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<title>05 June, 2023</title>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Ann or Peter? Gender Stereotypes and Leadership during a Pandemic Crisis</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic posed new challenges for leaders. It required behavior change and self-compliance of the public. Stereotypically feminine qualities such as compassion and good approach to people may have helped achieving such goals, thus rendering this pandemic as a “feminine crisis”. The special nature of this crisis, and the saliency in the media of female-led countries successfully managing the pandemic, raises the question whether female leaders would be perceived as more competent to manage such a crisis? Using an experimental study on a representative sample in Poland, we assess whether female prime minister candidates, or candidates with feminine traits, are advantaged when their competence to manage a large-scale pandemic is assessed. We find that contrary to a national security and an economic cri-sis, where male or masculine candidates are advantaged, women, or feminine candidates, have no advantage in managing a COVID-19 type crisis. Furthermore, conservative partici-pants seem to perceive male candidates as more competent, even in the pandemic context. All differences are small in magnitude, and yet suggest that even when assessed in a potentially “feminine crisis” women do not fare better than men, whereas men still fare better in typically male crisis.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/3xp9z/" target="_blank">Ann or Peter? Gender Stereotypes and Leadership during a Pandemic Crisis</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A quantitative evaluation of the impact of vaccine roll-out rate and coverage on reducing deaths from COVID-19: a counterfactual study on the impact of the delayed vaccination programme in Iran</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Vaccination has been a crucial factor in the fight against COVID-19 because of its effectiveness in suppressing virus circulation, lowering the risk of severe disease, and ultimately saving lives. Many countries with an early and rapid distribution of COVID-19 vaccines performed much better in reducing their total number of deaths than those with lower coverage and slower roll-out pace. However, we still do not know how many more deaths could have been averted if countries with slower vaccine roll-outs followed the same rate as countries with earlier and faster distribution of vaccines. Here, we investigated counterfactual scenarios for the number of avertable COVID-19 deaths in a given country based on other countries9 vaccine roll-out rates. As a case study, we compared Iran to eight model countries with similar income brackets and dominant COVID-19 vaccine types. Our analysis revealed that faster roll-outs were associated with higher numbers of averted deaths. While Iran9s percentage of fully vaccinated individuals would have been similar to Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Turkey under counterfactual roll-out rates, adopting Turkey9s rates could have averted up to 50,000 more deaths, whereas following Bangladesh9s rates could have led to up to 52,800 additional loss of lives in Iran. Notably, a counterfactual scenario based on Argentina9s early but slow roll-out rate resulted in a smaller number of averted deaths in Iran, up to 12,600 more individuals. Following Montenegro9s or Bolivia9s model of faster per capita roll-out rates for Iran could have resulted in more averted deaths in older age groups, particularly during the Alpha and Delta waves, despite their lower overall coverage. Also, following Bahrain9s model as an upper bound benchmark, Iran could have averted 75,300 deaths throughout the pandemic, primarily in the &gt;50 age groups. This study provides insights into future decisions on the management of infectious disease epidemics through vaccination strategies by comparing the relative performance of different countries in terms of their timing, pace, and coverage of vaccination in preventing COVID-19 deaths.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.23290799v1" target="_blank">A quantitative evaluation of the impact of vaccine roll-out rate and coverage on reducing deaths from COVID-19: a counterfactual study on the impact of the delayed vaccination programme in Iran</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Mental Health Conditions of Italian Healthcare Professionals During the Covid-19 Disease Outbreak. PUBLISHED ARTICLE: https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12239</strong> -
<div>
Background–The pandemic of COVID-19 in Italy represents a unique threat in terms of psychological distress, especially among healthcare professionals. This study represents a first attempt to investigate both the psychological states and coping strategies of Italian healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 outbreak. Importantly, we assessed psychological distress and coping strategies regarding two phases, pre-COVID (asking participants to retrospectively recall their state in December 2019) and during the time of survey, which was in the midst of the COVID emergency outbreak (March-April 2020). Methods–Self-administered questionnaires were distributed online to healthcare professionals of different Italian regions from March 26 to April 9, 2020. The questionnaire included three main sections measuring changes in psychological states, coping strategies and demographic variables. Two linear regression models were run to analyze variations in both general health and infection-risk perception depending on changes in psychological states, coping strategies, personality trait, and demographic variables. Results– Altogether, the direct exposure to the virus and a negative impact of the COVID-19 emergency outbreak on contextual psychological functioning contribute to the deterioration of physical and mental health, which may lead to severe future consequences for Italian healthcare workers, if not provided immediately with an effective support program. Conclusions– Both immediate and long-term monitoring psychological assistance services for healthcare workers should be implemented by local and national institutions to reestablish psychological well-being and enhance self-confidence and resilience of Italian hospital personnel. These intervention programs should especially target women, and professionals at their first steps into the hospital job.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/w89fz/" target="_blank">Mental Health Conditions of Italian Healthcare Professionals During the Covid-19 Disease Outbreak. PUBLISHED ARTICLE: https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12239</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Bargaining under social distancing requirements: Effects of face masks on socio-economic decision-making in the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
<div>
Face masks play a pivotal role in the control of respiratory diseases, such as the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Despite their widespread use, it is not known how face masks affect human social interaction. Here, for the first time, we investigate how facial occlusion by face masks alter socio-economic exchange. In a behavioral economics study (N = 475), individuals accepted more monetary offers and lower offer amounts when interacting with a masked versus unmasked opponent. Importantly, this effect was mainly driven by faces covered with surgical masks relative to bandana-type masks. In the first weeks of mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic, motive attributions further moderated this effect: Participants who believed that mask wearers were seeking to protect others showed the highest acceptance rates. Overall, we describe a new phenomenon, the face-mask effect on socio-economic exchange, and show that it is modulated by contextual factors rather than physical occlusion per se.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/cn7by/" target="_blank">Bargaining under social distancing requirements: Effects of face masks on socio-economic decision-making in the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Population-level effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among men who have sex with men in Montréal: a modelling study of surveillance and survey data</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been recommended and partly subsidized in Québec since 2013. We aimed to evaluate the population-level impact of PrEP on HIV transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Montréal over 2013-2021. Methods: We used an agent-based mathematical model of sexual HIV transmission to estimate the fraction of HIV acquisitions averted by PrEP compared to a counterfactual scenario without PrEP. The model was calibrated to local MSM survey and cohort data and accounted for COVID-19 pandemic impacts on sexual activity, prevention, and care. To assess potential optimization strategies, we modelled hypothetical scenarios prioritizing PrEP to MSM with high sexual activity or aged ≤45 years, increasing coverage to levels achieved in Vancouver (where PrEP is free-of-charge), and improving retention. Results: Over 2013-2021, the estimated annual HIV incidence decreased from 0.4 (90% credible interval [CrI]: 0.3-0.6) to 0.2 (90%CrI: 0.1-0.2) per 100 person-years. PrEP coverage in HIV-negative MSM remained low until 2015 (&lt;1%). Afterward, coverage increased to a maximum of 10% (15% of those eligible for PrEP) and the cumulative fraction of HIV acquisitions averted over 2015-2021 was 20% (90%CrI: 11%-30%). The hypothetical scenarios modelled showed that PrEP could have averted up to 63% (90%CrI: 54%-70%) of acquisitions if coverage reached 10% in 2015 and 30% in 2019, like in Vancouver. Interpretation: PrEP reduced population-level HIV transmission among Montréal MSM. However, our study suggests missed prevention opportunities and provides support for public policies that provide PrEP free-of-cost to MSM at high risk of HIV acquisition.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.23290795v1" target="_blank">Population-level effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among men who have sex with men in Montréal: a modelling study of surveillance and survey data</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Protein Vaccine Demonstrates Less Reactogenicity than mRNA — A Real World Study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A prospective, observational study investigated the burden and impact of vaccine reactogenicity in adults from the United States and Canada who received an approved/authorized mRNA COVID-19 vaccine or the Novavax COVID vaccine as a booster dose. As part of the real-world study, reactogenic events captured via patient symptom diaries were compared. Results demonstrated that the overall percentage of Novavax COVID booster recipients experiencing any reactogenicity event (77.6%) was lower than that of mRNA doses (95.9%).
