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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>First-in-Woman Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered GS-441524: A Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Treatment for COVID-19</strong> -
<div>
GS-441524 is a nucleoside analogue with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against RNA viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and feline coronavirus (FCoV). GS-441524 is the main circulating metabolite following intravenous administration of remdesivir (Veklury®), with a plasma half-life of approximately 24 hours. The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of GS-441524 was evaluated in a healthy human volunteer (N=1) when administered directly as an oral solution (750 mg) once daily for 7 days (Part 1) and 3 times daily for 3 days (Part 2). In Part 1 of the study, the effect of food on the absorption of GS-441524 was also evaluated. GS-441524 appeared rapidly in plasma, with an average time of maximum concentration of 0.5 hours during once-per-day dosing and exhibited an initial half-life phase of approximately 3.3 hours in the fasted state. Negligible accumulation was observed during part 1 of the multiday study. In Part 2 of the study, GS-441524 was administered 3 times daily, every 3 hours. A 2-4-fold accumulation of GS-441524 was observed approximately 3 hours after the third dose was administered, with a time of maximum concentration of 9 hours and a maximum concentration of 12.01 µM, exceeding the concentration reported to eradicate SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. For the duration of the study, GS-441524 was well-tolerated. There were no treatment-related adverse events and no clinically significant findings in clinical laboratory, vital signs, or electrocardiography. Taken together, these results demonstrate the safety and viability of orally administered GS-441524 for the treatment of COVID-19 and emerging viral infections.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/am5s8/" target="_blank">First-in-Woman Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered GS-441524: A Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Treatment for COVID-19</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Beyond resilience: Promotive and protective traits that facilitate recovery during crisis</strong> -
<div>
Resilience functions to promote psychological growth and buffer against the effects of negative events. Individual traits that promote optimal mental health beyond resilience, however, remain poorly understood. The current study addresses this gap through a positive psychology perspective. We examine how promotive traits – courage, optimism, hope, and protective traits – nostalgia, wisdom, and spirituality promote well-being and buffer against negative emotional states. We hypothesized that promotive traits will be positively related to well-being while protective traits will be negatively related to negative emotional states. Six-hundred and twenty-six (626) Malaysians responded to an online survey at the end of the country’s second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (June-September 2020). We conducted a series of regression analyses, controlling for resilience, socio-economic status, age, and perceptions towards government crisis management efforts. Results indicate that courage, optimism and hope positively predicted well-being. The strongest promotive trait contributing to well-being is hope. Results also showed that the only significant protective trait against negative emotional states is spirituality. Interestingly, nostalgia and wisdom positively predicted negative emotional states. Findings indicate that beyond resilience, courage, optimism, hope and spirituality are the strongest predictors of well-being and protect against negative emotional states amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings are of theoretical relevance for resilience and positive psychology research, and practically beneficial in informing mental health interventions.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/p2h35/" target="_blank">Beyond resilience: Promotive and protective traits that facilitate recovery during crisis</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Religion Does Not Inhibit Belief in Science, but Non-Religious People Think it Does</strong> -
<div>
Religion and science are two major sources of knowledge. Some accounts suggest that religious belief inhibits people from trusting scientific information, and encourages conflict between religion and science. We draw from theories of human motivation to challenge this claim, instead suggesting that religious people perceive less conflict between science and religion than non-religious people, that religious—but not non-religious—people use both science and religion when they explain phenomena, and that religious people rely on science more than non-religious people think they do. Five studies support our account. A pilot study uses a large representative sample of Americans to show that religious people perceive less conflict between science and religion than non-religious people. Studies 1-2 show that religious people view religion and science as equally and moderately instrumental for explaining extraordinary events (Study 1) and life’s “big questions” (Study 2), whereas non-religious people view science as highly instrumental and religion as not at all so. Study 3 finds that non-religious people mischaracterize religious people as more reliant on religion and less reliant on science than they really are, and also suggests that religious people view science and religion as orthogonal whereas non-religious people view them as hydraulic. Study 4 applies these findings to the COVID-19 pandemic, showing that faith-based strategies of avoiding infection do not inhibit adoption of science-based strategies. Religious people may be more open to science than many non-religious people think.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/536w7/" target="_blank">Religion Does Not Inhibit Belief in Science, but Non-Religious People Think it Does</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The impact of viral mutations on recognition by SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells</strong> -
<div>
We identify amino acid variants within dominant SARS-CoV-2 T-cell epitopes by interrogating global sequence data. Several variants within nucleocapsid and ORF3a epitopes have arisen independently in multiple lineages and result in loss of recognition by epitope-specific T-cells assessed by IFN-{gamma} and cytotoxic killing assays. These data demonstrate the potential for T-cell evasion and highlight the need for ongoing surveillance for variants capable of escaping T-cell as well as humoral immunity.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.438904v1" target="_blank">The impact of viral mutations on recognition by SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells upregulate ACE2 expression in response to iron-regulatory elements: potential implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection of vascular endothelial cells.</strong> -
<div>
Emerging studies from the ongoing covid-19 pandemic have implicated vascular dysfunction and endotheliitis in many patients presenting with severe disease. However, there is limited evidence for the expression of ACE2 (the principal co-receptor for Sars-Cov-2 cellular attachment) in vascular endothelial cells which has prompted the suggestion that the virus does not infect these cell types. However, the studies presented here demonstrate enhanced expression of ACE2 at the level of both mRNA and protein, in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) challenged with either IL-6 or hepcidin. Notably elevated levels both these iron-regulatory elements have been described in Covid-19 patients with severe disease and are further associated with morbidity and mortality. Additionally, levels of both IL-6 and hepcidin are often elevated in the elderly and in chronic disease settings, these populations being at greater risk of adverse outcomes from Sars-Cov-2 infection. A role for IL-6 and hepcidin as modulators of ACE2 expression seems plausible, additional, studies are required to determine if viral infection can be demonstrated in PAECs challenged with either of these iron-regulatory elements.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.437687v1" target="_blank">Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells upregulate ACE2 expression in response to iron-regulatory elements: potential implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection of vascular endothelial cells.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Polymersomes decorated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain elicit robust humoral and cellular immunity</strong> -
<div>
A diverse portfolio of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates is needed to combat the evolving COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we developed a subunit nanovaccine by conjugating SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) to the surface of oxidation-sensitive polymersomes. We evaluated the humoral and cellular responses of mice immunized with these surface-decorated polymersomes (RBDsurf) compared to RBD-encapsulated polymersomes (RBDencap) and unformulated RBD (RBDfree), using monophosphoryl lipid A-encapsulated polymersomes (MPLA PS) as an adjuvant. While all three groups produced high titers of RBD-specific IgG, only RBDsurf elicited a neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 comparable to that of human convalescent plasma. Moreover, RBDsurf was the only group to significantly increase the proportion of RBD-specific germinal center B cells in the vaccination-site draining lymph nodes. Both RBDsurf and RBDencap drove similarly robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses that produced multiple Th1-type cytokines. We conclude that multivalent surface display of Spike RBD on polymersomes promotes a potent neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, while both antigen formulations promote robust T cell immunity.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.438884v1" target="_blank">Polymersomes decorated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain elicit robust humoral and cellular immunity</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A repurposed drug screen identifies compounds that inhibit the binding of the COVID-19 spike protein to ACE2</strong> -
<div>
Repurposed drugs that block the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its receptor ACE2 could offer a rapid route to novel COVID-19 treatments or prophylactics. Here, we screened 2701 compounds from a commercial library of drugs approved by international regulatory agencies for their ability to inhibit the binding of recombinant, trimeric SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to recombinant human ACE2. We identified 56 compounds that inhibited binding by &lt;90%, measured the EC50 of binding inhibition, and computationally modeled the docking of the best inhibitors to both Spike and ACE2. These results highlight an effective screening approach to identify compounds capable of disrupting the Spike-ACE2 interaction as well as identifying several potential inhibitors that could serve as templates for future drug discovery efforts.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439071v1" target="_blank">A repurposed drug screen identifies compounds that inhibit the binding of the COVID-19 spike protein to ACE2</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Seasonal stability of SARS-CoV-2 in biological fluids</strong> -
<div>
