Global South to transition away from fossil fuels, that’s not necessarily helping with the vast majority of world emissions.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WBMlAq">
|
||||
A subsidy approach also makes it a little harder for a country like, say, Canada, to price carbon. Because they rely on a carbon price and the US subsidizes, the result may give US firms a large advantage relative to the Canadian counterparts. So if you’re Canada, why should you price carbon anymore? I worry that US policy choices might unravel these effective policies abroad.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h4 id="I9pkaN">
|
||||
Dylan Matthews
|
||||
</h4>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pPH7SM">
|
||||
I wonder if the Buy America stuff will even work on its own terms. One thing your book is clear about is that the decline in manufacturing jobs in the US owes a lot more to automation than it does to trade competition. Is this going to work as a means of stimulating manufacturing jobs here, even if that was the right goal for the administration to pursue? Maybe we do bring manufacturing back, but we don’t bring jobs because it’s a highly automated industry now.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h4 id="2jtEup">
|
||||
Kimberly Clausing
|
||||
</h4>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yVHI6v">
|
||||
That’s more likely than not, right? What can we control? We can’t control technological innovation and we can’t control the myriad actions of thousands of companies who are working on their bottom line. We’re not a command and control economy, and thank goodness for that.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<div class="c-float-right">
|
||||
<aside id="UZ7TAQ">
|
||||
<q>It’s kind of a fool’s errand to think that you’re going to get a lot of manufacturing jobs out of all this CHIPS money</q>
|
||||
</aside>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LehPqD">
|
||||
But we can control elements of the policy environment. Do we have a good education system? Do we have an open immigration policy? Are we collecting enough tax from people in the top part of the income distribution? Are we collecting enough tax from people in the middle of the income distribution? Do we have a strong enough social safety net? All of those things we can control, and those would probably do more to bring society together than focusing on industrial policy to target elusive manufacturing jobs.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EQ41Pv">
|
||||
Focusing on this manufacturing and jobs question, it’s kind of a fool’s errand to think that you’re going to get a lot of manufacturing jobs out of all this CHIPS money and all this steel protection. Your fiscal costs per job could reach something <a href="https://www.piie.com/blogs/trade-and-investment-policy-watch/high-taxpayer-cost-saving-us-jobs-through-made-america">like a million dollars</a>, right? There are much better ways to improve people’s lives that are less expensive that we should really be focusing on instead.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h4 id="zBnT6Z">
|
||||
Dylan Matthews
|
||||
</h4>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Yfsm2H">
|
||||
We’ve been talking a lot about friendly partners like the EU, Canada, South Korea. The trade war with China seems like it’s really ramped up kind of dramatically. I would have expected a lot more of a divergence from what Trump did, and it seems like there’s a lot of continuity between the Trump and Biden approaches to China instead.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h4 id="qp12BW">
|
||||
Kimberly Clausing
|
||||
</h4>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6uqOih">
|
||||
The Trump administration cast a long shadow in a couple of ways. If you look at the government of China and their attitude towards the United States, it clearly got worse during those years and hasn’t recovered at all.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="np4kto">
|
||||
But also, if you look at some of the US government’s recent policy choices and statements, it could be interpreted as if their goal is to suppress economic development in China.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qi0N8w">
|
||||
When Trump’s steel tariffs were <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/12/09/wto-ruling-trump-tariffs-violate-rules-00073282">challenged by the WTO</a> for not fulfilling the national security criteria under which they were levied, USTR [the US Trade Representative’s office] said, effectively, <a href="https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2022/december/statement-ustr-spokesperson-adam-hodge">we don’t care about your views on our national security interests</a>. The administration was making an argument that steel writ large is a national security thing. Nobody thinks that’s actually true. But some of these policy actions could provide fodder for the hardline Chinese view that we’re trying to suppress their development, and the policy link between these tariffs and US policy goals has always been rather weak.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3CGN6k">
