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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Hijacking of Cellular Functions by SARS-CoV-2. Permeabilization and Polarization of the Host Lipid Membrane by Viroporins.</strong> -
<div>
As all viral infections, SARS-CoV-2 acts at multiple levels hijacking fundamental cellular functions and assuring its replication and immune system evasion. In particular, it has been observed that the viral 3’ Open Reading Frame (ORF3) codes for a hydrophobic protein which embeds in the cellular membrane, where it acts as an ion viroporin and is related to strong inflammatory response. Here we report equilibrium and enhanced sampling molecular dynamic simulation of the SARS-CoV-2 ORF3 in a model lipid bilayer, showing how the protein permeabilizes the lipid membrane, via the formation of a water channel, which in turn assures ion transport. We report the free energy profile for both K+ and Cl- transfer from the cytosol to the extracellular domain. The important role of ORF3 in the viral cycle, and its highly conservation among coronaviruses, may also make it a target of choice for future antiviral development, further justifying the elucidation of its mechanism at the atomistic level.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488372v1" target="_blank">Hijacking of Cellular Functions by SARS-CoV-2. Permeabilization and Polarization of the Host Lipid Membrane by Viroporins.</a>
</div></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in standardised First Few X cases and household transmission investigations: a systematic review and meta-analysis</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
We aimed to estimate the household secondary infection attack rate (hSAR) of SARS-CoV-2 in investigations aligned with the WHO Unity Studies Household Transmission Investigations (HHTI) protocol. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and medRxiv/bioRxiv for 9Unity-aligned9 First Few X cases (FFX) and HHTIs published between 1 December 2019 and 26 July</p></div></li>
</ul>
<ol start="2021" type="1">
<li>Standardised early results were shared by WHO Unity Studies collaborators (to 1 October 2021). We used a bespoke tool to assess investigation methodological quality. Values for hSAR and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted or calculated from crude data. Heterogeneity was assessed by visually inspecting overlap of CIs on forest plots and quantified in meta-analyses. Of 9988 records retrieved, 80 articles (64 from databases; 16 provided by Unity Studies collaborators) were retained in the systematic review and 62 were included in the primary meta-analysis. hSAR point estimates ranged from 2%-90% (95% prediction interval: 3%-71%; I2=99.7%); I2 values remained &gt;99% in subgroup analyses, indicating high, unexplained heterogeneity and leading to a decision not to report pooled hSAR estimates. FFX and HHTI remain critical epidemiological tools for early and ongoing characterisation of novel infectious pathogens. The large, unexplained variance in hSAR estimates emphasises the need to further support standardisation in planning, conduct and analysis, and for clear and comprehensive reporting of FFX and HHTIs in time and place, to guide evidence- based pandemic preparedness and response efforts for SARS-CoV-2, influenza and future novel respiratory viruses.
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.22273107v2" target="_blank">Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in standardised First Few X cases and household transmission investigations: a systematic review and meta- analysis</a>
</div></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><strong>A delayed modulation of solar radiation on the COVID-19 transmission reflects an incubation period</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Laboratory experiments have revealed the meteorological sensitivity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus. However, no consensus has been reached about how outdoor meteorological conditions modulate the virus transmission as it is also constrained by non-meteorological conditions. Here, we find that statistically, non- meteorological factors constrain the growth rate of cumulative confirmed cases least when the cases in a country arrive around 1300–3200. The least-constrained growth rate correlates with the ultraviolet flux and temperature significantly (correlation coefficients r=-0.55±0.09 and -0.40±0.10 at p&lt;0.01, respectively), but not with precipitation, humidity, and wind. The ultraviolet correlation exhibits a delay of about seven days, providing a meteorological measure of the incubation period. Our work reveals a seasonality of COVID-19 and a high risk of a pandemic resurgence in winter, implying a need for seasonal adaption in public policies.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html- link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.20183111v3" target="_blank">A delayed modulation of solar radiation on the COVID-19 transmission reflects an incubation period</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Inconsistent directions of change in case severity across successive SARS-CoV-2 variant waves suggests an unpredictable future</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objective To determine how the severity of successively dominant SARS-CoV-2 variants has changed over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design Prospective cohort analysis. Setting Community- and hospital- sequenced COVID-19 cases in the NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde (NHS GG&amp;C) Health Board (1.2 million people). Participants All sequenced non- nosocomial adult COVID-19 cases in NHS GG&amp;C identified to be infected with the relevant SARS-CoV-2 lineage during the following analysis periods. B.1.177/Alpha analysis: 1st November 2020 - 30th January 2021 (n = 1640). Alpha/Delta analysis: 1st April - 30th June 2021 (n = 5552). AY.4.2 Delta/non-AY.4.2 Delta analysis: 1st July - 31st October 2021 (n = 9613). Non-AY.4.2 Delta/Omicron analysis: 1st - 31st December 2021 (n = 3858). Main outcome measures Admission to hospital, admission to ICU, or death within 28 days of first positive COVID-19 test Results In the B.1.177/Alpha analysis, 300 of 807 (37.2%) B.1.177 cases were recorded as hospitalised or having a more severe outcome, compared to 232 of 833 (27.9%) Alpha cases. After adjusting for the following covariates: age, sex, time of positive test, comorbidities and partial postcode, the cumulative odds ratio was 1.51 (95% central credible interval 1.08-2.11) for Alpha versus B.1.177. In the Alpha/Delta analysis, 113 of 2104 (5.4%) Alpha cases were recorded as hospitalised or having a more severe outcome, compared to 230 of 3448 (6.7%) Delta cases. After adjusting for the above covariates plus number of vaccine doses and reinfection, the cumulative odds ratio was 2.09 (95% central credible interval 1.42-3.08) for Delta versus Alpha. In the non-AY.4.2 Delta/AY.4.2 Delta analysis, 845 of 8644 (9.8%) non-AY.4.2 Delta cases were recorded as hospitalised or having a more severe outcome, compared to 101 of 969 (10.4%) AY.4.2 Delta cases. After adjusting for the previously stated covariates, the cumulative odds ratio was 0.99 (95% central credible interval 0.76-1.27) for AY.4.2 Delta versus non-AY.4.2 Delta. In the non-AY.4.2 Delta/Omicron analysis, 30 of 1164 (2.6%) non- AY.4.2 Delta cases were recorded as hospitalised or having a more severe outcome, compared to 26 of 2694 (1.0%) Omicron cases. After adjusting for the previously listed covariates, the median cumulative odds ratio was 0.49 (95% central credible interval 0.22-1.06) for Omicron versus non-AY.4.2 Delta. Conclusions The direction of change in disease severity between successively emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern was inconsistent. This heterogeneity in virulence between variants, coupled with independent evolutionary emergence, demonstrates that severity associated with future SARS-CoV-2 variants is inherently unpredictable.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.22272915v2" target="_blank">Inconsistent directions of change in case severity across successive SARS-CoV-2 variant waves suggests an unpredictable future</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>At least three doses of leading vaccines essential for neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Plasma samples taken at different time points from donors who received either AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria) or Pfizer (Comirnaty) or Moderna (Spikevax) coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccine were assessed in virus neutralization assays against Delta and Omicron variants of concern and a reference isolate (VIC31). With the Pfizer vaccine there was 6-8-fold reduction in 50% neutralizing antibody titres (NT50) against Delta and VIC31 at 6 months compared to 2 weeks after the second dose; followed by 25-fold increase at 2 weeks after the third dose. Neutralisation of Omicron was only consistently observed 2 weeks after the third dose, with most samples having titres below the limit of detection at earlier timepoints. Moderna results were similar to Pfizer at 2 weeks after the second dose, while the titres for AstraZeneca samples derived from older donors were 7-fold lower against VIC31 and below the limit of detection against Delta and Omicron. Age and gender were not found to significantly impact our results. These findings indicate that vaccine matching may be needed, and that at least a third dose of these vaccines is necessary to generate sufficient neutralising antibodies against emerging variants of concern, especially Omicron, amidst the challenges of ensuring vaccine equity worldwide.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.20.22271237v3" target="_blank">At least three doses of leading vaccines essential for neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Suspected Cardiovascular Side Effects of two Covid-19 Vaccines</strong> -
<div>
Fatalities or cardiovascular side effects of vaccines were rather uncommon in the past. So far, numerous reports of side effects and deaths associated with Covid-19 vaccination have been accepted behind the background of the pandemic situation and the priority vaccinated elderly population at the beginning of the vaqccination campaign. Cardiac and heart circulatory disturbances resp. cardiovascular side effects associated with the application of Covid-19 vaccines have not been recognized up to now with the exception of thrombotic/embolic side effects and cases of myo-/pericarditis. But the mechanism of action suggests that downregulation of ACE2 by non-neutralised spike proteins may have cardiovascular effects. The objective of this analysis was to determine the total number of reported adverse events and fatalities and to record suspected important cardiovascular adverse events up to the cut-off date in European countries. Therefore, a current review/analysis of spontaneously reported fatalities as well as of adverse events after application of Covid-19 vaccines has been performed. Data were retrieved from the EudraVigilance web reports of the European Medicines Agency (EMA), partly also from the safety reports of the German PEI. Covid-19 vaccine-associated suspected side effects and related deaths are alarming. Surprisingly, numerous cardiovascular reactions were reported, many of which were life-threatening. Cardiac and heart circulatory caused fatalities alone accounted for about 33% of all ComirnatyR vaccine-related deaths. The second most important side effects were vascular thrombotic/embolic side effects, often also associated with serious consequences. Based on their quality and quantity, these side effects seem to be characteristic for spike-producing vaccines and do not appear to be substance-specific. Further investigations are needed to clarify the approximately 3.5 times more frequent cases of sinus vein thrombosis and the some different frequent cases of thrombotic/embolic events after VaxzevriaR. The hypothesis could be confirmed. Because of their importance and their sometimes life-threatening consequences, cardiovascular side effects need to be better communicated. Limitations of the investigation result from the individual reporting and recording procedure, the lack of detailed individual information and the lack of an appropriate comparison population.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/gh9u2/" target="_blank">Suspected Cardiovascular Side Effects of two Covid-19 Vaccines</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Barriers and Enablers to Clothing Repair and Repurpose in UK Citizens</strong> -
<div>
This research aims to explore the barriers and enablers of clothing repair and repurpose in UK citizens. Using the Behaviour Change Wheel approach, the study aims to develop am intervention to encourage repair and repurpose, which can ultimately contribute to slow and sustainable fashion consumption. This study also investigates the impact of Covid-19 on repair and repurpose behaviour.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/jb8sw/" target="_blank">Barriers and Enablers to Clothing Repair and Repurpose in UK Citizens</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The COVID States Project #83: Executive Approval</strong> -
<div>
The Covid States Project has been tracking trends in executive approval of management of the COVID-19 outbreak throughout the pandemic. We find: ● Generally, there has been a downward trend for approval of all governors since the beginning of the pandemic. ● Republican respondents in particular have trended downwards in their approval of governors. Republican approval of Democratic governors has dropped from a high of 57% in April 2020, to 19% in April, 2022. Approval of Republicans for Republican governors has fallen almost as quickly, from a high of 77% in April 2020, to 44% currently. ● In the early stages of the pandemic, President Trump had notably low approval for his handling of the pandemic, far below the average approval levels of governors. President Biden has generally had approval levels above those of President Trump, peaking in the spring of 2021, and declining steadily since. This decline has been somewhat faster than the decline in approval of governors, reaching a nadir in April 2022 one point below that of the average governor at 38%.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/zse35/" target="_blank">The COVID States Project #83: Executive Approval</a>
</div></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pre-Pandemic COVID-19 in New York City: A descriptive analysis of COVID-19 illness prior to February 29, 2020</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: On January 30, 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization. Almost a month later on February 29, 2020, the first case in New York City (NYC) was diagnosed. Methods: Three-hundred-sixty persons with COVID-like illness was reported to the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) before February 29, but 37 of these tested negative and 237 were never tested for SARS-COV-2. Records of 86 persons with confirmed COVID-19 and symptom onset prior to February 29, 2020 were reviewed by four physician-epidemiologists. Case-patients were classified as likely early onset COVID-19, or insufficient evidence to determine onset. Clinical and epidemiological factors collected by DOHMH and supplemented with emergency department records were analyzed. Results: Thirty-nine likely early onset COVID-19 cases were identified. The majority had severe disease with 69% presenting to an ED visit within 2 weeks of symptom onset. The first likely COVID-19 case on record had symptom onset on January 28, 2020. Only 7 of the 39 cases (18%) had traveled internationally within 14 days of onset (none to China). Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 was in NYC before being classified as a PHEIC, and eluded surveillance for another month. The delay in recognition limited mitigation effort and by the time that city and state-wide mandates were enacted 16 and 22 days later there was already community transmission.
</p>
</div></li>
</ul>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.22273719v1" target="_blank">Pre-Pandemic COVID-19 in New York City: A descriptive analysis of COVID-19 illness prior to February 29, 2020</a>
</div>
<ul>
<li><strong>Whole-body metabolic modelling predicts isoleucine dependency of SARS-CoV-2 replication</strong> -
<div>
We aimed at investigating host-virus co-metabolism during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, we extended comprehensive sex-specific, whole-body organ resolved models of human metabolism with the necessary reactions to replicate SARS-CoV-2 in the lung as well as selected peripheral organs. Using this comprehensive host-virus model, we obtained the following key results: 1. The predicted maximal possible virus shedding rate was limited by isoleucine availability. 2. The supported initial viral load depended on the increase in CD4+ T-cells, consistent with the literature. 3. During viral infection, the whole-body metabolism changed including the blood metabolome, which agreed well with metabolomic studies from COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. 4. The virus shedding rate could be reduced by either inhibition of the guanylate kinase 1 or availability of amino acids, e.g., in the diet. 5. The virus variants achieved differed in their maximal possible virus shedding rates, which could be inversely linked to isoleucine occurrences in the sequences. Taken together, this study presents the metabolic crosstalk between host and virus and emphasis the role of amino acid metabolism during SARS-CoV-2 infection, in particular of isoleucine. As such, it provides an example of how computational modelling can complement more canonical approaches to gain insight into host- virus crosstalk and to identify potential therapeutic strategies.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488249v1" target="_blank">Whole-body metabolic modelling predicts isoleucine dependency of SARS-CoV-2 replication</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant infection of human colon epithelial cells</strong> -
<div>
Omicron B.1.1.529 became the predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant in early 2022, causing a new wave of public anxiety. Compared to the ancestral strain, Omicron has 50 mutations, with over 30 mutations in the spike protein. These differences likely underlie the changes in Omicron biology noted in other studies, including an attenuation in the lung parenchyma, compared to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain and other variants, as well as a preference for endosomal entry, in place of the TMPRSS2-mediated membrane fusion pathway. This raises questions on Omicron tropism and infectivity in various target organ systems, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Up to 70% of COVID-19 patients report GI symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Here, we show that in the context of donor intrinsic genetic heterogeneity, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infects human colonoids similarly, if not less effectively, than the ancestral WT (WA1) strain or the Delta variant. Additionally, we note a higher ratio of viral RNA to infectious virus titer, which may suggest that Omicron is potentially less infectious in the intestine. This study lays the foundation for further work defining mechanisms mediating intestinal infection and pathogenesis by Omicron.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.487939v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant infection of human colon epithelial cells</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Epidemiology of infections with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant in Hong Kong, January-March 2022</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Hong Kong reported 12,631 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 213 deaths in the first two years of the pandemic but experienced a major wave predominantly of Omicron BA.2.2 in early 2022 with over 1.1 million reported SARS-CoV-2 infections and more than 7900 deaths. Our data indicated a shorter incubation period, serial interval, and generation time of infections with Omicron than other SARS-CoV-2 variants. Omicron BA.2.2 cases without a complete primary vaccination series appeared to face a similar fatality risk to those infected in earlier waves with the ancestral strain.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.22273595v1" target="_blank">Epidemiology of infections with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant in Hong Kong, January-March 2022</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Relative infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in human alveolar cells</strong> -
<div>
With the emergence of multiple highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants during the recent pandemic, the comparison of their infectivity has become a substantially critical issue for public health. However, a direct assessment of these viral characteristics has been challenging due to the lack of appropriate experimental models and efficient methods. Here, we integrated human alveolar organoids and single-cell transcriptome sequencing techniques to facilitate the evaluation. In a proof-of-concept study using the assay with four highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants, including GR (B.1.1.119), Alpha (B.1.1.7), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (BA.1), a rapid evaluation of the relative infectivity was possible. Our results demonstrate that the Omicron (BA.1) variant is 3-5-fold more infectious to human alveolar cells than the other SARS-CoV-2 variants at the early phase of infection. To our knowledge, this study provides the first direct measurement of the infectivity of the Omicron variant and new experimental procedures that can be applied for monitoring newly emerging viral variants.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.486321v1" target="_blank">Relative infectivity of the SARS- CoV-2 Omicron variant in human alveolar cells</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Development of highly specific singleplex and multiplex real-time reverse transcription PCR assays for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and Delta variants</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.1.529), first identified during November 2021, is rapidly spreading throughout the world, replacing the previously dominant Delta variant. Omicron has a high number of mutations in the spike gene, some of which are associated with greatly increased transmissibility and immune evasion. The BA.1 sublineage has been most prevalent but there is recent evidence that the BA.2 sublineage is increasing in proportion in many countries. Genome sequencing is the gold standard for Omicron identification but is relatively slow, resource intensive, of limited capacity and often unavailable. We therefore developed a simple, rapid reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) method for sensitive and specific detection of the Omicron variant, including both the BA.1 and BA.2 sublineages. The assay targets a total of 5 nucleotide mutations in the receptor binding domain of the spike gene that give rise to 4 amino acid substitutions at G339D, S371L, S373P and S375F. The forward primer was designed as a double-mismatch allele specific primer (DMAS) with an additional artificial mismatch located four nucleotides from the 3′ end to enhance binding specificity. Assay specificity was confirmed by testing a wide range of previously-sequenced culture-derived viral isolates and clinical samples including the Alpha, Beta and Delta variants and ′wild type′ SARS-CoV-2. Respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A were also tested. The assay can be run in singleplex format, or alternatively as a multiplex RT-PCR to enable Omicron and Delta variants to be detected and distinguished within the same reaction by means of probes labelled with different fluorescent dyes. Sublineages BA.1 and BA.2 can be differentiated if required. The methods presented here can readily be established in any PCR laboratory and should provide valuable support for epidemiologic surveillance of Omicron infections, particularly in those regions that lack extensive sequencing facilities.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.22273168v1" target="_blank">Development of highly specific singleplex and multiplex real-time reverse transcription PCR assays for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and Delta variants</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Determinants of Spike Infectivity, Processing and Neutralization in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2</strong> -
<div>
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant rapidly outcompeted other variants and currently dominates the COVID-19 pandemic. Its enhanced transmission, immune evasion and pathogenicity is thought to be driven by numerous mutations in the Omicron Spike protein. Here, we examined the impact of amino acid changes that are characteristic for the BA.1 and/or BA.2 Omicron lineages on Spike function, processing and susceptibility to neutralization. Individual mutations of S371F/L, S375F and T376A in the ACE2 receptor-binding domain as well as Q954H and N969K in the hinge region 1 impaired infectivity, while changes of G339D, D614G, N764K and L981F moderately enhanced it. Most mutations in the N-terminal region and the receptor binding domain reduced sensitivity of the Spike protein to neutralization by sera from individuals vaccinated with the BNT162b2 vaccine or therapeutic antibodies. Our results represent a systematic functional analysis of Omicron Spike adaptations that allowed this SARS-CoV-2 variant to overtake the current pandemic.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488221v1" target="_blank">Determinants of Spike Infectivity, Processing and Neutralization in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate The Efficacy and Safety of Healthtone as Prophylaxis for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Dietary Supplement: Rhea® Health Tone<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Indonesia University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Functional Capacity in Patients Post Mild COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Rambam Health Care Campus<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Circuit Training Program in Post COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Circuit Training Exercise Program;   Other: Aerobic Training Exercise Program<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Riphah International University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effect of Home-based Rehabilitation Program After COVID-19 Infection</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Add-on telerehabilitation and home-based rehabilitation;   Behavioral: Home-based rehabilitation alone<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:  <br/>
National Taiwan University Hospital<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity Study of COVID-19 Protein Subunit Recombinant Vaccine</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: SARS-CoV-2 protein subunit recombinant vaccine;   Biological: placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   PT Bio Farma;   Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta;   Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang;   Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang;   Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hassanudin, Makassar<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Safety of SCTV01E (a Recombinant Protein COVID-19 Vaccine) in Population Aged ≥12 Years</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   SARS-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: SCTV01E;   Biological: CoronaVac;   Biological: Sinopharm inactivated COVID-19 vaccine;   Biological: other approved COVID-19 vaccines<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Sinocelltech Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of SCTV01C and SCTV01E (Two Recombinant Protein COVID-19 Vaccines) in Population Aged ≥12 Years</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   SARS-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: SCTV01C;   Biological: SCTV01E;   Biological: mRNA vaccine manufactured by Pfizer or Moderna;   Biological: Sinopharm inactivated COVID-19 vaccine<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Sinocelltech Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of Two Recombinant Protein COVID-19 Vaccines in Population Aged ≥18 Years as Booster Vaccines</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   SARS-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: SCTV01C;   Biological: SCTV01E;   Biological: Sinopharm inactivated COVID-19 vaccine;   Biological: mRNA-1273<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Sinocelltech Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of a Recombinant Protein COVID-19 Vaccine in Population Aged ≥18 Years</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   SARS-CoV-2 Infection;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: SCTV01E;   Biological: Comirnaty<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Sinocelltech Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety and Efficacy of Enoxaparin and Hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Enoxaparin, Hydroxychloroquine<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Beni-Suef University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of Ad5 COVID-19 Vaccines for Booster Use in Children Aged 6-17 Years.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: 1 Nebulized inhalation for booster groups;   Biological: 2 Nebulized inhalation for booster groups;   Biological: 3 Nebulized inhalation for booster groups;   Biological: 4 Nebulized inhalation for booster groups;   Biological: 5 Intramuscular injection for booster groups;   Biological: 6 Intramuscular injection for booster groups;   Biological: 7 Intramuscular injection for booster groups;   Biological: 8 Intramuscular injection for booster groups;   Biological: 9 Intramuscular injection for booster groups;   Biological: 10 Intramuscular injection for booster groups;   Biological: 11 Nebulized inhalation for booster groups;   Biological: 12 Nebulized inhalation for booster groups;   Biological: 13 Nebulized inhalation for booster groups;   Biological: 14 Nebulized inhalation for booster groups;   Biological: 15 Intramuscular injection for booster groups;   Biological: 16 Intramuscular injection for booster groups;   Biological: 17 Intramuscular injection for booster groups;   Biological: 18 Intramuscular injection for booster groups;   Biological: 19 Intramuscular injection for booster groups;   Biological: 20 Intramuscular injection for booster groups;   Biological: 21 Nebulized inhalation for primary groups;   Biological: 22 Nebulized inhalation for primary groups;   Biological: 23 Nebulized inhalation for primary groups;   Biological: 24 Nebulized inhalation for primary groups<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:  <br/>
Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Clinical Evaluation of Rapid RNA Test for Covid-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Diagnostic Test: rapid RT-LAMP test to detect SARS-COV-2 RNA<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of Southampton;   West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust;   University of Oxford<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Non-inferiority Trial on Treatments in Early COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Sotrovimab;   Drug: Tixagevimab Cilgavimab;   Drug: Nirmatrelvir Ritonavir<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona;   Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco;   Azienda Sanitaria-Universitaria Integrata di Udine<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Neutralizing Power of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (Anti-COVID-19) Serum Antibodies</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   SARS CoV 2 Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>:  <br/>
Other: Collection of biological samples<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Centre Hospitalier Régional d’Orléans<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity and Safety Study of Recombinant Two-Component COVID-19 Vaccine (CHO Cell)(ReCOV)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Recombinant two-component COVID-19 vaccine (CHO cell);   Biological: COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Jiangsu Rec- Biotechnology Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Colonization of nasal cavities by Staphylococcus epidermidis mitigates SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid phosphoprotein- induced interleukin (IL)-6 in the lung</strong> - Infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can trigger excessive interleukin (IL)-6 signalling, leading to a myriad of biological effects including a cytokine storm that contributes to multiple organ failure in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Using a mouse model, we demonstrated that nasal inoculation of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (NPP) of SARS-CoV-2 increased IL-6 content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Nasal administration of liquid…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Food phytochemicals, epigallocatechin gallate and myricetin, covalently bind to the active site of the coronavirus main protease <em>in vitro</em></strong> - SARS-CoV-2 main protease is a possible target for protection against viral infection. This study examined the inhibitory effect of food phytochemicals on the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 by determining a cleaved product after chromatographic separation. First, 37 phytochemicals, including glycosides and metabolites, were screened at 20 µM; epigallocatechin gallate, myricetin, theaflavin, herbacetin, piceatannol, myricitrin, and isothiocyanates inhibited the enzyme in varying degrees. The IC(50)…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mitoxantrone dihydrochloride, an FDA approved drug, binds with SARS-CoV-2 NSP1 C-terminal</strong> - One of the major virulence factors of SARS-CoV-2, NSP1, is a vital drug target due to its role in host immune evasion through multiple pathways. NSP1 protein is associated with inhibiting host mRNA translation by binding to the small subunit of ribosome through its C-terminal region. Previously, we have shown the structural dynamics of the NSP1 C-terminal region (NSP1-CTR) in different physiological environments. So, it would be very interesting to investigate the druggable compounds that could…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Insights into the binding and covalent inhibition mechanism of PF-07321332 to SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup></strong> - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been causing the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in several million deaths being reported. Numerous investigations have been carried out to discover a compound that can inhibit the biological activity of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, which is an enzyme related to the viral replication. Among these, PF-07321332 (Nirmatrelvir) is currently under clinical trials for COVID-19 therapy. Therefore, in this work, atomistic and electronic…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antiviral activities of natural compounds and ionic liquids to inhibit the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2: a computational approach</strong> - The recalcitrant spread of the COVID-19 pandemic produced by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is one of the most destructive occurrences in history. Despite the availability of several effective vaccinations and their widespread use, this line of immunization often faces questions about its long-term efficacy. Since coronaviruses rapidly change, and multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged around the world. Therefore, finding a new target-based medication became a priority to prevent and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Blocking key mutated hotspot residues in the RBD of the omicron variant (B.1.1.529) with medicinal compounds to disrupt the RBD-hACE2 complex using molecular screening and simulation approaches</strong> - A new variant of SARS-CoV-2 known as the omicron variant (B.1.1.529) reported in South Africa with 30 mutations in the whole spike protein, among which 15 mutations are in the receptor-binding domain, is continuously spreading exponentially around the world. The omicron variant is reported to be highly contagious with antibody-escaping activity. The emergence of antibody-escaping variants is alarming, and thus the quick discovery of small molecule inhibitors is needed. Hence, the current study…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Titanium dioxide and fluoropolymer-based coating for smart fabrics with antimicrobial and water-repellent properties</strong> - In the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, protective clothing is required for medical staff at risk of infection. This study proposes functional smart fabrics with antimicrobial and water-repellent properties, using titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) and fluoropolymer-based precursors as coating materials. Experimental results indicated a uniform distribution of TiO(2) particles with an average size below 200 nm throughout the fabric. A zone of inhibition test revealed that the fabric inhibited bacterial…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Identification of (2<em>R</em>,3<em>R</em>)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)chroman-3-yl-3,4,5-trihydroxy benzoate as multiple inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 targets; a systematic molecular modelling approach</strong> - Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a zoonotic disease caused by a new severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS- CoV-2) which has quickly resulted in a pandemic. Recent anti-COVID-19 drug discoveries are leaning towards repurposing phytochemicals which have been previously reported for SARS and MERS-CoV outbreaks. However, they have been either virtually screened or tested so far against mono targets and the potent derivatives of virtually sorted lead molecules remain elusive. We aimed to…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Flavonoids of <em>Salvadora persica</em> L. (meswak) and its liposomal formulation as a potential inhibitor of SARS- CoV-2</strong> - Several studies are now underway as a worldwide response for the containment of the COVID-19 outbreak; unfortunately, none of them have resulted in an effective treatment. Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae), commonly known as meswak, is one of the popular plants used by Muslims as an oral hygiene tool. It is documented that the meswak possesses antiviral activity, but no report discusses its use for coronavirus treatment. Herein, a mixture of 11 flavonoids prepared from the aqueous plant…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The inhibition of Mpro, the primary protease of COVID-19, by <em>Poria cocos</em> and its active compounds: a network pharmacology and molecular docking study</strong> - Poria cocos is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that can clear dampness, promote diuresis, and strengthen the spleen and stomach. Poria cocos has been detected in many TCM compounds that are used for COVID-19 intervention. However, the active ingredients and mechanisms associated with the effect of Poria cocos on COVID-19 remain unclear. In this paper, the active ingredients of Poria cocos, along with their potential targets related to COVID-19, were screened using TCMSP, GeneCards, and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Revisiting activity of some glucocorticoids as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease: theoretical study</strong> - The global breakout of COVID-19 and raised death toll has prompted scientists to develop novel drugs capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2. Conducting studies on repurposing some FDA-approved glucocorticoids can be a promising prospective for finding a treatment for COVID-19. In addition, the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, such as glucocorticoids, is a pivotal step in the treatment of critical cases of COVID-19, as they can provoke an inflammatory cytokine storm, damaging lungs. In this study, 22…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Translational Control of COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implication</strong> - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of COVID-19, which has broken out worldwide for more than two years. However, due to limited treatment, new cases of infection are still rising. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the basic molecular biology of SARS-CoV-2 to control this virus. SARS- CoV-2 replication and spread depend on the recruitment of host ribosomes to translate viral messenger RNA (mRNA). To ensure the translation of their…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Computational prediction of the molecular mechanism of statin group of drugs against SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis</strong> - Recently published clinical data from COVID-19 patients indicated that statin therapy is associated with a better clinical outcome and a significant reduction in the risk of mortality. In this study by computational analysis, we have aimed to predict the possible mechanism of the statin group of drugs by which they can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Blind docking of the critical structural and functional proteins of SARS-CoV-2 like RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, M-protease of 3-CL-Pro,…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Houttuynia Cordata-based Chinese herbal formula improved symptoms of allergic rhinitis during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> - CONCLUSION: ZYF has potential effects to relieve nasal symptoms for AR during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inhibition of endocytic recycling of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 S protein partially explains multiple COVID-19 related diseases caused by ACE2 reduction</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SYSTEM FOR MONITORING COVID-19 PATIENTS USING A VIRTUAL TELEPRESENCE ROBOT</strong> - Attached Separately - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=IN356991740">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>MASCARA FACIAL PARA LA INHALACION DE SUBSTANCIAS NEBULIZADAS, CON SISTEMA DE ASPIRACION INCORPORADO</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=ES355538276">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUE TO ANALYZE THE WORK PRESSURE OF PARAMEDICAL STAFF DURING COVID 19</strong> - Machine learning technique to analyse the work pressure of paramedical staff during covid 19 is the proposed invention that focuses on identifying the stress levels of paramedical staff. The invention focuses on analysing the level of stress that is induced on the paramedical staff especially during pandemic. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=IN353347401">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>一种吡咯烷酮中间体的合成方法</strong> - 本发明涉及药物中间体合成技术领域，尤其是一种吡咯烷酮中间体的合成方法，包括以下步骤：化合物1溶液和有机锂试剂溶液泵入连续反应器，反应生成锂氢交换中间体，再泵入卤代乙腈与中间态发生反应生成化合物2；化合物2用固定床反应装置内进行氢化反应，后处理得到化合物3；将化合物3的溶液和氨水溶液泵入连续反应器生成酰胺化合物4；化合物4和脱水剂使用恒流泵泵入连续化反应器，生成化合物5或其氨基上有保护基的中间体；应用串联连续反应技术，将传统釜式数步反应改进为连续化工艺，解决了传统釜式反应的放大效应问题，降低了含金属试剂以及高压氢化等危险反应的安全风险进而避免了超低温反应釜和高压氢化釜等设备，提高了生产效率。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN357081864">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>一株表达新冠病毒S1蛋白单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞系及中和活性抗体</strong> - 本发明属于细胞工程与免疫学领域，具体涉及一株表达新冠病毒S1蛋白单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞系及中和活性抗体。本发明筛选获得一株能高效稳定分泌表达新冠病毒S1蛋白单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞系以及其分泌的新冠病毒S1蛋白单克隆抗体；利用普通细胞培养皿培养本发明的重组杂交瘤细胞系，产量可达10mg/L，且纯度能达90%以上；本发明的单抗具有高中和活性，单抗浓度为0.00103μg/mL时即可抑制50％以上新冠假病毒活性，是目前所报告的新冠单抗中和活性最佳的。本发明提供的杂交瘤细胞系或单克隆抗体在新冠病毒的血清学检测、制备新冠病毒感染的试剂或药物及制备新冠病毒抗原或抗体检测的试剂中具有重要的应用价值。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN357081918">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>基于SARS-CoV-2的S蛋白的疫苗及其用途</strong> - 本公开提供了基于SARS‑CoV‑2的S蛋白的疫苗及其用途，并具体涉及重组SARS‑CoV‑2刺突蛋白(S蛋白)及编码其的mRNA和DNA。本公开还涉及包含编码重组S蛋白的DNA序列的重组质粒。本公开的重组质粒经转录得到mRNA，其包含SEQ ID NO.12所示的序列。本公开进一步涉及包含前述mRNA的mRNA‑载体颗粒例如脂质纳米颗粒(LNP)和组合物例如疫苗组合物。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN356073372">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>CBD Covid 19 Protection</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU353359094">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>一种双价可电离脂质化合物、组合物及其应用</strong> - 本发明涉及核酸药物递送技术领域，特别是关于一种双价可电离脂质化合物、组合物及其应用。本发明提供多种可以递送核酸药物的可电离阳离子脂质，具备较强的可设计性、可生物降解性及高效的体内外转染效率，由其组成的脂质纳米递送系统用于递送mRNA，在细胞水平上，优于目前上市的产品，并且在动物水平也具有良好的递送效率，可以作为核酸药物的递送新的方法，促进核酸药物的发展。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN356073405">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>一种双价可电离脂质化合物、组合物及其应用</strong> - 本发明涉及核酸药物递送技术领域，特别是关于一种双价可电离脂质化合物、组合物及其应用。本发明提供多种可以递送核酸药物的可电离阳离子脂质，具备较强的可设计性、可生物降解性及高效的体内外转染效率，由其组成的脂质纳米递送系统用于递送mRNA，在细胞水平上，优于目前上市的产品，并且在动物水平也具有良好的递送效率，可以作为核酸药物的递送新的方法，促进核酸药物的发展。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN356073406">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>新冠肺炎CT图像分割方法及终端设备</strong> - 本发明公开了一种新冠肺炎CT图像分割方法及终端设备，方法包括获取待分割新冠肺炎CT图像；将该图像输入至训练好的分割模型中，得到新冠肺炎病灶区域的图像；其中分割模型包括依次连接的多个下采样模块和下采样模块对应的上采样模块；每个采样模块均包括依次连接的第一提取单元和第二提取单元；上述两个提取单元的卷积模块均为结构重参数化卷积模块。本发明的结构重参数化卷积模块为训练时使用多分支结构，加强模型表达能力，推理时使用单路结构，加快推理速度，快速得出诊断结果。同时，为从不同尺度特征图中学习分层表示，加强模型对图像边缘信息提取，并使梯度更快回流，上采样每一侧输出都连接混合损失函数，实现图像的像素级分割。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN356073393">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Grim Journey of the Accused Brooklyn Subway Shooter</strong> - Frank James, the man charged with carrying out the Sunset Park attack, appears to have inhabited a world of conspiracy theories, grievance, and mental illness. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-grim-journey-of-the-accused-brooklyn-subway-shooter">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Siege of Chernihiv</strong> - For more than a month, the Russian military pummelled residents with bombing raids and missile fire, turning a locked-in Ukrainian city into an urban death trap. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-siege-of-chernihiv">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Case for an Immediate Energy Embargo on Russia</strong> - An aide to Ukrainian President Volodomyr Zelensky argues that halting the purchase of oil and gas is the surest way to stop Vladimir Putin’s military machine. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-case-for-an-immediate-energy-embargo-on-russia">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Slime Machine Targeting Dozens of Biden Nominees</strong> - In an escalation of partisan warfare, a little-known dark-money group is trying to thwart the President’s entire slate. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/a-reporter-at-large/the-slime-machine-targeting-dozens-of-biden-nominees">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The First Post-Trump Republican Race</strong> - In Ohio’s raucous Senate primary, conservatives are competing for the ex-President’s favor—and to define what Trumpism still means. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-political-scene/the-first-post-trump-republican-race">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>How to handle a lopsided friendship</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Illustration of two unhappy people sitting back-to-back with a gray scribble above their heads" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/NoYS1XMfMymW-BVP9YoGp1DrfSA=/174x0:1999x1369/1310x983/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70756513/GettyImages_1326242828.0.jpeg"/>
<figcaption>
Getty Images/iStockphoto
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
If you think a pal is way less (or way more) invested than you are, here’s what to do.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MSmeDd">
Kristen’s 12-year relationship with her best friend Heather was put to the test during the pandemic. (Both women’s names have been changed at Kristen’s request to protect their privacy.) Their experiences during the past few years couldn’t have felt more different: Kristen, a single, 35-year-old behavioral researcher in San Francisco, was unbearably lonely during the lockdown. Her best friend, Heather, also 35, married and living in Los Angeles, gave birth to her first child. Kristen expected Heather’s priorities to shift as she adjusted to being a new mom, but Kristen wasn’t prepared for how upsetting it would feel to be shuffled to an outer ring of her best friend’s life precisely when she needed Heather most.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rr1inW">
They tried to keep in touch, agreeing to hop on a phone call every other Sunday at 8 am. But Heather was a no-show week after week. “She just would get really busy and overwhelmed and kind of just forget about me,” Kristen says. With every phone date Heather blew off, Kristen’s resentment grew. “It just got so painful that I was like, ‘This is not working,’” she says.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9mmiqb">
As we juggle the demands of this ongoing pandemic, friendships have shifted in all sorts of unexpected ways. Many people now seem to have less stamina for socializing, says <a href="https://www.katvellos.com/">Kat Vellos</a>, author of <a href="https://weshouldgettogether.com/books"><em>We Should Get Together</em></a>, a book about cultivating friendships in adulthood. Vellos believes folks became used to having smaller social circles, and some realized they prefer keeping it that way. As a result, these people might be more choosy about the friendships they <em>do</em> invest time in. That’s mostly a good thing, but it can be painful for the people who are hurt that they are no longer a priority.
</p></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nhQFHH">
A lopsided friendship happens when one friend is more active in maintaining contact and the other friend is more passive about keeping the connection going. It’s understandable to be sad or upset if you’re the one constantly reaching out, sending thoughtful messages and asking if you can schedule brunch or happy hour together. According to a <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/108/15/6270.full.pdf">2010 study published in <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a>, social rejection can feel as distressing as physical pain.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Y01BOg">
“We live longer if we feel connected and supported,” says <a href="https://www.kasleykillam.com/">Kasley Killam</a>, a Harvard- trained social scientist who specializes in connection and loneliness, and founder of the nonprofit <a href="https://www.socialhealthlabs.com/">Social Health Labs</a>. “So when someone expresses that they’re perhaps not as interested in being friends with us or they need a break or whatever, that can trigger this innate fear inside of us that we’re going to be alone or that we’re not of value.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0spCi9">
Psychologist <a href="https://www.ascensionbehavioralhealth.com/meetdrabrams">Ayanna Abrams</a> says having a lopsided friendship doesn’t automatically mean that your friendship is unhealthy or toxic. It’s only a problem if someone is feeling negative emotions about the pattern. To help figure out whether you’re in a lopsided friendship and how to deal if you are, Vox spoke with four friendship and connection experts.
</p>
<h3 id="gqPvQp">
Resist the urge to make assumptions
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YiVBZ8">
It’s easy to jump to conclusions and assume that if we don’t hear from someone as often as we’d like to, Killam says, “that means they don’t like us, or they don’t value our friendship.” More likely: The other person is just busy — it’s not that deep.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bY1uzI">
It’s seductive to tell yourself stories when a close friend has gone quiet. “Once that seed is in our minds, it is hard to let go,” says <a href="https://www.daniellebayardjackson.com/">Danielle Bayard Jackson</a>, a friendship coach and host of the <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/friend-forward/id1500460079"><em>Friend Forward</em></a> podcast. Concocting a narrative about why your friend isn’t reciprocating is a common reason, she says, for a lot of friendships ending prematurely. People think to themselves, for example, “Oh, I guess she’s not as invested in this friendship as I thought. I guess her new boyfriend’s more important.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ug2mtO">
“All of that stuff is a self-generated story,” Jackson says. You might find yourself behaving in response to a story you made up out of thin air.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UFBxOt">
The solution? Challenge these beliefs, which are likely way off-base. Are these negative thoughts based in reality, or is this your insecurity speaking? When clients express these worries to Abrams, she asks the person to imagine what their friend would say about the friendship. Next, imagine the demands and commitments the friend is juggling. This exercise usually helps bring the temperature down so the client can see that their friend is likely busy and isn’t intentionally blowing them off.
</p>
<h3 id="ypOgtO">
Invite, don’t accuse
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tJbcyo">
People often wait to alert their friend to an issue until it’s boiled over from annoyance to full-on anger. The best time to address the issue “is when you begin feeling that distance or imbalance in the relationship,” Abrams says. She recommends pinpointing what you want more or less of and then verbalizing it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="k3hf15">
You might be tempted to blurt out, “Hey, I haven’t heard from you in a while. What gives?” But that could put your friend on the defense. Instead, “let them know you’re reaching out to them out of a desire for their company, and not accusing them of what they’re failing to do,” she says, “which doesn’t really feel good to anyone and is not a good motivator to get them to act.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="f1Lnca">
Jackson suggests proposing plans using what she calls the movie trailer method: You should preview the experience so the other person has a taste of what’s to come. Instead of saying, “Hey, let’s get together sometime,” with them replying, “Absolutely,” and then crickets for two months, maybe say, “Hey, do you wanna get together Saturday around 7 for an hour or two? We can try this new wine bar in town. Let’s get dressed up and sip something bubbly.” In doing this, you’re giving a visual of being there, like a scene from the movie that will be your Saturday night hang.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Kl39Tu">
Designing the plans that way makes it easier for people to commit. “And if they can’t, a friend who is equally interested will negotiate with you and say, ‘Dang, I can’t do Saturday, but let’s try Tuesday,’” Jackson adds.
</p>
<h3 id="ho7k30">
Be flexible
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mNHyj6">
Your friend may be feeling like this is more of a logistics problem, and isn’t aware that you’re open to changing your established routine. So the next time you reach out, you could say something like:
</p>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jTau1u">
Would you want to try something different the next time we meet? Maybe we can grab tea instead of cocktails?
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZW7Lss">
Instead of meeting up for brunch, maybe we could grab coffee or go for a walk in the park?
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eMAdlP">
Maybe we can go on a double date so we can include our significant others?
</li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6Ve9A0">
Your friend also might prefer to change the mode and frequency of communication. Maybe texting is better for them instead of taking phone calls. Or they might want to talk on the phone once a week instead of exchanging DMs on a social platform they’re no longer using. Ask!
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SKc1l9">
At this point, if you’ve tried a few different strategies and you’re hearing radio silence, Vellos says you should assume the universe is telling you to put your attention elsewhere. “That could be another person, another friendship, another hobby, whatever,” she says. Redirect your energy so you’re not wasting your time and getting your hopes up for something that’s unlikely to happen.
</p>
<h3 id="v6H9Ko">
If you’re the one who can’t prioritize your friendships, be upfront about it
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Klx4Q2">
Lots of people may find themselves on the opposite side of the spectrum: They’re the ones who are too snowed under to invest in their friendships. In this case, it is your responsibility, as a friend, to let the other person know about what they can expect from you for the foreseeable future. It saves a lot of heartache for everyone if you tell them the truth about what is going on with you, Abrams says. Know that you don’t have to be in a stressful or busy place to explain you need space; you can set boundaries around your time and energy even if you technically could hang out with this person more often.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mjRF7l">
When Jackson was pregnant, she messaged her friends and let them know her availability was shifting but she’ll be back soon. She communicated, “I’m thinking of you. I want to get together. I can’t for the next few months, but man, I cannot wait to see you soon and catch up then.” Her friends not only appreciated the heads-up, but were reassured that she valued their bond.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pUwWm1">
If you need to let a friend know you won’t be as available in the future, Abrams suggests saying something like:
</p>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ut4kal">
I know we tend to talk on the phone for hours, but I probably have an hour max on Sundays before I have to prepare for the week.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="o1QPRF">
It’s been really hard for me to talk on the phone lately, so texting is the best way to reach me these next few weeks.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sP0xDG">
Hey, I know we usually talk every week. In this season of work, I’m swamped. I’ll drop you a line when things calm down.
</li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6pQ6nP">
The important thing is to be open, honest, and focused when you do connect. Aim for quality over quantity here — so when you do engage with your friends, they’ll feel valued and secure, knowing the friendship is meaningful to you too.
</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>The banned weapon Russia (and the US) won’t give up</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-
cdn.com/thumbor/E9OsA1ZvCl4MzNDFhxv889NO8DM=/240x0:1680x1080/1310x983/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70753845/ClusterBombs_Thumb_Clean.0.png"/>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Why war crime investigators are looking for cluster bombs in Ukraine.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rGPCYG">
In Ukraine, human rights investigators like <a href="https://twitter.com/amnesty/status/1499357444903952393?s=20&amp;t=rJJ10vnHehrsEevVE9rY7Q">Amnesty International</a> and <a href="https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2022/02/27/ukraine-conflict-tracking-use-of-cluster-
munitions-in-civilian-areas/">Bellingcat</a> have been <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/world/europe/russia-
ukraine-war-kharkiv.html">tracking Russian attacks</a> to aid in a potential war crimes investigation. One thing they’re paying special attention to is cluster bombs. Cluster bombs were first used in World War II, and scatter numerous smaller bombs over a wide area — <a href="https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/cluster-munition-victims-
factsheet-2010.pdf">often killing civilians</a>. It’s this indiscriminate nature that often makes their use a war crime.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9LYWSQ">
Our modern conception of war crimes was established by a series of treaties whose creation spanned decades. In 1977, one of those treaties banned what’s known as “indiscriminate attacks.” That means militaries are legally prohibited from attacking an area imprecisely, in a way that can harm civilians.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3coMg5">
Russia is not alone in using these weapons: In conflicts since the 1977 treaty, many militaries continue using them in civilian areas, with impunity, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/19/magazine/victims-airstrikes-middle-east-
civilians.html">including</a> <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/what-we-dont-know-about-drones">the US</a>. This video explains how they’re being used by Russia, and why places like the US and Russia just <a href="http://www.stopclustermunitions.org/en-gb/cluster-bombs/use-of-cluster-bombs/a-timeline-of-cluster-bomb-
use.aspx">won’t give them up</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VOBwvl">
This video is part of our ongoing, broader coverage of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. For more videos that provide historical context to the headlines in the news today, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJ8cMiYb3G5eZQK-3tCqQCWV49C1M6aKh"><strong>watch our playlist here</strong></a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O4zB9x">
You can find this video, our playlist, and the entire library of <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLXo7UDZvByw2ixzpQCufnA"><strong>Vox’s videos on our YouTube channel</strong></a>.
</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Everything Everywhere All at Once, explained by a quantum physicist</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-
cdn.com/thumbor/NucB05rusUUJ0prhF8m9CsXV9C8=/338x0:1778x1080/1310x983/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70753357/15618_7f30qD_eeaao_0001png.0.png"/>
<figcaption>
This is Michelle Yeoh in the very fantastic <em>Everything Everywhere All at Once</em>. In it she plays a mom, and her story made me want to call my mom. | Courtesy of A24
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The probability that we’re all living in the multiverse, and why that idea is so appealing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DBVeGr">
This past weekend, a couple of my friends and I went to see <em>Everything Everywhere All at Once</em>. I went in knowing two things about it: The first was that the very talented and fantastic Michelle Yeoh was in it; and the second was that it involved the “multiverse.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bLJYB6">
As the credits rolled, with tears trickling into my mask, I had a hard time discerning what was making me emotional. I say emotional because it wasn’t just one feeling, but a strange mix of several: joy, wistfulness, catharsis, yearning, hope.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pCJUBB">
Without giving too much away, the very simple gist of this maximalist, fantastic tornado of a movie is about the choice to exist, to fully live within the present moment. It’s about finding the beauty in our small, odd lives, even as we constantly compare what we have to our unfulfilled fantasies. The movie also examines how we take solace in the personal disasters we’ve narrowly avoided. But what makes <em>Everything Everywhere All at Once</em> so powerful is the multiverse, a dazzling antidote to the fact that real life these days feels like it’s been designed to blur and pummel our emotions into dullness.
</p>
<figure class="e-image"></figure></li>
</ul>
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/a1veY7iBDuqqyXQI_VB0SuRbvW0=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23391898/Screen_Shot_2022_04_15_at_8.53.27_AM.png"/> <cite>Courtesy of A24</cite>
<figcaption>
Michelle Yeoh in <em>Everything Everywhere All at Once</em>.
</figcaption>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="E1a2jA">
What is the multiverse? A world full of endless potential; multiple parallel universes spinning in synchronicity; and the possibility of alternate, powerful, seemingly better versions of ourselves. At a time when a pandemic, wars, and political cruelty have become constant, inevitable presences in our daily lives, it’s the ultimate fantasy for this moment. And that’s not just because Marvel, the most powerful entertainment company in the world, has gone all-in and made the multiverse a cornerstone of its current storytelling.<strong> </strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eKoPnH">
Rather, Marvel is just one take, one depiction of a limitless and alluring fantasy that’s impossible to pin down. Movies like <em>Bill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure, Back to the Future, Sliding Doors, About Time </em>and even <em>It’s a Wonderful Life</em> have all played with the idea of alternate or parallel timelines and futures.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nDWepo">
In an attempt to better understand why I was so moved by <em>Everything Everywhere All at Once</em> and also ascertain just how realistic the idea of the multiverse is (and ostensibly how invested I should be in the idea of a better, more successful me existing in a non-pandemic timeline), I reached out to <a href="https://usasciencefestival.org/people/dr-spiros-michalakis/">Spyridon “Spiros” Michalakis</a>, a mathematical physicist at the California Institute of Technology. He studies how the universe works at a quantum level, and actually served as the science consultant for Marvel’s <em>Ant-Man</em>, a movie about a man who can shrink, and who can also affect space and time.
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Which is to say, Michalakis’s scientific knowledge informed Marvel’s multiverse. While he possesses a vast understanding of physics that dwarfs mine — at several points in our chat I told him he was absolutely blowing my mind — it was his very human understanding of the multiverse and the hope it presents to worn down, burned out humans that made me understand it, and, I think, my own post-movie delirium, better.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="j0tHm2">
<strong>Thanks for speaking with me. I know you’re busy and have </strong><a href="https://worldquantumday.org/"><strong>World Quantum Day</strong></a> <strong>tomorrow!</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TjBKSC">
Absolutely! The multiverse is my bread and butter. In fact, I may be responsible for it.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="USiYQX">
<strong>Wait, elaborate — what do you mean responsible?</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8pZSTk">
I’m the science consultant for <em>Ant-Man</em> and I introduced the quantum realm there. Then it was also in <em>Ant-Man and the Wasp,</em> and then <em>Avengers: Endgame</em> and everything else. So you’re talking to the right person.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FAJetg">
<strong>Perfect! Wow, look how that worked out.</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="o6i87S">
<strong>So as you know, the multiverse</strong><em><strong> </strong></em><strong>in Marvel is based in the idea that there’s a central timeline, but every decision made — more or less — sprouts off new timelines. Everything is constantly breaking off from that central timeline. Could you talk a little bit about your initial ideas of the concept, and how you infused what you know from science into it?</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="F6BXBQ">
The irony of all of this, is that the multiverse may have emerged literally from the tiniest of places. When I consulted with Paul Rudd and Peyton Reed, they wanted to know what happens when you shrink.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Nl1vwK">
I think if you really shrink — this gets really interesting — you get to the source code of reality itself. That’s what the quantum realm is. Space and time just don’t operate the same way at that level. I tried to infuse the movies with as much actual science as possible. At some point, the writers were more excited about the real science than the hocus pocus-like stuff.
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<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/mehn9Cf08gACPmLvaFaGUW32br4=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23391905/DF_02453_rv3_1000x551_thumbnail.jpg"/> <cite>Courtesy of Columbia Pictures</cite>
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When it comes to the multiverse, apparently quantum physicists prefer science over “hocus pocus.” Said hocus pocus is being performed by Doctor Strange in <em>Spider-Man: No Way Home</em>.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OTzSUo">
<strong>No offense to Doctor Strange.</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fxq3um">
Yes! No offense!
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ukywbd">
The multiverse emerged from there, from the fact that you have a very basic concept in quantum physics known as <a href="https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/quantum-science-explained/quantum-superposition">quantum superposition.</a> Quantum superposition basically says that what we think of as a single universe, the quantum superposition, is the interference of an infinite number of universes. Each one of them has different things that are happening at some microscopic level. When you zoom out from our microscopic human perspective, we get to see certain patterns like space and time and matter emerge, and particles that have some more definite positions, in both space and time.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yDnILw">
Marvel took to heart the idea that we can use the quantum realm to reverse-engineer that single universe and split it apart into threads, and then explore each of these timelines individually, for dramatic effect.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dUUieB">
<strong>I want to ask you about “real science.” Is it super silly for me to think that there’s a different Alex in another alternate universe? Or is that a leap too far?</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XYmOuT">
I really do think that this is absolutely what is going on.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6Cq6XT">
<strong>Oh no! What if there’s a better Alex somewhere?</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7IovUw">
No, you’re the very best version of every Alex ever.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SLedD6">
<strong>Wait. How do we know that? Are you just being nice?</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MYFJ3d">
Because I just said so, and that’s all that matters.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VGWEWZ">
<strong>But I do want to know — what we see on screen is one thing, but what’s the actual science like? Can you please explain it to me in the simplest way possible?</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OO5cM1">
Have you heard about the <a href="https://plus.maths.org/content/physics-minute-double-slit-
experiment-0">double slit experiment</a>, one of the famous quantum experiments?
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Y5RxXB">
<strong>I majored in English. I most definitely have not.</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="32zN5k">
This is one of the famous quantum experiments, before quantum was even a thing. This gave us an inkling for the first time in human history that something was amiss with the way we thought about the universe.
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We thought you could shoot single electrons or photons, just single particles, toward a wall where you had put two slits. They could go either on the left side or the right side, through the slit, and then hit a wall behind it.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lca7B5">
<strong>Got it.</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4Sx8jY">
You can imagine, like bullets or billiard balls, a bunch of them would either go through the right slit or through the left slit. Then you would see, on the back wall, a bunch of them hitting the right or the left. They actually tried to do that experiment, and what they saw was that on the back wall, you did not have the pattern you expected.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7ccA6g">
You had waves — you had the electron or the photon going through both slits at the same time, interfering with itself behind that wall, and then hitting the other wall as if it was a wave.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="I9eHxn">
Think about it like you have water waves going through these two slits, and then you can see the crests rising and falling, depending on how the interference flows. That’s what was happening with actual physical particles, one at a time.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="F7XJXJ">
<strong>I think I got it — the outcome wasn’t expected, and everything, including the probability, was off. Full disclosure: The last time I took physics was in college.</strong>
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<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A rock with google eyes sitting on the dirt." src="https://cdn.vox-
cdn.com/thumbor/kpOZ6igjG79J0X3QmydVjcTEJl0=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23391921/Screen_Shot_2022_04_15_at_8.53.39_AM.png"/> <cite>Courtesy of A24</cite>
<figcaption>
Michelle Yeoh (as a rock) in <em>Everything Everywhere All At Once.</em>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EJZUwK">
So, they’re thinking: How the hell is it possible that one thing was going through two places at the same time?
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="R1Nfm3">
Then, [Nobel Prize-winning physicist] <a href="https://faraday.physics.utoronto.ca/PVB/Harrison/DoubleSlit/DoubleSlit.html">Richard Feynman</a> was like, <em>Wait a minute, what if we had a third slit, and the fourth one, and the fifth one</em>?
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SKcknb">
Sure enough, you would see an even more complex pattern in the back as if the electron was going through all four or five of them at the same time. He realized, wait a minute, if you keep making slits, at some point, the wall with all the slits disappears and becomes just the empty space through which light and matter travels anyway.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qi3ibA">
It travels through everything — it takes every path, at all times. It’s actually a perfect analogy to the title of the movie. Like, the title of the movie is scientifically accurate.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dQup3H">
<em><strong>Everything Everywhere All at Once</strong></em><strong>?</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="T68oL5">
That is exactly how the universe works. Space and time are one single, singular construct. There’s not like you have space and then time; it’s <em>space x time. </em>Moreover, quantum space time is a superposition: a quantum superposition of an infinite number of space times, all happening at the same time.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mergab">
This illusion — basic physical reality — is the fact that human beings have very specific points of view, ways of observing the superposition.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RyjspH">
We all agree that, like, there’s a car in front of us, or a screen we’re looking at, or that somebody’s talking. Other points of view, though, you can access using quantum computers. We’re developing those things, at places like CalTech, where you tease that apart, where you get to see underneath the hood of reality.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NjYxrz">
<strong>I think I got it!</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Al6cLo">
You get it? That’s impressive.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pus6ns">
<strong>I mean, I get it in very broad terms. Basically, if we all have the same perspective, we share a view on reality and how we see the world. But, based on your perspective or point of view, that could easily change. Like that wall with the slits!</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HmRC0m">
Exactly. Exactly.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KAqNbN">
And you wouldn’t know about those other perspectives, right? That’s the beauty of this. You wouldn’t know, unless you’re also flickering between two different realities. Which can happen also, because again, the frame rate of the human mind is so low relative to the frame rate of the universe, right?
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xh72R3">
<strong>Holy shit. What? Frame rate? So, like humans are missing an entire sequence?</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kdTz8p">
Let’s say we only perceive 100 frames per second, something like that. We can be aware of our lives and choices we make, but then the frame rate of the universe where you could be flickering between different timelines is 40 orders of magnitude above that. It’s one with 40 zeros.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nFOg9k">
Then we make the best approximation.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DQTrYv">
We’re all trying to figure out the plot of the universe by just watching the beginning and the end of the movie, the first and last frame. We’re just reconstructing the in-between the best we can. That’s where the multiverse hides; it hides there in between frames. Honestly, I think that the frame rate of the universe truly is infinite, not even finite, very, very large. And we’re so far away from that.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="y2tYPC">
<strong>That missing movie comparison — my mind is absolutely blown.</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="q9H1LV">
The whole point, and what we’ve seen, is that our intuition just breaks so badly, <em>so badly</em> at every scale. We’re just missing most of it. But we try to make the best theories about it as we can.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Q0WlIF">
<strong>What’s fascinating to me, listening to this, is that we’re all essentially blind- guessing — and again, I’m not a physicist so this could be way off. Obviously this is all relative, but I have my intuitions or guesses about how the universe works. You do too, and your knowledge dwarfs mine exponentially because of quantum physics. But then yours — your frame rate, intuition, your knowledge — is dwarfed by the infinite magnitude of the entire universe.</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="v9np7K">
The universe is going like 100 million billion frames — exactly. Making fun of all of us.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7tfNdJ">
<strong>I want to ask you, and I think you may have answered this implicitly, but why do you think everyone’s so fascinated with this concept?</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yqnEtC">
First of all, from a franchise point of view, the Marvel Cinematic Universe has been probably the most successful movie franchise of all time.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="n8tfKv">
And the multiverse is, at its foundation, its essence, a fresh perspective: What if I had made a different choice? What if time itself is not one-dimensional? What if it is a million-dimensional? What if you can jump left and right and up and down or just back and forth in time? And if you can do that, then it means you’re basically going to other realities — that may look very much like yours, or different.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><img alt="Orbium Planetarum Terram" src="https://cdn.vox-
cdn.com/thumbor/zORq3limxIZ6mWPzbcUTY97kYq0=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23391936/90009585.jpg"/> <cite>Buyenlarge/Getty Images</cite></p>
<figcaption>
Andreas Cellarius was a Dutch-German celestial cartographer. Isn’t it funny that we can be like, “lol, actually sir, the universe thinks you’re way off!”
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jvlxUa">
For scientists, we’ve become better at explaining concepts to our friends across the aisle on the entertainment and the Hollywood side. They feel more empowered to tell good stories, based on time travel and things in fiction like that, like the multiverse. They have the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit">GPUs</a> and now render these beautiful things: the multiverse, quantum realm, everything in between.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ihW5h7">
You know, being able to hop in the multiverse is also a superpower. It’s such a powerful visualization, to not just break the laws of physics in this universe, but to have almost infinite choice of who you are. To escape yourself and become someone else.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="G3UxTx">
<strong>I think the key word here might be “fate.” A lot of storytelling wrestles with the idea of destiny and our choices, and whether we have control of our future. The multiverse seems like it offers a freedom from that, in that your fate could be anything that you choose, or whatever your quantum superposition is.</strong>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="agL3SZ">
It’s the idea that you may not be aware of it, but there is a power of choice that you have at some microscopic level that defines your identity as a citizen of this reality, versus a parallel one: where your most important choices you made are kind of your fingerprint. This is what separates you from this other version of yourself. You made a different choice, and maybe you made the best of that other choice.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RMMXho">
But the thing that is also pretty powerful is the possibility that you could learn from the other versions of you. What if you could meet them, and all of a sudden, you realize that you have all these latent powers, potential within you, that were actually explored? And they flourished in this other reality.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4XiYgJ">
What if you were a spy over there, or a fantastic cook, or an amazing writer? Or all the things you may have wanted to become, or even better — what if you could be all these things you thought you would never be good at? It’s a fantasy of your best self.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="F2OKLi">
The reason why this is so important, and why I was trying to introduce these ideas, is that the dream of these possibilities makes such a huge difference when everything is going to shit around the world. I’m not gonna go political, but you know what I mean: everything in the pandemic, and now what’s happening in Ukraine.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Keoqg3">
At some point, there’s a really tempting choice to just be cynical and say there’s nothing I can do and that no version of me makes a difference here.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4TBIRE">
I want people to know — especially young people trying to figure out where they fit in this world — that they have power to make anything happen, and make that world where they can do amazing things. They can really take control and become that version of themselves that unlocks their true potential.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SbvJtl">
<strong>I get that. I feel like the buzz phrase over the past two years has been “existential crisis.” There’s been a general feeling of like, </strong><em><strong>I don’t know why this matters.</strong></em><strong> </strong><em><strong>What does it even matter if I exist?</strong></em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZKCvIy">
<strong>The multiverse fantasy, to me, feels like the inverse of that. There’s something beautiful in the idea of existing everywhere all at one time. The idea that this life, your life, everything everywhere matters so much right now.</strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="W1G3Ln">
There is something very powerful about just knowing, even though you may not know how, but just <em>knowing</em> that something is possible. Often it’s heroes that are the ones that first believed something was possible, and that fate was not set. Just knowing, or at least believing so strongly that something is possible, then allows you to mess around and experiment and figure out how to actually make it possible.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OPHsGY">
That’s what science tries to really do. It takes a science-fiction idea, something humanity would love to be true, and then says, let’s try to understand. First, we have to believe it’s possible, then try to understand what we need to tweak in our understanding to get to this new point.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XiP8wu">
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7tbPvW">
</p>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Chetan Anand puts his hat in the ring</strong> - Says he is willing to the take up the mantle of chief national coach</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2022 | Ravi Shastri backs RCB to make playoffs</strong> - Du Plessis, Kohli and Maxwell will play an important role this season for RCB, feels Shastri</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2022, MI vs LSG | Rahul smashes century to power Lucknow to competitive total against Mumbai</strong> - Fabian Allen replaced Basil Thampi for MI; LSG brought in Manish Pandey for K. Gowtham</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2022 | Test of wits between new captains Jadeja and Pandya as Chennai takes on Gujarat</strong> - Bowling has been a major concern for CSK but the former champions produced a better show against RCB</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2022: PBKS vs SRH | Hyderabad eyes fourth win on the trot, run into Punjab</strong> - Being an afternoon game, dew would not be a factor but an intriguing battle is in store.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Congress will restore old pension scheme in Himachal Pradesh, says Chhatsgarh Health Minister T. S. Singh Deo</strong> - ‘BJP has always opposed policies which are in the interest of employees’</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>CM promises ₹20 crore to cash-strapped Kannada University</strong> - He was responding to the Vice-Chancellor’s demand for urgent release of ₹80 crore for running the basic operations of the university</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Work on seaweed park after State government allots land: L. Murugan</strong> -</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: No quick return to normal for scarred Bucha</strong> - Everything has changed in this town since the Russians came, and horrific memories will not easily be erased.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Russian warship: Moskva sinks in Black Sea</strong> - The warship sank while being towed a day after Ukraine claimed to have hit it with a missile.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine conflict: Save energy and annoy Putin, Germans told</strong> - The vice-chancellor says they should use bikes and lower the thermostat to use less Russian gas.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Chernihiv is silent, after having been under constant attack from Russian forces</strong> - The Ukrainian city of Chernihiv was under constant attack until suddenly Russian forces withdrew.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Russia threatens to step up attacks on Kyiv</strong> - Moscow says it hit the Ukrainian capital overnight and will launch more strikes in response to attacks in Russia.</p></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Are microbes the future of recycling? It’s complicated</strong> - Questions linger as enzyme-based recycling technology is poised to go commercial. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1848392">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>BCI lets completely “locked-in” man communicate with his son, ask for a beer</strong> - System trains the user to alter their brain activity in response to auditory feedback. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1848415">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Review: Ryzen 7 5800X3D is an interesting tech demo that’s hard to recommend</strong> - Big cache benefits games, but lower clock speeds hurts everything else. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1847911">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Before Google kills free G Suite accounts, why not offer a family email plan?</strong> - Apple and Microsoft sell custom domain email to consumers, but Google doesn’t. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1848041">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Camera manufacturer turns Ars comment section into makeshift AMA</strong> - Depth-perceiving camera company reads, responds to over 200 Ars reader comments. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1848475">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
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<li><strong>A couple want to have children but the wife can’t get pregnant.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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A couple want to have children but the wife can’t get pregnant …so they go to see a priest for advice. The priest tells them they came at the right time, since his superior just sent him to Rome for 10 years, and he’s leaving tomorrow. ‘As soon as I’ll get there, I’ll immediately light a candle for you,’ he promises. Time passes and the priest returns to the little town after 10 years. The first thing he does is visit the couple’s home. He can hear a crazy loud noise when he knocks on the door. The wife opens the door; three little children on her arms, a couple of them hiding under her skirt, and others behind her playing around. The priest counts as many as ten of them! ‘Well this is quite a pleasant surprise,’ exclaims the priest. ‘It seems like God listened to my prayer. But where is your dear husband?’ ‘My husband traveled to Rome,’ says the wife with a tired look on her face. ‘To Rome? Why on earth would he go to Rome?’ ‘To blow out that bloody candle you lit!’
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/YZXFILE"> /u/YZXFILE </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u4u5yi/a_couple_want_to_have_children_but_the_wife_cant/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u4u5yi/a_couple_want_to_have_children_but_the_wife_cant/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Whats good on pizza but not on pussy?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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crust.
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​
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​
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edit: yall keep making better jokes in the comments LMAO
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possible answers : red sauce, white sauce, yeast, cheese, senior discount (wtf), crabs, hot sauce, mushrooms. damn yall are just funnier than me lol
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/ThicccNugget"> /u/ThicccNugget </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u4n9lm/whats_good_on_pizza_but_not_on_pussy/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u4n9lm/whats_good_on_pizza_but_not_on_pussy/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>They say you cannot hurt yourself whilst masterbating</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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But I managed to pull it off
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/PMyourside_boobs"> /u/PMyourside_boobs </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u4lo90/they_say_you_cannot_hurt_yourself_whilst/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u4lo90/they_say_you_cannot_hurt_yourself_whilst/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>I once dated a girl who had a twin. People asked me how I could tell them apart…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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Lisa painted her fingernails red &amp; Bob had a cock.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Cat_Dad_123"> /u/Cat_Dad_123 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u4of81/i_once_dated_a_girl_who_had_a_twin_people_asked/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u4of81/i_once_dated_a_girl_who_had_a_twin_people_asked/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>A cowboy rode into town and stopped at a saloon for a drink. Unfortunately, the locals always had a habit of picking on strangers, which he was.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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When he finished his drink, he found his horse had been stolen. He went back into the bar, handily flipped his gun into the air, caught it above his head without even looking and fired a shot into the ceiling.
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“Which one of you sidewinders stole my horse?!” he yelled with surprising forcefulness.
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No one answered.
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“Alright, I’m gonna have another beer, and if my horse ain’t back outside by the time I finish, I’m gonna do what I dun in Texas! And I don’t like to have to do what I dun in Texas!”
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Some of the locals shifted restlessly. The man, true to his word, had another beer, walked outside, and his horse has been returned to the post. He saddled up and started to ride out of town.
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The bartender wandered out of the bar and asked, “Say partner, before you go… what happened in Texas?”
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The cowboy turned back and said, “I had to walk home.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/ryan_j_carl1"> /u/ryan_j_carl1 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u45v9l/a_cowboy_rode_into_town_and_stopped_at_a_saloon/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u45v9l/a_cowboy_rode_into_town_and_stopped_at_a_saloon/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
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