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.23290594v1" target="_blank">Protein Vaccine Demonstrates Less Reactogenicity than mRNA — A Real World Study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Challenges of COVID-19 Case Forecasting in the US, 2020-2021</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
During the COVID-19 pandemic, forecasting COVID-19 trends to support planning and response was a priority for scientists and decision makers alike. In the United States, COVID-19 forecasting was coordinated by a large group of universities, companies, and government entities led by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US COVID-19 Forecast Hub (https://covid19forecasthub.org). We evaluated approximately 9.7 million forecasts of weekly state-level COVID-19 cases for predictions 1-4 weeks into the future submitted by 24 teams from August 2020 to December 2021. We assessed coverage of central prediction intervals and weighted interval scores (WIS), adjusting for missing forecasts relative to a baseline forecast, and used a Gaussian generalized estimating equation (GEE) model to evaluate differences in skill across epidemic phases that were defined by the effective reproduction number. Overall, we found high variation in skill across individual models, with ensemble-based forecasts outperforming other approaches. Forecast skill relative to the baseline was generally higher for larger jurisdictions (e.g., states compared to counties). Over time, forecasts generally performed worst in periods of rapid changes in reported cases (either in increasing or decreasing epidemic phases) with 95% prediction interval coverage dropping below 50% during the growth phases of the winter 2020, Delta, and Omicron waves. Ideally, case forecasts could serve as a leading indicator of changes in transmission dynamics. However, while most COVID-19 case forecasts outperformed a naïve baseline model, even the most accurate case forecasts were unreliable in key phases. Further research could improve forecasts of leading indicators, like COVID-19 cases, by leveraging additional real-time data, addressing performance across phases, improving the characterization of forecast confidence, and ensuring that forecasts were coherent across spatial scales. In the meantime, it is critical for forecast users to appreciate current limitations and use a broad set of indicators to inform pandemic-related decision making.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.23290732v1" target="_blank">Challenges of COVID-19 Case Forecasting in the US, 2020-2021</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Predictive power of wastewater for nowcasting infectious disease transmission: a retrospective case study of five sewershed areas in Louisville, Kentucky</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background Epidemiological nowcasting traditionally relies on count surveillance data that have limitations in capturing a representative view of infections, and for which data quality may differ over time. Wastewater infectious disease surveillance data correlates with traditional data and may provide additional value for nowcasting disease trends. Methods We obtained SARS-CoV-2 case, death, wastewater, and serosurvey data for Jefferson County, Kentucky, between August 2020 and March 2021, and parameterized an existing nowcasting model using four combinations of these data. We assessed the predictive performance and variability at the sewershed level and compared the effects of adding or replacing wastewater data to case and death reports. Findings Adding wastewater data minimally improved the predictive performance of nowcasts compared to a model fitted to case and death data (Weighted Interval Score (WIS) 0.208 versus 0.223), and reduced the predictive performance compared to a model fitted to deaths data (WIS 0.517 versus 0.500). Including wastewater data in addition to deaths data improved the nowcasts agreement to estimates from models using cases and deaths data. These findings were consistent across individual sewersheds as well as for models fit to the aggregated data of all 5 sewersheds. Historical reconstructions of epidemiological dynamics created using different combinations of data were in general agreement (coverage &gt; 75%). Interpretation These findings demonstrate that wastewater data may be valuable for infectious disease nowcasting when clinical surveillance data are absent, such as early in a pandemic or in low-resource settings. Funding CDC, Louisville-Jefferson County Metro Government, and other funders.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.23290619v1" target="_blank">Predictive power of wastewater for nowcasting infectious disease transmission: a retrospective case study of five sewershed areas in Louisville, Kentucky</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A non-enzymatic test for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using DNA nanoswitches</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The emergence of a highly contagious novel coronavirus in 2019 led to an unprecedented need for large scale diagnostic testing. The associated challenges including reagent shortages, cost, deployment delays, and turnaround time have all highlighted the need for an alternative suite of low-cost tests. Here, we demonstrate a diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2 RNA that provides direct detection of viral RNA and eliminates the need for costly enzymes. We employ DNA nanoswitches that respond to segments of the viral RNA by a change in shape that is readable by gel electrophoresis. A new multi-targeting approach samples 120 different viral regions to improve the limit of detection and provide robust detection of viral variants. We apply our approach to a cohort of clinical samples, positively identifying a subset of samples with high viral loads. Since our method directly detects multiple regions of viral RNA without amplification, it eliminates the risk of amplicon contamination and renders the method less susceptible to false positives. This new tool can benefit the COVID-19 pandemic and future emerging outbreaks, providing a third option between amplification-based RNA detection and protein antigen detection. Ultimately, we believe this tool can be adapted both for low-resource onsite testing as well as for monitoring viral loads in recovering patients.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.23290613v1" target="_blank">A non-enzymatic test for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using DNA nanoswitches</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Leveraging COVID-era Practices to Robustly Integrate Inclusivity, Access, and Equity Into Summer Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REUs)</strong> -
<div>
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Stanford Summer Research Program - Amgen Scholars Program (SSRP) adapted to a remote program experience, gaining insights into maintaining inclusivity, access, and equity for its student participants. This paper outlines the transformative changes implemented by SSRP program staff and offers recommendations to promote equity while returning to in-person summer research programs, incorporating lessons learned in the COVID-19 era to center minoritized students.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://edarxiv.org/j3kym/" target="_blank">Leveraging COVID-era Practices to Robustly Integrate Inclusivity, Access, and Equity Into Summer Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REUs)</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 bivalent (Original and Omicron BA.4/BA.5) COVID-19 vaccine in preventing hospitalizations for COVID-19, medically attended SARS-CoV-2 infections, and hospital death in the United States</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The bivalent (original and Omicron BA.4/BA.5) mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine was authorized to offer broader protection against COVID-19. We conducted a matched cohort study to evaluate the effectiveness of the bivalent vaccine in preventing hospitalization for COVID-19 (primary outcome) and medically attended SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospital death (secondary outcomes). Compared to individuals who did not receive bivalent mRNA vaccination but received ≥2 doses of any monovalent mRNA vaccine, the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) against hospitalization for COVID-19 was 70.3% (95% confidence interval, 64.0%-75.4%). rVE was consistent across subgroups and not modified by time since last monovalent dose or number of monovalent doses received. Protection was durable ≥3 months after the bivalent booster. rVE against SARS-CoV-2 infection requiring emergency department/urgent care and against COVID-19 hospital death was 55.0% (50.8%-58.8%) and 82.7% (63.7%-91.7%), respectively. The mRNA-1273 bivalent booster provides additional protection against hospitalization for COVID-19, medically attended SARS-CoV-2 infection, and COVID-19 hospital death.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.23290456v1" target="_blank">Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 bivalent (Original and Omicron BA.4/BA.5) COVID-19 vaccine in preventing hospitalizations for COVID-19, medically attended SARS-CoV-2 infections, and hospital death in the United States</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Social inequalities in the misbelief of chloroquines protective effect against COVID-19: results from the EPICOVID-19 study in Brazil</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the spread of denialist messages regarding COVID19 in Brazil, specifically examining how social inequalities contributed to the misconception of chloroquine having a protective effect against the virus. Study design: Three countrywide population-based studies were conducted in 2020 (May 14-21, June 4-7, and June 21-24), including 133 Brazilian cities (n=88,772). Methods: Participants were asked whether they believed in chloroquine protective effect against infection with the SARSCoV 2 virus (no/yes/do not know). A jeopardy index score to assess cumulative social deprivation was calculated based on gender, racial and socioeconomic variables. Descriptive analysis and inequality measures (Slope Index of Inequality, SII; and Concentration Index, CIX) were used to evaluate the main association under investigation. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate 3 category outcome according to independent variables. Results: Overall, 47.9% of participants either believed that chloroquine prevented against COVID-19 or said, I do not know. Misbelief and lack of knowledge about chloroquine were greater among the most vulnerable (lowest levels of education and socioeconomic status). Absolute and relative inequalities were observed according to jeopardy index. Lack of knowledge was 2.49 greater among women than among men. Race/ethnicity minorities, those with low education and low socioeconomic status were more likely to erroneously believe that chloroquine prevented against COVID19. The highest absolute inequality was observed for the category I do not know (SII = -14.3). Conclusions: Misbelief of chloroquine protective effect against the SARS-CoV-2 virus was high in Brazil. People with greater social vulnerability were more likely to wrongly believe chloroquine prevented against COVID-19.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.23290677v1" target="_blank">Social inequalities in the misbelief of chloroquines protective effect against COVID-19: results from the EPICOVID-19 study in Brazil</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Unveiling Women’s Experiences Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic in Nigeria: An Interpretive phenomenological analysis.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background The past three years have seen an increasing gap in health inequalities in Nigeria’s health systems, with many women having trouble accessing health care due to persistent social determinants of health. Studies indicate that the amplified impact of the pandemic is due to the lack of contextual focus on response plans. This study used an interpretive phenomenological analysis to analyze women’s experiences with healthcare as the pandemic progressed in Nigeria. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted between August to November 2022. It was supplemented with three focus group discussions with mothers. The mothers were purposively recruited for their experiences with health care during the pandemic. The analysis of the interviews followed the interpretive phenomenological analysis approach. Results Twenty-four women aged 15 to 49 years with children between 0 and 5 years participated in this study. These women reported mixed experiences during the pandemic, with many attributing positive health behaviours to the pandemic. Following analysis, four themes emerged: i) Influence of diversity of Healthcare Practices and Beliefs on health-seeking behaviour; ii) Unpacking Systemic Barriers to Seeking Timely and Appropriate Health Care Services; iii) Women’s fear of contracting COVID-19; iv) Socioeconomic Burden for Holistic Health Care Delivery. Conclusion Health planners must examine contextual factors that drive health usage, especially potentially changing gender dynamics ahead of the next pandemic. This paper examined women’s decision to seek or not seek care, the type of care they received, and where they went for care. Women felt that the pandemic affected their decision to seek or not seek care. However, while they learned new behaviours that are now integrated into their daily lives, they also indicate that some behaviours are habitual and have persisted through the pandemic.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.23290724v1" target="_blank">Unveiling Women’s Experiences Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic in Nigeria: An Interpretive phenomenological analysis.</a>