|
||||
Other US policy statements, such as those from Secretary Yellen, for example, do a better job of separating national security goals from the broader economic case for engagement, trade, and policy coordination on matters like climate. At the same time, the Chinese state hasn’t helped matters because it’s often taken a much more hardline approach. They’ve threatened countries and firms with large repercussions if they do anything even slightly against the Chinese state’s view of things. Australia was targeted by such retaliatory trade actions in recent years. So I don’t think China is at all blameless.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5dErbR">
|
||||
So we’re in a bad equilibrium, and that does worry me a lot. But, the US government is leaving some important tools by the wayside. A great response to concerns about China would be to rejoin the <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/7/25/18076450/trans-pacific-partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> [an Obama-era free trade pact of non-China Pacific nations that Trump withdrew from, now called CPTPP]. That was a brilliant foreign policy move; it provided real benefits to partner countries and deepened economic relationships in a way that should both improve economic resilience and achieve foreign policy objectives.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OYuBIY">
|
||||
It is such an own-goal to negotiate this great policy response, and then simply step aside and have other countries do it without us. (Indeed, that great Pacific power, the UK, just joined!) What if China <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/09/23/china-moves-to-join-the-cptpp-but-dont-expect-a-fast-pass/">joins eventually</a>? Then we’ve created this great market access tool and a harmonized region that is serving someone else’s economic interests, not ours.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9SDYA5">
|
||||
</p></li>
|
||||
<li><strong>A frightening virus is killing a massive number of wild birds</strong> -
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/zQUeECvE1CetFNfAYtNQ7ekM0WU=/230x0:3899x2752/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72262076/GettyImages_1245287016.0.jpg"/>
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
A pelican that likely died from avian influenza on a beach in Lima, Peru, on December 1, 2022. | Ernesto Benavides/AFP via Getty Images
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
Scientists have never seen anything like it.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iGjvI1">
|
||||
In the past two years, a viral disease has swept across much of the planet — not Covid but a type of avian flu. It’s devastated the poultry industry in the US, Europe, and elsewhere, sickening millions of farmed birds, which either die from infection or are killed by farmers seeking to stem the spread.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uZrvN5">
|
||||
The poultry outbreak has become an animal welfare crisis. It’s also one reason <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23588340/egg-prices-expensive-bird-flu-shortage-price-gouging">eggs have become so expensive</a>; there are simply fewer hens to lay them.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WfYzT0">
|
||||
But the virus is causing another major crisis that’s drawn far less attention: the death of wild birds.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="h6Z7SQ">
|
||||
The ongoing outbreak of avian flu has killed hundreds of thousands — if not <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.02.539182v1">millions</a> — of wild birds, including endangered species like the California condor. It’s one of the worst wildlife disease outbreaks in history. Having now spread across five continents and hundreds of wildlife species, scientists call the current outbreak a panzootic, meaning a pandemic among animals.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OXDdeB">
|
||||
“What we’re seeing right now is uncharted territory,” said Andrew Ramey, a wildlife geneticist at the US Geological Survey, one of the federal agencies involved in testing wild birds for the virus.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<div class="c-float-left c-float-hang">
|
||||
<figure class="e-image">
|
||||
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/PwSlWrEiAudBXwLRuwrBXEaBexk=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24642476/GettyImages_1286898446.jpg"/> <cite>Vicki Jauron/Getty Images</cite>
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
A flock of snow geese in flight at Bosque del Apache wildlife refuge in New Mexico. Thousands of snow geese have been affected by avian flu.
