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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Creatures of the state? Metropolitan counties compensated for state inaction in initial U.S. response to COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
<div>
Societal responses to crises require coordination at multiple levels of organization. Exploring early efforts to contain COVID-19 in the U.S., we argue that local governments can act to ensure systemic resilience and recovery when higher-level governments fail to do so. Event history analyses show that large, more urban areas experience COVID-19 more intensely due to high population density and denser socioeconomic networks. But metropolitan counties were also among the first to adopt shelter-in-place orders. Analyzing the statistical predictors of when counties moved before their states, we find that the hierarchy of counties by size and economic integration matters for the timing of orders, where both factors predict earlier shelter-in-place orders. In line with sociological theories of urban governance, we also find evidence of an important governance dimension to the timing of orders. Liberal counties in conservative states were more than twice as likely to adopt a policy and implement one earlier in the pandemic, suggesting that tensions about how to resolve collective governance problems are important in the socio-temporal dynamic of responses to COVID-19. We explain this behavior as a substitution effect in which more urban local governments, driven by risk and necessity, step up into the action vacuum left by higher levels of government and become national policy leaders and innovators.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/b5hj3/" target="_blank">Creatures of the state? Metropolitan counties compensated for state inaction in initial U.S. response to COVID-19 pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 spike downregulates tetherin to enhance viral spread</strong> -
<div>
The antiviral restriction factor, tetherin, blocks the release of several different families of enveloped viruses, including the Coronaviridae. Tetherin is an interferon-induced protein that forms parallel homodimers between the host cell and viral particles, linking viruses to the surface of infected cells and inhibiting their release. We demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 downregulates tetherin to aid its release from cells, and investigate potential proteins involved in this process. Loss of tetherin from cells caused an increase in SARS-CoV-2 viral titre. We find SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to be responsible for tetherin downregulation, rather than ORF7a as previously described for the 2002-2003 SARS-CoV. We instead find ORF7a to be responsible for Golgi fragmentation, and expression of ORF7a in cells recapitulates Golgi fragmentation observed in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425396v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 spike downregulates tetherin to enhance viral spread</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Self-organized stem cell-derived human lung buds with proximo-distal patterning and novel targets of SARS-CoV-2</strong> -
<div>
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the global COVID-19 pandemic and the lack of therapeutics hinders pandemic control1-2. Although lung disease is the primary clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients1-3, how SARS-CoV-2 induces tissue pathology in the lung remains elusive. Here we describe a high-throughput platform to generate tens of thousands of self-organizing, nearly identical, and genetically matched human lung buds derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) cultured on micropatterned substrates. Strikingly, in vitro-derived human lung buds resemble fetal human lung tissue and display in vivo-like proximo-distal coordination of alveolar and airway tissue differentiation whose 3D epithelial self-organization is directed by the levels of KGF. Single-cell transcriptomics unveiled the cellular identities of airway and alveolar tissue and the differentiation of WNThi cycling alveolar stem cells, a human-specific lung cell type4. These synthetic human lung buds are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronaviruses and can be used to track cell type-dependent susceptibilities to infection, intercellular transmission and cytopathology in airway and alveolar tissue in individual lung buds. Interestingly, we detected an increased susceptibility to infection in alveolar cells and identified cycling alveolar stem cells as targets of SARS-CoV-2. We used this platform to test neutralizing antibodies isolated from convalescent plasma that efficiently blocked SARS-CoV-2 infection and intercellular transmission. Our platform offers unlimited, rapid and scalable access to disease-relevant lung tissue that recapitulate key hallmarks of human lung development and can be used to track SARS-CoV-2 infection and identify candidate therapeutics for COVID-19.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425622v1" target="_blank">Self-organized stem cell-derived human lung buds with proximo-distal patterning and novel targets of SARS-CoV-2</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Distinct mutations and lineages of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the early phase of COVID-19 global pandemic and subsequent global expansion</strong> -
<div>
A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has caused over 8538 million cases and over 1.8 1 million deaths worldwide since it occurred twelve months ago in Wuhan, China. Here we first analyzed 4,013 full-length SARS-CoV-2 genomes from different continents over a 14-week timespan since the outbreak in Wuhan, China. 2,954 unique nucleotide substitutions were identified with 31 of the 4,013 genomes remaining as ancestral type, and 952 (32.2%) mutations recurred in more than one genome. A viral genotype from the Seafood Market in Wuhan featured with two concurrent mutations was the dominant genotype (80.9%) of the pandemic. We also identified unique genotypic compositions from different geographic locations, and time-series viral genotypic dynamics in the early phase that reveal transmission routes and subsequent expansion. We also used the same approach to analyze 261,350 full-length SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the world over 12 months since the outbreak (i.e. all the available viral genomes in the GISAID database as of 25 December 2020). Our study indicates the viral genotypes can be utilized as molecular barcodes in combination with epidemiologic data to monitor the spreading routes of the pandemic and evaluate the effectiveness of control measures.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425339v1" target="_blank">Distinct mutations and lineages of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the early phase of COVID-19 global pandemic and subsequent global expansion</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Predicting the COVID-19 epidemic in Algeria using the SIR model</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The aim of this study is to predict the daily infected cases with Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Algeria. We apply the SIR model on data from 25 February 2020 to 24 April 2020 for the prediction. Following Huang et al [12], we develop two SIR models, an optimal model and a model in a worst-case scenario COVID-19. We estimate the parameters of our models by minimizing the negative log likelihood function using the Nelder- Mead method. Based on the simulation of the two models, the epidemic peak of COVID-19 is predicted to attain 24 July 2020 in a worst-case scenario, and the COVID-19 disease is expected to disappear in the period between September 2020 and November 2020 at the latest. We suggest that Algerian authorities need to implement a strict containment strategy over a long period to successfully decrease the epidemic size, as soon as possible.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.25.20079467v7" target="_blank">Predicting the COVID-19 epidemic in Algeria using the SIR model</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Natural variants in SARS-CoV-2 S protein pinpoint structural and functional hotspots; implications for prophylaxis strategies</strong> -
<div>
The SARS-CoV-2 viral genome mutates incessantly as it spreads in the world and the gene for the Spike (S) protein, critical for viral transmission into humans, is no exception. Analysis of 4,517 variants isolated from humans identified regions with few mutations, thus pinpointing important functional and structural sites in the S protein. This information can guide the development of effective prophylactic agents to arrest the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425340v1" target="_blank">Natural variants in SARS-CoV-2 S protein pinpoint structural and functional hotspots; implications for prophylaxis strategies</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Role of spatial patterning of N-protein interactions in SARS-CoV-2 genome packaging</strong> -
<div>
Viruses must efficiently and specifically package their genomes while excluding cellular nucleic acids and viral sub-genomic fragments. Some viruses use specific packaging signals, which are conserved sequence/structure motifs present only in the full-length genome. Recent work has shown that viral proteins important for packaging can undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), where one or two viral nucleic acid binding proteins condense with the genome. The compositional simplicity of viral components lends itself well to theoretical modeling compared to more complex cellular organelles. Viral LLPS can be limited to one or two viral proteins and a single genome that is enriched in LLPS-promoting features. In our previous study, we observed that LLPS-promoting sequences of SARS-CoV-2 are located at the 5' and 3' ends of the genome, whereas the middle of the genome is predicted to consist mostly of solubilizing elements. Is this arrangement sufficient to drive single genome packaging, genome compaction, and genome cyclization? We addressed these questions using a coarse-grained polymer model, LASSI, to study the LLPS of nucleocapsid protein with RNA sequences that either promote LLPS or solubilization. With respect to genome compaction and cyclization, we find the most optimal arrangement restricts LLPS-promoting elements to the 5' and 3' ends of the genome, consistent with the native spatial patterning. Single genome packaging is possible for diverse arrangements of LLPS-promoting sequences in the genome, but only in limited conditions at the edge of the phase boundary. These results suggest that many and variably positioned LLPS promoting signals can support packaging in the absence of a singular packaging signal which argues against necessity of such a feature. We hypothesize that this model should be generalizable to multiple viruses as well as cellular organelles like paraspeckles, which enrich specific, long RNA sequences in a defined order.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425605v1" target="_blank">Role of spatial patterning of N-protein interactions in SARS-CoV-2 genome packaging</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 RBD in vitro evolution follows contagious mutation spread, yet generates an able infection inhibitor</strong> -
<div>
SARS-CoV-2 is constantly evolving, with more contagious mutations spreading rapidly. Using in vitro evolution to affinity maturate the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein towards ACE2, resulted in the more contagious mutations, S477N, E484K, and N501Y to be among the first selected. This includes the British and South-African variants. Plotting the binding affinity to ACE2 of selected RBD mutations against their incidence in the population shows a strong correlation between the two. Further in vitro evolution enhancing binding by 600-fold provides guidelines towards potentially new evolving mutations with even higher infectivity. Yet, the high-affinity RBD is also an efficient drug, inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection. The 2.9A Cryo-EM structure of the high-affinity complex, including all rapidly spreading mutations provides structural basis for future drug development.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.425392v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 RBD in vitro evolution follows contagious mutation spread, yet generates an able infection inhibitor</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Zinc-embedded fabrics inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus</strong> -
<div>
Infections with respiratory viruses can spread via liquid droplets and aerosols, and cause diseases such as influenza and COVID-19. Face masks and other personal protective equipment (PPE) can act as barriers that prevent the spread of respiratory droplets containing these viruses. However, influenza A viruses and coronaviruses are stable for hours on various materials, which makes frequent and correct disposal of these PPE important. Metal ions embedded into PPE may inactivate respiratory viruses, but confounding factors such as absorption of viruses make measuring and optimizing the inactivation characteristics difficult. Here we used polyamide 6.6 (PA66) fibers that had zinc ions embedded during the polymerisation process and systematically investigated if these fibers can absorb and inactivate pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus H1N1. We find that these viruses are readily absorbed by PA66 fabrics and inactivated by zinc ions embedded into this fabric. The inactivation rate (pfu.gram-1.min-1) exceeds the number of active virus particles expelled by a cough and supports a wide range of viral loads. Moreover, we found that the zinc content and the virus inactivating property of the fabric remain stable over 50 standardized washes. Overall, these results provide new insight into the development of "pathogen-free" PPE and better protection against RNA virus spread.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.365833v3" target="_blank">Zinc-embedded fabrics inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Gamma-irradiated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, OZG-38.61.3, confers protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge in human ACEII-transgenic mice</strong> -
<div>
The SARS-CoV-2 virus caused one of the severest pandemic around the world. The vaccine development for urgent use became more of an issue during the pandemic. An inactivated virus formulated vaccines such as Hepatitis A, inactivated polio, and influenza has been proven to be a reliable approach for immunization for long years. In this pandemic, we produced an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate by modification of the oldest but the most experienced method that can be produced quickly and tested easily rather than the recombinant vaccines. Here, we optimized an inactivated virus vaccine which includes the gamma irradiation process for the inactivation as an alternative to classical chemical inactivation methods so that there is no extra purification required. Also, we applied the vaccine candidate (OZG-38.61.3) using the intradermal route in mice which decreased the requirement of a higher concentration of inactivated virus for proper immunization unlike most of the classical inactivated vaccine treatments. Thus, the novelty of our vaccine candidate (OZG-38.61.3) is a non-adjuvant added, gamma-irradiated, and intradermally applied inactive viral vaccine. We first determined the efficiency and safety dose (either 1013 or 1014 viral copy per dose) of the OZG-38.61.3 in Balb/c mice. Next, to test the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the OZG-38.61.3, we immunized human ACE2-encoding transgenic mice and infected them with a dose of infective SARS-CoV-2 virus for the challenge test. We showed that the vaccinated mice showed lowered SARS-CoV-2 viral copy number in oropharyngeal specimens along with humoral and cellular immune responses against the SARS-CoV-2, including the neutralizing antibodies similar to those shown in Balb/c mice without substantial toxicity. This study encouraged us towards a new promising strategy for inactivated vaccine development (OZG-38.61.3) and the Phase 1 clinical trial for the COVID-19 pandemic.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.356667v2" target="_blank">Gamma-irradiated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, OZG-38.61.3, confers protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge in human ACEII-transgenic mice</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A COVID Moonshot: assessment of ligand binding to the SARS-CoV-2 main protease by saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy.</strong> -
<div>
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological cause of the coronavirus disease 2019, for which no effective therapeutics are available. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) is essential for viral replication and constitutes a promising therapeutic target. Many efforts aimed at deriving effective Mpro inhibitors are currently underway, including an international open-science discovery project, codenamed COVID Moonshot. As part of COVID Moonshot, we used saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance (STD-NMR) spectroscopy to assess the binding of putative Mpro ligands to the viral protease, including molecules identified by crystallographic fragment screening and novel compounds designed as Mpro inhibitors. In this manner, we aimed to complement enzymatic activity assays of Mpro performed by other groups with information on ligand affinity. We have made the Mpro STD-NMR data publicly available. Here, we provide detailed information on the NMR protocols used and challenges faced, thereby placing these data into context. Our goal is to assist the interpretation of Mpro STD-NMR data, thereby accelerating ongoing drug design efforts.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.156679v2" target="_blank">A COVID Moonshot: assessment of ligand binding to the SARS-CoV-2 main protease by saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Oxygen saturation instability in suspected covid-19 patients; contrasting effects of reduced VA/Q and shunt.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Patients in the UK at risk of Covid-19 pneumonia, but not needing immediate hospital attention, are to be given pulse oximeters to identify a fall in oxygen saturation (SaO2 or SpO2) at home. A recent finding in Covid-19 pneumonia is a dominant reduction in ventilation to perfused alveoli (VA/Q). A mathematical model of gas exchange was used to predict the effect of shunt or reduced VA/Q on SaO2 stability inferred from the slope of the PIO2 vs SaO2 curve as it intersected the line representing ambient PIO2. A ±1 kPa variation in PIO2 predicted a 1.5% and 8% change in SpO2 with 15% shunt and 0.4 VA/Q respectively. As a consistency check, two patients with pre-existing lung disease and 12 hour continuous SpO2 monitoring breathing air had gas exchange impairment analysed in terms of shunt and reduced VA/Q. The patient with 16% shunt and normal VA/Q had a stable but reduced SpO2 (circa 93±1%) throughout the 12 hr period. The patient with a VA/Q reduced to 0.48 had SpO2 ranging from 75-95% during the same period. SpO2 monitoring in suspected covid-19 patients should focus on SpO2 varying &gt;5% in 30 minutes. Such instability in at risk patients is not diagnostic of Covid -19 pneumonia but this may be suspected from a dominant reduction in VA/Q if episodic hypoxaemia has progressed from a stable SpO2. Key words. Covid-19, Respiratory Measurement, Pneumonia, ARDS, VA/Q, Shunt, Oxygen Saturation.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.20248126v3" target="_blank">Oxygen saturation instability in suspected covid-19 patients; contrasting effects of reduced VA/Q and shunt.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Stability of the stroke code during the COVID-19 pandemic in the region of Madrid: a retrospective study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Acute Stroke (AS) is the most common time-dependent disease attended in the Emergency Medicine Service (EMS) of Madrid (SUMMA 112). Community of Madrid has been one of the most affected regions in Spain by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic. A significant reduction in AS hospital admissions has been reported during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the same period one year before. We aimed to examine the impact of the COVID-19 in stroke codes (SC) in our EMS among three periods of time: the COVID-19 period, the same period the year before, and the 2019-2020 seasonal influenza period. Results: We found no significant reduction in SC during the COVID-19 pandemic. The reduction of hospital admissions might be attributable to patients attending to the hospital by their own means. The maximum SC workload seen during the seasonal influenza has not been reached during the pandemic. We detected a non-significant deviation from the SC protocol, with a slight increase in hospitals9 transfers to non-stroke ready hospitals.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.10.20246892v2" target="_blank">Stability of the stroke code during the COVID-19 pandemic in the region of Madrid: a retrospective study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Probabilistic approaches for classifying highly variable anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Antibody responses vary widely between individuals1, complicating the correct classification of low-titer measurements using conventional assay cut-offs. We found all participants in a clinically diverse cohort of SARS-CoV-2 PCR+ individuals (n=105), and n=33 PCR+ hospital staff, to have detectable IgG specific for pre-fusion-stabilized spike (S) glycoprotein trimers, while 98% of persons had IgG specific for the receptor-binding domain (RBD). However, anti-viral IgG levels differed by several orders of magnitude between individuals and were associated with disease severity, with critically ill patients displaying the highest anti-viral antibody titers and strongest in vitro neutralizing responses. Parallel analysis of random healthy blood donors and pregnant women (n=1,000) of unknown serostatus, further demonstrated highly variable IgG titers amongst seroconverters, although these were generally lower than in hospitalized patients and included several measurements that scored between the classical 3 and 6SD assay cut-offs. Since the correct classification of seropositivity is critical for individual- and population-level metrics, we compared different probabilistic algorithms for their ability to assign likelihood of past infection. To do this, we used tandem anti-S and -RBD IgG responses from our PCR+ individuals (n=138) and a large cohort of historical negative controls (n=595) as training data, and generated an equal-weighted learner from the output of support vector machines and linear discriminant analysis. Applied to test samples, this approach provided a more quantitative way to interpret anti-viral titers over a large continuum, scrutinizing measurements overlapping the negative control background more closely and offering a probability-based diagnosis with potential clinical utility. Especially as most SARS-CoV-2 infections result in asymptomatic or mild disease, these platform-independent approaches improve individual and epidemiological estimates of seropositivity, critical for effective management of the pandemic and monitoring the response to vaccination.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.20155937v5" target="_blank">Probabilistic approaches for classifying highly variable anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Mathematical Modeling of Coronavirus Reproduction Rate with Policy and Behavioral Effects</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
In this paper a modified mathematical model based on the SIR model used which can predict the spreading of the corona virus disease (COVID-19) and its effects on people in the days ahead. This model considers all the death, infected and recovered characteristics of this disease. To determine the extent of the risk posed by this novel coronavirus; the transmission rate (R_0) is utilized for a time period from the beginning of spreading virus. Particularly it includes a novel policy to capture the Ro response in the virus spreading over time. The model estimates the vulnerability of the pandemic according to the method of John H. Cochrane method :with a prediction of new cases by estimating a time-varying R_0 to capture changes in the behavior of SIR model implies to new policy taken at different times and different locations of the world. This modified SIR model with the different values of R_0 can be applied to different country scenario using the real time data report provided by the authorities during this pandemic. The effective evaluation of R_0 can forecast the necessity of lockdown as well as reopening the economy.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.20133330v3" target="_blank">Mathematical Modeling of Coronavirus Reproduction Rate with Policy and Behavioral Effects</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dendritic Cell Vaccine to Prevent COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: AV-COVID-19<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Indonesia-MoH;   Aivita Biomedical, Inc.;   PT AIVITA Biomedika Indonesia;   National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia;   RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang, indonesia;   Faculty of Medicine University of Diponegoro, Indonesia<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate MVC-COV1901 Vaccine Against COVID-19 in Adult</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19 Vaccine<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: MVC-COV1901(S protein with adjuvant);   Biological: MVC-COV1901(Saline)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corp.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect of Tenofovir/Emtricitabine in Patients Recently Infected With SARS-COV2 (Covid-19) Discharged Home</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: tenofovir disoproxil and emtricitabine<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University Hospital, Caen<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety and Immunogenicity of Two Different Strengths of the Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine ERUCOV-VAC</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Vaccine<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: ERUCOV-VAC;   Other: Placebo Vaccine<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Health Institutes of Turkey;   TC Erciyes University<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>AZD1222 Vaccine in Combination With rAd26-S (Component of Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccine) for the Prevention of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: AZD1222;   Biological: rAd26-S<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   AstraZeneca;   R-Pharm;   The Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF);   The Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology &amp; Microbiology<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy of Ramdicivir and Baricitinib for the Treatment of Severe COVID 19 Patients</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Covid19;   Covid-19 ARDS<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Remdesivir;   Drug: Baricitinib;   Drug: Tocilizumab<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   M Abdur Rahim Medical College and Hospital;   First affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaoting University<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effect of Deep Breathing Exercise on Dyspnea, Anxiety and Quality of Life in Patients Treated for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Deep Breathing Exercise with Triflo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Ankara University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study in Adults to Determine the Safety and Immunogenicity of AZD1222, a Non-replicating ChAdOx1 Vector Vaccine, Given in Combination With rAd26-S, Recombinant Adenovirus Type 26 Component of Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccine, for the Prevention of COVID-19.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: AZD1222;   Biological: rAd26-S<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   R-Pharm;   AstraZeneca<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Surgical Face Mask Effects in Patients With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Sit-To-Stand test<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc- Université Catholique de Louvain<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy of Favipiravir in Treatment of Mild &amp; Moderate COVID-19 Infection in Nepal</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Favipiravir;   Drug: Placebo;   Drug: Remdesivir<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Nepal Health Research Council<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dendritic Cell Vaccine, AV-COVID-19, to Prevent COVID-19 Infection</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: AV-COVID-19;   Other: GM-CSF<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Aivita Biomedical, Inc.;   PT AIVITA Biomedika Indonesia;   Indonesia Ministry of Health;   National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Clinical Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Amizon® Max in the Treatment of Moderate Covid-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid-19 Disease<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Enisamium Iodide;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Joint Stock Company "Farmak"<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Safety and Efficacy of SCTA01 Against COVID-19 in Patients Admitted to High Dependence or Intensive Care</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: SCTA01;   Biological: SCTA01 Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Sinocelltech Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Feasibility of Remote Evaluation and Monitoring of Acoustic Pathophysiological Signals With External Sensor Technology in Covid-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: Senti V1.0 Device<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Senti Tech Ltd;   Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>RescuE pLAsma eXchange in Severe COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Therapeutic Plasma Exchange;   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Therapeutic plasma exchange<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Heidelberg University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Covid 19 - Chewing Gum</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU313269181">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A traditional Chinese medicine composition for COVID-19 and/or influenza and preparation method thereof</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU313300659">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>STOCHASTIC MODEL METHOD TO DETERMINE THE PROBABILITY OF TRANSMISSION OF NOVEL COVID-19</strong> - The present invention is directed to a stochastic model method to assess the risk of spreading the disease and determine the probability of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=IN313339294">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The use of human serum albumin (HSA) and Cannabigerol (CBG) as active ingredients in a composition for use in the treatment of Coronavirus (Covid-19) and its symptoms</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU313251184">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The use of human serum albumin (HSA) and Cannabigerol (CBG) as active ingredients in a composition for use in the treatment of Coronavirus (Covid-19) and its symptoms</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU313251182">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>抑制病毒受体ACE2的COVID-19防治药物及其应用</strong> - 本发明提供了一种抑制病毒受体ACE2的COVID‑19防治药物及其应用。具体地说，本发明提供了中药鹅不食草在制备调节ACE2表达量的药物中的应用。本发明还提供了中药鹅不食草单独或与其它药物组合在制备COVID‑19防治药物中的应用。本发明发现鹅不食草能够使正常肺上皮细胞中ACE2的表达降低，从而降低新型冠状病毒(SARS‑CoV‑2)感染的风险，发挥预防SARS‑CoV‑2感染及治疗COVID‑19的作用。中药鹅不食草成本低，毒副作用小，疗效显著，为COVID‑19的治疗提供了新策略。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN313773195">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>"AYURVEDIC PROPRIETARY MEDICINE FOR TREATMENT OF SEVERWE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2 (SARS-COV-2."</strong> - AbstractAyurvedic Proprietary Medicine for treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)In one of the aspect of the present invention it is provided that Polyherbal combinations called Coufex (syrup) is prepared as Ayurvedic Proprietary Medicine , Aqueous Extracts Mixing with Sugar Syrup form the following herbal aqueous extract coriandrum sativum was used for the formulation of protek.Further another Polyherbal combination protek as syrup is prepared by the combining an aqueous extract of the medicinal herbs including Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica, Aegle marmelos, Zingiber officinale, Ocimum sanctum, Adatoda zeylanica, Piper lingum, Andrographis panivulata, Coriandrum sativum, Tinospora cordiofolia, cuminum cyminum,piper nigrum was used for the formulation of Coufex. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=IN312324209">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>제2형 중증급성호흡기증후군 코로나바이러스 감염 질환의 예방 또는 치료용 조성물</strong> - 본 발명은 화학식 1로 표시되는 화합물, 또는 이의 약학적으로 허용가능한 염; 및 글루카곤 수용체 작용제(glucagon receptor agonist), 위 억제 펩타이드(gastric inhibitory peptide, GIP), 글루카곤-유사 펩타이드 1(glucagon-like peptide 1, GLP-1) 및 글루카곤 수용체/위 억제 펩타이드/글루카곤-유사 펩타이드 1(Glucagon/GIP/GLP-1) 삼중 완전 작용제(glucagon receptors, gastric inhibitory peptide and glucagon-like peptide 1 (Glucagon/GIP/GLP-1) triple full agonist)로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 1종 이상;을 포함하는 제2형 중증급성호흡기증후군 코로나바이러스 감염 질환 예방 또는 치료용 약학적 조성물을 제공한다. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=KR313434044">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Haptens, hapten conjugates, compositions thereof and method for their preparation and use</strong> - A method for performing a multiplexed diagnostic assay, such as for two or more different targets in a sample, is described. One embodiment comprised contacting the sample with two or more specific binding moieties that bind specifically to two or more different targets. The two or more specific binding moieties are conjugated to different haptens, and at least one of the haptens is an oxazole, a pyrazole, a thiazole, a nitroaryl compound other than dinitrophenyl, a benzofurazan, a triterpene, a urea, a thiourea, a rotenoid, a coumarin, a cyclolignan, a heterobiaryl, an azo aryl, or a benzodiazepine. The sample is contacted with two or more different anti-hapten antibodies that can be detected separately. The two or more different anti-hapten antibodies may be conjugated to different detectable labels. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU311608060">link</a></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mundschutz für Brillenträger und Brillenadapter</strong> -
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">Mundschutz bestehend aus einem Abdeckteil für den Mund- und gegebenenfalls den Nasenbereich des Gesichts und einem Bandteil mit mindestens einem Halteband, welches mit den Seiten des Abdeckteil verbunden ist und zur Befestigung des Mundschutzes dient, wobei das Halteband am seitlichen Ende des Abdeckteils fixiert ist und eine Schlaufe bildet, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass an der Schlaufe des Haltebands ein Clip befestigt ist.</p></li>
</ul>
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<ul>
<li><a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=DE313866570">link</a></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>This Violent Insurrection Is What Trump Wanted</strong> - It’s clear that Trump’s supporters took his claims of voter fraud seriously. On Wednesday, they were even willing to storm the Capitol and terrorize Congress on his behalf. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/this-violent-insurrection-is-what-trump-wanted">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Test for Congress’s Commitment to Democracy</strong> - Lawmakers who do not support Donald Trump’s effort to subvert the election will need to keep their wits about them. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/trump-and-republicans-in-congress-could-still-jeopardize-the-election">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Trump and the G.O.P. Lost Georgia. Black Voters Won It</strong> - A final push from the President in Dalton, and the tale told by turnout. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/campaign-chronicles/trump-and-the-gop-lost-georgia-and-black-voters-won-it">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mob Rule in the Capitol</strong> - Five years after the Trump era began, a physical assault on America’s basic symbols of democracy feels both shocking and inevitable. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/mob-rule-in-the-capitol">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Senator Jeff Merkley on the Storming of the Capitol</strong> - The Democrat from Oregon discusses what he witnessed on Wednesday and whether his party should seek to remove President Trump from office before Joe Biden’s Inauguration. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/senator-jeff-merkley-on-the-storming-of-the-capitol">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A majority of House Republicans voted to reject results from Arizona and Pennsylvania</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/nhgf6Hj77GQW9xQdAeN82Sfoqnw=/333x0:3000x2000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/68631297/AP_21006677448271.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Sen. Josh Hawley (R-MO), right, speaks with Sen. Mike Lee (R-UT), left, and Sen. John Cornyn (R-TX), as a joint session of the House and Senate convened to count electoral votes on January 6. | Andrew Harnik/AP
</figcaption>
</figure></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The House certified the election results from Arizona and Pennsylvania, despite objections from over 100 Republicans.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rgRYVW">
The majority of House Republicans still chose to reject electoral votes from Arizona and Pennsylvania, hours after a pro-Trump mob fueled by conspiracy theories <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/1/6/22217307/thousands-trump-supporters-stormed-us-capitol-evacuate">stormed the Capitol</a> Wednesday, leaving one woman dead and a nation rattled.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SJnQsM">
These votes had no material effect on the transition of power. After the Capitol had been cleared, Congress met in a joint session to fulfill its legal obligation to count the Electoral College’s votes, but given that Democrats hold a majority in the House and most Senate Republicans were unwilling to object, there was no path forward, and the votes failed. A majority of both chambers have to reject a state’s votes for an objection to stick.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="h8Okbv">
However, after a day of violent insurrection, it has become too clear just how dangerous it can be to feed into anti-democratic delusions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5LvQMc">
Ever since Alabama Rep. Mo Brooks <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/12/03/rep-mo-brooks-challenge-electoral-college-results-congress/3808498001/">announced his intention to object in early December</a>, the idea gained steam among the Republican caucus; at one point, as many as <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/1/4/22213246/republican-senators-hawley-cruz-cotton-trump-electoral-college-presidential-election-joe-biden">14 Republican senators</a>, led by Sens. Josh Hawley (MO) and Ted Cruz (TX), had signed on to object as well.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6yrxVT">
The objecting members point to baseless allegations of voting irregularities as well as claims that large proportions of their constituents believe the election was stolen as the basis for their stance. However, these Republicans have ignored their own role in fomenting conspiracy theories around the election. Their concerns also fail to account for the overwhelming evidence that there was <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/11/11/21560269/election-virtually-no-evidence-voter-fraud-nyt">no widespread</a> <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/11/6/21552720/trump-2020-campaign-election-irregularities-fraud">voter fraud</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Id3sSw">
President Donald Trump and prominent Republicans’ focus on the normally mundane counting of the votes turned January 6 into perhaps the last showdown for Trump’s supporters who believed the election had been stolen. Marching from a rally where they were egged on by the president himself, rioters flooded into the Capitol and managed to stall the proceedings.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VsKp0A">
The day’s events seemed to have a clear effect on Senate Republicans: In the end, about half of the senators planning to object changed their minds. Only six — 12 percent of the Senate Republican caucus — voted to object. However, <a href="https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2021/roll010.xml">121 House Republicans</a>, or 57 percent of the House Republican caucus, chose to vote in favor of the baseless belief that Arizona’s Electoral College votes were somehow compromised. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/06/congress-electoral-college-vote-live-updates/#link-CBL2QE5C4RH4JMYPJLJGSJWHMI">And 138 House Republicans</a> voted in favor of challenging Pennsylvania’s results.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4ZhHjo">
<a href="https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/politics/tempers-flare-in-house-during-speech-by-conor-lamb/2532702/">Tempers flared during the debate over Pennsylvania</a> in the midst of a fiery speech by Rep. Conor Lamb (D-PA) where he called out some of his Republican colleagues for lying about the fairness of the election. “We know that that attack today, it didn’t materialize out of nowhere, it was inspired by lies — the same lies that you’re hearing in this room tonight. And the members who are repeating those lies should be ashamed of themselves, their constituents should be ashamed of them,” he said.
</p>
<div id="5KwBZc">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
"Get outta here!"<br/><br/>A confrontation breaks out after GOP Rep. Morgan Griffith asks to strike out comments from Rep. Conor Lamb saying Republicans lied about the election.<br/><br/>Lamb replies, "The truth hurts" <a href="https://t.co/wTKxzqAo9U">https://t.co/wTKxzqAo9U</a> <a href="https://t.co/XDA9ArvRrG">pic.twitter.com/XDA9ArvRrG</a>
</p>
— CBS News (<span class="citation">@CBSNews</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/CBSNews/status/1347074886397784064?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 7, 2021</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Us0jgK">
Rep. Morgan Griffith (R-VA) asked for Lamb’s remarks about lies to be stricken from the record, and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) declined. “You say that about me every single day,” she said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WQyFZd">
Disorder briefly broke out, with members talking and shouting and standing. Eventually, order was regained. “The truth hurts,” Lamb said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JHuzbw">
In the early morning hours on Thursday, <a href="https://www.vox.com/22218006/congress-electoral-vote-count-joe-biden-president">Congress formally recognized Joe Biden’s victory</a>.<strong> </strong>He will be sworn in on January 20.
</p>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Should we give one dose of the Covid-19 vaccine to more people? The debate, explained.</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/57vVtozgQiDyxc5ZPpKi7zUXkhs=/0x92:3837x2970/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/68631759/1230445218.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
In Berlin, people line up to get vaccinated against Covid-19. | Tobias Schwarz/AFP via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Britain is delaying the second dose to get more people their first shot. The US isn’t.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wG24oJ">
In the past couple of weeks, experts and pundits have debated a big question surrounding the rollout of the Covid-19 vaccines from Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna: Do we stick to two doses for every person, spaced a couple of weeks apart, as was originally planned? Or should we go ahead and give out single doses to more people<strong> </strong>even when we’re not sure we’ll manage the second dose as<strong> </strong>planned — to get a shot in as many arms as possible, even if there’s less certainty about the efficacy of that approach?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DSlCxm">
Britain has taken the <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-vaccine-fda-united-kingdom-pfizer-dose-timing-significant-risk-public-health/">latter approach,</a> and much of Europe looks inclined to follow. But the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said Monday that the US will not follow them — at least not until we’ve collected more data. High-profile scientists including Dr. Anthony Fauci have said it would <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/02/dr-anthony-fauci-says-us-will-not-delay-second-doses-of-covid-vaccine">be a mistake</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aXzbnl">
To understand this debate, let’s rewind the tape to mid-December, when the FDA issued an emergency use authorization for the <a href="https://www.vox.com/22167841/fda-vaccine-approval-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-eua-coronavirus">Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA vaccine against Covid-19</a>. A similar vaccine from Moderna <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/12/18/22188715/moderna-vaccine-covid-19-fda-emergency-use-authorization-coronavirus">was approved shortly after</a>. Both are highly effective at protecting people from getting sick and dying from the coronavirus. But we are just a few weeks into the rollout and<strong> </strong>we don’t have enough doses, with <a href="https://www.biospace.com/article/warp-speed-in-discussions-with-moderna-to-cut-covid-19-vaccine-dose-in-half/">some 18 million shipped so far</a> for a population of about 330 million<strong> </strong>— and lots of at-risk people aren’t yet vaccinated. Meanwhile, a more contagious virus variant is spreading, and vaccine distribution in the US is going more slowly than initially planned.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5yttrI">
Some prominent<strong> </strong>scientists and public health researchers have <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/01/03/its-time-consider-delaying-second-dose-coronavirus-vaccine/">proposed adapting</a> the US’s vaccine approach in response. They suggest getting as many people the first dose as possible, even if that means there aren’t doses available to deliver the second shot on schedule (three or four weeks after the first dose, depending on the vaccine).<strong> </strong>Both Pfizer and Moderna tested the efficacy of giving people two doses of the vaccine, spaced three weeks (Pfizer) or one month (Moderna) apart. This two-dose regimen is 95 percent effective against the virus. But according to data from their trials, getting just one dose still<strong> </strong>reduces a person’s chances of getting<strong> </strong>Covid-19 by 80 to 90 percent, at least initially.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vYznE9">
That finding is what has prompted the proposal that we delay giving people second doses until everyone has a first dose. The idea is simple: You have two people eligible for a vaccine. Does it make sense to vaccinate the one who’s already been vaccinated with a second dose, or the one who hasn’t been given a dose<strong> </strong>at all? By using a two-dose regimen, we’re choosing the one already vaccinated, despite the vaccines’ scarcity.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CEg254">
Britain has <a href="https://www.statnews.com/2021/01/04/britain-takes-a-gamble-with-covid-19-vaccines-upping-the-stakes-for-the-rest-of-us/">already moved ahead with such an approach</a>, delaying second vaccinations with the Pfizer and AstraZeneca vaccine for as long as three months in order to get more people the first dose.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="luSZ4g">
The debate over this proposal in the US<strong> </strong>gets at many of the biggest challenges of doing science in the middle of a pandemic like this one. We like to approve drugs and vaccines only once we’re highly confident in our approach — but in a pandemic, we sometimes have to guess with our best informed estimate, not with a rigorously demonstrated solution. Waiting months for additional research could<strong> </strong>cost lives, so we may<strong> </strong>have to decide what we’ll do in the interim as we wait for that work.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="h0clts">
This debate is important in its own right: Figuring out the right way to vaccinate will mean the pandemic ends weeks or months sooner. But it’s also a debate about something deeper, a challenge that has recurred throughout the pandemic: How should we think about expertise and policy in the face of incomplete data and uncertainty?
</p>
<h3 id="Dn1q1u">
The case for delaying the second dose to get more shots into arms now
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O3w7hd">
An mRNA vaccine like the one from Pfizer and Moderna contains a strand of RNA that the body interprets as instructions to build a protein. That protein is a key one on the virus that causes Covid-19, and once the instructions are executed, the immune system sees the unfamiliar protein and learns how to mount an immune response.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CxKRDS">
In the clinical trials, Pfizer and Moderna tested the efficacy of their vaccines by giving two doses, one month apart, to people in the trial group, and giving two placebo shots to people in the control group. Their research was aimed at estimating the efficacy of the whole regimen. But they collected <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2035389">data on outcomes </a>throughout the trial, which means we do know how well the first shot prevented Covid-19 by itself, during the weeks before the second shot was delivered. And the answer is that it worked reasonably well.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5rVdXT">
“We do not know for sure, but for at least a month or more, a single shot mRNA vaccines should provide ~90% protection,” Yale virologist Akiko Iwasaki <a href="https://twitter.com/VirusesImmunity/status/1345086686586400774">wrote in a Twitter thread</a> calling for delaying the second dose, citing an additional Moderna<strong> </strong>analysis of patients who for whatever reason missed their booster shot. Iwasaki’s estimate of 90 percent effectiveness is in the ballpark of estimates from other experts, though it’s an extrapolation from limited data (more on that below).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2Kuo8u">
“Giving 100 million people — particularly those at high risk — a single shot that is 80 to 90 percent effective will save far more lives than giving 50 million people two shots that are 95 percent effective,” Brown University School of Public Health dean Ashish Jha and University of California San Francisco Department of Medicine Chair Robert Wachter argue in a Washington Post <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/01/03/its-time-consider-delaying-second-dose-coronavirus-vaccine/"><strong>op-ed</strong></a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OJGfn9">
There’s not much data on the question of how long the immunity from the first dose will persist without the second dose. But, Wachter and Jha argue in their piece, we don’t see immunity start to wane over the weeks after the first dose, and “experts believe it is extremely unlikely immunity would somehow plummet by week eight or even week 12 following a single shot.” And hopefully by the time immunity does start to decline, there’ll be greater<strong> </strong>availability of vaccine doses, and booster shots can be provided to everyone who needs them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pzj5yC">
What’s uncontroversial among public health officials is that giving two doses, as studied, is the ideal thing to do. We know that the two-dose regimen works. The evidence points to protection from two doses being stronger than protection from one dose. Even the strongest proponents of delaying the second dose agree that in an ideal world, the second dose would happen on time — and some of them have <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/01/03/its-time-consider-delaying-second-dose-coronavirus-vaccine/">argued</a> that for the highest-risk populations, such as those in nursing homes, it’s worth doing a second dose even if the second dose is being delayed for the general population.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gCTLyx">
The dispute is over what to do given the deeply non-ideal situation we face. There aren’t enough vaccines for everyone who wants them. It may be many months before there are. In the meantime, a new, more contagious variant of the virus is spreading, and hospitals are overwhelmed. Ideal solutions, argue proponents of delaying the second dose, aren’t what we have available.
</p>
<h3 id="y2A2bf">
The case for offering the second dose on time
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="89CSKN">
But the US looks unlikely to follow Britain in delaying second doses of the vaccine. In a statement on Monday, the FDA directly addressed the debate, coming down against delaying the second dose.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bVrDrA">
“[A]t this time, suggesting changes to the FDA-authorized dosing or schedules of these vaccines is premature and not rooted solidly in the available evidence,” its <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-statement-following-authorized-dosing-schedules-covid-19-vaccines">statement reads</a>. “Without appropriate data supporting such changes in vaccine administration, we run a significant risk of placing public health at risk, undermining the historic vaccination efforts to protect the population from COVID-19.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WVt3Bd">
After noting that the evidence about the lasting efficacy of a single dose is very limited, the agency statement argues, “If people do not truly know how protective a vaccine is, there is the potential for harm because they may assume that they are fully protected when they are not, and accordingly, alter their behavior to take unnecessary risks.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HPigoa">
“We must not snatch defeat from the jaws of victory by administering vaccines in any way besides that for which they were carefully evaluated,” Georgetown virologist Angela Rasmussen and University of Alberta infectious diseases doctor Ilan Schwartz argued in <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/mrna-vaccines-schedule-covid-19">the Guardian</a>, citing worries that we don’t know how long immunity lasts and that partial immunity could invite the spread of strains that the virus doesn’t address.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dIaOeZ">
Other experts<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/03/health/coronavirus-vaccine-doses.html"> told the New York Times</a> that they worried delaying the second dose would undermine trust in vaccination and increase vaccine hesitancy, making it harder to get everybody vaccinated.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hdmyMb">
“Even the appearance of tinkering has negatives, in terms of people having trust in the process,” Natalie Dean, a biostatistician at the University of Florida, told the Times. “The longer the duration between doses, the more likely people are to forget to come back,” she said, adding, “Or people may not remember which vaccine that they got, and we don’t know what a mix and match might do.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="A1aGUv">
Dr. Moncef Slaoui, scientific adviser to Operation Warp Speed who has himself <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/04/world/the-fda-opposes-halving-moderna-vaccine-doses.html">said Operation Warp Speed is considering using half-doses of the Moderna vaccines</a>, said in an emailed statement to the Times on Sunday that “the approach some countries are taking of delaying the booster shot could backfire and could decrease confidence in the vaccines.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="W8BnwC">
Given the absence of data, some have advocated doing full-fledged studies comparing the efficacy of one dose versus two.<strong> </strong>That’s what physician Peter Bach <a href="https://www.statnews.com/2021/01/04/stop-debating-first-shot-vs-set-aside-hospitals-should-compare-them/">argues at Stat News</a>: “this study could enroll 30,000 participants in a handful of weeks and start generating insights in a few months. If we move on this question, and I can’t think of a more important one to prioritize, preliminary data could be in hand by March.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="v0KZq2">
The FDA’s statement, which mentioned half-dosing and delayed dosing as “reasonable questions to consider and evaluate in clinical trials,” does not seem to rule out such a study, but no one has yet announced plans to<strong> </strong>conduct one.
</p>
<h3 id="KHIDoL">
What the one-shot, two-shot debate has to teach us about uncertainty and science
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FlSZnH">
The pandemic has repeatedly challenged some assumptions of science communications, where journalists confidently report what is evidence-based and what has “no evidence.” That vocabulary has shaped the conversation about vaccine dosing; for example, Pfizer has said there is <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-31/pfizer-backs-two-dose-vaccine-schedule-after-u-k-shift">“no data”</a> to demonstrate that the immunity from the first dose lasts more than 21 days.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="i9PH6H">
It’s true that length of immunity from the first dose is not what their clinical trials studied. But scientific evidence isn’t all-or-nothing like that. In many cases, scientists (and historians, and researchers in every field) have deeply limited evidence about the topic of interest. Often they’re in a position of trying to make inferences from the results of other similar events, from a few unusual data points that arose due to accidents, or from measured results that were not the primary aim of the trial they were measured in.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="C6l9sa">
Sources of evidence like these are being employed when researchers try to estimate the likely duration of immunity from a single vaccine dose. The UK’s Working Group that made the delayed dosing recommendation “concluded that vaccine efficacy will be maintained with dosing intervals longer than 21 days … based on clinical trial data that showed the vaccine was 90.5 percent effective against preventing Covid-19 after the first dose once the protection that starts at around 12 days kicks in, and there was no evidence to suggest that the effectiveness of the vaccine is declining toward the end of the 21-day period following the first dose,” a spokesperson said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="94j18g">
From one perspective, that study produced “no data” about effectiveness past 21 days. For another research team, it shows there’s “no evidence” of declining effectiveness.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CJQGE0">
It seems reasonable to move past claims of “no evidence” and instead acknowledge we’re dealing with limited evidence — not ideal, but not total ignorance either. We do know some things: Booster shots are common for vaccines, but usually to make immunity years-long or lifelong; in general, immunity doesn’t vanish in the space of just a few months, and immunity from Covid-19 after contracting it looks like it’s typically longer-lasting than that (though vaccines with mRNA are new and we have less evidence about their long-term effects on immune function). The evidence from the few participants in trials who missed their booster shot is limited, but it’s still evidence.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dnSZ5y">
“It’s been a repeated problem throughout the pandemic that we have relied on this ‘we have the evidence/we don’t have the evidence’ binary, meaning that we have moved slowly, waiting for rock-solid confirmation; but moving faster, making decisions on imperfect information, would have <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/mrc-gida/2020-12-22-COVID19-Report-41.pdf">saved a lot of lives</a>,” British science journalist Tom Chivers argued in an<a href="https://unherd.com/2021/01/amid-covid-crisis-we-cant-wait-for-perfect-data/"> article Wednesday</a> about the difference between the US and UK approaches to vaccination.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gNegO2">
While randomized controlled trials (RCT)<strong> </strong>are incredibly valuable for determining how well vaccines work, decisions about vaccination in a pandemic require many judgment calls that we unfortunately<strong> </strong>cannot assess in advance with an RCT. And to be clear, concerns like whether the change in vaccination schedules will limit public confidence in the vaccine, increase vaccine hesitancy, or prompt individuals to take risks, believing themselves fully immune when they aren’t, are very legitimate and<strong> </strong>should no doubt feature in our reasoning and planning about vaccination.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GqKSxX">
But those concerns have also<strong> </strong>not been rigorously demonstrated in an RCT. No one has conducted a controlled study on how delaying the second dose will affect vaccine hesitancy. Instead, public health officials who raise vaccine hesitancy concerns are looking at lots of factors and making their best informed prediction about what will happen — and public health officials who estimate that delayed second dosing is worth it are doing the same thing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EnTfb4">
It’s tempting, when faced with decisions of this magnitude, when lives are at stake and the pandemic has frayed our nerves and our trust, to want to retreat to the solid, reassuring embrace of perfect knowledge. But almost all the key questions before us will never be answered to our satisfaction in an RCT, at least not immediately. What increases vaccine hesitancy? How much risk compensation will there be? Will delaying the second dose save lives by getting vaccines first to those who need them?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Bcuiz4">
There’s no proven truth to retreat to at this moment, just our best guesses — and the fight to gather more information and make better guesses next time.
</p>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>13 federal criminal laws that the pro-Trump mob may have violated, explained</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/8ozNp8ryJefk3TiFrpogNP6xFOQ=/333x0:3000x2000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/68631708/GettyImages_1230457258.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
A member of a pro-Trump mob bashes an entrance of the Capitol building in an attempt to gain access on January 6. | Jon Cherry/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Storming the Capitol in an attempt to overthrow the government is a serious crime.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FplxFB">
On Wednesday, a violent mob loyal to outgoing President Donald Trump <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/1/6/22217307/thousands-trump-supporters-stormed-us-capitol-evacuate">stormed the US Capitol</a> in an effort to disrupt Congress’s formal certification of President-elect Joe Biden’s victory over Trump.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="k6ut4f">
One might think that an attempt to literally overthrow the duly elected government of the United States would be met with swift and harsh action by law enforcement. But, thus far, most members of this insurrection have escaped unscathed. As of this writing, few people have been arrested — the number <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2021/1/6/22217789/capitol-arrests-police-trump-rally">may be as low as 13</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="j4LeWy">
But federal law enforcement is hardly powerless against such an attack on democracy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0ilfBy">
On Twitter, University of Minnesota law professor Alan Rozenshtein <a href="https://twitter.com/ARozenshtein/status/1346951596232609793">identified numerous federal criminal statutes</a> that<strong> </strong>members of the pro-Trump mob that briefly occupied the Capitol may have violated. People who participated in the insurrection could have been arrested by the Capitol Police — and they could still be arrested by a federal law enforcement agency if there is sufficient photographic, video, or other evidence that they committed a crime.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<pre><code> &lt;img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/iR0oRQacjnWY0AuFlHhw0hq17mo=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22218982/GettyImages_1294949487.jpg" /&gt;
&lt;cite&gt;Win McNamee/Getty Images&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;figcaption&gt;A pro-Trump mob confronts US Capitol Police outside the Senate chamber of the Capitol building.&lt;/figcaption&gt;</code></pre>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="st5Tws">
This list, it is worth noting, does not include treason. The treason statute applies to someone who “<a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2381#:~:text=Whoever%2C%20owing%20allegiance%20to%20the,not%20less%20than%20%2410%2C000%3B%20and">levies war against [the United States] or adheres to their enemies</a>.” Thus, unless Trump qualifies as an enemy of the United States, the treason statute likely does not apply to this mob.