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<li><strong>Carotid body dysregulation contributes to the enigma of long COVID</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The symptoms of long COVID, which include fatigue, breathlessness, dysregulated breathing, and exercise intolerance, have unknown mechanisms. These symptoms are also observed in heart failure and are partially driven by increased sensitivity of the carotid chemoreflex. As the carotid body has an abundance of ACE2 (the cell entry mechanism for SARS-CoV-2), we investigated whether carotid chemoreflex sensitivity was elevated in participants with long COVID. During cardiopulmonary exercise testing, the VE/VCO2 slope (a measure of breathing efficiency) was higher in the long COVID group than in the controls, indicating excessive hyperventilation. The hypoxic ventilatory response, which measures carotid chemoreflex sensitivity, was increased in long COVID participants and correlated with the VE/VCO2 slope, suggesting that excessive hyperventilation may be related to carotid body hypersensitivity. Therefore, the carotid chemoreflex is sensitized in long COVID and may explain dysregulated breathing and exercise intolerance in these participants. Tempering carotid body excitability may be a viable treatment option for long COVID patients.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.23290513v1" target="_blank">Carotid body dysregulation contributes to the enigma of long COVID</a>
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<li><strong>Co-designing a theory-informed, multi-component intervention to increase vaccine uptake with Congolese migrants: a qualitative, community-based participatory research study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Introduction Inequitable uptake of routine and COVID-19 vaccinations has been documented among intersectionally marginalised populations, including migrants, and attributed to issues of mistrust, access, and low vaccine confidence. Novel approaches which seek to share power, build trust and co-design tailored interventions with marginalised or underserved communities must be explored, to promote equitable engagement with vaccination and other health interventions. Methods A theory-informed, qualitative, community-based participatory research study, designed and led by a community-academic partnership, which aimed to understand decision-making related to COVID-19 vaccination among Congolese migrants in the UK and co-design a tailored intervention to strengthen their vaccine uptake (2021-2022). Barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 vaccination, information and communication preferences, and intervention suggestions were explored through qualitative in-depth interviews with Congolese migrants, thematically analysed, and mapped to the theoretical domains framework (TDF) and the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behaviour (COM-B) model to identify target behaviours and strategies to include in interventions. Workshops were done in partnership with Congolese migrants to co-design and tailor interventions. Results 32 Congolese adult migrants (foreign-born and living in UK; 24 (75%) women, mean 14.3 [SD 7.5] years in UK, mean age 52.6 [SD 11.0] years) took part in in-depth interviews and 16 (same sample) took part in co-design workshops. We identified 14 barriers and 10 facilitators to COVID-19 vaccination; most barrier data related to four TDF domains (beliefs about consequences; emotion; social influences; environmental context and resources), and the behavioural diagnosis concluded interventions should target improving psychological capability, reflective and automatic motivations, and social opportunities. Strategies included behaviour change techniques based on education, persuasion, modelling, enablement, and environmental restructuring, which resulted in a co-designed intervention comprising community-led workshops, COVID-19 vaccination plays and posters. Findings and interventions were disseminated through a community celebration event. Conclusions Our study demonstrates how behavioural theory can be applied to co-designing tailored interventions with marginalised migrant communities through a participatory research paradigm to address a range of health issues and inequalities. Future research should build on this empowering approach, with the goal of developing more sensitive vaccination services and interventions which respond to migrant communities unique cultural needs and realities.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.23290568v1" target="_blank">Co-designing a theory-informed, multi-component intervention to increase vaccine uptake with Congolese migrants: a qualitative, community-based participatory research study</a>
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</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Extracorporeal Photopheresis as a Possible Therapeutic Approach to Adults With Severe and Critical COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Procedure: Extracorporeal photopheresis<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Del-Pest Central Hospital - National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Clinical Trial on Booster Immunization of Two COVID-19 Vaccines Constructed From Different Technical Routes</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Prototype and Omicron BA.4/5 Bivalent Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine(Adenovirus Type 5 Vector) For Inhalation;   Biological: Bivalent COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine;   Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (Adenovirus Type 5 Vector) For Inhalation<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Zhongnan Hospital;   Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, PLA of China<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of Safety, Tolerability, Reactogenicity, Immunogenicity of Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 2 as a Booster for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19 Vaccine;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: 50 μg Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 2;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Baiya Phytopharm Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effect of Special Discharge Training in the COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pneumonia<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: COVID-19 Discharge Education<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Kilis 7 Aralik University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Physiotherapy in Mutated COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Physiotherapy<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Giresun University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mitoquinone/Mitoquinol Mesylate as Oral and Safe Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   SARS-CoV Infection;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Mitoquinone/mitoquinol mesylate;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>To Explore the Regulatory Effect of Combined Capsule FMT on the Levels of Inflammatory Factors in Peripheral Blood of Patients With COVID-19 During Treatment.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Fecal Microbiota Transplantation;   COVID-19 Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Procedure: Fecal microbiota transplantation<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 3 Study of Novavax Vaccine(s) as Booster Dose After mRNA Vaccines</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: NVX-CoV2373;   Biological: SARS-CoV-2 rS antigen/Matrix-M Adjuvant<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Novavax<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Learn About How Loss of Liver Function Affects the Blood Levels of the Study Medicine Called PF-07817883.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: PF-07817883<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Pfizer<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies for Long COVID (COVID-19)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Long COVID;   Post-Acute Sequela of COVID-19;   Post-Acute COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: AER002;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Michael Peluso, MD;   Aerium Therapeutics<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dose Exploration Intramuscular/Intravenous Prophylaxis Pharmacokinetic Exposure Response Study</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: AZD3152;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   AstraZeneca<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID Frequent Antigen Testing</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Respiratory Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Diagnostic Test: SARS CoV-2 antigen tests<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   IDX20 Inc;   National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD)<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study to Assess Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of the repRNA(QTP104) Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2(COVID-19)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   SARS-CoV-2<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: QTP104 1ug;   Biological: QTP104 5ug;   Biological: QTP104 25ug<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Quratis Inc.<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effects of Individual Tailored Physical Exercise in Patients With POTS After COVID-19 - a Randomized Controlled Study</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome;   COVID-19;   Post COVID-19 Condition;   Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Individual tailored exercise<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Karolinska Institutet;   Karolinska University Hospital<br/><b>Enrolling by invitation</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Modifying Adiposity Through Behavioral Strategies to Improve COVID-19 Rehabilitation</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Post-COVID Conditions;   Obesity<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: 12-weeks of Weight Loss;   Behavioral: 12-weeks of Weight Stability<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   VA Office of Research and Development;   South Texas Veterans Health Care System;   Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Analyzing immune responses to varied mRNA and protein vaccine sequences</strong> - In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, different types of vaccines, such as inactive, live-attenuated, messenger RNA (mRNA), and protein subunit, have been developed against SARS-CoV-2. This has unintentionally created a unique scenario where heterologous prime-boost vaccination against a single virus has been administered to a large human population. Here, we aimed to analyze whether the immunization order of vaccine types influences the efficacy of heterologous prime-boost vaccination,…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Recent topics in the pathophysiology and treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura</strong> - Increased and impaired platelet productions via immunological abnormalities are the main pathophysiological mechanisms of primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Recent studies have revealed that platelet removal from circulation involves not only Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis of immunoglobulin G autoantibodies-bound platelets but also complement-dependent mechanism and platelet glycoprotein desialylation. Understanding the molecular mechanism of ITP pathophysiology has helped develop many…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Prospective evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and optimal biomarker enrichment strategy for nangibotide, a TREM-1 inhibitor, in patients with septic shock (ASTONISH): a double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2b trial</strong> - BACKGROUND: Activation of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) pathway is associated with septic shock outcomes. Data suggest that modulation of this pathway in patients with activated TREM-1 might improve survival. Soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1), a potential mechanism-based biomarker, might facilitate enrichment of patient selection in clinical trials of nangibotide, a TREM-1 modulator. In this phase 2b trial, we aimed to confirm the hypothesis that TREM1 inhibition might…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Isolation of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Natural Products Extracted from <em>Mentha canadensis</em> and the Semi-synthesis of Antiviral Derivatives</strong> - Traditional herbal medicine offers opportunities to discover novel therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 mutation. The dried aerial part of mint (Mentha canadensis L.) was chosen for bioactivity-guided extraction. Seven constituents were isolated and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). Syringic acid and methyl rosmarinate were evaluated in drug combination treatment. Ten amide derivatives of methyl rosmarinate were synthesized, and the dodecyl (13) and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Computational design of medicinal compounds to inhibit RBD-hACE2 interaction in the Omicron variant: unveiling a vulnerable target site</strong> - The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has globally affected both human health and economy. Several variants with a high potential for reinfection and the ability to evade immunity were detected shortly after the initial reported case of COVID-19. A total of 30 mutations in the spike protein (S) have been reported in the SARS-CoV-2 (BA.2) variant in India and South Africa, while half of these mutations are in the receptor-binding domain and have spread rapidly throughout the world. Drug…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>In silico screening, ADMET analysis and MD simulations of phytochemicals of <em>Onosma bracteata</em> Wall. as SARS CoV-2 inhibitors</strong> - Being attracted with their cardiotonic, antidiabetic, cough relieving activity, treatment of fever, absorbent, anti-asthmatic, etc. activities reported in ancient Ayurvedic literature, phytochemicals of Onosma bracteata wall should be evaluated for their activity against SARS-CoV-2 virus. The main objective of this study is to identify a hit molecule for the inhibition of entry, replication, and protein synthesis of SARS CoV-2 virus into the host. To achieve given objective, computational…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong><em>In silico</em> Antivirus Repurposing and its Modification to Organoselenium Compounds as SARS-CoV-2 Spike Inhibitors</strong> - &lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; The COVID-19, which has been circulating since late 2019, is caused by SARS-CoV-2. Because of its high infectivity, this virus has spread widely throughout the world. Spike glycoprotein is one of the proteins found in SARS-CoV-2. Spike glycoproteins directly affect infection by forming ACE-2 receptors on host cells. Inhibiting glycoprotein spikes could be one method of treating COVID-19. In this study, the antivirus marketed as a database will be…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>PACT inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 through the blockage of GSK-3β-N-nsp3 cascade</strong> - The protein activator of protein kinase R (PKR) (PACT) has been shown to play a crucial role in stimulating the host antiviral response through the activation of PKR, retinoic acid-inducible gene I, and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5. Whether PACT can inhibit viral replication independent of known mechanisms is still unrevealed. In this study, we show that, like many viruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hijacks GSK-3β to facilitate its replication….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 isolation in cell culture from nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs or saliva specimens of patients with COVID-19</strong> - It has been revealed that SARS-CoV-2 can be efficiently isolated from clinical specimens such as nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs or saliva in cultured cells. In this study, we examined the efficiency of viral isolation including SARS-CoV-2 mutant strains between nasal/nasopharyngeal swab or saliva specimens. Furthermore, we also examined the comparison of viral isolation rates by sample species using simulated specimens for COVID-19. As a result, it was found that the isolation efficiency of…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Facile Strategy to Construct Anti-Swelling, Antibacterial and Antifogging Coatings for Protection of Medical Goggles</strong> - During the COVID-19 pandemic, traditional medical goggles are not only easy to attach bacteria and viruses in long-term exposure, but also easy to fogged up, which increases the risk of infection and affects productivity. Bacterial adhesion and fog can be significantly inhibited through the hydrogel coatings, owing to their super hydrophilic properties. But on the one hand, hydrophilic hydrogel coatings are easy to absorb water and swell in wet environment, resulting in reduced mechanical…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Secreted ORF8 induces monocytic pro-inflammatory cytokines through NLRP3 pathways in patients with severe COVID-19</strong> - Despite extensive research, the specific factor associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection that mediates the life-threatening inflammatory cytokine response in patients with severe COVID-19 remains unidentified. Herein we demonstrate that the virus-encoded Open Reading Frame 8 (ORF8) protein is abundantly secreted as a glycoprotein in vitro and in symptomatic patients with COVID-19. ORF8 specifically binds to the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) in CD14^(+) monocytes to…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nsp14 of SARS-CoV-2 inhibits mRNA processing and nuclear export by targeting the nuclear cap-binding complex</strong> - To facilitate selfish replication, viruses halt host gene expression in various ways. The nuclear export of mRNA is one such process targeted by many viruses. SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome, also prevents mRNA nuclear export. In this study, Nsp14, a bifunctional viral replicase subunit, was identified as a novel inhibitor of mRNA nuclear export. Nsp14 induces poly(A)+ RNA nuclear accumulation and the dissolution/coalescence of nuclear speckles. Genome-wide…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>In Silico Screening of Drugs That Target Different Forms of E Protein for Potential Treatment of COVID-19</strong> - Recently the E protein of SARS-CoV-2 has become a very important target in the potential treatment of COVID-19 since it is known to regulate different stages of the viral cycle. There is biochemical evidence that E protein exists in two forms, as monomer and homopentamer. An in silico screening analysis was carried out employing 5852 ligands (from Zinc databases), and performing an ADMET analysis, remaining a set of 2155 compounds. Furthermore, docking analysis was performed on specific sites…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Combination Therapy for the Treatment of Shingles with an Immunostimulatory Vaccine Virus and Acyclovir</strong> - Practically the entire global population is infected by herpesviruses that establish lifelong latency and can be reactivated. Alpha-herpesviruses, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1/HSV-2) and varicella zoster virus (VZV), establish latency in sensory neurons and then reactivate to infect epithelial cells in the mucosa or skin, resulting in a vesicular rash. Licensed antivirals inhibit virus replication, but do not affect latency. On reactivation, VZV causes herpes zoster, also known as…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Discovery of Polyphenolic Natural Products as SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup> Inhibitors for COVID-19</strong> - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has forced the development of direct-acting antiviral drugs due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The main protease of SARS-CoV-2 is a crucial enzyme that breaks down polyproteins synthesized from the viral RNA, making it a validated target for the development of SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. New chemical phenotypes are frequently discovered in natural goods. In the current study, we used a fluorogenic assay to test a…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Irrational Exuberance of a Non-Catastrophe</strong> - The bipartisan debt deal was a win for both Biden and McCarthy, but it might not have been the breakthrough Washington was waiting for. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/the-irrational-exuberance-of-a-non-catastrophe">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Abortion Fight Has Voters Turning to Ballot Initiatives</strong> - And Republicans are increasingly attempting to limit that direct-democracy option. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-abortion-fight-has-voters-turning-to-ballot-initiatives">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Confession Exposes India’s Secret Hacking Industry</strong> - The country has developed a lucrative specialty: cyberattacks for hire. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-crime/a-confession-exposes-indias-secret-hacking-industry">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Should We, and Can We, Put the Brakes on Artificial Intelligence?</strong> - Sam Altman, who ushered in ChatGPT, and Yoshua Bengio, an early pioneer of A.I., discuss the growing concerns surrounding unfettered, nonhuman intelligence. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/podcast/the-new-yorker-radio-hour/should-we-and-can-we-put-the-brakes-on-artificial-intelligence">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ted Koppel on Covering—and Befriending—Henry Kissinger</strong> - Did the veteran newscaster give Kissinger a pass on his hundredth birthday? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/ted-koppel-on-covering-and-befriending-henry-kissinger">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>The Georgia Trump election investigation keeps getting bigger</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Donald Trump stands in front of campaign sign that says “Trump Country: Make America Great Again.” A crowd of onlookers take photos and videos with raised smartphones." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/BfZV-1q_Y3oztZnzzvSz3jxQ71A=/399x0:4286x2915/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72340466/1495210770.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Donald Trump greets supporters at a Team Trump leadership event on June 1, 2023, in Grimes, Iowa. | Scott Olson/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis could pursue charges using the state’s RICO law.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OTzP32">
The legal investigations against former <a href="https://www.vox.com/donald-trump">President Donald Trump</a> for his alleged attempt to interfere with the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020-presidential-election">2020 election</a> results in Georgia <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/06/02/trump-georgia-election-investigation-fulton-county/">are reportedly expanding to cover some actions in Washington, DC, and other states</a> under Georgia’s broad Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Dx971V">
The Georgia investigation is just one of three ongoing probes into Trump’s potentially criminal activities during his presidency. It focuses on the former president’s efforts to have Georgia officials dispute or alter the results of the state’s 2020 presidential vote, which narrowly favored <a href="https://www.vox.com/joe-biden">President Joe Biden</a>. The two other investigations, both overseen by federal special counsel Jack Smith, concern the alleged mishandling of classified documents at the end of Trump’s presidency and efforts in other states to falsely certify the 2020 election results in his favor.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3oGwzB">
The Georgia investigation is led by Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis, a Democrat. Her office has been investigating allegations that Trump tried to convince Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger and <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/03/19/brian-kemp-david-perdue-donald-trump-2020-00018601">Gov. Brian Kemp</a>, both Republicans, to deny that Biden won their state. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-raffensperger-call-georgia-vote/2021/01/03/d45acb92-4dc4-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html">In a 2021 phone call with Raffensperger</a>, Trump urged him to “find” the campaign 11,780 more votes — one more vote than the 11,779 by which Biden won Georgia — “because we won the state.” Trump also told Raffensperger that he was taking “a big risk” if he did not overturn the state’s election results, and that Raffensperger and Ryan Germany, the former general counsel for the secretary of state, could face unspecified criminal charges if they did not comply with Trump’s demands that they substantiate false claims of thousands of ballots being destroyed in Fulton County.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DukMFv">
According to reporting from <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/06/02/trump-georgia-election-investigation-fulton-county/">the Washington Post</a>, Willis has been seeking information from two businesses, Simpatico Software Systems and Berkeley Research Group, which Trump hired to investigate claims of voter fraud in other states. Trump’s campaign spent more than $1 million to hire the firms in late 2020 to investigate claims of voter fraud in Georgia, Nevada, Arizona, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania. The <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/04/27/trump-false-election-fraud-claims/">companies found no evidence of voter fraud and have reportedly cooperated</a> with Smith’s investigation as well.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mz4iKV">
Willis’s requests for information from both companies indicate that her nearly three-year-long investigation will likely pull in evidence from other states and perhaps utilize the federal RICO statute to prosecute the Trump campaign.
</p>
<h3 id="9FRWf6">
The broadening effort to hold Trump accountable for election interference
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In Georgia, Willis’s case is built around the Trump team’s efforts to reverse the 2020 elections in a few different ways: Trump’s call to Raffensperger telling him to find the 11,780 votes; Trump and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/23/us/jeffrey-clark-draft-letter.html">former Justice Department official Jeffrey Clark’s call for a special session of the General Assembly</a> to select Trump-supporting Electoral College electors and arrange a December 2020 meeting of alternate electors in which they cast their votes for Trump; and the Trump team’s possible involvement in a plan to access voting equipment without authorization in Georgia’s Coffee County.
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Georgia’s RICO law has a broad definition of what constitutes racketeering behavior:<strong> </strong>“knowingly and willfully making a false, fictitious or fraudulent statement or representation in any matter within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of state government” to carry out a crime, as Clark Cunningham, a professor at Georgia State University’s College of Law told <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jan/24/donald-trump-georgia-racketeering-rico-law-fani-willis">the Guardian in January</a>. “If you do that, you’ve committed a racketeering activity. If you attempt to do that, if you solicit someone else to do it or you coerce someone else to do it — it’s all considered racketeering under Georgia law.”
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Willis has utilized the RICO statute in high-profile cases, including against rappers <a href="https://www.npr.org/2023/01/09/1147767380/rapper-young-thug-rico-trial-gunna">Gunna and Young Thug</a> for allegedly helping found a violent street gang and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/30/us/racketeering-trial-opens-in-altanta-schools-cheating-scandal.html">to prosecute a cheating scandal in Atlanta public schools in 2015</a>. <a href="https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-georgia-general-elections-elections-racketeering-6c488fce674bc0f375b60c6be55054a4">Indications</a> that Willis <a href="https://www.ajc.com/politics/a-closer-look-at-state-laws-examined-by-fulton-da-in-trump-probe/IOIB6LVXNFDNRKUJ6DDD7YWDVI/">intends to use the RICO statute</a> in the Trump investigation have <a href="https://lawandcrime.com/2020-election/fulton-da-fani-willis-might-try-to-bring-trump-up-on-felony-charges-using-georgias-own-rico-statute/">repeatedly surfaced during the probe as well</a>.
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“The reason that I am a fan of RICO is I think jurors are very, very intelligent,” <a href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/03/fani-willis-eyes-racketeering-in-trump-probe.html">Willis said</a> during a press conference last year regarding the Young Thug case. “They want to know what happened. They want to make an accurate decision about someone’s life. And so RICO is a tool that allows a prosecutor’s office and law enforcement to tell the whole story.”
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Georgia’s RICO laws require only two incidents of racketeering behavior to justify an indictment and define a wide variety of activities, including illegally distilling liquor and prostitution, as racketeering. In the Trump case, it’s likely that<strong> </strong>Trump’s and his campaign’s false statements to Georgia officials constitute racketeering activity to further the scheme of overturning the 2020 election results; information from other states can be used because the intended outcome of all the campaign’s efforts to overturn the election was to do so in other states and nationally, in addition to Georgia.
</p>
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But just because Willis can point to behavior that breaks Georgia’s RICO statute in other places, she won’t necessarily file charges in those instances — she may merely use that evidence to build out her office’s case that the Trump campaign’s behavior amounts to a large-scale, illegal scheme.
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Willis’s case will be challenging to prosecute; some of it depends on whether the people involved knew they were making false statements, or whether they actually believed the false claims they were repeating to state officials. Whether Trump and other campaign officials explicitly told people to break the law in order to overturn the election in Trump’s favor will also likely play a factor.
</p>
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More is expected to become clear in the near future; Willis <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/19/us/trump-georgia-fani-willis.html">has indicated</a> her office may bring charges as soon as August.
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<h3 id="cRfb7a">
Georgia is just one of Trump’s problems
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Trump’s legal troubles have come to define his third run for the presidency, but there’s no certainty about what they indicate for his future. They may end up playing into his narrative as a political martyr, persecuted by Democrats bent on keeping him out of office — or actually result in accountability for his and his followers’ attempts to subvert democracy.
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In addition to the Georgia probe, the two federal investigations continue. On Friday, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/31/politics/trump-tape-classified-document-iran-milley/index.html">CNN reported</a> that federal prosecutors had a 2021 tape of Trump telling his aides and two people working on an autobiography of former Chief of Staff Mark Meadows that he had retained a classified Pentagon plan to attack Iran. On the recording, Trump indicates that he would like to share the contents of the document but has limited power to declassify documents after leaving the White House. That evidence potentially contradicts his claims that he <a href="https://apnews.com/article/trump-maralago-classified-documents-justice-department-fe1447c284a4af9b3d1fb9b8068da408">declassified all of the documents removed from the White House</a> during the wind-down of his presidency, as <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/02/politics/trump-tape-documents-investigation-what-matters/index.html">well as indicating that he may have broken the law</a> by keeping documents pertinent to national security outside of a protected domain.
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Smith, the special counsel, and federal prosecutors are also continuing to look into the Trump campaign’s false claims of election fraud — particularly whether they knew those claims were untrue but continued to make them in <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/31/us/politics/trump-aides-subpoenaed-special-counsel.html">order to stay in power</a> and <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/04/12/trump-fundraising-fraud-special-counsel/">profit financially</a>.
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Though the outcomes of those investigations are yet to be seen, recent cases against Trump have not gone in his favor.
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In April, Trump <a href="https://apnews.com/article/trump-stormy-daniels-case-explained-50513ce1d9ac25764d39dffbc6fe3c2a">was indicted in a Manhattan district court</a> on <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2023/1/31/23579526/trump-arrested-indictment-stormy-daniels-felony">34 counts of falsifying business records</a> related to alleged hush money payments made to Stormy Daniels, a porn actress with whom Trump allegedly had an affair in 2006, during his 2016 campaign. Trump’s former attorney and fixer, Michael Cohen, already served time in federal prison for his part in the scheme to keep Daniels from speaking openly about the affair; the charges against Trump relate to the manner in which he reimbursed Cohen for the payments to Daniels, labeling them as legal expenses. Though Trump has been indicted, <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/stormy-daniels-doorman-2024-trial-trump-indictment-top-takeaways-rcna78221">that case likely will not head to trial till 2024</a>.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XVztf6">
E. Jean Carroll, the former advice columnist for Elle, also won a victory against Trump last month, eliciting $5 million in damages in her civil suit against the former president. The jury in that case found Trump liable for sexual abuse and defamation regarding his attack on Carroll in a Bergdorf Goodman dressing room in the 1990s and the later maligning of her in <a href="https://www.vox.com/media">the media</a> after she made the allegations public <a href="https://www.thecut.com/2019/06/donald-trump-assault-e-jean-carroll-other-hideous-men.html">in 2019</a>. Carroll has sought <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/nyregion/carroll-trump-cnn-defamation.html">additional damages</a> against Trump for repeatedly denigrating her after the verdict.
</p></li>
<li><strong>A personality test can’t tell you who you are</strong> -
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Getty Images
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The desire to define ourselves, from love languages to Myers-Briggs types.
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Juanita Hernandez is a 25-year-old Miami-based anxiously attached Aries (Scorpio moon, Taurus rising), ENFJ, Enneagram Type Two. Until recently, she considered quality time her love language, but after listening to an <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-5-love-languages/id1651876897?i=1000609782068">episode of the podcast <em>If Books Could Kill</em></a>, she now thinks love languages are “kind of bullshit.”
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Her path toward inner omniscience first began with a foundation in astrology, which Hernandez says she discovered as a child. Then came <a href="https://www.enneagraminstitute.com/">Enneagram</a> — a personality test labeling respondents with one of <a href="https://www.enneagraminstitute.com/type-descriptions">nine types</a> — which predated learning her <a href="https://www.vox.com/even-better/23581174/attachment-styles-explain-anxious-avoidant-secure">attachment style</a> at the behest of her therapist. Later, she took the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2014/7/15/5881947/myers-briggs-personality-test-meaningless">Myers-Briggs Type Indicator</a>.
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Just as a medical diagnosis can explain a patient’s symptoms, Hernandez sees personality identifiers as succinct validation for why she is the way she is. She attributes descriptors such as “insecure,” “reliable,” and having an “intense relationship with your mother” to her various personality types. Whenever she mentions her astrological sign or attachment style to other similarly personality-informed conversation partners, “I feel like they understand who I am just by these signifiers,” Hernandez says. “It makes conversations easier.”
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People have long been motivated to define the inner workings of their minds, but never quite had the wide array of tools or language to clearly communicate who they are until fairly recently. From Myers-Briggs and Enneagram to love languages and Hogwarts houses, we are sufficiently armed with the means to classify and define ourselves — and with bite-sized descriptors in which to broadcast our findings.
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These assessments and quizzes and identifiers, though, only tell one side of the multidimensional story that is a human life. Self-reflection has its utility, but a test or a rigid personality type may not provide the answers we’re looking for. The question of whether we can ever truly know ourselves — and whether the means of obtaining that information from a quiz is legitimate — isn’t as important as what we do with that insight.
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<h3 id="AMrPmn">
The quest for self-knowledge is as old as humanity
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We’ve been attempting to make sense of our minds, our personalities, our motivations, for millennia. The origin of the age-old axiom <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00131857.2019.1682489">“know thyself” extends as far back as Ancient Greece,</a> after all. In contemporary times, the rise of psychoanalysis and the belief that an all-knowing shrink can mine your psyche was a strong “cultural prompt” inspiring people toward introspection, says <a href="https://uconn.academia.edu/MitchGreen">Mitch Green</a>, a professor of philosophy at the University of Connecticut and author of <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315560298/know-thyself-mitchell-green"><em>Know Thyself: The Value and Limits of Self-Knowledge</em></a>.
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In 1917, American personality testing began in earnest with <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19048975/">Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet</a>, an assessment given to soldiers during World War I to identify those who might react negatively to enemy fire. In the 1940s, Katherine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers <a href="https://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/">developed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator</a> based on the <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1923-15006-000">work of Carl Jung</a>, who posited that people were either introverted or extroverted; that test ascribes one of <a href="https://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/the-16-mbti-types.htm">16 personality types</a> based on where test-takers lean when it comes to extraversion versus introversion, judging versus perceiving, intuition versus sensing, and thinking versus feeling.
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Less than a century later, there are hundreds of assessments and classification systems, measuring everything from <a href="https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/quizzes/ei_quiz/take_quiz">emotional intelligence</a> to <a href="https://5lovelanguages.com/">how you display love</a>, and ranging in scientific validity. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is <a href="https://www.vox.com/2014/7/15/5881947/myers-briggs-personality-test-meaningless">notoriously based on unproven theories</a> and was conceived of by a mother-daughter pair with no formal psychology training. <a href="https://www.vox.com/even-better/23581174/attachment-styles-explain-anxious-avoidant-secure">Attachment styles are ever-changing</a> and can vary from relationship to relationship. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/feb/14/love-languages-are-hugely-popular-but-theres-very-little-evidence-they-exist-at-all">Research about love languages</a> is not definitive regarding whether the five love language categories — acts of service, physical touch, quality time, gifts, and words of affirmation — are accurate.
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Other assessments are revenue drivers in a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/05/business/remote-work-personality-tests.html">$2 billion industry</a> based on the premise of self-enlightenment: know how you react and respond in situations both professional and personal and crack the code to interpersonal relationships. Most people recognize BuzzFeed quizzes such as “<a href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/jamiejirak1/quiz-succession-character-roy-family">What <em>Succession</em> character are you?</a>” as purely for entertainment purposes, but when your company requests employees take an evaluation commonly used in work settings, like the <a href="https://www.16personalities.com/">16 Personalities assessment</a>, which remixes the 16 Myers-Briggs personality types by adding another letter — <a href="https://www.16personalities.com/articles/our-theory">A or T, for assertive or turbulent</a> — the line is blurred.
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“There’s just so many random supposed ‘personality assessments,’” says <a href="https://obu.edu/directory/fayardj.php">Jennifer Fayard</a>, an associate professor of psychology at Ouachita Baptist University. “And they’re absolute rubbish. They are made by random people with no training or no understanding. Just because you get a result on a personality quiz doesn’t mean that it means anything.”
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Poor design is a feature, not a bug, of personality assessments, says <a href="https://www.cpp.edu/cba/international-business-marketing/faculty-and-staff/bios/randy-stein.shtml">Randy Stein</a>, a professor of marketing at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. In a <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1948550618766409?casa_token=D0PfcdlJdhAAAAAA:n5dSmY_lo17eqcIOZyk0w_kt8-A1HTXPSKpfBRARd9m9-P9TttyOlVkBmXHrqjZAIpTdcK7hDSBr">study of personality assessments</a>, Stein found that the more opaque or confusing the questions, the “deeper” respondents considered the test. “The more disconnected the questions and the results, the more it seems to be getting at something underlying who you really are,” or so the reasoning goes, according to Stein. If questions on a personality quiz can be interpreted five different ways by as many people, test-takers trick themselves into thinking the assessment is uncovering something so profound that they never considered it before. However, legitimate personality assessments have questions so specific that each respondent interprets them in the same way, Stein says. It’s the difference between an abstract question like, “<a href="https://www.lifeconnectionsonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Keirsey-Temperament-Sorter.pdf">Are you drawn more to (a) fundamentals (b) overtones and nuance?</a>” and rating how strongly you agree with a clear statement like, <a href="https://openpsychometrics.org/tests/IPIP-BFFM/">“I get stressed out easily.”</a>
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In reality, the results of personality tests and self-identifiers are never wholly surprising. If they were, the assessment was either poorly designed or you answered the questions inauthentically. “We live with ourselves, we watch what we do, and we watch how we feel and how we think,” Fayard says. “Despite that insider information, I think there’s still a tendency for people to assume that if they take a test, it’s going to spit out some magical secret that’s going to help them understand themselves better.” On the contrary, these quizzes are like a mirror, reflecting back exactly what you show it. If I always feel anxious when people are slow to text me back, and I know this to be a hallmark of <a href="https://psychcentral.com/health/4-attachment-styles-in-relationships#anxious-attachment">anxious attachment style</a>, then I can deduce I am anxiously attached.
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But life is a mosaic of experiences and emotions. It is nearly impossible to put one label on a person’s existence, one box in which to place yourself. In parallel with the <a href="https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2021/9/30/22696338/pathologizing-adhd-autism-anxiety-internet-tiktok-twitter">rise of online self-diagnosis</a> — where <a href="https://www.vox.com/internet-culture">memes</a> and TikToks seemingly describe symptoms of many conditions, from ADHD to autism spectrum disorder — self-categorization allows people to put a stamp on what is typically a complex condition. Explanations of each type are simplified and broad, meant to have as wide an appeal as possible for those looking for “a simple explanation for the complex mess that is my life and my relationship with people,” Green says. “It’d be nice if there was a single one-paragraph narrative that puts it all together. We tend to gravitate toward those things.”
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Relationships and personalities aren’t so neatly defined. Personality traits are measured on a spectrum, not in binaries, says <a href="https://www.simine.com/">Simine Vazire,</a> a professor of psychology ethics and well-being at the University of Melbourne. Rather than being extroverted or not, most people have some percentage of extraversion. The <a href="https://www.truity.com/test/big-five-personality-test">Big Five personality test</a>, which Vazire considers an accurate assessment, measures to what degree you inhabit the “big five” personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Rather than sort test-takers into strict types, it merely informs you whether you’re high in neuroticism or low in agreeableness. But percentiles aren’t sexy; they don’t make for good conversation. “It’s not how we communicate,” Vazire says. “I say, ‘How are you?’ … You don’t tell me, ‘Well, I’m 17 percent as good as yesterday.’” That we’d lean toward clear-cut terminology to describe ourselves isn’t altogether shocking.
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Because descriptions of many “types” or “styles” or “signs” — from zodiac sign to Enneagram type — are vague and broad, people often find something in it they identify with, known as the <a href="https://dictionary.apa.org/barnum-effect">Barnum effect</a>. Any person who reads any vague descriptor claiming to explain who they are could realistically find something in the passage that resonates with them, Stein says, something that makes them say, “This is <em>so</em> me.”
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<h3 id="uvq7Df">
Personality types as a force for change
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To feel seen, of course, is often what people want.
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A few years ago, Andrew Flynn was in a turbulent period of his life: He’d just finished grad school in Scotland, moved to Westminster, Colorado, where he lives now, and started a job in <a href="https://www.vox.com/renewable-energy">renewable energy</a> tech. All the while, his relationships felt more tenuous than ever. He was embroiled in conflict with his roommates, romantic relationships weren’t panning out. In an effort to understand himself — and how he connected, or didn’t, to the people in his life — he took a free version of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator online and discovered he was an ENTP. Described as <a href="https://www.mbtionline.com/en-US/MBTI-Types/ENTP">“innovative,” “entrepreneurial,” and “unpredictable,”</a> Flynn, now 33, says the ENTP signifier “summarizes my existence in a really succinct, bizarre way.” From his penchant for procrastination or conversations some might not consider “polite,” he says, learning his personality type provided context for his interpersonal relationships, both romantic and platonic. He’s become more observant about how other people react at work or while dating, noticing others’ behavior in contrast to his own impulses. “I can see a lot of the ways that I could be doing things better and then I just choose not to,” Flynn says. “I understand how I’m going to fuck this up and I’m just going to continue to carry on this way anyway.”
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The validation provided by self-identifiers can inspire tangible change. Knowing your attachment style within a particular relationship can <a href="https://www.vox.com/even-better/23581174/attachment-styles-explain-anxious-avoidant-secure">explain why you feel clingy or distant</a> and help illuminate areas for growth. However, it’s arguably easier and cheaper to watch a YouTube video or take a quiz online than it is to seek out a <a href="https://www.vox.com/mental-health">mental health</a> professional, pay for therapy, and spend time working through those issues (though that’s hardly necessary).
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Taking stock of past trauma helped 35-year-old Randy Kakumei develop healthier relationships — all thanks to attachment style. Following a breakup nearly a decade ago, Kakumei’s only motivation was to reconcile with his ex. Like any web-savvy millennial, he searched YouTube for videos on how to get back together with a former partner. Instead, he found a video explaining attachment styles. The clip, Kakumei says, illustrated the qualities of a relationship between an anxiously attached person and an avoidantly attached person: The anxious character feels needy and insecure, the avoidant party pulls away. “It was like she was describing my relationship between me and my partner,” Kakumei, who lives in Slidell, Louisiana, says, “like, to a T.”
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From the video, Kakumei deduced he had an anxious attachment style with his former partner, stemming from fraught relationships with parental figures in his childhood. Kakumei was adopted as a child to an older couple with military backgrounds who he says were cold and unloving. “It’s been a constant battle of feeling like I’m not enough,” he says. “Nobody’s going to accept me. Nobody loves me. Nobody cares about me.” In his adult relationships, he says, he constantly sought validation to compensate for the affection he lacked growing up.
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Learning his attachment style was revelatory. Suddenly, Kakumei had a name for emotions and fears he believed were singular to his experience. Through working with a life coach and confronting his past — realizing the stories he told himself about being undeserving of love were just that: stories — Kakumei says he now is securely attached. About six months after their breakup, Kakumei reconciled with his ex. They are still together.
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Attachment style can be an effective tool for parsing the dynamics of different relationships, Fayard says. But when we too heavily ascribe to one classification or identifier, we run the risk of using these personality types to justify bad behavior. Introverts may feel their personality type gives them permission to avoid social contact or reject a potential romantic partner because they may have a supposedly conflicting personality type. Clinging to specific descriptors makes it easier for people to put blinders up to certain aspects of their personalities because they aren’t neatly aligned with their type, Fayard says. “People I know that are really into the Enneagram, if they have things that maybe are causing some relationship issues or [things they] just need to work on, you hear a lot of ‘That’s just my type, that’s just my type,’” she says. “It’s almost like, ‘I don’t need to examine myself or work on myself or make any concessions because this is my type.’ I think that could potentially be harmful.”
</p>
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Some fans of Enneagram, like Jenna DeWitt, a 34-year-old from Redlands, California, see the personality type as a means for personal development. “You’re supposed to grow out of that type,” DeWitt says. About a decade ago, DeWitt took the Enneagram test and discovered she was a Type Three, which she describes as someone who believes they need to earn their worth, “believing you have to work really hard to get love from other people,” she says. But instead of fixating on the type’s shortcomings, like <a href="https://www.enneagraminstitute.com/how-the-enneagram-system-works">shame</a> or burnout, DeWitt uses her type to understand what drives her and how to utilize qualities of other types — the strength of Eights, the creativity of Fours — to her advantage. “I have learned as a Three that I was using these accomplishments, the tasks that I had in front of me to get done for the day. … It really felt like every time I was trying to achieve more and more I wasn’t getting what I really wanted,” DeWitt says. “What I want is love and belonging. What I want is to have that security in my identity, to feel like I truly am worthy of the things around me.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nJVKP9">
For all the self-insight we possess, we are not the most accurate judges of our personalities. We <a href="https://www.vox.com/even-better/23670005/small-acts-kindness-matter-liking-gap">underestimate how much others appreciate us</a> and <a href="https://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/overestimate">overestimate our own competence</a>. It’s more pleasant to think about all of the times we were kind over the instances we were not, and this selective memory can impact how we report seeing ourselves. Any quiz or category we lump ourselves into doesn’t take into account how others perceive us. Short of asking our friends to compile a Powerpoint presentation of all of our strengths and weaknesses, Vazire says a more holistic way of learning about ourselves is to share our personality test results with people we trust to see how it compares to their view of us. “I don’t know that I would recommend it,” she says. “I’ve never actually gotten that far in my research where we just literally told people how other people close to them saw them. I don’t know that we can know if we’re ready for that information.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HCV9Q0">
Perhaps all we can tolerate — all we’re willing to tolerate — is what we already knew about ourselves all along: our willingness to speak up in work meetings, how we react to our partners, our organizational skills. Ascribing labels to the way we see ourselves can be clarifying when so much of life is convoluted and without clear explanations. But it isn’t all we are.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rebl7W">
“Simple explanations are good,” Green says. “But simple explanations are hard to find.”
</p></li>
<li><strong>The deadly train collision in India, explained</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Two train carriages crushed together, one on top of the other, surrounded by debris. A ladder is propped up against the side of the train. Rescue workers in orange jumpsuits and yellow helmets stand on top of the train car. " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/DpfUXJdaBOjkuJKto3k-8gIs0fs=/136x0:2624x1866/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72338695/1258402483.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Rescue workers recover victims from the wreckage of a three-train collision near Balasore, India, on June 3, 2023. | Punit Paranjpe/AFP via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Decades of neglect cause disaster after disaster on India’s railways.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CIJszb">
A railway accident in the Indian state of Odisha has killed at least 280 people and injured more than 800 on Friday — the latest such tragedy to occur in a nation where trains are widely used but often lack up-to-date infrastructure.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yJ2fQd">
Prime Minister Narendra Modi traveled to Odisha Saturday and offered consolation for the victims and their families <a href="https://twitter.com/narendramodi/status/1664665463450918913">via Twitter on Friday</a>, saying, “Distressed by the train accident in Odisha. In this hour of grief, my thoughts are with the bereaved families. May the injured recover soon.” Upon his arrival at the accident site, Modi promised that the government would leave “no stone unturned for the treatment of those injured” and vowed that those responsible would be “punished stringently.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9vdB7T">
Early reports indicate that a passenger train headed to Chennai from Kolkata collided with a stopped commercial train in Balasore district; another passenger train, the Howrah Superfast Express, then hit the wreckage, though the exact sequence of events has been disputed, <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65798640">the BBC reports</a>. The incident is still being investigated, and rescue operations have ceased as of Saturday, with those seriously injured taken to the state’s largest hospital in Cuttack, a three-hour drive away. People searching for missing or injured relatives have <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65795959">reported confusion and a lack of information</a> about their status and whereabouts, highlighting some of the country’s many infrastructure challenges.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="19PDpU">
<a href="https://www.vox.com/india">India</a>’s railway system was constructed in the 19th century, when the country was a British colony, and serves millions of people each day. Though it’s an important part of the country’s transit system, it’s long suffered from underinvestment, and deadly, destructive accidents are not uncommon. Friday’s accident has been referred to as the worst in the 21st century thus far.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4MaYUX">
Modi’s government <a href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2023/03/13/india-is-getting-an-eye-wateringly-big-transport-upgrade">has recently announced major spending</a> on the transit and railway systems, including high-speed, indigenously produced trains between major transit corridors. But many such upgrades are years away, require mountains of outside investment, and must wind through a labyrinthine government bureaucracy to take effect.
</p>
<h3 id="wUGF9c">
<strong>India’s train system is one of the deadliest in the world</strong>
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ti37tZ">
India’s railway system is in some ways a marvel, in that it connects a massive country together, is an affordable mode of <a href="https://www.vox.com/transportation">transportation</a> that serves 13 million people each day according to state-run Indian Railways, and connects India’s large rural population to its urban areas.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wSlZUX">
The railway system also spurred economic growth after it was first introduced in 1853, because it could move commodities both internally and internationally far more quickly than traditional transportation. The <a href="https://www.vox.com/economy">economy</a> still depends on rail transportation, to an extent, though increased roadways and a large auto industry have increased Indians’ auto-ownership from 115 million in 2009 to 295.8 million in 2019, according to <a href="https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/RTYB-2017-18-2018-19.pdf">a report from the Ministry of Road Transport and Highway Transport</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fzo4S2">
Still, people all over the country depend on old, overcrowded trains for all aspects of life,<strong> </strong>despite the massive number of accidents and deaths that occur on India’s <a href="https://apnews.com/article/india-train-derail-railways-39c8d563458816624c337e1fee400090#:~:text=From%202017%20to%202021%2C%20there,speeding%20trains%20on%20the%20tracks.">more than 40,000 miles of railway</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Zhv2BC">
In October 2018, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/19/world/asia/india-fireworks-train.html">a commuter train slammed through a crowd</a> gathering to celebrate the Hindu festival of Dussehra in Amritsar, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-deadliest-rail-accidents-2023-06-02/">leaving at least 59 dead and injuring at least 57.</a> Some <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/india-accident-idINKCN1MU06Y">blamed</a> the festival goers for gathering on the tracks; others, the guest of honor for his late arrival and the railways for not stopping the train. Train derailments caused serious incidents in 2005, 2011, 2016, and 2017, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-deadliest-rail-accidents-2023-06-02/">according to Reuters</a>, and India’s deadliest train accident occurred in 1981, when a cyclone blew seven overcrowded coaches on a passenger train into a river in the northeastern state of Bihar.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="r2f274">
According to <a href="https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/ADSI-2021/ADSI_2021_FULL_REPORT.pdf">India’s National Crime Records Bureau</a>, there were around 100,000 railway-related deaths in the country between 2017 and 2021. About 69 percent of India’s 2,017 train accidents during that time period were due to derailments caused by old signaling equipment, poorly-maintained infrastructure, track defects, and human error, according to a 2021 report from <a href="https://cag.gov.in/webroot/uploads/download_audit_report/2022/Report-No.-22-of-2022_Railway_English_DSC-063a2dda55f3ce6.38649271.pdf">India’s Comptroller and Auditor General</a>. A lack of funding or refusal to use funding to fix railroad tracks also contributed to those accidents.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PtgQPf">
Indian Railways, the government-owned railway enterprise, has long given subsidies to help keep fare prices low; according to<a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/national/railways-gave-rs-59837-crore-subsidy-on-passenger-tickets-ashwini-vaishnaw-1187618.html"> Railways Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw</a>, the government subsidy amounted to about 53 percent for each person traveling in the fiscal year 2019-2020. An announcement that the government would raise the price of tickets by 14.2 percent in 2014 <a href="https://thediplomat.com/2014/06/the-economics-of-indias-railways/">spurred protests across the country</a>, with people occupying rail stations and demonstrating in the streets to try to block the move.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CNgRw7">
Railways, which under Modi are improving, are still a popular transit option, and the government’s upgrades aim to make it even more so in order to counterweight India’s burgeoning reliance on automobile transportation. But while India’s economy is growing, that doesn’t necessarily translate to the average person, who still needs a low-cost, safe option to get where they want to go.
</p>
<h3 id="DCiQCm">
<strong>What will the government do to improve the train system?</strong>
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dqlqJI">
Instead of visiting Odisha, Modi was supposed to be at the <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pm-modi-to-flag-off-goas-first-vande-bharat-express-on-june-3/articleshow/100706505.cms">unveiling of a new Vande Bharat Express line from Goa to Mumbai</a>, part of his announced investments in the transportation sector. The service initially launched in 2019, and Modi’s government plans to inaugurate 500 new such lines in the next three years, <a href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2023/03/13/india-is-getting-an-eye-wateringly-big-transport-upgrade">the Economist </a>reports.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="G30IMC">
The high-speed railway system is just part of Modi’s transportation boom; his government is also building 10,000 kilometers of highway each year and has nearly doubled the length of the country’s rural road network since he was elected in 2014. Those efforts, along with increased domestic energy generation and improved broadband activity, all aim to boost India’s economic growth and turn it into a $5 trillion economy by 2026.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6UufU0">
Though the extent to which the railway system was responsible for India’s economic growth in the 19th and early 20th centuries <a href="https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=425124115112024113022117020007117064052051040011030092064113072119081103025102098118097012061055040113125092120103103025096109051022049037045012071066019022122088056008049031112005095026107112079066069076111080105122024003075117013084086127066008100&amp;EXT=pdf&amp;INDEX=TRUE">is debatable according to some scholars</a>, Modi’s plans to shore up the aging system follow the generally accepted logic that improved transport will dramatically change the economy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lQifay">
While infrastructure upgrades are clearly necessary, Friday’s deadly collision shows how much there is left to be done — and how critical the focus on passenger safety must be.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gEAL7t">
“India has achieved some success in making train journeys safer over the years, but a lot more needs to be done,” Swapnil Garg, a former officer of the Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers, <a href="https://apnews.com/article/india-train-derail-railways-39c8d563458816624c337e1fee400090#:~:text=From%202017%20to%202021%2C%20there,speeding%20trains%20on%20the%20tracks.">told the Associated Press</a>. “The entire system needs a realignment and distributed development. We can’t just focus on modern trains and have tracks that aren’t safe.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="00JQ8N">
In the meantime, the government is offering cash payouts for victims of the crash and their loved ones. On Friday, <a href="https://twitter.com/AshwiniVaishnaw/status/1664676130408878080">Vaishnaw tweeted</a> that victims were entitled to 1 million Indian rupees for a dead relative, Rs 200,000 in case of “grievous” injury, and Rs 50,000 for minor ones — about $12,000, $2,400, and $600 respectively.
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>255-member strong contingent to represent India at Special Olympics World Summer Games</strong> - The contingent includes 198 athletes, who will participate in 16 disciplines, and unified partners and 57 coaches</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sakshi Malik refutes rumours of wrestlers’ protest withdrawal, says ‘will continue fight till we get justice’</strong> - ‘Along with Satyagraha, I am fulfilling my responsibility in Railways. Our fight continues till justice is served,’ said the wrestler</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>It’s better to stay a bit underdone than overdone: Cummins ahead of WTC final</strong> - Australia captain Pat Cummins doesn’t mind staying a bit undercooked going into the high-octane WTC final</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A proper billiards and snooker league like Pro Kabaddi is the need of the hour’</strong> - “We need more tournaments for the juniors, workshops at the National level, and televise the sport. I am sure there will be sponsors.”</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>India register thrilling 2-1 win against Malaysia in Women’s Junior Asia Cup 2023</strong> - Deepika successfully converted a penalty shot she won to put her team in the lead, proving that the strategy had paid off</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Gangster-politician Mukhtar Ansari gets life term for 1991 murder</strong> - Ansari faces 61 criminal cases in different states of which he has now been convicted in six. In April, he was sentenced to 10 years in jail by a court in Ghazipur under the Gangsters Act.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>C.T. Aravindakumar, L. Sushama appointed V-Cs in-charge of MGU and Malayalam varsity</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Odisha train accident: NDRF ends operation, withdraws all nine teams</strong> - NDRF rescued 44 victims and retrieved 121 bodies from the spot since the teams were deployed after the accident on June 2</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Odisha train accident | Nitish indirectly asks Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw to resign, cites his own exmaple</strong> - Mr. Kumar recalled how he had resigned as Railway Minister when a train accident had occurred in West Bengal’s Gaisal in 1999 in the regime of Atal Bihari Vajpayee</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Here are the big stories from Karnataka today</strong> - Welcome to the Karnataka Today newsletter, your guide from The Hindu on the major news stories to follow today. Curated and written by Nalme Nachiyar.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Russia says it thwarted major Ukrainian offensive</strong> - Kyiv hasn’t responded to the claim, the latest sign an expected Ukrainian counter-offensive may have begun.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Wagner detains Russian officer over ‘drunk’ attack</strong> - In a video posted online, the officer says he fired on a Wagner vehicle because he dislikes the group.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: ‘It’s better to die at home than abroad’</strong> - Thousands of Ukrainians are moving back to towns close to the front line, despite the dangers.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Why are people leaving Russia, who are they, and where are they going?</strong> - A trickle of Russians leaving became a stream after the full-scale invasion of Ukraine of 2022.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Poland protest: Hundreds of thousands demand change in Warsaw</strong> - Politicians including main opposition leader Donald Tusk led crowds calling for a change of direction.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Blatant tech frauds run amok on the biggest online marketplaces</strong> - If I can spot a fake SSD, why can’t Walmart? - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1939464">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Liveblog: All the news from Apple’s WWDC 2023 keynote</strong> - Get your updates about iOS, macOS, and more right here. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1944266">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A shocking number of birds are in trouble</strong> - We know better than ever how to help endangered birds, with notable conservation successes. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1944194">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>More than 400 Grail patients incorrectly told they may have cancer</strong> - Life assurance customers pause review relationship with early-detection biotech. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1944244">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>They plugged GPT-4 into Minecraft—and unearthed new potential for AI</strong> - A bot plays the video game by tapping the text generator to pick up new skills. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1944184">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A lady went into the pharmacy, right up to the pharmacist, looked straight into his eyes, and said</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“I would like to buy some cyanide.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The pharmacist asked, “Why in the world do you need cyanide?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The lady: “I need it to poison my husband.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The pharmacists eyes got big and he exclaimed: “Lord have mercy! I can’t give you cyanide to kill your husband! That’s against the law! I’ll lose my license! They’ll throw both of us in jail! All kinds of bad things will happen. Absolutely not! You CANNOT have any cyanide!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The lady reached into her purse and pulled out a picture of her husband in bed with the pharmacist’s wife.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The pharmacist looked at the picture and replied: “Oh Well now That’s different. You didn’t tell me you had a prescription.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/ThatOnePogger"> /u/ThatOnePogger </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/140x7zu/a_lady_went_into_the_pharmacy_right_up_to_the/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/140x7zu/a_lady_went_into_the_pharmacy_right_up_to_the/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What do you call a person that is happy on a Monday?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Unemployed
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/kickypie"> /u/kickypie </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/140zz3v/what_do_you_call_a_person_that_is_happy_on_a/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/140zz3v/what_do_you_call_a_person_that_is_happy_on_a/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Three guys are walking through the woods when they find a lamp. One of them picks it up, rubs it, and out pops a Genie. Delighted, the genie says “You have finally freed me after all these years, so I’ll grant each one of you 3 wishes.”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The first guy immediately shouts out “I want a billion pounds.” <em>POOF</em>, he’s holding a printout that shows his account balance is now in fact 1,000,000,003.50 The second man thinks for a bit, then says “I want to be the richest man alive.” <em>POOF</em>, he’s holding papers showing his net worth is now well over 100 billion. The third guy thinks even longer about his wish, then says “I want my left arm to rotate clockwise for the rest of my life.” <em>POOF</em>, his arm starts rotating.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The Genie tells them it’s time for their second wish. First guy says: “I want to be married to the most beautiful woman on earth.” <em>POOF</em>, a stunning beauty wraps herself around his arm. Second guy says “I want to be good-looking and charismatic, so I can have every girl I want.” <em>POOF</em>, his looks change and the first guy’s wife immediately starts flirting with him. Third guy says “I want my right arm to rotate counter-clockwise until I die.” <em>POOF</em>, now both his arms are rotating, in opposite directions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The genie tells them to think very carefully about their third wish. First guy does, and after a while says “I never want to become sick or injured, I want to stay healthy until I die.” <em>POOF</em>, his complexion improves, his acne is gone and his knees don’t bother him any more. Second guy says “I never want to grow old. I want to stay 29 forever.” <em>POOF</em>, he looks younger already. Third guy smiles triumphantly and says “My last wish is for my head to nod back and forth.” <em>POOF</em>, he’s now nodding his head and still flailing his arms around. The genie wishes them good luck, disappears, and the men soon go their separate ways.
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Many years later they meet again and chat about how things have been going. First guy is ecstatic: “I’ve invested the money and multiplied it many times over, so me and my family will be among the richest of the rich pretty much forever. My wife is a freak in the sheets, and I’ve never gotten so much as a cold in all these years.” Second guy smiles and says “Well, I built charities worldwide with a fraction of my wealth, I’m still the richest guy alive and also revered for my good deeds. I haven’t aged a day since we last met, and yes, your wife is pretty wild in bed.” Third guy walks in, flailing his arms around and nodding his head, and says: “<em>Guys, I think I fucked up.</em>”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/theguru86"> /u/theguru86 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/140zg2o/three_guys_are_walking_through_the_woods_when/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/140zg2o/three_guys_are_walking_through_the_woods_when/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ever had sex while camping?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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It’s fucking in tents.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/kyzzle007"> /u/kyzzle007 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/140rbad/ever_had_sex_while_camping/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/140rbad/ever_had_sex_while_camping/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What’s the difference between a hooker and Jesus?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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The look on their face when you’re nailing them.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/sariaslani"> /u/sariaslani </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/140dn43/whats_the_difference_between_a_hooker_and_jesus/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/140dn43/whats_the_difference_between_a_hooker_and_jesus/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
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