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="s9TisT">
|
||||
The number of dead birds in itself is historic, but so is the virus’s biology. Typically, avian influenza viruses only cause severe disease and death in domestic birds like chickens and farmed ducks; they sweep through populations, killing <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/avian-in-birds.htm">upward of 90 percent</a> of the flock.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bchS9r">
|
||||
This virus, however, is different. It’s hammering wild birds and other wildlife, including mammals.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9gZlh0">
|
||||
“It’s causing a high amount of mortality in a huge breadth of wild birds, which is not something that has been seen before,” said Wendy Puryear, a molecular virologist at Tufts University who studies viral evolution.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CdQPYU">
|
||||
This is especially concerning because birds are already at risk across the world. North America alone has lost an astonishing <a href="https://www.stateofthebirds.org/2022/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/state-of-the-birds-2022-spreads.pdf">3 billion breeding birds</a> in the last half-century, due to threats like climate change, predation by<strong> </strong><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms2380">feral and pet cats</a>, and the loss of grasslands and other habitats. This panzootic is only making an ongoing extinction crisis worse.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iS27ST">
|
||||
The virus could also pose a threat to us. While it doesn’t readily infect and spread among people today, the avian virus could evolve traits that make it more dangerous to humans as it circulates among wild animals. That’s another reason scientists are taking the outbreak among wild birds so seriously.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="JrUmpO">
|
||||
An unusual avian flu
|
||||
</h3>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4lTVNC">
|
||||
Viruses that cause avian flu are actually pretty common. They’ve been circulating for eons among wild birds — and especially waterfowl, such as ducks and geese — without causing them much harm. These mild forms of infection are called low-pathogenic avian influenza, or LPAI, which means they’re typically not deadly.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="67iamr">
|
||||
On occasion, a low-pathogenic virus can jump from wild birds to poultry farms. As the virus replicates in densely packed warehouses of farmed birds, it can quickly evolve and pick up adaptations that make it highly deadly to poultry. At that point, it gets dubbed a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, or HPAI virus. Historically, however, most of these HPAI viruses haven’t killed large numbers of wild birds, even if they did spill out of the farm and back into wild populations.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lBddkO">
|
||||
Then came an avian flu outbreak on a goose farm in China.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<div class="c-wide-block">
|
||||
<figure class="e-image">
|
||||
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/2vMSrLRuSXyfch2jXKSfBMlC78g=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24642466/GettyImages_1285426973.jpg"/> <cite>Zhang Lianhua/VCG via Getty Images</cite>
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
A view from above of a farmer feeding more than 6,000 geese at a farm in Jiangsu province, China. Dense farms of waterfowl are especially susceptible to avian flu.
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zQJw37">
|
||||
In the spring of 1996, influenza caused by a virus known as H5N1 (named for the kinds of proteins found on its surface) spread among the geese. It was highly pathogenic and killed more than <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119829/">40 percent</a> of the farm birds it infected.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O0yvNh">
|
||||
Descendants of this virus have since triggered a new era for bird flu. They’re not only adapted to spread disease among poultry, but — and this is key — some varieties are also capable of spreading and causing severe disease among wild birds. That’s an important trait that separates this virus from past versions of avian flu.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PcRfPQ">
|
||||
The US first experienced one of these goose farm viruses in 2014. After spreading to North America for the first time, the virus killed or affected tens of millions of poultry and an unknown number of wild birds, across <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320723001428?via%3Dihub">at least 13 US states</a>. At the time, officials were able to control the outbreak by slaughtering a huge number of farm birds.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="z6YGGz">
|
||||
The situation today is more dire — and much harder to control.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="6a3vah">
|
||||
How bad is the current outbreak?
|
||||
</h3>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="j3NhdF">
|
||||
The world now faces a more frightening version of this goose farm virus that appears better equipped to infect wild birds. First detected on North American soil in the winter of 2021, the virus, which is also a form of H5N1, has since spread throughout the US, into Mexico, and down through Central and South America. It’s infecting birds on every continent now other than Antarctica and Australia (where it almost certainly will arrive soon).
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gSJVUP">
|
||||
The current outbreak has killed — or forced farmers to cull — more than <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.02.539182v1.full.pdf">half a billion poultry worldwide</a>, a simply mind-boggling number of birds.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HwWgf2">
|
||||
It’s much harder to estimate the toll the virus has taken on wild birds.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<div class="c-float-right c-float-hang">
|
||||
<figure class="e-image">
|
||||
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/W_G7pBKvT9ihCrDeB8BDBfv4e-0=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24642453/original.jpeg"/> <cite>Lewnanny Richardson/iNaturalist</cite>
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
Two dead northern gannets in eastern Canada, on July 8, 2022. They likely died from avian flu.