</p>
<h3 id="BVwAkv">
Crimes against the United States and its Constitution
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="e05SB8">
Several federal laws punish activity attacking the United States government itself, or that attacks the Constitution.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="imNnmB">
First, federal law makes it a crime to engage “in any <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2383">rebellion or insurrection against the authority of the United States</a> or the laws thereof.” Someone who violates this statute faces a fine and up to 10 years in prison.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SaJFiJ">
It’s also worth noting that this law makes it a crime to incite such a rebellion, and violators “shall be incapable of holding any office under the United States.” Thus, to the extent that a government official was complicit in Wednesday’s riot, they could potentially be stripped of their office.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UDJs32">
Second, the law prohibits a “<a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2384">seditious conspiracy</a>” to “overthrow, put down, or to destroy by force the Government of the United States” or to “by force to prevent, hinder, or delay the execution of any law of the United States.” Participants in such a conspiracy could face up to 20 years in prison.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<pre><code> &lt;img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/VcZmjRvXAB8sZ6NgZYGSppLRCNk=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22218980/GettyImages_1294949419.jpg" /&gt;
&lt;cite&gt;Win McNamee/Getty Images&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;figcaption&gt;A pro-Trump mob breaks into the US Capitol.&lt;/figcaption&gt;</code></pre>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EgTtvD">
Third, federal law provides that “whoever knowingly or willfully advocates, abets, advises, or teaches the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying the government of the United States ... by force or violence” may <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2385">face up to 20 years in prison</a>, and may also be stripped of their ability to be employed by the federal government for up to five years.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9H7zVw">
Because this statute criminalizes speech, anyone charged under it would likely claim that prosecuting them violates the <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/first_amendment">First Amendment</a>. But the Supreme Court recognizes several exceptions to the First Amendment for things like <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/395/444/">incitement to imminent criminal acts</a> or so-called “<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2729037874515332053&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr">true threats</a>.” So some of the insurrectionists might be convicted under this statute despite constitutional safeguards for free speech.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="P4NGhi">
Finally, another statute makes it a crime to conspire “to injure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any person ... in the free exercise or enjoyment of <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/241">any right or privilege secured to him by the Constitution</a> or laws of the United States.” Thus, to the extent that members of Congress were exercising a “privilege” secured to them by the Constitution while they were disrupted by rioters, those rioters could potentially face criminal charges.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CIEUS4">
Violators of this statute face up to 10 years in prison.
</p>
<h3 id="FlCVK2">
Crimes against the peace
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yjm1mJ">
Members of the pro-Trump insurrection may have also violated several federal statutes intended to protect the peace.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SrQUcx">
One such law, for example, makes it a crime to <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/231">transport a firearm or explosive</a> “knowing or having reason to know or intending that the same will be used unlawfully in furtherance of a civil disorder.” Violations of this statute may be punished by up to five years in prison.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cl8Y58">
Another law <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2101">makes it a crime to riot</a>, to incite a riot, or to “aid or abet any person in inciting or participating in or carrying on a riot.” Violators of this statute may also face up to five years in prison.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="epyzM6">
Additionally, it is a crime to “knowingly possess or cause to be present a <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/930#:~:text=Whoever%2C%20with%20intent%20that%20a,than%205%20years%2C%20or%20both.">firearm or other dangerous weapon in a Federal facility</a>.” Violating this statute is ordinarily punished by up to one year in prison, but if someone brings a weapon into a federal facility “with intent that a firearm or other dangerous weapon be used in the commission of a crime,” they could be imprisoned for up to five years.
</p>
<h3 id="nrv7fF">
Crimes against government officials
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DkWEBi">
Other criminal laws seek to protect the lives and safety of federal officials. Anyone who attempts to kill a member of Congress, for example, faces life in prison. And anyone who <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/351">assaults a member of Congress</a> may face 10 years in prison if they do so with a dangerous weapon or if “personal injury results.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="l8L7iP">
Even a relatively minor assault against a federal lawmaker can be punished by a year in prison.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0GH10e">
Additionally, the law prohibits a conspiracy to “prevent, by force, intimidation, or threat, any person from <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/372">accepting or holding any office</a>, trust, or place of confidence under the United States.” As the purpose of the pro-Trump insurrection appears to be to prevent President-elect Biden from holding the office of president, this statute could apply to members of that insurrection.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="L530mj">
Violators of this law face up to six years in prison.
</p>
<h3 id="Z0Riym">
Crimes against federal property
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JGoN2l">
Other federal laws make it a crime to damage, rob, or unlawfully occupy federal property.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GvHlok">
One statute, for example, makes it a <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1361">crime to damage federal property</a> — if the amount of the damage exceeds $1,000, violators face up to 10 years in prison, while lesser damage may result in up to one year in prison. Another statute makes it a crime to <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2112">rob “personal property belonging to the United States,”</a> and violators of this statute face up to 15 years in prison.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3t6zM5">
These statutes could potentially be used against members of the pro-Trump mob who damaged parts of the Capitol. In a widely circulated photo, for example, an apparent member of the mob is seen carrying a lectern from House Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s office. If, in fact, this individual stole that lectern, he could be prosecuted for doing so.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<pre><code> &lt;img alt="Congress Holds Joint Session To Ratify 2020 Presidential Election" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Kc5JQEEycuqxy5LcHJiBnK1LkIs=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22219091/1294949346.jpg" /&gt;
&lt;cite&gt;Win McNamee/Getty Images&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;figcaption&gt;A Trump supporter carries the lectern of US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi through the rotunda of the US Capitol Building after a pro-Trump mob stormed the building on January 6, 2021, in Washington, DC.&lt;/figcaption&gt;</code></pre>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kpIUFJ">
Another statute makes it a crime if someone “<a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1752">enters or remains in any restricted building or grounds without lawful authority</a>.” Such grounds may include any restricted area where a person “protected by the Secret Service is or will be temporarily visiting.” Vice President Mike Pence, who was presiding over the Senate when rioters breached the Capitol, is <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3056">protected by the Secret Service</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZBS695">
Violators of this statute may face up to 10 years in prison if they carry a firearm or other deadly weapon, or if their crime “results in significant bodily injury.” Otherwise, they face up to one year.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="noVN5f">
Finally, it is a crime to assault “any person having lawful charge, control, or custody of any ... property of the United States, with intent to rob, steal, or purloin such” property. This statute could potentially be applied to insurrectionists who committed assault as part of an effort to rob the Capitol.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ALxMFl">
Violators of this statute face up to 10 years in prison — or up to 25 years if they put their victim’s “life in jeopardy by the use of a dangerous weapon.”