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurs by close contact with infected persons through droplets, the inhalation of infectious aerosols and the exposure to contaminated surface. Previously, we determined the virus stability on different types of surfaces under indoor and seasonal climatic conditions. SARS-CoV-2 survived the longest on surfaces under winter conditions, followed by spring/fall and summer conditions, suggesting the seasonal pattern of stability on surfaces. However, under natural conditions, the virus is secreted in various biological fluids from infected humans. In this respect, it remains unclear how long the virus survives in various types of biological fluids. This study explored the SARS-CoV-2 stability in human biological fluids under different environmental conditions and estimated the half-life. The virus was stable for up to 21 days in nasal mucus, sputum, saliva, tear, urine, blood, and semen; it remained infectious significantly longer under winter and spring/fall conditions than under summer conditions. In contrast, the virus was only stable up to 24 hours in feces and breast milk. These findings demonstrate the potential risk of infectious biological fluids in SARS-CoV-2 transmission and have implications for its seasonality.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.07.438866v1" target="_blank">Seasonal stability of SARS-CoV-2 in biological fluids</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Safe and effective pool testing for SARS-CoV-2 detection</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background / Objectives: The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 is a serious public health issue. Large-scale surveillance screenings are crucial but can exceed diagnostic test capacities. We set out to optimize test conditions and implemented high throughput pool testing of respiratory swabs into SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics. Study design: In preparation for pool testing, we determined the optimal pooling strategy and pool size. In addition, we measured the impact of vortexing prior to sample processing, compared pipette- and swab-pooling method as well as the sensitivity of three different PCR assays. Results: Using optimized strategies for pooling, we systematically pooled 55,690 samples in a period of 44 weeks resulting in a reduction of 47,369 PCR reactions. In a low prevalence setting, we defined a preferable pool size of ten in a two-stage hierarchical pool testing strategy. Vortexing of the swabs increased cellular yield by a factor of 2.34, and sampling at or shortly after symptom onset was associated with higher viral loads. By comparing different pooling strategies, pipette-pooling was more efficient compared to swab-pooling. Conclusions: For implementing pooling strategies into high throughput diagnostics, we recommend to apply a pipette-pooling method, using pool sizes of ten samples, performing sensitivity validation of the PCR assays used, and vortexing swabs prior to analyses. Our data shows, that pool testing for SARS-CoV-2 detection is feasible and highly effective in a low prevalence setting.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.20205781v1" target="_blank">Safe and effective pool testing for SARS-CoV-2 detection</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Taking care with self-care during COVID-19: Affect-behavior associations during early stages of the pandemic</strong> -
<div>
Although evidence exists for a feedback loop between positive affect and self-care behaviors, it is unclear if findings generalize to the COVID-19 pandemic. A 10-day daily diary was completed by 324 adult participants in the United States during spring 2020 when national stay-at-home orders were in effect. We hypothesized a reciprocal within-person process whereby positive affect increased self-care behaviors (Aim 1) and self-care behaviors increased positive affect (Aim 2). Lagged analyses for Aim 1 indicated that greater negative affect, rather than positive affect, predicted increased self-care behaviors from one day to the next day. For Aim 2, concurrent analyses, but not lagged analyses, indicated self-care behaviors was associated with more positive affect and less negative affect afterwards. We discuss the ways negative affect might function differently than normal during stressful environments and conclude self-care behaviors continue to have only a short-term (within a day) impact on positive and negative affect.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/eycmj/" target="_blank">Taking care with self-care during COVID-19: Affect-behavior associations during early stages of the pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The Acute and Persisting Impact of COVID-19 on Trajectories of Adolescent Depression: Sex Differences and Social Connectedness</strong> -
<div>
Background: The COVID-19 era is a time of unprecedented stress, and there is widespread concern regarding its short- and long-term mental health impact. Adolescence is a sensitive period for the emergence of latent psychopathology vulnerabilities, often activated by environmental stressors. The present study examined COVID-19’s impact on adolescent depression and possible influences of different domains of social connectedness (loneliness, social media use, social video game time). Methods: A community sample of 175 adolescents (50.1% boys, mean age=16.01 years) completed questionnaires once before and twice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Piecewise growth modeling examined the acute (7 weeks) and persistent (8 months) effects of COVID-19 on depressive symptoms, and differences across sex and social connectedness. Results: Significant increases in depressive symptoms followed pandemic onset for boys and girls. However, this increase was earlier and more pronounced among girls than boys, whose depression only increased significantly during the persistent period and to a lesser degree. Trajectories of depression were influenced by loneliness and virtual social connections. Limitations: Most participants had economic stability and minimal exposure to the virus. Exacerbation of depressive symptoms may be more severe in higher risk populations. Conclusions: Adolescent depression levels have increased during COVID-19, and are higher for girls and those who are lonely. Enhanced screening and management for adolescent depression and social connectedness could play a critical role in mitigating the negative mental health fallout of COVID-19 and future pandemics within this population.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/74g2d/" target="_blank">The Acute and Persisting Impact of COVID-19 on Trajectories of Adolescent Depression: Sex Differences and Social Connectedness</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Intragroup differences in COVID-19 vaccine attitudes among Black Americans</strong> -
<div>
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Black Americans threatens to further magnify racial inequities in COVID-19 related health outcomes that emerged in the earliest stages of the pandemic. Here we shed new light on attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines by considering intragroup variation. Rather than analyzing Blacks as a homogenous group, we examine the relationship between COVID-19 vaccine attitudes and the extent to which participants are aligned with African American versus White culture (i.e., level of “acculturation”). In a sample of N=997 Black Americans, we find that stronger alignment with African American culture predicts substantially more negative attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination, above and beyond variation explained by age, gender, education, and socioeconomic status. This relationship was substantially attenuated when controlling for suspicion of the healthcare system, but not perceptions that healthcare system treats Blacks unfairly, science knowledge, or cognitive reflection. The intragroup differences among Blacks in COVID-19 vaccine perceptions uncovered here provide insights into designing interventions that provide health information that targets the relevant factors for vaccine hesitancy in differing subgroups.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/r3vem/" target="_blank">Intragroup differences in COVID-19 vaccine attitudes among Black Americans</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Doomscrolling during COVID-19: The negative association between daily social and traditional media consumption and mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
<div>
Consumption of traditional and social media markedly increased at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic as new information about the virus and safety guidelines evolved. Much of the information concerned restrictions on daily living activities and the risk posed by the virus. The term ``doomscrolling’’ was used to describe the phenomenon of elevated negative affect after viewing pandemic-related media. The magnitude and duration of this effect, however, is unclear. Furthermore, the effect of doomscrolling likely varies based on prior vulnerabilities for psychopathology such as a history of childhood maltreatment. It was hypothesized that social and traditional media exposure was related to an increase in depression and PTSD and that this increase was moderated by childhood maltreatment severity. Participants completed a baseline assessment for psychopathology and 30 days of daily assessments of depression and PTSD. Using multilevel modeling on 1,117 daily observations, social media access was associated with increased depression and PTSD. This association was stronger for those with more severe maltreatment histories. Furthermore, those with more severe baseline psychopathology used more social media during this period. These results suggest that doomscrolling is associated with increases in psychopathology for those with existing vulnerabilities.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/s2nfg/" target="_blank">Doomscrolling during COVID-19: The negative association between daily social and traditional media consumption and mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Both a bioweapon and a hoax: The curious case of contradictory conspiracy theories about COVID-19</strong> -
<div>
Amidst the flow of conspiracy theories (CTs) about the coronavirus pandemic, many logically incompatible ones arise. Upon pretesting for familiarity and logical incompatibility, we choose eight pairs of contradictory CTs. Across two studies, we observed a significant portion of respondents (40%-48%) endorsed at least one pair. In Study 1 (N = 290), we showed that conspiracy mentality and doublethink, a general proneness to contradictions, but not preference for consistency, meaningfully relate to endorsement of contradictory COVID-19 CTs; doublethink contributed over and above other predictors. In Study 2 (N = 281), we related the same tendency to different indicators of superficial information processing. Those more prone to endorse contradictory COVID-19 CTs were more intuitive, less rational, more prone to ontological confusions and pseudo-profound bullshit; doublethink again contributed independently of all other predictors. We end by suggesting how the observed psychological profile of endorsers could inform interventions aimed to tackle conspiratorial thinking.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/2m4aw/" target="_blank">Both a bioweapon and a hoax: The curious case of contradictory conspiracy theories about COVID-19</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gastrointestinal infection trends in England, February - July 2020</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objective: To establish the impact of the first six months of the COVID-19 outbreak response of gastrointestinal (GI) infection trends in England. Design: Retrospective ecological study using routinely collected national and regional surveillance data from eight Public Health England coordinated laboratory, outbreak and syndromic surveillance systems using key dates of UK governmental policy change to assign phases for comparison between 2020 and historic data. Results: Decreases in GI illness activity were observed across all surveillance indicators as COVID-19 cases began to peak. Compared to the 5-year average (2015-2019), during the first six months of the COVD-19 response, there was a 52% decrease in GI outbreaks reported (1,544 vs. 3,208 (95% CI: 2,938 - 3,478) and a 34% decrease in laboratory confirmed cases (27,859 vs. 42,495 (95% CI: 40,068 - 44,922). GI indicators began to rise during the first lockdown and lockdown easing, although all remained substantially lower than historic figures. Reductions in laboratory confirmed cases were observed across all age groups and both sexes, with geographical heterogeneity observed in diagnosis trends. Health seeking behaviour changed substantially, with attendances decreasing prior to lockdown across all indicators. Conclusions: There has been a marked change in trends of GI infections in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The drivers of this change are likely to be multifactorial; while changes in health seeking behaviour, pressure on diagnostic services and surveillance system ascertainment have undoubtably played a role there has likely been a true decrease in the incidence for some pathogens resulting from the control measures and restrictions implemented. This suggests that if some of these changes in behaviour such as improved hand hygiene were maintained, then we could potentially see sustained reductions in the burden of GI illness.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.21254174v2" target="_blank">The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gastrointestinal infection trends in England, February - July 2020</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy, Immunogenicity and Safety of Inactivated ERUCOV-VAC Compared With Placebo in COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: ERUCOV-VAC 3 µg/0.5 ml Vaccine;   Biological: ERUCOV-VAC 6 µg/0.5 ml Vaccine;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Health Institutes of Turkey;   Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Coordination<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Nurse-Community Health Worker-Family Partnership Model: Addressing Uptake of COVID-19 Testing and Control Measures</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Nurse-Community-Family Partnership Intervention<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   New York University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Dose Finding, Efficacy and Safety Study of Ensovibep (MP0420) in Ambulatory Adult Patients With Symptomatic COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: ensovibep;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Molecular Partners AG;   Novartis Pharmaceuticals;   Iqvia Pty Ltd;   Datamap;   SYNLAB Analytics &amp; Services Switzerland AG;   Q2 Solutions<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety and Immunogenicity of the Inactivated Koçak-19 Inaktif Adjuvanlı COVID-19 Vaccine Compared to Placebo</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Vaccine<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Koçak-19 Inaktif Adjuvanlı COVID-19 Vaccine 4 µg/0.5 ml Vaccine;   Biological: Koçak-19 Inaktif Adjuvanlı COVID-19 Vaccine 6 µg/0.5 ml Vaccine;   Biological: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Kocak Farma<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study on Sequential Immunization of Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (Ad5 Vector) and RBD-based Protein Subunit Vaccine</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: recombinant Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine;   Biological: RBD-based protein subunit vaccine (ZF2001) against COVID-19;   Biological: trivalent split influenza vaccine<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Jiangsu Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Omega-3 Oil Use in COVID-19 Patients in Qatar</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Omega 3 fatty acid<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Hamad Medical Corporation<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Test BI 767551 in People With Mild to Moderate Symptoms of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: BI 767551 intravenous;   Drug: BI 767551 inhaled;   Drug: Placebo intravenous;   Drug: Placebo inhaled<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Boehringer Ingelheim<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tele-rehabilitation Program After Hospitalization for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pneumonia<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: TR;   Other: TSu<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA;   Istituto Auxologico Italiano<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effects of Web-Based Training for Covid-19 Patients on Symptom Management, Medication Compliance and Quality of Life</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: intervention group<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Eskisehir Osmangazi University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ENO Breathe vs Usual Care in COVID-19 Recovery: An RCT</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Recovery<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: ENO Breathe group<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Imperial College London;   Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rehabilitation for Patients With Persistent Symptoms Post COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Concentrated rehabilitation for patients with persistent symptoms post COVID-19<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Western Norway University of Applied Sciences;   Helse-Bergen HF<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study of DS-5670a (COVID-19 Vaccine) in Japanese Healthy Adults and Elderly Subjects</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: DS-5670a;   Biological: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy and Safety of Favipiravir and Ribavirin Formulation for Treatment of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   SARS-CoV2;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Ribavirin Capsules;   Drug: Favipiravir<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey;   Ankara City Hospital Bilkent;   Istanbul Umraniye Training and Research Hospital;   Koç University;   Monitor CRO<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dasatinib for the Treatment of Moderate and Severe COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection Laboratory-Confirmed<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Dasatinib Anhydrous;   Drug: Placebo Administration<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of Southern California;   National Cancer Institute (NCI)<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Assessment of the Impact of Oral Intervention With Cetylpyridinium Chloride to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Patients With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   SARS-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: ORAL INTERVENTION WITH CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE;   Other: PLACEBO<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Rosa Tarrago;   Dentaid SL<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>MUC1-C influences cell survival in lung adenocarcinoma Calu-3 cells after SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and may increase the risk of adverse outcomes in lung cancer patients. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of mucin 1 (MUC1) after SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung epithelial cancer cell line Calu-3. MUC1 is a major constituent of the mucus layer in the respiratory tract and contributes to pathogen defense. SARS-CoV-2 infection induced MUC1 C-terminal subunit (MUC1-C)…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused a pandemic with tens of millions of cases and more than a million deaths. The infection causes COVID-19, a disease of the respiratory system of divergent severity. No treatment exists. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major component of green tea, has several beneficial properties, including antiviral activities. Therefore, we examined whether EGCG has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. EGCG blocked…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>C-Phycocyanin-derived Phycocyanobilin as a Potential Nutraceutical Approach for Major Neurodegenerative Disorders and COVID-19-induced Damage to the Nervous System</strong> - The edible cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis and its chief biliprotein C-Phycocyanin have shown protective activity in animal models of diverse human health diseases, often reflecting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The beneficial effects of C-Phycocyanin seem likely to be primarily attributable to its covalently attached chromophore Phycocyanobilin (PCB). Within cells, biliverdin is generated from free heme and it is subsequently reduced to bilirubin. Although bilirubin can function…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ATP energy-independently controls protein homeostasis with unique structure and diverse mechanisms</strong> - Proteins function in the crowded cellular environments with high salt concentrations, thus facing tremendous challenges of misfolding/aggregation which represents a pathological hallmark of aging and an increasing spectrum of human diseases. Recently, intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) were recognized to drive liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), a common principle for organizing cellular membraneless organelles (MLOs). ATP, the universal energy currency for all living cells, mysteriously…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ORF10-Cullin-2-ZYG11B complex is not required for SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> - In order to understand the transmission and virulence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it is necessary to understand the functions of each of the gene products encoded in the viral genome. One feature of the SARS-CoV-2 genome that is not present in related, common coronaviruses is ORF10, a putative 38-amino acid protein-coding gene. Proteomic studies found that ORF10 binds to an E3 ubiquitin ligase containing Cullin-2, Rbx1, Elongin B, Elongin C, and ZYG11B…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 drives JAK1/2-dependent local complement hyperactivation</strong> - Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) present a wide range of acute clinical manifestations affecting the lungs, liver, kidneys and gut. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2, the best-characterized entry receptor for the disease-causing virus SARS-CoV-2, is highly expressed in the aforementioned tissues. However, the pathways that underlie the disease are still poorly understood. Here, we unexpectedly found that the complement system was one of the intracellular pathways most highly…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Drugs that inhibit TMEM16 proteins block SARS-CoV-2 Spike-induced syncytia</strong> - COVID-19 is a disease with unique characteristics including lung thrombosis¹, frequent diarrhoea², abnormal activation of the inflammatory response³ and rapid deterioration of lung function consistent with alveolar oedema⁴. The pathological substrate for these findings remains elusive. Here we show that the lungs of patients with COVID-19 contain infected pneumocytes with abnormal morphology and frequent multinucleation. Generation of these syncytia results from activation of the SARS-CoV-2…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Identification of doxorubicin as a potential therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) protease: a molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies</strong> - After one year, the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is still the largest concern for the scientific community. Of the many recognized drug targets of SARS-CoV-2, the main protease is one of the most important target due to its function in viral replication. We conducted an in silico study with repurposing drugs of antibiotics class against virus protease and peptidase using AutoDock tool. The following significant binding energy interaction was observed with protease (PDB: 6LU7) like…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Biomarkers of coagulation, endothelial function and fibrinolysis in critically-ill patients with COVID-19: A single-centre prospective longitudinal study</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal trajectories of clot lysis time, sTM, PAI-1, and plasminogen may have predictive ability for mortality in COVID-19.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Ravulizumab in Adults with Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019</strong> - CONCLUSION: High levels of baseline C5 observed in patients with severe COVID-19 contribute to the growing body of evidence that suggests this disease is marked by amplification of terminal complement activation. Data from this preliminary pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of 22 patients with severe COVID-19 show that the modified ravulizumab dosing regimen achieved immediate and complete terminal complement inhibition, which can be sustained for up to 22 days. These data support the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Drug synergy of combinatory treatment with remdesivir and the repurposed drugs fluoxetine and itraconazole effectively impairs SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro</strong> - CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Itraconazole-remdesivir and fluoxetine-remdesivir combinations are promising starting points for therapeutic options to control SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe progression of COVID-19.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Vitamin D is a potential inhibitor of COVID-19: In silico molecular docking to the binding site of SARS-CoV-2 endoribonuclease Nsp15</strong> - Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a pandemic threat to public health. Vaccines and targeted therapeutics to prevent infections and stop virus proliferation are currently lacking. Endoribonuclease Nsp15 plays a vital role in the life cycle, including replication and transcription as well as virulence of the virus. Here, we investigated Vitamin D for its in silico potential inhibition of the binding sites of SARS-CoV-2 endoribonuclease Nsp15. In this study, we selected Remdesivir,…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Virtual high throughput screening: Potential Inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 PL(PRO) and 3CL(PRO) Proteases</strong> - The pandemic, COVID-19, has spread worldwide and affected millions of people. There is an urgent need, therefore, to find a proper treatment for the novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent. This paper focuses on identifying inhibitors that target SARS-CoV-2 proteases, PL^(PRO) and 3CL^(PRO), which control the duplication and manages the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2. We have carried out detailed in silico Virtual high-throughput screening…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evidence that Maackia amurensis seed lectin (MASL) exerts pleiotropic actions on oral squamous cells with potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease progression</strong> - COVID-19 was declared an international public health emergency in January, and a pandemic in March of 2020. There are over 23 million confirmed COVID-19 cases that have cause over 800 thousand deaths worldwide as of August 19th, 2020. COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. SARS-CoV-2 presents a surface “spike” protein that binds to the ACE2 receptor to infect host cells. In addition to the respiratory tract, SARS-Cov-2 can also infect cells of the oral mucosa, which also express the ACE2…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A novel anti-human IL-1R7 antibody reduces IL-18-mediated inflammatory signaling</strong> - Unchecked inflammation can result in severe diseases with high mortality, such as macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). MAS and associated cytokine storms have been observed in COVID-19 patients exhibiting systemic hyper-inflammation. Interleukin-18 (IL-18), a proinflammatory cytokine belonging to the IL-1 family, is elevated in both MAS and COVID-19 patients, and its level is known to correlate with the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. IL-18 binds its specific receptor IL-1 Receptor 5 (IL-1R5,…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>5-(4-TERT-BUTOXY PHENYL)-3-(4N-OCTYLOXYPHENYL)-4,5-DIHYDROISOXAZOLE MOLECULE (C-I): A PROMISING DRUG FOR SARS-COV-2 (TARGET I) AND BLOOD CANCER (TARGET II)</strong> - The present invention relates to a method ofmolecular docking of crystalline compound (C-I) with SARS-COV 2 proteins and its repurposing with proteins of blood cancer, comprising the steps of ; employing an algorithmto carry molecular docking calculations of the crystalized compound (C-I); studying the compound computationally to understand the effect of binding groups with the atoms of the amino acids on at least four target proteins of SARS-COV 2; downloading the structure of the proteins; removing water molecules, co enzymes and inhibitors attached to the enzymes; drawing the structure using Chem Sketch software; converting the mol file into a PDB file; using crystalized compound (C-I) for comparative and drug repurposing with two other mutated proteins; docking compound into the groove of the proteins; saving format of docked molecules retrieved; and filtering and docking the best docked results. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=IN320884617">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>USING CLINICAL ONTOLOGIES TO BUILD KNOWLEDGE BASED CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) WITH THE ADOPTION OF TELECONFERENCING FOR THE PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRES/SATELLITE CLINICS OF ROYAL OMAN POLICE IN SULTANATE OF OMAN</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU320796026">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Peptides and their use in diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU319943278">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A PROCESS FOR SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF COVID 19 POSITIVE PATIENTS</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU319942709">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IN SILICO SCREENING OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL NATURAL COMPOUNDS WITH THE POTENTIAL TO DIRECTLY INHIBIT SARS COV 2</strong> - IN SILICO SCREENING OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL NATURAL COMPOUNDS WITH THE POTENTIAL TO DIRECTLY INHIBIT SARS COV 2Insilico screening of antimycobacterial natural compounds with the potential to directly inhibit SARS COV2 relates to the composition for treating SARS-COV-2 comprising the composition is about 0.1 – 99% and other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The composition also treats treating SARS, Ebola, Hepatitis-B and Hepatitis–C comprising the composition is about 0.1 – 99% and other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=IN320777840">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>一种用于检测新型冠状病毒COVID-19的引物组及试剂盒</strong> - 本发明涉及生物技术领域，特别是涉及一种用于检测冠状病毒的引物组及试剂盒，所述引物组包括以下中的一对或多对：外侧引物对：所述外侧引物对包括如SEQ ID NO:1所示的上游引物F3和如SEQ ID NO:2所示的下游引物B3；内侧引物对：所述内侧引物对包括如SEQ ID NO:3所示的上游引物FIP和如SEQ ID NO:4所示的下游引物BIP；环引物对：所述环引物对包括如SEQ ID NO:5所示的上游引物LF和如SEQ ID NO:6所示的下游引物LB。试剂盒包括所述引物组。本发明在一个管中整合了RT‑LAMP和CRISPR，能依据两次颜色变化检测病毒和各种靶标核酸。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN321132047">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>新冠病毒中和性抗体检测试剂盒</strong> - 本发明提供一种新冠病毒中和性抗体检测试剂盒。所述试剂盒基于BAS‑HTRF技术，主要包含：生物素标记的hACE2、新冠病毒棘突蛋白RBD‑Tag1、能量供体Streptavidin‑Eu cryptate、能量受体MAb Anti‑Tag1‑d2和新冠病毒中和性抗体。本发明将BAS和HTRF两种技术相结合，用于筛选新型冠状病毒中和性抗体，3小时内即可实现筛选，且操作简单，无需经过多次洗板过程。BAS和HTRF联用大大提升了反应灵敏度，且两种体系都能最大限度地减少非特异的干扰，适用于血清样品的检测。该方法可实现高通量检测，对解决大批量样品的新冠病毒中和性抗体的检测具有重要意义。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN321131958">link</a></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Infektionsschutzmaske</strong> -
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">Infektionsschutzmaske (1) zum Schutz vor Übertragung von Infektionskrankheiten mit einer Außen - und einer Innenseite (2,3) sowie Haltemitteln (5) zum Befestigen der Infektionsschutzmaske (1) am Kopf eines Maskenträgers, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass an der Infektionsschutzmaske (1) mindestens eine Testoberfläche (6) zum Nachweis von Auslösern einer Infektionskrankheit derart angeordnet ist, dass diese bei korrekt angelegter Infektionsschutzmaske (1) mit der Ausatemluft des Maskenträgers unmittelbar in Kontakt gelangt.</p></li>
</ul>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=DE321222652">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sars-CoV-2 vaccine antigens</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU318283136">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-COV-2 BINDING PROTEINS</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU318004130">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Finally, Green Infrastructure Spending in an Amount That Starts with a “T”</strong> - But is it enough? And how would we know if it were? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-a-warming-planet/finally-green-infrastructure-spending-in-an-amount-that-starts-with-a-t">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Meaning of the Democrats’ Spending Spree</strong> - Do President Biden’s stimulus and infrastructure bills represent a moment of political expedience, or a more permanent change? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/have-the-democrats-begun-a-new-era-of-big-government">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sweden’s Pandemic Experiment</strong> - When the coronavirus arrived, the country decided not to implement lockdowns or recommend masks. How has it fared? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/swedens-pandemic-experiment">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Why It’s So Hard for America to End Its Wars</strong> - Is there any way for Biden to achieve peace with honor in Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/why-its-so-hard-for-america-to-end-its-wars">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Vladimir Putin Has a Message: “Hey, Joe, Are You Listening?”</strong> - The Biden Administration can’t escape the Russia problem. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/vladimir-putin-has-a-message-hey-joe-are-you-listening">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>The effects of Black Lives Matter protests</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A protester in a crowd holds a sign that reads, “Black Lives Matter.”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/iLdD4aKUv0WlWrNJyBPEZOoVikk=/175x0:2934x2069/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/69100419/GettyImages_1179423149.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
More than 1,000 people marched through downtown Brooklyn, New York, in November 2019 to protest against police brutality. | Erik McGregor/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Research shows places with BLM protests from 2014 to 2019 saw a reduction in police homicides but an uptick in murders.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rl1iAK">
There’s long been a fierce debate about the effect of Black Lives Matter protests on the lethal use of force by police. A new study, one of the first to make a rigorous academic attempt to answer that question, found that the protests have had a notable impact on police killings. For every 4,000 people who participated in a Black Lives Matter protest between 2014 and 2019, police killed one less person.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="F54RRK">
Travis Campbell, a PhD student in economics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, released his preliminary findings on the Social Science Research network as a <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3767097">preprint</a>, meaning the study has yet to receive a formal peer review.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4rHyzC">
While Campbell’s research does not encompass the events of summer 2020, George Floyd’s killing and the subsequent wave of protests became potentially the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html">largest movement in American history</a>, the sudden growth of which relied on a wave of anger and grief at the police homicides Americans are continually greeted with on the news. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/09/opinion/black-lives-matter-protests.html">Opinion columnists</a>, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/28/us/black-lives-matter-protest.html">activists</a>, <a href="https://www.axios.com/bernie-sanders-defund-police-091387de-e132-458e-b048-b367cb44ce18.html">lawmakers</a>, and even the president of the United States (<a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/joe-biden-gains-support-with-young-voters-amid-protests-11593608400">current</a> and <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/25/trump-attacks-black-lives-matter-racial-justice-movement.html">former</a>) have weighed in on these protests and what the appropriate policy changes should be. But first, it’s important to grapple with how the protests have already changed policing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="X7y9nY">
From 2014 to 2019, Campbell tracked more than 1,600 BLM protests across the country, largely in bigger cities, with nearly 350,000 protesters. His main finding is a 15 to 20 percent reduction in lethal use of force by police officers — roughly 300 fewer police homicides — in census places that saw BLM protests.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Uk8fnB">
Campbell’s research also indicates that these protests correlate with a 10 percent increase in murders in the areas that saw BLM protests. That means from 2014 to 2019, there were somewhere between 1,000 and 6,000 more homicides than would have been expected if places with protests were on the same trend as places that did not have protests. Campbell’s research does not include the effects of last summer’s historic wave of protests because researchers do not yet have all the relevant data.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GI5O3V">
It’s worth noting that Campbell didn’t subject the homicide findings to the same battery of statistical<strong> </strong>tests as he did the police killings since they were not the main focus of his research. (He intends to do more research on how these protests affected crime rates.) But his research on homicides aligns with other evidence. Omar Wasow, a professor at Princeton University who has done seminal research on the effect of protests, told Vox that the results are “entirely plausible” and “not surprising,” considering existing protest research.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HEya0v">
The reasons for this rise in murders are not fully known, but one possible explanation is that police morale drops following scrutiny, leading officers to reduce their efforts and thereby emboldening criminals. Another is that members of the public voluntarily withdraw from engagements with the police after a police homicide delegitimizes the justice system in their eyes. (More on this below.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SaWe6p">
Protests can do a lot. They can raise awareness, create solidarity or undermine existing relationships, change public opinion, strengthen or weaken institutions, and affect the outcome of elections. But,<strong> </strong>according to this study,<strong> </strong>BLM protests also produce their intended effect.
</p>
<h3 id="1UgRGJ">
A few quick notes on methodology
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="q7WREW">
It’s important to understand how Campbell conducted his research and the potential pitfalls when trying to quantify and isolate how protests can affect policy. Researchers who study crime, police lethal force, and protests are hampered by something out of their control: The underlying data can be faulty.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="y4eHkA">
For lethal force data, there’s no federal database to turn to. Instead, Campbell and other researchers have to rely on nonprofit- and media-collected data, which has some drawbacks. This means Campbell may be missing some police homicides in his research.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YJ73Fs">
Harvard University sociologist Joscha Legewie told <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/killings-by-police-declined-after-black-lives-matter-protests1/">Scientific American</a> that the study’s design is “‘very well suited’ for the kind of data Campbell” is looking at.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Z3icDJ">
Additionally, there could be something systematically different about the places that have BLM protests that make them more poised for increased police accountability than places without. For instance, a new mayor or district attorney who championed police reform gets elected and then protest movements mobilize to ensure their desired reforms are implemented.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4jm7FT">
To account for this problem, Campbell controls for various factors — from the localities’<strong> </strong>unemployment rate to the Democratic vote share in the 2008 presidential election — to try to make sure he is isolating the effect of BLM protests on police homicides and other murders. But, unless you’re able to conduct a <a href="https://www.vox.com/2015/1/5/7482871/types-of-study-design">randomized controlled trial</a> (which is impossible for studies like these), there could always be hidden variables that researchers are unable to account for.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iz3Oaz">
To try to further prove his findings are sound, Campbell also shows that before 2014 there were almost<strong> </strong>parallel trends of police homicides in both the places that would go on to see protests and places that wouldn’t. That suggests that what changed in 2014 and beyond <strong>— </strong>regarding both the reduction in police homicides and the increase in murder —<strong> </strong>is likely the effect of the BLM protests, not some other hidden variable.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PeRYr0">
Campbell notes that “BLM did not transform into the protests movement it is known as today until the police killings of Eric Garner in New York City and Michael Brown in Ferguson, MO in 2014,” which is why he begins his research with that year.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/qipacdvmKpUksg-GLN_3MAzzIG4=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22415915/Screen_Shot_2021_04_02_at_10.25.28_AM.png"/>
</figure>
<h3 id="TQ6PN6">
The effect of BLM protests on police lethal use of force
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZG2kHw">
The major finding in the paper is that places with BLM protests experienced a statistically significant decline in police homicides. Further, the biggest declines are when protests are relatively large and/or frequent.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fK3zD3">
Campbell also observes that, over time, the gap in police homicide rates<strong> </strong>widens between places with and without protests. In year zero, he finds a 13 percent drop in police homicides; by year four, that decline expands by 14 percentage points. That means it’s likely that the effect of BLM protests is strong enough to lower the number of police homicides for several years.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7w5coS">
Campbell believes there are three potential mechanisms that could have led to this decline, none of which are mutually exclusive.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5LUhJx">
First, he observed an increase in the use of body cameras and different types of community policing. It’s possible that, in response to BLM protests, police departments implemented reforms that reduced lethal use of force. Campbell’s research finds a significant increase in the likelihood of an agency obtaining body-worn cameras (55.3 percent), patrol officers within a designated geographic area (20.6 percent), and SARA officers, a type of community policing (57.5 percent).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SoigzG">
The existing literature on body cameras is <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/7/21/15983842/police-body-cameras-failures">mixed</a>, though, undercutting the idea that widespread body camera use alone is the driving force behind declining instances of police brutality.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="i8jKdy">
A Brookings Institution expert <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2017/10/25/do-body-worn-cameras-improve-police-behavior/">explained</a> that while randomized trials “in American and European police departments found that body worn camera’s reduced the number of complaints filed by local residents against the police … they showed mixed effects on use of force by and against police officers.” In a <a href="https://bwc.thelab.dc.gov/TheLabDC_MPD_BWC_Working_Paper_10.20.17.pdf">major 2017 study</a> conducted in Washington, DC, the researchers found that “the behavior of officers who wore cameras all the time was indistinguishable from the behavior of those who never wore cameras.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MAh5ZG">
One bright spot in the research on body cameras<strong> </strong>is a <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JOHZQ047H0baWGEOGiDauNdZ5TEQuzut/view">recent job market paper</a> by University of Chicago economics researcher Taeho Kim; the nationwide study found that the use of these cameras reduced police-involved homicides by 43 percent.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nHBSXh">
As for other elements of this possible explanation, the research is less clear.<strong> </strong>Campbell writes that the lethal force impact of expanding community policing and patrols is “understudied,” but activists have frequently called for community policing in response to instances of police brutality.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Lw48gv">
Wasow explained that it may not be the specific reforms per se but that the increase of administrative or training changes indicates more people are taking accountability seriously within the justice system. Accountability culture is hard to measure, so researchers can observe it in an uptick in measures like body-worn cameras or community policing. If this is true, police reform may have less to do with specific policies than just an increased commitment to holding officers to a higher standard.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/lGRHKr78CJTZ3MKbf4E6jp2C52U=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22426723/Screen_Shot_2021_04_07_at_10.42.42_AM.png"/>
<figcaption>
The figures show the location of police homicides and Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests from 2000 to 2019. Blue denotes BLM protests. Red indicates a police homicide.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SjA4Zg">
The second mechanism is that civilians are becoming more wary of the police in the aftermath of these protests and the publicizing of instances of police homicides. That could mean people call 911 less or engage with police officers less of their own volition, which has the effect of reducing civilian/police interactions and thereby fatal interactions as well.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VWbeDY">
Finally, the third mechanism is something called the Ferguson effect: the supposition that protests against police brutality reduce officer morale and effort due to the <a href="https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=061081024013114030071019118011105014032053053031010004101023103030127021026092072124054054025045018036026018067125084122117015018000070045050023004068101089014001093050076009017077070023004068103066124083103091117022026076116127068009010030029017095031&amp;EXT=pdf&amp;INDEX=TRUE">“intensified scrutiny from the community and media.”</a> In other words, officers stop doing their jobs as aggressively. This can lead to reduced arrests, especially for less serious crimes like disorderly conduct or marijuana possession.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kBjwVd">
Deepak Premkumar, a research fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, found in <a href="https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=061081024013114030071019118011105014032053053031010004101023103030127021026092072124054054025045018036026018067125084122117015018000070045050023004068101089014001093050076009017077070023004068103066124083103091117022026076116127068009010030029017095031&amp;EXT=pdf&amp;INDEX=TRUE">recently released research</a> that police do reduce their efforts following officer-involved fatalities: Theft arrests fall by 7 percent, and for “quality of life crimes” like disorderly conduct or marijuana possession, arrests decline by up to 23 percent (weed possession alone declines by up to 33 percent).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="byjU1q">
It’s these latter two mechanisms that could explain the increase in murder following BLM protests.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/mIHJvHOmPT5qnj4yut9aqoCi4SQ=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22421582/GettyImages_483541684.jpg"/> <cite>Michael B. Thomas/Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
A St. Louis County Police officer is seen at the conclusion of a protest march on West Florissant Avenue in Ferguson, Missouri, on August 9, 2015.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<h3 id="Ho1l76">
Did BLM protests lead to an increase in murder?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QoxYvn">
This is where things get more speculative. Campbell’s study finds that BLM protests correlate with a 10 percent increase in murder. That is, there were a few thousand more homicides in the places where there were BLM protests than would have been expected if those places followed the same trends as the ones that didn’t see protests.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="udEWQL">
We don’t know why BLM protests correlated with an increase in the murder rate, and there’s not a lot of research in this space to help guide us. Additionally, Campbell’s research question was focused on the effect of BLM protests on police homicides, so these other observed changes regarding other homicides were not subjected to the same robustness tests.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MiNhhf">
A number of factors could be driving the increase. Premkumar, who studied the Ferguson effect, also observed a “significant rise” (10 to 17 percent) in murders and robberies following highly publicized officer-involved fatalities.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="P1PvAR">
But from talking with experts, there are a few ways we can understand what may be happening here.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XB2s9p">
First, it’s possible criminal activity rises in areas that have seen protests because people stop calling the police or working with them out of fear or anger — thereby emboldening criminal behavior. Moreover, some experts believe people will try to resolve their disputes extrajudicially if the system loses legitimacy following a police homicide.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gpXpmD">
If this were happening, we would expect to see a reduction in the reported rates of<strong> </strong>low-level crime — fewer low-level crimes would be reported relative to high-level crimes like murders. Murders are less likely to go unnoticed because, well, there’s a missing person and/or a body. So the murder rate is usually the best indicator of what’s actually going on with crime writ large.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nVg0bO">
Campbell observes a significant increase in the murder rate but a simultaneous 8.4 percent decrease in total property crimes reported. That is consistent with people voluntarily reducing interactions with the police, and other criminologists are in favor of this explanation. However, <a href="https://preprints.apsanet.org/engage/api-gateway/apsa/assets/orp/resource/item/5f28437b8f52f7001a8900a8/original/police-legitimacy-and-citizen-coproduction-how-does-publicized-police-brutality-impact-calling-the-police.pdf">research</a> by Michael Zoorob, a PhD student at Harvard University, finds that “across a large number of cities, incidents, and analytic strategies well-publicized brutality incidents do not reduce 911 calls to report common property or violent crimes,” casting doubt on the idea that police homicides reduce voluntary civilian engagement with police.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/4YnuGMd2qbKE18u5SS5rYK8i3IU=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22416066/Screen_Shot_2021_04_02_at_11.25.36_AM.png"/>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="h0BgRU">
One other possible explanation for the increased murder rate is that law enforcement officials are the ones voluntarily reducing their interactions with the community and as a result emboldening criminal activity. One way to observe whether police are reducing their efforts is to see whether the share of property crimes cleared falls over this period. In other words, are police not trying as hard<strong> </strong>— either because they are demoralized or angry at public scrutiny of their behavior —<strong> </strong>to solve low-level crimes that are reported to them? Campbell observes a 5.5 percent decline in the share of property crimes cleared, which is consistent with police reducing their efforts immediately following the protests.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cZK3RR">
The good news is that even if Campbell’s finding about the increase in murders following BLM protests holds up to further scrutiny, the effect doesn’t appear to last for long. By year four, Campbell no longer observes a statistically significant increase in murders, indicating that whatever is going on with murders is hopefully not long term.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8MycSn">
None of Campbell’s data covers the protests in 2020 or the <a href="https://www.vox.com/22344713/murder-violent-crime-spike-surge-2020-covid-19-coronavirus">rise in murders in 2020</a>. As German Lopez <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/8/3/21334149/murders-crime-shootings-protests-riots-trump-biden">explains</a> for Vox, “some experts have cited the protests this summer over the police killings of George Floyd and others,” but Covid-19 made the year so unusual that experts are cautious about drawing any conclusions yet.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yHxzZe">
</p></li>
<li><strong>How the US could make its new climate target fair — to the rest of the world</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A home flattened by a cyclone." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/DDm7uixYexodHSIorhWq3LgZ8pk=/303x0:2762x1844/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/69100367/1232137347.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Damaged homes in East Flores on April 5, 2021, after Cyclone Seroja dumped rain on Indonesia and East Timor. | Reynold Atagoran/AFP via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Biden is about to announce a new 2030 climate target. Will it go far enough?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wYCe4d">
On April 22, President Biden will convene global leaders for a <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/26/president-biden-invites-40-world-leaders-to-leaders-summit-on-climate/">virtual climate summit</a> in a bid to reassert US leadership and motivate countries to cut emissions much more aggressively.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rTunwz">
Of course, the US is only just recommitting to climate action itself after a long leadership vacuum. During his presidency, Donald Trump tore down <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/climate/trump-environment-rollbacks-list.html?te=1&amp;nl=climate-fwd:&amp;emc=edit_clim_20210120">dozens</a> of environmental regulations and withdrew the US from the Paris climate agreement, undermining global progress to reduce emissions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pFWdCa">
Now, to reassure the world that the US takes the climate threat seriously, Biden plans to announce a new 2030 climate target under the Paris agreement ahead of the summit.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5xUHKv">
The administration is considering a goal to cut emissions somewhere between 48 and 53 percent from 2005 levels by 2030, <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-07/white-house-considering-nearly-doubling-obama-s-climate-pledge?sref=PqmVp1JY">Bloomberg</a> reported Wednesday. This is in line with proposals from many green groups, which have <a href="https://www.eenews.net/stories/1063728291">coalesced </a>around a 50 percent reduction target. While that goal will require significant changes, to take place in less than a decade, many <a href="https://climatenexus.org/international/international-cooperation/ndc-nationally-determined-contribution/?utm_medium=email&amp;_hsmi=120333978&amp;_hsenc=p2ANqtz--gfvWJ4eCR6EzPNLJQ_AURxJCF6FIB8fkbmo7SBxVLpR_AS6LxS0mE6RE8nuqtZRYmfk3xz5HJdVfH9hwEAJ7vWFirdw&amp;utm_content=120333978&amp;utm_source=hs_email">recent studies</a> show it is within reach.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8RjcJq">
But a <a href="http://foe.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/USA_Fair_Shares_NDC.pdf">new report</a>, produced by a group of environmental organizations including Friends of the Earth and the youth-driven<strong> </strong>Sunrise Movement, approaches the question from a different angle. Instead of determining what is feasible for the US, they start by asking: What should the US’s responsibility be in reducing global emissions to keep the planet from warming to dangerous levels?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lssgQa">
The result is a much more audacious vision for US emissions reductions in 2030: 195 percent.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Fb5W7c">
That’s right — they are proposing that the US’s true responsibility isn’t just to eliminate all its emissions by 2030 (which would be 100 percent) but to go even further.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2ejQdT">
The advocacy groups acknowledge that it isn’t actually feasible for the US to pull this off within its own borders. Instead, they suggest that the country reduce its domestic carbon footprint by 70 percent and contribute the remaining 125 percent by financing developing countries’ emissions reductions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="F2ce71">
The authors<strong> </strong>argue that if the US hit these targets, it would be contributing its “fair share” toward tackling climate change, as the world’s largest historical emitter and wealthiest nation.
</p>
<aside id="Yexajh">
<div>
</div>
</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dBNtSF">
Still, the number stretches the imagination compared to other proposals that hew closer to the political reality. But that’s the point. “If we frame our understanding always relative to what we can actually imagine this current Senate doing, it’s not a discussion about what’s actually needed,” said Sivan Kartha, a US-based senior scientist at the Stockholm Environment Institute and co-author of the report.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Weo4BI">
Biden’s new target will inevitably be politically constrained. But as we hurtle toward a future climate that will unleash severe impacts on the people <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/climate-change-economic-inequality-growing">least responsible</a> for the problem, it is worth pausing to consider this question of fairness further.
</p>
<h3 id="jy2JmC">
A broad vision of US climate responsibility — and how much it might cost
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zkjmf5">
To come up with an idea of what the US owes the rest of the world in the climate fight, a broader coalition of civil society groups under the US Climate Action Network met to forge the 195 percent proposal <a href="http://usfairshare.org/files/US_Climate_Fair_Share_Backgrounder.pdf">last summer</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TebKBy">
The process, they argued, should start by casting back in time. As the animation below shows, the US stands out as the biggest historical emitter by a wide margin.
</p>
<div id="EAiYJG">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Animation: The countries with the largest cumulative CO2 emissions since 1750<br/><br/>Ranking as of the start of 2019:<br/><br/>1) US – 397GtCO2<br/>2) CN – 214Gt<br/>3) fmr USSR – 180<br/>4) DE – 90<br/>5) UK – 77<br/>6) JP – 58<br/>7) IN – 51<br/>8) FR – 37<br/>9) CA – 32<br/>10) PL – 27 <a href="https://t.co/cKRNKO4O0b">pic.twitter.com/cKRNKO4O0b</a>
</p>
— Carbon Brief (<span class="citation" data-cites="CarbonBrief">@CarbonBrief</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/CarbonBrief/status/1120715988532629506?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 23, 2019</a>
</blockquote></div></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UDI7dt">
The groups <a href="https://usfairshare.org/backgrounder/">chose</a> to look at the emissions since 1950, when the global economy and emissions really took off. The cumulative emissions figure is relevant because once carbon dioxide molecules enter the atmosphere, they linger for hundreds of years — so past emissions are still very much shaping the trajectory of global warming.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="r5Ohod">
The other major factor in the coalition’s fairness calculation is the capacity any given nation has to tackle the problem. They use a nation’s income as an approximation for capacity but exclude income from individuals below a certain poverty level.
</p>
<aside id="ddiKW8">
<div>
</div>
</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="z1YcBt">
Between these two factors, the coalition concluded that the US is responsible for 39 percent of the global effort to tackle climate change. (You can play around with the <a href="https://calculator.climateequityreference.org/">Climate Equity calculator</a> to see the assumptions behind the final outcome.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JI9oVI">
To take on that share of the burden, the US would have to reduce emissions by 195 percent, or 14 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent, by 2030 from the 2005 level in order to stay in line with what the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has showed is required to keep global warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="woHRFe">
But, as mentioned above, the coalition proposes the US only cut its own emissions 70 percent, or by about <a href="https://usfairshare.org/backgrounder/">4 gigatons</a> domestically.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pPxf9U">
“The 70 percent is not our fair share, it’s what we can manage to do if we really put our minds and muscles to it with the US proper, and the rest of that fair share […] would need to be done by cooperating with other countries — poorer countries,” Kartha explained.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/OXpm7AN0bKJli0UzK2_CIOu6qMs=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22430157/Screen_Shot_2021_04_08_at_11.12.46_AM.png"/> <cite><a class="ql-link" href="http://foe.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/USA_Fair_Shares_NDC.pdf" target="_blank">USA Fair Shares NDC Report</a></cite>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="p7gT2l">
As for the US responsibility to help other countries, the new report also proposed a corresponding financial commitment. Using the lowest estimate for the cost of reducing a ton of carbon, the authors calculate that it would cost the US $570 billion by 2030<strong> </strong>to help other countries reduce emissions enough to meet their 195 percent goal.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4BsNch">
But to also begin to compensate countries for the impacts of climate change already in motion from current warming,<strong> </strong>they argue that the US should funnel similar amounts to adaptation and “<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-dealing-with-the-loss-and-damage-caused-by-climate-change">loss and damage</a>.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bCOdPw">
While funding adaptation would help countries reduce suffering caused by a warmer climate in the near term, funding for “loss and damage” would serve as a form of reparations to compensate countries for irrecoverable damage, say, from sea level rise. The total,<strong> </strong>then, would be somewhere in the order of $1.6 trillion by 2030.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6BYfyl">
These are just initial estimates because these losses are so difficult to calculate. “The questions on the finance side are actually way more — painfully — complex,” said Kartha.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TgvwTB">
To give some perspective, Biden recently proposed spending roughly <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/3/31/22360801/biden-infrastructure-plan-jobs-climate-change-transportation-electricity-justice-labor">$1 trillion</a> on the US clean energy transition over the next eight years, and progressives have called for that amount to be spent annually.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0BGgvk">
Still, $1.6 trillion for other countries is way beyond anything the US has ever openly<strong> </strong>contemplated. So far, we have only given <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-usa-finance-analysis-t/analysis-as-u-s-rejoins-paris-pact-hopes-rise-for-reopening-of-climate-finance-tap-idUSKBN2AJ1BH">$1 billion</a><strong> </strong>total<strong> </strong>in funding to the Green Climate Fund, the United Nations mechanism that supports developing countries to mitigate and adapt to climate change, because Trump refused to provide further support.
</p>
<h3 id="KkN4di">
These numbers might be very ambitious — but the US should move toward them
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kboZ9a">
The coalition isn’t entirely alone in pushing for a much more ambitious 2030 target. The think tanks Climate Analytics and the NewClimate Institute also <a href="https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/846/2021_03_CAT_1.5C-consistent_US_NDC.pdf">proposed</a> a similar fair share: 75 percent for domestic cuts, with further support given to overseas efforts.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZjXw4l">
But the question looms: How technically feasible would achieving such a target be?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zZyaB7">
The new report <a href="https://equitableclimateaction.org/economy-wide-target/">doesn’t reference</a> any particular study informing the choice of a 70 percent domestic target. A 71 percent target was featured in Sen. Bernie Sanders’s <a href="https://www.vox.com/2019/8/22/20827396/bernie-sanders-2020-climate-policy-green-new-deal">climate plan</a> as a presidential candidate<strong>.</strong> Most studies have focused on lower targets, although engineer-inventor Saul Griffith has <a href="https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/21349200/climate-change-fossil-fuels-rewiring-america-electrify">modeled</a><strong> </strong>a path to 70 to 80 percent cuts by 2035.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="h1NPCV">
Dan Lashof, US director for the World Resources Institute, which has recommended a target of <a href="https://www.wri.org/blog/2021/02/5-reasons-us-should-cut-its-ghg-emissions-half-2030">50 percent</a>, said, “Scientifically there is a good case for going much further. I personally don’t see the political or economic forces aligning to get us up into the range of 60 to 70 percent reductions from 2005 levels by 2030. I would love to be wrong, but that’s my judgment.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RD148q">
Just reaching 50 percent cuts will require a significant <a href="https://climatenexus.org/international/international-cooperation/ndc-nationally-determined-contribution/?utm_medium=email&amp;_hsmi=120333978&amp;_hsenc=p2ANqtz--gfvWJ4eCR6EzPNLJQ_AURxJCF6FIB8fkbmo7SBxVLpR_AS6LxS0mE6RE8nuqtZRYmfk3xz5HJdVfH9hwEAJ7vWFirdw&amp;utm_content=120333978&amp;utm_source=hs_email">economy-wide effort</a>, including phasing out<strong> </strong>all US coal plants by 2030. And the Trump years have put the US at a disadvantage compared to other developed countries like the UK and EU where a stable political commitment to climate action has allowed governments to target <a href="https://www.vox.com/22175698/climate-change-treaty-trump-china-eu-uk-paris-agreement-biden">68 and 55 percent</a> cuts, respectively.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SvEz2h">
“There’s no question that the four years under the Trump administration put the US behind the eight-ball and makes the job harder,” said Lashof.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Bq8ClD">
Karen Orenstein, the climate and energy director of the environmental nonprofit Friends of the Earth, who also co-authored the new report, acknowledged that it is unlikely to gain traction politically. “I don’t expect many members of Congress to embrace these numbers, but I also think that you see more new and existing progressive members who are talking about a sea change in how we approach these things,” she said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sqJL9I">
While Biden himself is unlikely to embrace the proposal, Orenstein argued that it reflects his approach to addressing racial and social injustice through climate action domestically, including by allocating 40 percent of the benefits of climate investments to disadvantaged communities. To be a global climate leader, Biden should extend that focus on equity overseas as well. “Biden so far had done a good job talking about centering environmental justice,” she said, “and you can’t restrict that to US borders.”
</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>The Derek Chauvin trial won’t make cops start policing themselves</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Kav4gUPLpEc024738Sgdkc4gnBA=/292x0:3893x2701/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/69100328/1232132974.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Minneapolis Police Chief Medaria Arradondo (pictured above) testified against Derek Chauvin in his murder trial on April 5. | Stephen Maturen/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The officers who testified against Chauvin are simply protecting their legacies.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NgZAoD">
On Monday, prosecutor Steve Schleicher led a line of questioning that perhaps stands as his team’s strongest case against former Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin so far — not because the witness’s testimony was especially riveting but because it was coming from Minneapolis Police Chief Medaria Arradondo.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hOSizv">
That the department’s highest-ranking officer was testifying against a team member immediately set the trial apart. In fact, nine other officers from the Minneapolis Police Department have testified against Chauvin in the past week. While Arradondo, the department’s first Black chief, has testified against an officer before (as assistant chief in a <a href="https://apnews.com/article/f87950f2f05243fbaa7a93bb1f826f1a">highly publicized 2019 case</a> that involved the shooting of an unarmed woman), it’s rare for so many officers to take the stand against a onetime colleague.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ph8IN1">
During his testimony, Arradondo was asked about the nature of the trainings that MPD officers receive, with specific attention paid to MPD policies and protocol like use of force, deescalation, procedural justice, and crisis intervention. And Arradondo did not hold back.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pEXawf">
When asked whether the force that Chauvin used against George Floyd was consistent the MPD policy that authorizes use of reasonable force, he responded, “It is not,” and went on to say of Chauvin’s behavior: “That is not what we teach and that should be condoned.” To a similar question, Arradondo said that he “absolutely” agreed that Chauvin’s restraint violated policy since Chauvin did not apply “light to moderate pressure” on Floyd’s neck. “That in no way, shape, or form is anything that is by policy. It is not part of our training. It is certainly not part of our ethics or our values.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RTQ3kw">
The moment represented a triumph for the prosecution, bolstered by other police testimony so far. The previous day, three officers — including Chauvin’s former supervisor, retired Sgt. David Ploeger; the longest-serving officer at MPD, Lt. Richard Zimmerman; and Inspector Katie Blackwell, who ran the department’s training program when Floyd was killed — all testified against Chauvin’s neck restraint of Floyd, saying it was “uncalled for” and “totally unnecessary.” And in the days after the police chief took the stand, additional officers testified for the prosecution.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wqIddi">
The rare testimony from several officers has led viewers to question whether the “blue wall of silence” — an unwritten gag rule among officers to band together and stay silent when one of their own is under fire for misconduct — was beginning to crumble, a moment of hope that signals a shift that more officers may now be willing to intervene when they observe their colleagues engaging in wrongdoing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fnGC3U">
But a<strong> </strong>different<strong> </strong>reality is likely at play. While the officers’ testimony can be interpreted as a changing tide in an opaque culture, it’s likelier that the high-profile nature of the trial is forcing them to cast Chauvin as the bad apple — the one officer who doesn’t represent the broader department and system of policing, the one they need to throw out — as a way to avoid greater examination of police.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XNNM76">
“They’re throwing Chauvin under the bus because that keeps the bus intact,” Howard University law professor Justin Hansford told Vox. “For each officer who has come forward, this case will determine their legacy.”
</p>
<h3 id="pN3Utu">
The “blue wall” isn’t about friendly camaraderie — it’s about covering up misdeeds
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="E0e7zx">
One of the most respected pillars of policing is loyalty, wrote political science scholar Roberta Ann Johnson in “<a href="http://rutgerspolicyjournal.org/sites/jlpp/files/Johnson_Whistleblowing.pdf">Whistleblowing and the Police</a>.” “Loyalty is exacted with a code of honor that requires officers not to ‘snitch on,’ ‘rat out’ or turn in other officers. The police officers’ respect for and loyalty toward their peer group encourages them to abide by the code of honor and to heed the obligation of silence,” she wrote.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jiDPNn">
Being silent when a colleague engages in wrongful practices like use of excessive force is a norm in policing, one that has prevented reform. In the wake of the brutal Los Angeles Rodney King beating in 1991 that was caught on camera, for example, the city formed the Christopher Commission to investigate the Los Angeles Police Department, including the department’s training practices and cases involving excessive force. The commission’s critical findings, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722124708/http://www.parc.info/client_files/Special%20Reports/1%20-%20Chistopher%20Commision.pdf">released in a report</a>, highlighted how the code of silence among officers was “perhaps the greatest single barrier to the effective investigation and adjudication of complaints.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nhVuTN">
The commission <a href="https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/reports98/police/uspo27.htm#P676_188702.">noted</a> the duty of police to be transparent with the public: “Officers are given special powers, unique in our society, to use force, even deadly force, in the furtherance of their duties. Along with that power, however, must come the responsibility of loyalty first to the public the officers serve. That requires that the code of silence not be used as a shield to hide misconduct.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3LrdNR">
Officers are reluctant to break that code because there are consequences for speaking out. For example, in 2012, Baltimore detective <a href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/&amp;httpsredir=1&amp;article=1568&amp;context=uclf">Joe Crystal reported two fellow officers</a> whom he witnessed assault a drug suspect, though his sergeant warned him not to. After Crystal stepped forward, his colleagues taunted and harassed him, ignored his requests for backup, threatened him with perjury prosecution in the criminal case against the officers he reported, and <a href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/baltimore-joe-crystal_n_7582374">left a dead rat on the windshield of his vehicle</a>. There are <a href="https://theintercept.com/series/code-of-silence/">many</a> <a href="https://www.npr.org/2020/06/13/876628281/what-happens-when-officers-blow-the-whistle-on-police-misconduct">documented</a> <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/what-police-departments-do-whistle-blowers/613687/">cases</a> such as this.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7N290n">
So it’s no surprise that it’s rare for officers to testify against a peer. A 2015 Washington Post <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings/">analysis</a> found that since 2005, 54 police officers nationwide had been criminally charged with murder or manslaughter for shooting and killing someone in the line of duty. The study found that a fellow police officer gave statements or testified against the shooter in just 12 of those cases.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ENYW8x">
And even when officers do testify for the prosecution, it’s not always certain they’ll act with integrity.<strong> </strong>Officers may engage in “<a href="https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/reports98/police/uspo27.htm#P676_188702.">testilying</a>” — a <a href="https://www.themarshallproject.org/records/5544-testilying">specific term for officers</a> providing <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/18/nyregion/testilying-police-perjury-new-york.html">false testimony</a> in court.<strong> </strong>In the 2016 trial of Ray Tensing, the former officer charged with murder and manslaughter for fatally shooting Samuel DuBose during a July 2015 traffic stop, <a href="https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/tensing/2016/11/02/when-cops-testify-against-cops/93111684/">some experts concluded</a> that two officers who testified against Tensing were untruthful on the stand in an effort to abide by the code of silence. In their testimony, the officers maintained that they did not see the fatal encounter, though they were present at the scene. After two mistrials, the prosecutors dismissed the murder indictment against Tensing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Pnjm8M">
That’s why it may feel refreshing that Chauvin’s colleagues are testifying against him, saying he did not follow procedure.<strong> </strong>“It’s true that we don’t have many examples of police testifying, especially the police chief testifying against one of their own, because there’s the blue wall and police unions that create an atmosphere where you’re not supposed to ever speak out,” Hansford told Vox. “We often think of the blue wall of silence as a sort of solidarity move or a loyalty pact but often it’s really just a CYA move — cover your own ‘tail.’”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="y8QsXP">
The collection of officers coming forward to testify has less to do with the egregiousness of Floyd’s killing and more to do with the high-profile nature of the case, Hansford said. “These officers have seen people killed before,” he said. “This is about how big this case is. The Mike Brown case, for example, was big, but it didn’t create this level of response. These officers don’t want to be associated with those pictures of Chauvin on Floyd’s neck.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AltrHP">
Christopher Brown, principal attorney at the Brown Firm, which <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/family-of-man-fatally-shot-by-police-reaches-35-million-settlement/2020/07/21/da918e9a-cb6c-11ea-bc6a-6841b28d9093_story.html">has sued police officers in excessive force cases</a>, agrees. “We’re seeing such a heavy reliance upon other officers in the prosecution because of the infamous nature of the death of George Floyd. When you have international protests over the death of a man in the hands of an officer, we have a unique scenario, unfortunately, where officers really want to distance themselves from that behavior,” he said. “No one wants to go down in history as being associated with or trying to defend or stand up for Chauvin. They’re taking the opportunity to protect their own legacies.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="q3WwFy">
Hansford recognizes the media’s instinct to say this is an unprecedented display of officers turning on their own, yet we will not see <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/5/31/21276049/derek-chauvin-tou-thao-kueng-lane-officers-george-floyd-what-we-know">the three former officers directly involved</a> with the May 25 killing testify in this trial.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WQjaoT">
Tou Thao, J. Alexander Kueng, and Thomas K. Lane, who were all fired after Floyd’s death, face their own charges, and <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/floyd-minneapolis-police-blame/2020/09/10/b6367c1c-f37c-11ea-b796-2dd09962649c_story.html">have each presented a different version of events in court documents</a>. They are in disagreement over who was in charge of Floyd’s arrest, furthering the idea that each former officer is trying to save himself.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LR7pun">
“I can’t really say that this is the piercing of the wall until we hear from the people who were right there, until we hear from the people close to Chauvin in the department,” Hansford told Vox. “I don’t know what the officers who were on the scene have to say and the officers who were there in that moment as part of the response.”