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="L72DUe">
|
||||
In the US, suspected or confirmed cases of H5N1 in wild birds are in the tens of thousands, according to a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320723001428?via%3Dihub">study</a> published in April. Reporting by <a href="http://theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/05/50000-wild-birds-uk-killed-h5n1-avian-flu-double-estimates-aoe">the Guardian</a> revealed that the flu has killed more than 50,000 birds in the UK. In Eastern Canada alone, roughly 40,000 birds have been reported as sick or dead, likely linked to the flu, according to Stephanie Avery-Gomm, a research scientist with the Canadian government, who cited her preliminary, unpublished research.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="El4UKt">
|
||||
Yet most of these numbers are almost certainly underestimates. Government agencies don’t have the resources to test every dead bird. Plus, many individuals die out at sea, or in rural areas that lack any kind of surveillance.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dPTs79">
|
||||
Testing in the US tends to focus only on a small number of avian species, or on birds that die en masse, according to Johanna Harvey, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Maryland who studies avian influenza. That leaves out smaller-scale outbreaks. Plus, global reporting of H5N1 cases in wild birds is often inconsistent or incomplete, according to a <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.02.539182v1">preprint paper</a> published earlier this month.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hhDWn7">
|
||||
This suggests that “only a fraction of outbreaks in wildlife have been detected and appropriately reported,” scientists Marcel Klaassen and Michelle Wille wrote in the paper, which has yet to go through the formal peer review process.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<figure class="e-image">
|
||||
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/dAfzbAlZTpCqJLchDytw6eVDX0c=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24629914/1_s2.0_S0006320723001428_gr2_lrg.jpg"/> <cite>Johanna A. Harvey, et al./<a class="ql-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320723001428?via%3Dihub#t0005" target="_blank"><em>Biological Conservation</em></a></cite>
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
A map showing where the H5N1 virus, a highly pathogenic type of avian influenza, has been detected in poultry and wild birds, between December 2021 and March 2023.
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oYzj3B">
|
||||
So how big is the number really? It’s likely in the millions globally, according to the paper by Klaassen and Wille. Scientists may never have an exact toll, but the spotty numbers they do have are ringing alarm bells.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cQsevf">
|
||||
“We haven’t seen these kinds of numbers with an influenza outbreak in wild birds previously, ever,” said Puryear, of Tufts, who was not involved in that study.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="DmNN0q">
|
||||
What avian flu means for biodiversity
|
||||
</h3>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5ThQcx">
|
||||
The virus that’s killing birds today is highly “promiscuous,” Puryear said — meaning,<strong> </strong>it’s infecting and causing disease in all kinds of species. Scientists have found it in everything from vultures and bald eagles to American white pelicans and snowy owls.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ng0bDy">
|
||||
Birds that nest in colonies have been hit especially hard. These include things like snow geese, terns, and double-crested cormorants. According to Avery-Gomm, more than 20,000 of the potential cases of influenza in eastern Canada came from northern gannets — giant, colonial seabirds that spend most of their lives on the ocean.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2CBgKh">
|
||||
Scientists fear these die-offs could make a big dent in some avian populations, especially in ones that are already small.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<figure class="e-image">
|
||||
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Rcm8Oq3olbpJq_iZ4_slPLUoLkQ=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24642310/51126252762_af4ed82bcd_o.jpg"/> <cite>US Fish and Wildlife Service</cite>
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
A pair of endangered California condors soar overhead in California.