</p>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>BCCI formally writes to CA on relaxation of Brisbane hard quarantine</strong> - The Brisbane Test is due to start on January 15 and the quarantine rules will restrict the players to just their hotel rooms after day's play.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Australia vs India | Pucovski rates Ashwin most unique bowler on ‘special’ Test debut</strong> - The Australian singled out the Indian spinner for the variation he uses.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Australia vs India, 3rd Test, Day 1 | 'Will' finds a way for Australia before Labuschagne, Smith take hosts to 166/2 at stumps</strong> - Earlier, play resumed as the sun shone brightly after a four-hour rain interruption</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Four marksmen share the top spot in skeet</strong> - Gurjoat Singh, Arjun thakur, Karam Sukhbir Singh and Ayush Radraraju led with 71 out of 75 on the opening day of skeet in the National shotgun selecti</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>East Bengal holds FC Goa</strong> - A 10-man SC East Bengal showed grit to hold a strong FC Goa 1-1 in an Indian Super League match at the Tilak Maidan Stadium, Vasco, on Wednesday. Brig</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bihar villagers take dead body to bank, demand money from account for funeral</strong> - In the absence of nominee, bank officials give ₹10,000 from CSR funds</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SC says it never releases information on in-house proceedings</strong> - “They are ‘totally and wholly’ confidential in nature”</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bombay HC directs Maharashtra to form committee for online quasi-judicial proceedings</strong> - Petitioners submitted that use of video-conferencing technology had ‘immense untapped potential benefits’ for both government and citizens</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Haryana Panchayati Raj Act provisions unconstitutional, says Congress</strong> - They restrict women’s right to contest to 50% of seats, it says</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Stalin puts condition for a debate with Chief Minister</strong> - DMK president M.K. Stalin on Thursday said he was ready to debate with Chief Minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami on corruption charges if the latter ado</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Millionaire French hotel owner to testify in kidnap trial</strong> - Jacqueline Veyrac, 80, will give evidence in France over a botched attempt to kidnap her for ransom.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What’s happening to the EU vaccine scheme?</strong> - The EU is under fire for the slow rollout of vaccine across its member states.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Brexit: UK-Ireland lorry traffic at Holyhead port slumps</strong> - Lorry traffic between Holyhead and Dublin is down to about one-third of usual capacity.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ryanair scraps most UK and Irish lockdown flights</strong> - The airline warns few, if any, flights will operate to or from Ireland or the UK from the end of January.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Coronavirus: Irish cabinet agrees raft of tighter restrictions</strong> - The Taoiseach (Irish PM) says public compliance with measures will reflect on how many people may die.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>DoJ says SolarWinds hackers breached its Office 365 system and read email</strong> - Department discovered the intrusion 9 days after SolarWinds hack came to light. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1733391">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Twitter, Facebook give Trump temp bans after insurrectionists storm Capitol [Updated]</strong> - Violence at the Capitol has apparently finally become a bright line for social media - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1733331">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Why don’t PCs use error correcting RAM? “Because Intel,” says Linus</strong> - Artificial market segmentation may have suppressed demand for ECC in desktops. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1733318">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pro-Trump reporter gloats over access to fleeing Hill staffer’s computer</strong> - A violent mob invaded the US capitol building at the behest of Donald Trump. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1733326">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Frontier agrees to fiber-network expansion in plan to exit bankruptcy</strong> - 350,000 homes and businesses in Calif. to get fiber after Frontier bankruptcy. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1733314">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Why did it take the police so long to show up to Capitol Hill today?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Because they had to go home and change first.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/icelandic_hotdog"> /u/icelandic_hotdog </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/krz283/why_did_it_take_the_police_so_long_to_show_up_to/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/krz283/why_did_it_take_the_police_so_long_to_show_up_to/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>People always ask where I got my incredibly detailed tattoo done, but they never believe me when I tell them Spain.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Nobody expects the Spanish ink precision.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Lucid_Kris"> /u/Lucid_Kris </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/krpr3q/people_always_ask_where_i_got_my_incredibly/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/krpr3q/people_always_ask_where_i_got_my_incredibly/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Tell a woman she's beautiful a hundred times and she won't believe you.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Tell a woman she's fat once and she will remember it for the rest of her life because elephants never forget.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/tayswiftt"> /u/tayswiftt </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/krqw16/tell_a_woman_shes_beautiful_a_hundred_times_and/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/krqw16/tell_a_woman_shes_beautiful_a_hundred_times_and/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Events on Capitol Hill have gotten pretty dark</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Any darker and the police might actually do something about it
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Tristan_Gabranth"> /u/Tristan_Gabranth </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ks2bku/events_on_capitol_hill_have_gotten_pretty_dark/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ks2bku/events_on_capitol_hill_have_gotten_pretty_dark/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>A man and a woman, who had never met before, but were both married to other people, found themselves assigned to the same sleeping room on a transcontinental train.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Though initially embarrassed and uneasy over sharing a room, they were both very tired and fell asleep quickly, he in the upper bunk and she in the lower.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
At 1:00 AM, the man leaned over and gently woke the woman saying, "Ma'am, I'm sorry to bother you, but would you be willing to reach into the closet to get me a second blanket? I'm awfully cold."
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
"I have a better idea," she replied. "Just for tonight, let's pretend that we're married."
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
"Wow! That's a great idea!" he exclaimed.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
"Good," she replied. "Get your own damn blanket!"
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
After a moment of silence, he farted.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/blackshadowed"> /u/blackshadowed </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ksa8ia/a_man_and_a_woman_who_had_never_met_before_but/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/ksa8ia/a_man_and_a_woman_who_had_never_met_before_but/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/24 December, 2020.html">24 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/23 December, 2020.html">23 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/22 December, 2020.html">22 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/21 December, 2020.html">21 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/20 December, 2020.html">20 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/19 December, 2020.html">19 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/18 December, 2020.html">18 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/17 December, 2020.html">17 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/16 December, 2020.html">16 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/15 December, 2020.html">15 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/14 December, 2020.html">14 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/13 December, 2020.html">13 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/12 December, 2020.html">12 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/11 December, 2020.html">11 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/10 December, 2020.html">10 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/09 December, 2020.html">09 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/08 December, 2020.html">08 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/07 December, 2020.html">07 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/06 December, 2020.html">06 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/05 December, 2020.html">05 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/04 December, 2020.html">04 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/03 December, 2020.html">03 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/02 December, 2020.html">02 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/01 December, 2020.html">01 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/30 November, 2020.html">30 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/29 November, 2020.html">29 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/28 November, 2020.html">28 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/27 November, 2020.html">27 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/26 November, 2020.html">26 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/25 November, 2020.html">25 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/24 November, 2020.html">24 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/23 November, 2020.html">23 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/22 November, 2020.html">22 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/21 November, 2020.html">21 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/20 November, 2020.html">20 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/19 November, 2020.html">19 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/18 November, 2020.html">18 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/17 November, 2020.html">17 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/16 November, 2020.html">16 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/15 November, 2020.html">15 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/14 November, 2020.html">14 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/13 November, 2020.html">13 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/12 November, 2020.html">12 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/11 November, 2020.html">11 November, 2020</a></li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2 id="covid-19">Covid-19</h2> <h2 id="covid-19">Covid-19</h2>
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2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/25 December, 2020.html">25 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/24 December, 2020.html">24 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/23 December, 2020.html">23 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/22 December, 2020.html">22 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/21 December, 2020.html">21 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/20 December, 2020.html">20 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/19 December, 2020.html">19 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/18 December, 2020.html">18 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/17 December, 2020.html">17 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/16 December, 2020.html">16 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/15 December, 2020.html">15 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/14 December, 2020.html">14 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/13 December, 2020.html">13 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/12 December, 2020.html">12 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/11 December, 2020.html">11 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/10 December, 2020.html">10 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/09 December, 2020.html">09 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/08 December, 2020.html">08 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/07 December, 2020.html">07 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/06 December, 2020.html">06 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/05 December, 2020.html">05 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/04 December, 2020.html">04 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/03 December, 2020.html">03 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/02 December, 2020.html">02 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/01 December, 2020.html">01 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/30 November, 2020.html">30 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/29 November, 2020.html">29 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/28 November, 2020.html">28 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/27 November, 2020.html">27 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/26 November, 2020.html">26 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/25 November, 2020.html">25 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/24 November, 2020.html">24 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/23 November, 2020.html">23 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/22 November, 2020.html">22 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/21 November, 2020.html">21 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/20 November, 2020.html">20 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/19 November, 2020.html">19 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/18 November, 2020.html">18 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/17 November, 2020.html">17 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/16 November, 2020.html">16 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/15 November, 2020.html">15 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/14 November, 2020.html">14 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/13 November, 2020.html">13 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/12 November, 2020.html">12 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/11 November, 2020.html">11 November, 2020</a></li> <ul id="covid-19-list"><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/07 January, 2021.html">07 January, 2021</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/06 January, 2021.html">06 January, 2021</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/05 January, 2021.html">05 January, 2021</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/04 January, 2021.html">04 January, 2021</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/03 January, 2021.html">03 January, 2021</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/02 January, 2021.html">02 January, 2021</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/01 January, 2021.html">01 January, 2021</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/31 December, 2020.html">31 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/30 December, 2020.html">30 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/29 December, 2020.html">29 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/28 December, 2020.html">28 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/27 December, 2020.html">27 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/26 December, 2020.html">26 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/25 December, 2020.html">25 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/24 December, 2020.html">24 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/23 December, 2020.html">23 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/22 December, 2020.html">22 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/21 December, 2020.html">21 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/20 December, 2020.html">20 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/19 December, 2020.html">19 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/18 December, 2020.html">18 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/17 December, 2020.html">17 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/16 December, 2020.html">16 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/15 December, 2020.html">15 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/14 December, 2020.html">14 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/13 December, 2020.html">13 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/12 December, 2020.html">12 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/11 December, 2020.html">11 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/10 December, 2020.html">10 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/09 December, 2020.html">09 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/08 December, 2020.html">08 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/07 December, 2020.html">07 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/06 December, 2020.html">06 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/05 December, 2020.html">05 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/04 December, 2020.html">04 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/03 December, 2020.html">03 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/02 December, 2020.html">02 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/01 December, 2020.html">01 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/30 November, 2020.html">30 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/29 November, 2020.html">29 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/28 November, 2020.html">28 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/27 November, 2020.html">27 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/26 November, 2020.html">26 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/25 November, 2020.html">25 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/24 November, 2020.html">24 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/23 November, 2020.html">23 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/22 November, 2020.html">22 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/21 November, 2020.html">21 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/20 November, 2020.html">20 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/19 November, 2020.html">19 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/18 November, 2020.html">18 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/17 November, 2020.html">17 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/16 November, 2020.html">16 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/15 November, 2020.html">15 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/14 November, 2020.html">14 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/13 November, 2020.html">13 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/12 November, 2020.html">12 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/11 November, 2020.html">11 November, 2020</a></li>
</ul> </ul>
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