</p>
<h3 id="Qo6xMK">
Chauvin’s exoneration would be disastrous for police departments
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3zi71t">
Hansford and Brown see the officers’ testimony against Chauvin as an effort to cling to the toxic “one bad apple” belief — that it’s not the entire system of policing that’s corrupt but just a few officers who are lone actors.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WnWz7X">
“This is certainly the idea that the Minneapolis Police Department is trying to paint — that ‘this is not what our department does’ and ‘this is not how our department trains its officers,’ ‘this is not<strong> </strong>behavior we condone,’” Brown said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pYZ9gf">
And though the officer testimony might seem to be creating an opening for greater accountability when it comes to speaking out against a peer, this might not play out on a broader scale outside of this trial.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XzKQpW">
“Regrettably, I don’t expect to see officers lining up to testify against other officers, but I do expect to see a greater focus on addressing, reevaluating, and updating policies and procedures within departments,” Brown told Vox.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2Ke12Z">
And even when the code of silence is challenged, the culture remains. The brutal <a href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2018/10/4/17887932/jason-van-dyke-trial-laquan-mcdonald-chicago-police-shooting-jury-deliberation">police killing of Black 17-year-old Laquan McDonald</a> in 2014 and the subsequent years of an alleged cover-up on the part of the Chicago Police Department (a <a href="https://www.vox.com/2019/1/17/18187043/laquan-mcdonald-chicago-conspiracy-trial-not-guilty-verdict">judge found</a> officers not guilty of covering up the shooting) rocked the department’s code of silence by bringing to light the city’s and officers’ coordinated effort to withhold the video that shows officers shot McDonald 16 times. Despite this and <a href="https://www.vox.com/2019/1/17/18184158/chicago-police-conspiracy-trial-verdict-mcdonald-van-dyke">other challenges over the years</a>, Chicago’s police department remains <a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-findings-investigation-chicago-police-department">plagued by systemic use of excessive force</a>. A 2017 Justice Department <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3288613-Chicago-Police-Department-Findings.html">investigation found</a> that Chicago had received more than 30,000 complaints of police misconduct from 2011 to 2016, but there was no discipline for police officers in 98 percent of the cases.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="erLvLF">
To Hansford, Chauvin’s acquittal would be damaging for police officers since that would mean more protests and more pressure to change. “It would be cataclysmic. We don’t know if it’ll be another Rodney King situation. And if he’s exonerated, a lot of people will say this is something that’s allowed in the rules. They’re going to have more pressure to change the rules, and police don’t want those rules changed.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ABDjiu">
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Indian Premier League 2021 | It’s MSD vs Pant as CSK takes on DC</strong> - Delhi Capitals ended runners-up last season while Chennai Super Kings had a forgettable IPL 2020.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Football | India women lose to Belarus</strong> - The Indian women’s football team lost 2-1 to Belarus in its second international friendly here on Thursday.While both the sides played out an even fir</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Euro Leagues | Lukaku powers Inter closer to title</strong> - Juventus inches up to third with a win over Napoli</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2021 | Withdrew due to COVID-19: Josh Hazlewood</strong> - The Chennai Super Kings speedster became the third Australian after Josh Philippe (Royal Challengers Bangalore) and Mitchell Marsh (Sunrisers Hyderabad) to withdraw this season</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2021 | Gun slinger takes on smooth operator in the season opener</strong> - RCB’s batting firepower will test Mumbai Indians’ balance</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID vaccine stock to finish in two days, provide at least 30 lakh doses: Gehlot to PM</strong> - Rajasthan Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot has written to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, saying the stock of coronavirus vaccine in the state will finish</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>MP: 11-day ‘yagna’ against COVID-19 begins at Ujjain temple</strong> - An 11-day ‘yagna’ (ritual fire) against coronavirus began at the famous Mahakaleshwar temple in Ujjain city of Madhya Pradesh on Friday morning.The</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A solo march against farm laws</strong> - Ex-techie communicates with people on minimum support price and other issues while on the way to Delhi</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Night shift employees must reach place of work before 10 p.m. during corona curfew</strong> - The Karnataka government on Friday came out with guidelines for corona curfew (night curfew) which would come into effect in urban areas of seven citi</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Six arrested in Dalit youth murder case</strong> - The police have made arrangements to ensure compensation for the family of the victim’s under the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Prince Philip has died aged 99, Buckingham Palace announces</strong> - Prince Philip, the Queen’s husband of 73 years, had recently spent time in hospital with an infection.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine conflict: Moscow could ‘defend’ Russia-backed rebels</strong> - A senior Kremlin official issues a warning as tensions rise in eastern Ukraine.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Belfast: Police attacked during another night of violence</strong> - Petrol bombs and fireworks have been thrown at police near a peaceline in Northern Ireland.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Czech vaccines: European rights court backs mandatory pre-school jabs</strong> - Families had challenged the Czech government’s ban on unvaccinated children entering pre-schools.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COP26: Greta Thunberg says Glasgow summit should be postponed</strong> - The climate campaigner is concerned about the impact of Covid on attendance at the Glasgow summit.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Comcast nightmare: Six months without Internet despite $5,000 payment</strong> - Comcast falsely said service was available, still hasn’t delivered 6 months later. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1755494">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Windows and Linux devices are under attack by a new cryptomining worm</strong> - With new exploits and capabilities, the Sysrv botnet poses a growing threat. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1755573">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rocket Report: SpaceX abandons catching fairings, ULA bets on upper stages</strong> - “All of the resistance, that is going to be gradually disappearing.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1755533">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>DNA analysis solves curious case of the stillborn fetus in the bishop’s coffin</strong> - The fetus was probably the grandson of 17th-century Swedish Bishop Peder Winstrup. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1755510">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Partial count shows Amazon workers rejecting union by a 2-to-1 margin</strong> - With almost half the Bessemer votes counted, there were 463 yeses and 1,100 nos. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1755663">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>I’m giving up drinking, for a month.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
<em>(oops, incorrect punctuation)</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I’m giving up. Drinking for a month.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/mptpro"> /u/mptpro </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mn5opa/im_giving_up_drinking_for_a_month/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mn5opa/im_giving_up_drinking_for_a_month/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>What’s Sisyphus’ least favorite band?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Rolling Stones
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/DanielRJonesWriter"> /u/DanielRJonesWriter </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mn2bb2/whats_sisyphus_least_favorite_band/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mn2bb2/whats_sisyphus_least_favorite_band/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>I told my boss that three companies were after me, so I needed a raise in pay to stay in my current job. He asked which companies?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I told him the gas, electric, and phone companies.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Lebnene-min-Saida"> /u/Lebnene-min-Saida </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mn79h8/i_told_my_boss_that_three_companies_were_after_me/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mn79h8/i_told_my_boss_that_three_companies_were_after_me/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>I’m 25 years old and finally decided to tell my parents and the rest of my family that I don’t want kids</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The look on my mom and dad’s face was pretty judgmental, but my wife and two children took it really, really hard.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/pikindaguy"> /u/pikindaguy </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mn923t/im_25_years_old_and_finally_decided_to_tell_my/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mn923t/im_25_years_old_and_finally_decided_to_tell_my/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>I once went to visit Japan and I haven’t seen a single ninja.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Impressive.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Year-20-20"> /u/Year-20-20 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mmq2og/i_once_went_to_visit_japan_and_i_havent_seen_a/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mmq2og/i_once_went_to_visit_japan_and_i_havent_seen_a/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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