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="f9weq8">
|
||||
Since March, <a href="https://www.fws.gov/story/2023-05/california-condor-hpai-response-update-may-5-2023">more than 20 California condors</a> in the Southwest have died, and most of them tested positive for avian flu. The <a href="https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/California_Condor/overview">largest</a> bird in North America, with a wingspan that can reach more than 9 feet, the California condor almost went extinct in the 1980s. A successful captive breeding program revived the population, which now stands at roughly 500 worldwide, though they’re still listed by the US government as endangered.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="K3v4ut">
|
||||
Last summer, meanwhile, bird flu knocked out <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320723001428?via%3Dihub">more than half</a> of Lake Michigan’s population of Caspian terns, another threatened species.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BSFAC8">
|
||||
“Large die-offs can impact populations of these species for decades and may contribute to species collapse and further ecosystem damage, particularly given the <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaw1313">critical declines</a> seen in North American bird biodiversity over the last half century,” scientists wrote in the <a href="https://id.elsevier.com/as/authorization.oauth2?platSite=SD%2Fscience&scope=openid%20email%20profile%20els_auth_info%20els_idp_info%20els_idp_analytics_attrs%20urn%3Acom%3Aelsevier%3Aidp%3Apolicy%3Aproduct%3Ainst_assoc&response_type=code&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fuser%2Fidentity%2Flanding&authType=SINGLE_SIGN_IN&prompt=none&client_id=SDFE-v3&state=retryCounter%3D0%26csrfToken%3D1e880cba-fad1-46a8-9128-a9bea5106577%26idpPolicy%3Durn%253Acom%253Aelsevier%253Aidp%253Apolicy%253Aproduct%253Ainst_assoc%26returnUrl%3D%252Fscience%252Farticle%252Fpii%252FS0006320723001428%253Fvia%25253Dihub%26prompt%3Dnone%26cid%3Darp-486479c8-de40-4413-9aaf-ebd94d333c38#t0005">April study</a>, which tallied reported and suspected cases of H5N1 in North American birds.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AWGWGX">
|
||||
Indeed, prior to the current outbreak, birds were already declining in nearly all habitats in the US, according to Cornell University’s <a href="https://www.stateofthebirds.org/2022/state-of-the-birds-at-a-glance/">State of the Birds report</a>. Roughly <a href="https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2022/05/global-bird-populations-steadily-decline#:~:text=The%20study%20finds%20approximately%2048,of%207%25%20is%20still%20unknown.">half</a> of all bird species are known (or likely) to be in decline globally.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="28FjfP">
|
||||
More troubling still is that avian influenza is also killing many mammals, including foxes, coyotes, mink, and seals. Earlier this year, officials <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/06/americas/bird-flu-sea-lion-deaths-peru-intl-latam/index.html">reported</a> that bird flu killed almost 3,500 seal lions in Peru. That’s worrying on a whole different level — because humans are mammals. Could this avian flu become a pandemic?
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="DHWvKQ">
|
||||
The frightening link between infected wild birds and human health
|
||||
</h3>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HwbBpR">
|
||||
No, in its current form, avian influenza is not at all likely to cause a pandemic. While hundreds of humans have contracted H5N1 over the years — and many of them have died — those cases usually involve extremely high exposure to infected poultry. Biologically speaking, the virus isn’t well equipped to overtake our immune systems and spread quickly among human populations.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PItShF">
|
||||
The problem for us is that viruses, and especially influenza viruses, evolve quickly. Not only do they mutate, but they can also swap entire portions of their genomes with other viruses if they infect the same hosts. Under the right circumstances, this evolution could give them the tools to replicate more easily in mammals, which would make them more threatening to humans. (My colleague Keren Landman and I go into this in detail <a href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/23572561/bird-avian-flu-influenza-h5n1-pandemic-eggs">here</a>.)
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4EPCLO">
|
||||
The risk of the virus morphing into a human threat remain slim, yet the outbreak in wild birds may push it in that direction.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fNaXa5">
|
||||
During most past outbreaks, only poultry farms were badly infected, so countries could kill giant flocks of infected farm birds and exercise other biosecurity measures to stem the spread. That’s what happened during the outbreak in 2014 and 2015. In this case, however, wild birds are also a reservoir for highly pathogenic influenza. So no matter how much culling farmers do, wild birds could still pass H5N1 over to domestic populations.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cqoiqd">
|
||||
This is happening already: Most recent outbreaks on farms were started by wild birds, not farm-to-farm spread, Yuko Sato, a poultry veterinarian at Iowa State University, said in a <a href="https://www.sciline.org/health-medicine/avian-influenza-bird-flu/#video-transcript">briefing for reporters</a> last month. Infected wild birds can spread the virus through their feces or breath when they flock to reservoirs near farms, or stop over while migrating. One reason wild birds are likely to enter farms in the first place is that so much of their natural habitat has been destroyed.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yuJ0xn">
|
||||
“The challenge is that you can do all this work to make farms more secure, but that won’t matter if you have lots of infected wild birds,” said Nichola Hill, an infectious disease ecologist at the University of Massachusetts Boston.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="w8TXgF">
|
||||
Once wild birds contaminate farms, the risks skyrocket. Viruses evolve much more quickly within animals that are packed tightly together, simply because they have more bodies to grow in. They’re also known to pick up adaptations that make them better equipped to replicate among mammals, Puryear said, though it’s not clear why.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IBt5ih">
|
||||
The other problem is that when flu viruses are widespread among wild birds, they have more opportunities to spill over directly into mammals. The virus has infected animals like foxes and seals that interact with birds. And as these microbes replicate within their cells, the flu viruses can pick up traits that make them more harmful to humans.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NS5fBU">
|
||||
This is not just theoretical. In a <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.501155v1.full.pdf">recent study</a>, Puryear found that some H5N1 viruses that infected seals in New England had genetic changes that have been shown to make them more efficient at replicating within the cells of mammals. Researchers have found similar adaptations in H5N1 viruses found in foxes and mink. All of these animals likely got sick from wild birds.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<div class="c-wide-block">
|
||||
<div class="c-image-grid">
|
||||
<div class="c-image-grid__item">
|
||||
<figure class="e-image">
|
||||
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/kX39jmrv7dk0ZToOar6lI_4NGrc=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24642367/GettyImages_173574692.jpg"/> <cite>Ken Canning/Getty Images</cite>
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
A harbor seal basking on the beach in Massachusetts’s Salisbury beach state park.
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="c-image-grid__item">
|
||||
<figure class="e-image">
|
||||
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/UGgPzpz9hmNL9TelpsUtuywCqvA=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24642386/GettyImages_485817080.jpg"/> <cite>Getty Images/iStockphoto</cite>
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
A red fox with part of a chicken poking out of its mouth.
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tNvBpz">
|
||||
There is some reassuring news, however: Not only is the virus biologically ill-equipped to cause a pandemic, but the US government has also stockpiled vaccines, including <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/vaccine-makers-are-preparing-for-bird-flu/">those specifically for H5N1</a>. (There are also vaccines for birds, which my colleague Kenny Torrella writes about <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2022/11/22/23472207/bird-flu-vaccine-turkey-prices-chickens-hens-cull-depopulation">here</a>.)
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xxdvmj">
|
||||
“It’s not Covid,” Puryear said, referencing how there were no coronavirus vaccines stockpiled when the pandemic hit. “In theory, we should be able to respond quickly if this becomes an issue.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="UPsqVR">
|
||||
What to do for the birds
|
||||
</h3>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XsgvQS">
|
||||
In time, wild birds will likely develop some immunity to the current H5N1 virus, causing the panzootic to wane. It’s not clear how long that will take, Puryear said, because “this scale of HPAI in wild birds hasn’t occurred before.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ibete8">
|
||||
But there are ways to help wild birds short of waiting for them to gain natural immunity. Countries including the US, for example, could ramp up surveillance, so they can better understand how avian flu is spreading, scientists say. That information could help give farmers a heads-up if infected species are moving their way.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="r7yXwY">
|
||||
In the US, the Department of Agriculture (USDA) and USGS lead surveillance, together with state agencies. Those agencies do most of the field-based sampling, Hill said. According to<strong> </strong>Puryear, however, government officials simply don’t have the resources or funding to keep up with the outbreak. “They are slammed,” she said.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2bcQ1U">
|
||||
Part of the problem, Hill said, is that USDA is primarily focused on protecting the poultry industry. Controlling outbreaks on farms draws a lot of their resources that could otherwise go toward wild birds, she added.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fX6tCF">
|
||||
“Wild bird surveillance is a critical part of USDA’s response to highly pathogenic avian influenza,” USDA spokesperson Lyndsay Cole told Vox. The agency and its partners tested more than 30,000 wild birds last year, Cole said. The agency also emphasized that studying the virus among wild birds is important because it can spread between wild and domestic populations. “While there is always room to expand efforts, the surveillance that has been done has been invaluable in identifying how the virus is spreading and where introductions to domestic birds occur,” Cole said.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jnQWQv">
|
||||
Academic institutions like Tufts and the University of Georgia, which both do testing, help fill in some of the gaps in surveillance, but those projects cost money, Puryear said. On that note, one solution is to free up more federal funding for groups that are equipped to surveil and test wild birds for H5N1, she said. Surveillance would also benefit from government and state agencies talking to each other more, many scientists told me. (Cole of USDA said the agency is able to “coordinate closely” with its partners to carry out surveillance.)
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1bWFcI">
|
||||
The public can help, too, Hill said.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QRqDEc">
|
||||
Birders are “the eyes and ears of this panzootic,” she said, “and I don’t think they’re being harnessed enough.” People are used to photographing beautiful wildlife on their phones and uploading it to platforms like <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/">iNaturalist</a>. But right now, it’s more important that they document dead birds, she said. (iNaturalist actually <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/beached-birds">has a webpage</a> exactly for this purpose. If you find a dead wild bird and are not sure what to do, check out <a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/animal_health/fs-hpai-dead-wild-bird.508.pdf">this one-pager</a> from the USDA.)
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HHThGn">
|
||||
Ultimately, protecting wild birds and reducing the risk of a pandemic will require that we make much bigger changes, such as to our food system. The normal way many companies raise birds for slaughter — in warehouses, packed tightly with chickens or turkeys — is a recipe for highly pathogenic viruses, Hill said.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EXoYSZ">
|
||||
“It’s useful to remember that wild birds are the victims here,” Hill said. “They spread HPAI but are not the original source. My motto has become: Bird flu sucks, blame chicken nuggets.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7u0GsQ">
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="B0LnNR">
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GsOEKa">
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wXZGI1">
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zGwJaI">
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mdyVSJ">
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="d5T6xM">
|
||||
</p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Deccan Premier Carrom League to be held from August 23 to 26</strong> -</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Having made his ‘decision’, Boult expresses ‘big desire’ to play ODI World Cup in India</strong> - Trent Boult gave up his New Zealand contract last August to spend more time with family</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Messi’s move to Saudi Arabia a ‘done deal’: source</strong> - A source has confirmed that Lionel Messi is close to signing for a Saudi Arabian football team as his contract with PSG ends in June</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Russell all praise for Rinku’s fearlessness</strong> - Jamaican all-rounder Andre Russell says the youngster Rinku Singh is fast becoming KKR’s game-changer</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2023: CSK vs DC | Chennai faces resurgent Delhi in push for play-offs spot</strong> - Chennai Super Kings returned to winning ways with a convincing victory over Mumbai Indians and would be hoping to pick up two more points against Delhi Capitals</p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Maha Samprokshanam of Lord Venkateswara temple at Jammu from June 4 to 8</strong> - Devotees visiting the Vaishno Devi shrine can now have the darshan of Lord Venkateswara at Majeem situated halfway on the Katra route</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>KSHRC seeks criminal action against garbage disposal by the waysides</strong> -</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>D.K. Shivakumar visits Mysuru a day before polls, courts controversy</strong> -</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Somesh Kumar appointed Chief Advisor to the Chief Minister</strong> - Mr. Somesh Kumar will be in the post for three years in the rank of Cabinet Minister</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Annual conference of college principals in Kottayam</strong> -</p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine says it downed Russian cruise missiles aimed at Kyiv</strong> - No casualties are being reported from the air strikes which are said to have targeted Kyiv.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Serbia shootings: Tens of thousands join protests</strong> - Protesters call for the resignation of top officials in the wake of two mass shootings.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: ‘Mad panic’ as Russia evacuates town near Zaporizhzhia plant</strong> - UN watchdog warns of “threat of a severe nuclear accident” at the Zaporizhzhia plant in Ukraine.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Yevgeny Prigozhin: Wagner boss ‘promised ammunition’ after retreat threat</strong> - Yevgeny Prigozhin seemingly U-turns on his threat to withdraw from the Ukrainian city of Bakhmut.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Zakhar Prilepin: Russian pro-war writer defiant after car bomb attack</strong> - Zakhar Prilepin said he had been driving and the bomb had been under the passenger seat.</p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ambitious Arab mission to explore seven asteroids, including a very red one</strong> - The mission could uncover secrets about objects beyond Neptune. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1937641">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Feds seize 13 more DDoS-for-hire platforms in ongoing international crackdown</strong> - The DDoS whack-a-mole game between law enforcement and miscreants continues. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1937636">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>US Gulf states’ inactive, uncapped oil and gas wells a $30 billion liability</strong> - The good news? Big oil companies are on the hook for the costs. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1937601">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>US senators call Tesla’s safety review a “sham,” demand answers from Musk</strong> - Senators accuse Tesla of hiding an “untold number” of complaints. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1937589">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>After 18 months, GitHub’s big code search overhaul is generally available</strong> - The technical preview that started in December 2021 is now available to everyone. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1937544">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A genie granted me 2 out of my 3 wishes, and my third wish was for him to forget he ever met me</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
|
||||
<div class="md">
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
He replied with “I am a genie, and I shall grant you 3 wishes”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- SC_ON -->
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/GstyTsty"> /u/GstyTsty </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13c1mlt/a_genie_granted_me_2_out_of_my_3_wishes_and_my/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13c1mlt/a_genie_granted_me_2_out_of_my_3_wishes_and_my/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Years ago when I was a teenager I had a summer job at a petrol (gas) station</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
|
||||
<div class="md">
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
Years ago when I was a teenager I had a summer job at a petrol station …. Back in those days it wasn’t self service , so my job was to put petrol in cars when a customer arrived.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
I always remember this one particular day when an old chap pulled in and said he wanted a fill-up. Then he got out of the car with a parasol, opened it, and followed me around as I worked, holding it over my head to keep the sun off me. Bit awkward , but it was a really hot day so I thanked him as he paid and he drove away.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
About week later, he came back for a fill up. Again, he got out of the car with the parasol and opened it, but this time he just stood there watching me work in the baking heat.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
I asked, “So you’re not gonna use that to keep the sun off me this time?”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
he retorted,
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“Watch it, young man. Fuel me once, shade on you. Fuel me twice, shade on me!”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- SC_ON -->
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/iamdecal"> /u/iamdecal </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13cjppk/years_ago_when_i_was_a_teenager_i_had_a_summer/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13cjppk/years_ago_when_i_was_a_teenager_i_had_a_summer/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A blonde drops off her dress to the dry cleaners The lady says, “Come Again!”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
|
||||
<div class="md">
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
The blonde says, “No, it’s toothpaste this time.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- SC_ON -->
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/SereneBeauty65"> /u/SereneBeauty65 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13c6r9v/a_blonde_drops_off_her_dress_to_the_dry_cleaners/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13c6r9v/a_blonde_drops_off_her_dress_to_the_dry_cleaners/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A pastor, an imam, and a rabbit decide to donate blood.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
|
||||
<div class="md">
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
The pastor comes out and says, “They tested it and told me I’m A positive.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
The imam follows up with, “Interesting! I found out I’m AB negative.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
The rabbit looks at the two of them and says, “Pretty sure I’m a type O.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- SC_ON -->
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/uncertain_confusion"> /u/uncertain_confusion </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13c70f5/a_pastor_an_imam_and_a_rabbit_decide_to_donate/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13c70f5/a_pastor_an_imam_and_a_rabbit_decide_to_donate/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What’s the difference between a snow-man and a snow-woman?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
|
||||
<div class="md">
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
Snowballs.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- SC_ON -->
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Pranav_RedStone971"> /u/Pranav_RedStone971 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13cd0ah/whats_the_difference_between_a_snowman_and_a/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/13cd0ah/whats_the_difference_between_a_snowman_and_a/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<script>AOS.init();</script></body></html>
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue