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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>A Unified Model of Reinforcement Sensitivity, Emotion Regulation, and Affective Psychopathology: Cross-sectional, Longitudinal and Quasi-Experimental Evidence</strong> -
<div>
The current article presents an emotion regulation model of clinical reinforcement sensitivity wherein reinforcement sensitivity predicts depression and anxiety via trait preferences for concomitant emotion regulation strategies. In Study 1 (N = 593), BAS sensitivity positively predicted reappraisal and BIS sensitivity negatively predicted it. Reappraisal then negatively predicted depression. BIS sensitivity also predicted rumination, which predicted both depression and anxiety. Study 2a confirmed the model developed in Study 1 with an independent sample (N = 513) and examined the relationships longitudinally. While the cross-sectional relationships were generally maintained, reinforcement sensitivity did not predict reappraisal. In Study 2b, participants (N = 218) were assessed a third time one year later, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. During this stressful time, BAS sensitivity did longitudinally predict reappraisal. These studies highlight the role of emotion regulation in mediating the relationship between reinforcement sensitivity and affective pathology, particularly during times of high stress.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/wmr25/" target="_blank">A Unified Model of Reinforcement Sensitivity, Emotion Regulation, and Affective Psychopathology: Cross-sectional, Longitudinal and Quasi-Experimental Evidence</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Novel air sterilization process for clean air production and microbial spread limitation using protection devices</strong> -
<div>
The aim of this work is to develop and simulate a novel process based on sterilizing natural air by heating at high temperatures followed by a rapid cooling. The new sustainable process is called “Air Rapid Heating Rapid Cooling Sterilization” (ARHRCS). Thus, it can be used in Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system in hospitals to produce safe air, free of pathogenic airborne microbes including bacteria and viruses such as tuberculosis (TB) and coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). A crown fixed on the head of the medical staff may be connected to the HVAC system to produce a constant flow of clean laminar air. Hence, this crown is capable of keeping airborne microorganisms at a safe distance from Health Care Workers (HCWs), avoiding any potential microbial infection. Accordingly, HCWs will be able to work in a more suitable and safe conditions, especially in high infection risk areas. Depending on its need, the newly developed process may be implemented in different other locations such as laboratories, malls, buildings and other crowded spaces. Further applications of this method may arise including its usage in the sterilization of recirculated air in biosafety cabinets and the development of a portable air sterilizing unit.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/gq9t8/" target="_blank">Novel air sterilization process for clean air production and microbial spread limitation using protection devices</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>COVID-19 Pandemic, Stimulus Packages and Stock Returns in Vietnam</strong> -
<div>
This paper investigates the impacts of COVID-19’s new cases and stimulus packages on the daily stock returns of five key economic sectors (Finance, Fast-moving-consumer-goods (FMCG), Healthcare, Oil and Gas, and Telecommunication) in Vietnam – one of the best countries in the world for handling COVID-19. The research team uses the Pool OLS method, with the panel data of 11 342 observations from 107 listed firms in these five sectors in the period January-June 2020. The key findings are (i) all sectors’ stock returns are negatively affected by daily new confirmed cases of COVID-19, the hardest hit is on the financial sector, followed by FMCG, healthcare, oil and gas, and telecommunications sectors. Vietnam did not have many affected cases, but low average income makes investors and consumers more careful and hesitate to spend/invest; (ii) in contrast to prior studies, stimulus packages did not accelerate the growth of stock returns in all sectors, with the order from most to least negatively affected: finance, oil and gas, telecommunication, healthcare, and FMCG. The slow implementation made investors skeptical of the growth potential of firms, they assess the stimulus packages as the signs of economic downturn. This fact leads to different recommendations for the Vietnamese Government in combating COVID-19.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/z573c/" target="_blank">COVID-19 Pandemic, Stimulus Packages and Stock Returns in Vietnam</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Spillback in the Anthropocene: the risk of human-to-wildlife pathogen transmission for conservation and public health</strong> -
<div>
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to increased concern over transmission of pathogens from humans to animals (“spillback”) and its potential to threaten conservation and public health. To assess this threat, we reviewed published evidence of spillback events, including instances where spillback could threaten conservation and human health. We identified 97 verified examples of spillback, involving a wide range of pathogens; however, infected hosts were mostly non-human primates or large, long-lived captive animals. Relatively few spillback events resulted in morbidity and mortality, and very few led to maintenance of a human pathogen in a new reservoir or subsequent “secondary spillover” back into humans. Together, these results imply that spillback represents an apparently minor threat to conservation and public health, particularly relative to other anthropogenic stressors like land use and climate change. Lastly, we outline how researchers can collect experimental and observational evidence that will expand our capacity for spillback risk assessment.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://ecoevorxiv.org/sx6p8/" target="_blank">Spillback in the Anthropocene: the risk of human-to-wildlife pathogen transmission for conservation and public health</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Quantatitive Analysis of Conserved Sites on the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain to Promote Development of Universal SARS-Like Coronavirus Vaccines</strong> -
<div>
Although vaccines have been successfully developed and approved against SARS-CoV-2, it is still valuable to perform studies on conserved antigenic sites for preventing possible pandemic-risk of other SARS-like coronavirus in the future and prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants. By antibodies obtained from convalescent COVID-19 individuals, receptor binding domain (RBD) were identified as immunodominant neutralizing domain that efficiently elicits neutralizing antibody response with on-going affinity mature. Moreover, we succeeded to define a quantitative antigenic map of neutralizing sites within SARS-CoV-2 RBD, and found that sites S2, S3 and S4 (new-found site) are conserved sites and determined as subimmunodominant sites, putatively due to their less accessibility than SARS-CoV-2 unique sites. P10-6G3, P07-4D10 and P05-6H7, respectively targeting S2, S3 and S4, are relatively rare antibodies that also potently neutralizes SARS-CoV, and the last mAbs performing neutralization without blocking S protein binding to receptor. Further, we have tried to design some RBDs to improve the immunogenicity of conserved sites. Our studies, focusing on conserved antigenic sites of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, provide insights for promoting development of universal SARS-like coronavirus vaccines therefore enhancing our pandemic preparedness.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.439161v1" target="_blank">Quantatitive Analysis of Conserved Sites on the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain to Promote Development of Universal SARS-Like Coronavirus Vaccines</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>CoVac501, a self-adjuvanting peptide vaccine conjugated with TLR7 agonists, against SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity</strong> -
<div>
Safe, economical and effective vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are needed to achieve adequate herd immunity and halt the pandemic. We have constructed a novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, CoVac501, which is a self-adjuvanting peptide vaccine conjugated with Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonists. The vaccine contains two immunodominant peptides screened from receptor-binding domain (RBD) and is fully chemically synthesized. And the vaccine has optimized nanoemulsion formulation, outstanding stability and safety. In non-human primates (NHPs), CoVac501 elicited high and persistent titers of RBD-specific and protective neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), which were also effective to RBD mutations. CoVac501 was found to elicit the increase of memory T cells, antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses and Th1-biased CD4+ T cell immune responses in NHPs. More importantly, the sera from the immunized NHPs can prevent infection of live SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.439275v1" target="_blank">CoVac501, a self-adjuvanting peptide vaccine conjugated with TLR7 agonists, against SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>ADAM17 inhibition prevents neutrophilia and lung injury in a mouse model of Covid-19</strong> -
<div>
Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is characterized by lung injury, cytokine storm and increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Current therapies focus on reducing viral replication and inflammatory responses, but no specific treatment exists to prevent the development of severe Covid-19 in infected individuals. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 ACE-2) is the receptor for SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing Covid-19, but it is also critical for maintaining the correct functionality of lung epithelium and endothelium. Coronaviruses induce activation of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) and shedding of ACE-2 from the cell surface resulting in exacerbated inflammatory responses. Thus, we hypothesized that ADAM17 inhibition ameliorates Covid-19-related lung inflammation. We employed a pre-clinical mouse model using intra-tracheal instillation of a combination of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly-I:C) and the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (RBD-S) to mimic lung damage associated with Covid-19. Histological analysis of inflamed mice confirmed the expected signs of lung injury including edema, fibrosis, vascular congestion and leukocyte infiltration. Moreover, inflamed mice also showed an increased NLR as observed in critically ill Covid-19 patients. Administration of the ADAM17 inhibitors apratastat and TMI-1 significantly improved lung histology and prevented leukocyte infiltration. Reduced leukocyte recruitment could be explained by reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lower levels of the endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Additionally, the NLR was significantly reduced by ADAM17 inhibition. Thus, we propose inhibition of ADAM17 as a novel promising treatment strategy in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals to prevent the progression towards severe Covid-19.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.439288v1" target="_blank">ADAM17 inhibition prevents neutrophilia and lung injury in a mouse model of Covid-19</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosaregulates alginate biosynthesis and Type VI secretion system during adaptive and convergent evolution for coinfection in critically ill COVID-19 patients</strong> -
<div>
COVID-19 pandemic has caused millions of death globally and caused huge impact on the health of infected patients. Shift in the lung microbial ecology upon such viral infection often worsens the disease and increases host susceptibility to secondary infections. Recent studies have indicated that bacterial coinfection is an unignorable factor contributing to the aggravation of COVID-19 and posing great challenge to clinical treatments. However, there is still a lack of in-depth investigation on the coinfecting bacteria in COVID-19 patients for better treatment of bacterial coinfection. With the knowledge that Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the top coinfecting pathogens, we analyzed the adaptation and convergent evolution of nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from two critical COVID-19 patients in this study. We sequenced and compared the genomes and transcriptomes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates longitudinally and parallelly for its evolutionary traits. Pseudomonas aeruginosa overexpressed alginate and attenuated Type VI secretion system (T6SS) during coinfection for excessive biofilm formation and suppressed virulence. Results of bacterial competition assay and macrophage cytotoxicity test indicated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa reduced its virulence towards both prokaryotic competitors and eukaryotic host through inhibiting its T6SS during evolution. Pseudomonas aeruginosa T6SS is thus one of the reasons for its advantage to cause coinfection in COVID-19 patients while the attenuation of T6SS could cause a shift in the microecological composition in the lung. Our study will contribute to the development of therapeutic measures and the discovery of novel drug target to eliminate Pseudomonas aeruginosa coinfection in COVID-19 patient.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439260v1" target="_blank">Nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosaregulates alginate biosynthesis and Type VI secretion system during adaptive and convergent evolution for coinfection in critically ill COVID-19 patients</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Ultrastructural insight into SARS-CoV-2 attachment, entry and budding in human airway epithelium</strong> -
<div>
Ultrastructural studies of SARS-CoV-2 infected cells are crucial to better understand the mechanisms of viral entry and budding within host cells. Many studies are limited by the lack of access to appropriate cellular models. As the airway epithelium is the primary site of infection it is essential to study SARS-CoV-2 infection of these cells. Here, we examined human airway epithelium, grown as highly differentiated air-liquid interface cultures and infected with three different isolates of SARS-CoV-2 including the B.1.1.7 variant (Variant of Concern 202012/01) by transmission electron microscopy and tomography. For all isolates, the virus infected ciliated but not goblet epithelial cells. Two key SARS-CoV-2 entry molecules, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, were found to be localised to the plasma membrane including microvilli but excluded from cilia. Consistent with these observations, extracellular virions were frequently seen associated with microvilli and the apical plasma membrane but rarely with ciliary membranes. Profiles indicative of viral fusion at the apical plasma membrane demonstrate that the plasma membrane is one site of entry where direct fusion releasing the nucleoprotein-encapsidated genome occurs. Intact intracellular virions were found within ciliated cells in compartments with a single membrane bearing S glycoprotein. Profiles strongly suggesting viral budding from the membrane was observed in these compartments and this may explain how virions gain their S glycoprotein containing envelope.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.439279v1" target="_blank">Ultrastructural insight into SARS-CoV-2 attachment, entry and budding in human airway epithelium</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>“Zoom Developmentalists”: Home-Based Videoconferencing Developmental Research during COVID-19</strong> -
<div>
As home-based video conferencing has become increasingly popular among developmental researchers during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a pressing need to discuss its potentials and challenges. We have augmented our own experiences with insights from many “Zoom developmentalists” (see Acknowledgments) to provide recommendations for those who are considering engaging in home-based videoconferencing studies.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/nvdy6/" target="_blank">“Zoom Developmentalists”: Home-Based Videoconferencing Developmental Research during COVID-19</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>COVID-19 Pandemic: Mechanistic approaches and gender vulnerabilities</strong> -
<div>
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an extremely pathogenic virus that results in coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) a severe respiratory damaging syndrome that causes serious complications for health worldwide. This novel virus and disorder were unfamiliar beforehand the epidemic started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. COVID-19 is currently a pandemic influencing several countries worldwide. One of the mysteries of the new coronavirus is that it is deadlier for men than women as the mortality in males seems to be twice in every age group of females.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/yz67c/" target="_blank">COVID-19 Pandemic: Mechanistic approaches and gender vulnerabilities</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Development of a COVID-19 Application Ontology for the ACT Network</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Clinical data networks that leverage large volumes of data in electronic health records (EHRs) are significant resources for research on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Data harmonization is a key challenge in seamless use of multisite EHRs for COVID-19 research. We developed a COVID-19 application ontology in the national Accrual to Clinical Trials (ACT) network that enables harmonization of data elements that that are critical to COVID-19 research. The ontology contains over 50,000 concepts in the domains of diagnosis, procedures, medications, and laboratory tests. In particular, it has computational phenotypes to characterize the course of illness and outcomes, derived terms, and harmonized value sets for SARS-CoV-2 laboratory tests. The ontology was deployed and validated on the ACT COVID-19 network that consists of nine academic health centers with data on 14.5M patients. This ontology, which is freely available to the entire research community on GitHub at https://github.com/shyamvis/ACT-COVID-Ontology, will be useful for harmonizing EHRs for COVID-19 research beyond the ACT network.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.21253596v2" target="_blank">Development of a COVID-19 Application Ontology for the ACT Network</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The World Mortality Dataset: Tracking excess mortality across countries during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Comparing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic between countries or across time is difficult because the reported numbers of cases and deaths can be strongly affected by testing capacity and reporting policy. Excess mortality, defined as the increase in all-cause mortality relative to the recent average, is widely considered as a more objective indicator of the COVID-19 death toll. However, there has been no central, frequently-updated repository of the all-cause mortality data across countries. To fill this gap, we have collected weekly, monthly, or quarterly all-cause mortality data from 77 countries, openly available as the regularly-updated World Mortality Dataset. We used this dataset to compute the excess mortality in each country during the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that in the worst-affected countries the annual mortality increased by over 50%, while in several other countries it decreased by over 5%, presumably due to lockdown measures decreasing the non-COVID mortality. Moreover, we found that while some countries have been reporting the COVID-19 deaths very accurately, many countries have been underreporting their COVID-19 deaths by an order of magnitude or more. Averaging across the entire dataset suggests that the world9s COVID-19 death toll may be at least 1.6 times higher than the reported number of confirmed deaths.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.21250604v2" target="_blank">The World Mortality Dataset: Tracking excess mortality across countries during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Studying the social determinants of COVID-19 in a data vacuum</strong> -
<div>
The Canadian government has no plans to release data on the race or socioeconomic status of COVID-19 patients. Therefore, whether COVID-19 is disproportionately affecting certain sociodemographic groups in Canada is unknown. We fill this data void by merging publicly available COVID-19 data with tabular census data to identify risk factors rendering certain geographic areas more vulnerable to COVID-19 infections and deaths. We combine insights obtained from this analysis with information on the socio-demographic profiles of smaller geographic units to predict and display the incidence of COVID-19 infections and deaths in these locales. Like in the U.S., COVID-19 has disproportionately affected black and immigrant communities in Canada. COVID-19 death tolls are also higher in Canadian communities with higher shares of older adults.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/yq8vu/" target="_blank">Studying the social determinants of COVID-19 in a data vacuum</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>COVID-19 outcomes among hospitalized men with or without exposure to alpha-1-adrenergic receptor blocking agents</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Importance: Alpha-1-adrenergic receptor antagonists (α1-blockers) can abrogate pro-inflammatory cytokines and may improve outcomes among patients with respiratory infections. Repurposing readily available drugs such as α1-blockers could augment the medical response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To evaluate the association between α1-blocker exposure and COVID-19 mortality Design: Real-world evidence study Setting: Patient level data with 32,355 records tested for SARS-CoV-2 at the Mount Sinai Health System including 8,442 laboratory-confirmed cases extracted from five member hospitals in the New York City metropolitan area. Participants: 2,627 men aged 45 or older admitted with COVID-19 between February 24 and May 31, 2020 Exposures: α1-blocker use as an outpatient or while admitted for COVID-19 Main Outcomes and Measures: In-hospital mortality Results: Men exposed to α1-blockers (N=436) were older (median age 73 vs. 64 years, P&lt;0.001) and more likely to have comorbidities than unexposed men (N=2,191). Overall, 758 (28.9%) patients died in hospital, 1,589 (60.5%) were discharged, and 280 (10.7%) were still hospitalized as of May 31, 2020. Outpatient exposure to α1-blockers was not associated with COVID-19 hospital outcomes, though there was a trend towards significance (OR 0.749, 95% CI 0.527-1.064; P=0.106). Conversely, inpatient use of α1-blockers was independently associated with improved in-hospital mortality in both multivariable logistic (OR 0.633, 95% CI 0.434-0.921; P=0.017) and Cox regression analyses (HR 0.721, 95% CI 0.572-0.908; P=0.006) adjusting for patient demographics, comorbidities, and baseline vitals and labs. Age-stratified analyses suggested greater benefit from inpatient α1-blocker use among younger age groups: Age 45-65 OR 0.384, 95% CI 0.164-0.896 (P=0.027); Age 55-75 OR 0.511, 95% CI 0.297-0.880 (P=0.015); Age 65-89 OR 0.810, 95% CI 0.509-1.289 (P=0.374). Conclusions and Relevance: Inpatient α1-blocker use was independently associated with improved COVID-19 mortality among hospitalized men. Clinical trials to assess the therapeutic value of α1-blockers in COVID-19 are warranted.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.21255148v1" target="_blank">COVID-19 outcomes among hospitalized men with or without exposure to alpha-1-adrenergic receptor blocking agents</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rehabilitation for Patients With Persistent Symptoms Post COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Concentrated rehabilitation for patients with persistent symptoms post COVID-19<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Western Norway University of Applied Sciences;   Helse-Bergen HF<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study of DS-5670a (COVID-19 Vaccine) in Japanese Healthy Adults and Elderly Subjects</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: DS-5670a;   Biological: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Nurse-Community Health Worker-Family Partnership Model: Addressing Uptake of COVID-19 Testing and Control Measures</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Nurse-Community-Family Partnership Intervention<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   New York University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy and Safety of Three Different Doses of an Anti SARS-CoV-2 Hyperimmune Equine Serum in COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Anti SARS-CoV-2 equine hyperimmune serum;   Biological: placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social;   Universidad de Costa Rica;   Ministry of Health Costa Rica<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Viral Clearance, PK and Tolerability of Ensovibep in COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: ensovibep<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Molecular Partners AG<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate MVC-COV1901 Vaccine Against COVID-19 in Elderly Adults</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19 Vaccine<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: MVC-COV1901 (High-Dose);   Biological: MVC-COV1901(Mid-Dose)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corp.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy, Immunogenicity and Safety of Inactivated ERUCOV-VAC Compared With Placebo in COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: ERUCOV-VAC 3 µg/0.5 ml Vaccine;   Biological: ERUCOV-VAC 6 µg/0.5 ml Vaccine;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Health Institutes of Turkey;   Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Coordination<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effects of a Multi-factorial Rehabilitation Program for Healthcare Workers Suffering From Post-COVID-19 Fatigue Syndrome</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Exercise<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Medical University of Vienna<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Dose Finding, Efficacy and Safety Study of Ensovibep (MP0420) in Ambulatory Adult Patients With Symptomatic COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: ensovibep;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Molecular Partners AG;   Novartis Pharmaceuticals;   Iqvia Pty Ltd;   Datamap;   SYNLAB Analytics &amp; Services Switzerland AG;   Q2 Solutions<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Vitamin D, Omega-3, and Combination Vitamins B, C and Zinc Supplementation for the Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D;   Dietary Supplement: Omega DHA / EPA;   Dietary Supplement: Vitamin C, Vitamin B complex and Zinc Acetate<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Hospital de la Soledad;   Microclinic International<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety and Immunogenicity of the Inactivated Koçak-19 Inaktif Adjuvanlı COVID-19 Vaccine Compared to Placebo</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Vaccine<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Koçak-19 Inaktif Adjuvanlı COVID-19 Vaccine 4 µg/0.5 ml Vaccine;   Biological: Koçak-19 Inaktif Adjuvanlı COVID-19 Vaccine 6 µg/0.5 ml Vaccine;   Biological: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Kocak Farma<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as an Immunomodulation on the Risk Reduction of COVID-19 Disease Progression With Escalating Cytokine Storm and Inflammatory Parameters</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Human fecal microbiota, MBiotix HBI;   Drug: Placebo;   Drug: SOC<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Medical University of Warsaw;   Human Biome Institute, Poland<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study on Sequential Immunization of Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (Ad5 Vector) and RBD-based Protein Subunit Vaccine</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: recombinant Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine;   Biological: RBD-based protein subunit vaccine (ZF2001) against COVID-19;   Biological: trivalent split influenza vaccine<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Jiangsu Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Total-Body Parametric 18F-FDG PET of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: uEXPLORER/mCT<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of California, Davis<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cetirizine and Famotidine for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Cetirizine and Famotidine;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Emory University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SMMPPI: a machine learning-based approach for prediction of modulators of protein-protein interactions and its application for identification of novel inhibitors for RBD:hACE2 interactions in SARS-CoV-2</strong> - Small molecule modulators of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are being pursued as novel anticancer, antiviral and antimicrobial drug candidates. We have utilized a large data set of experimentally validated PPI modulators and developed machine learning classifiers for prediction of new small molecule modulators of PPI. Our analysis reveals that using random forest (RF) classifier, general PPI Modulators independent of PPI family can be predicted with ROC-AUC higher than 0.9, when training…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapies in COVID-19</strong> - Összefoglaló. Az új típusú koronavírus-fertőzés (COVID-19) nagy terhet ró az egészségügyi ellátórendszerre és a társadalomra. A betegségnek három nagy szakasza van, melyek alapvetően meghatározzák a kezelést. Az I-IIA fázisban az antivirális, míg a IIB-III. fázisban a gyulladásgátló kezelés áll előtérben, melyhez intenzív terápiás, szupportív kezelés csatlakozik. A jelen ajánlás kizárólag a gyógyszeres kezelésre vonatkozik, és a rendelkezésre álló bizonyítékok alapján foglalja össze a terápiás…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Coronavirus genomic nsp14-ExoN, structure, role, mechanism, and potential application as a drug target</strong> - The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causing a global pandemic with devastating effects on healthcare and social-economic systems, has no special antiviral therapies available for human coronaviruses (CoVs). The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) possesses a non-structural protein (nsp14), with amino terminal domain coding for a proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) that is required for high-fidelity replication. The ability of CoVs during genome replication…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Silencing of SARS-CoV-2 with modified siRNA-peptide dendrimer formulation</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Thus, we developed a therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 based on inhalation of a modified siRNA-peptide dendrimer formulation. The developed medication is intended for inhalation treatmentof COVID-19 patients.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>GCG inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication by disrupting the liquid phase condensation of its nucleocapsid protein</strong> - Lack of detailed knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been hampering the development of treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we report that RNA triggers the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, N. By analyzing all 29 proteins of SARS-CoV-2, we find that only N is predicted as an LLPS protein. We further confirm the LLPS of N during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among the 100,849 genome variants of SARS-CoV-2 in the GISAID database, we…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Identification of COVID-19 subtypes based on immunogenomic profiling</strong> - Although previous studies have shown that the host immune response is crucial in determining clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients, the association between host immune signatures and COVID-19 patient outcomes remains unclear. Based on the enrichment levels of 11 immune signatures (eight immune-inciting and three immune-inhibiting signatures) in leukocytes of 100 COVID-19 patients, we identified three COVID-19 subtypes: Im-C1, Im-C2, and Im-C3, by clustering analysis. Im-C1 had the lowest…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>TOP1 inhibition therapy protects against SARS-CoV-2-induced lethal inflammation</strong> - The ongoing pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently affecting millions of lives worldwide. Large retrospective studies indicate that an elevated level of inflammatory cytokines and pro-inflammatory factors are associated with both increased disease severity and mortality. Here, using multidimensional epigenetic, transcriptional, in vitro, and in vivo analyses, we report that topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) inhibition suppresses lethal inflammation…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19 can result in the rare development of immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia mediated by platelet-activating antibodies against PF4, which clinically mimics autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. (Funded by the German Research Foundation.).</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Involvement of the complement cascade in severe forms of COVID-19</strong> - The complement system is an essential component of the innate immune system. Its excessive activation during COVID-19 contributes to cytokine storm, disease-specific endothelial inflammation (endotheliitis) and thrombosis that comes with the disease. Targeted therapies of complement inhibition in COVID-19, in particular blocking the C5a-C5aR1 axis have to be taken into account in the establishment of potential biomarkers and development of therapeutic strategies in the most severe forms of the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ultraviolet A Radiation and COVID-19 Deaths in the USA with replication studies in England and Italy</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis suggests that higher ambient UVA exposure is associated with lower COVID-19 specific mortality. Further research on the mechanism may indicate novel treatments. Optimised UVA exposure may have population health benefits.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Interferon-lambda3 Exacerbates the Inflammatory Response to Microbial Ligands: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis</strong> - INTRODUCTION: Interferon lambdas (IFN-λs) are antiviral cytokines that restrict pathogen infection and dissemination at barrier surfaces. Controlled expression of IFN-λs efficiently eliminates acute infections by activating a suite of interferon stimulated genes that inhibit viral propagation and activate local immune cells. Excessive or prolonged production of IFN-λs can however mediate tissue inflammation and disrupt epithelial barriers in both viral and non-viral disease. The mechanism by…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>MUC1-C influences cell survival in lung adenocarcinoma Calu-3 cells after SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and may increase the risk of adverse outcomes in lung cancer patients. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of mucin 1 (MUC1) after SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung epithelial cancer cell line Calu-3. MUC1 is a major constituent of the mucus layer in the respiratory tract and contributes to pathogen defense. SARS-CoV-2 infection induced MUC1 C-terminal subunit (MUC1-C)…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused a pandemic with tens of millions of cases and more than a million deaths. The infection causes COVID-19, a disease of the respiratory system of divergent severity. No treatment exists. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major component of green tea, has several beneficial properties, including antiviral activities. Therefore, we examined whether EGCG has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. EGCG blocked…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>C-Phycocyanin-derived Phycocyanobilin as a Potential Nutraceutical Approach for Major Neurodegenerative Disorders and COVID-19-induced Damage to the Nervous System</strong> - The edible cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis and its chief biliprotein C-Phycocyanin have shown protective activity in animal models of diverse human health diseases, often reflecting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The beneficial effects of C-Phycocyanin seem likely to be primarily attributable to its covalently attached chromophore Phycocyanobilin (PCB). Within cells, biliverdin is generated from free heme and it is subsequently reduced to bilirubin. Although bilirubin can function…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ATP energy-independently controls protein homeostasis with unique structure and diverse mechanisms</strong> - Proteins function in the crowded cellular environments with high salt concentrations, thus facing tremendous challenges of misfolding/aggregation which represents a pathological hallmark of aging and an increasing spectrum of human diseases. Recently, intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) were recognized to drive liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), a common principle for organizing cellular membraneless organelles (MLOs). ATP, the universal energy currency for all living cells, mysteriously…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>5-(4-TERT-BUTOXY PHENYL)-3-(4N-OCTYLOXYPHENYL)-4,5-DIHYDROISOXAZOLE MOLECULE (C-I): A PROMISING DRUG FOR SARS-COV-2 (TARGET I) AND BLOOD CANCER (TARGET II)</strong> - The present invention relates to a method ofmolecular docking of crystalline compound (C-I) with SARS-COV 2 proteins and its repurposing with proteins of blood cancer, comprising the steps of ; employing an algorithmto carry molecular docking calculations of the crystalized compound (C-I); studying the compound computationally to understand the effect of binding groups with the atoms of the amino acids on at least four target proteins of SARS-COV 2; downloading the structure of the proteins; removing water molecules, co enzymes and inhibitors attached to the enzymes; drawing the structure using Chem Sketch software; converting the mol file into a PDB file; using crystalized compound (C-I) for comparative and drug repurposing with two other mutated proteins; docking compound into the groove of the proteins; saving format of docked molecules retrieved; and filtering and docking the best docked results. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=IN320884617">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>USING CLINICAL ONTOLOGIES TO BUILD KNOWLEDGE BASED CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) WITH THE ADOPTION OF TELECONFERENCING FOR THE PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRES/SATELLITE CLINICS OF ROYAL OMAN POLICE IN SULTANATE OF OMAN</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU320796026">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Peptides and their use in diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU319943278">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A PROCESS FOR SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF COVID 19 POSITIVE PATIENTS</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU319942709">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IN SILICO SCREENING OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL NATURAL COMPOUNDS WITH THE POTENTIAL TO DIRECTLY INHIBIT SARS COV 2</strong> - IN SILICO SCREENING OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL NATURAL COMPOUNDS WITH THE POTENTIAL TO DIRECTLY INHIBIT SARS COV 2Insilico screening of antimycobacterial natural compounds with the potential to directly inhibit SARS COV2 relates to the composition for treating SARS-COV-2 comprising the composition is about 0.1 – 99% and other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The composition also treats treating SARS, Ebola, Hepatitis-B and Hepatitis–C comprising the composition is about 0.1 – 99% and other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=IN320777840">link</a></p></li>
<li><strong>Aronia-Mundspray</strong> -
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Anordnung zum Versprühen einer Substanz in die menschliche Mundhöhle und/oder in den Rachen oder zum Trinken, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Anordnung eine Flasche mit einer Substanz aufweist, die wenigstens Aroniasaft und eine Alkoholkomponente aufweist und einen Sprühkopf besitzt.
</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=DE321222630">link</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>INTERFASE ANTIBACTERIANA Y VIRICIDA PARA VENTILACION MECANICA NO INVASIVA</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=ES319943963">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>一种用于检测新型冠状病毒COVID-19的引物组及试剂盒</strong> - 本发明涉及生物技术领域，特别是涉及一种用于检测冠状病毒的引物组及试剂盒，所述引物组包括以下中的一对或多对：外侧引物对：所述外侧引物对包括如SEQ ID NO:1所示的上游引物F3和如SEQ ID NO:2所示的下游引物B3；内侧引物对：所述内侧引物对包括如SEQ ID NO:3所示的上游引物FIP和如SEQ ID NO:4所示的下游引物BIP；环引物对：所述环引物对包括如SEQ ID NO:5所示的上游引物LF和如SEQ ID NO:6所示的下游引物LB。试剂盒包括所述引物组。本发明在一个管中整合了RT‑LAMP和CRISPR，能依据两次颜色变化检测病毒和各种靶标核酸。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN321132047">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>新冠病毒中和性抗体检测试剂盒</strong> - 本发明提供一种新冠病毒中和性抗体检测试剂盒。所述试剂盒基于BAS‑HTRF技术，主要包含：生物素标记的hACE2、新冠病毒棘突蛋白RBD‑Tag1、能量供体Streptavidin‑Eu cryptate、能量受体MAb Anti‑Tag1‑d2和新冠病毒中和性抗体。本发明将BAS和HTRF两种技术相结合，用于筛选新型冠状病毒中和性抗体，3小时内即可实现筛选，且操作简单，无需经过多次洗板过程。BAS和HTRF联用大大提升了反应灵敏度，且两种体系都能最大限度地减少非特异的干扰，适用于血清样品的检测。该方法可实现高通量检测，对解决大批量样品的新冠病毒中和性抗体的检测具有重要意义。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN321131958">link</a></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Infektionsschutzmaske</strong> -
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">Infektionsschutzmaske (1) zum Schutz vor Übertragung von Infektionskrankheiten mit einer Außen - und einer Innenseite (2,3) sowie Haltemitteln (5) zum Befestigen der Infektionsschutzmaske (1) am Kopf eines Maskenträgers, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass an der Infektionsschutzmaske (1) mindestens eine Testoberfläche (6) zum Nachweis von Auslösern einer Infektionskrankheit derart angeordnet ist, dass diese bei korrekt angelegter Infektionsschutzmaske (1) mit der Ausatemluft des Maskenträgers unmittelbar in Kontakt gelangt.</p></li>
</ul>
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<ul>
<li><a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=DE321222652">link</a></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Why It’s So Hard for America to End Its Wars</strong> - Is there any way for Biden to achieve peace with honor in Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/why-its-so-hard-for-america-to-end-its-wars">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Vladimir Putin Has a Message: “Hey, Joe, Are You Listening?”</strong> - The Biden Administration can’t escape the Russia problem. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/vladimir-putin-has-a-message-hey-joe-are-you-listening">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How Can We Continue to Keep Schools Relatively Safe from the Coronavirus?</strong> - Experts warn that any vaccine mandate for educators could backfire. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/how-can-we-continue-to-keep-schools-relatively-safe-from-the-coronavirus">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Limits of Political Debate</strong> - I.B.M. taught a machine to debate policy questions. What can it teach us about the limits of rhetorical persuasion? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-populism/the-limits-of-political-debate">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Long Trip Home</strong> - After a young athlete died, there was no question that he would be buried in his home town. How his parents would transport the casket nearly nine thousand miles during a pandemic was less clear. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/us-journal/the-long-trip-home">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Why the Chauvin trial feels so momentous</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A dense, but socially distanced crowd carries paintings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor behind a line of masked protesters who, together, are carrying a banner that reads, “I can’t breathe, justice for George Floyd, justice for all stolen lives.”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/TukPLwt7rTqRIXltwcrAAc7VnHk=/150x0:2817x2000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/69112098/GettyImages_1231993838.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
People march outside Hennepin County Government Center, honoring George Floyd and other victims of police brutality, in Minneapolis on March 28. | Kerem Yucel/AFP/Getty Images
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Whether Derek Chauvin is convicted or not, his trial will have an important legacy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Js7GmX">
Derek Chauvin, a former Minneapolis police officer, is on trial, facing charges of manslaughter and murder for the death of George Floyd.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CFfAIM">
If his trial feels momentous, it’s because it is.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="j9M4ai">
It’s been nearly a year in the making, ushered into being by nearly 365 days of activism and anger, and by the millions who chanted Floyd’s name while vowing to honor his memory.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="49wl2Z">
We have seen many people killed by police. Their last moments have become familiar: A confused jumble of body camera, security, and bystander footage heavy with struggle and fear, pleading and uncertainty, the noise of shots. Security and body camera footage often possess a cold, official veneer, while bystander clips are often shot from a distance. This can create a kind of remove, as does the fact these videos often unfold quickly, dense with movement until the moment the person killed slumps and falls.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gERDoI">
But the video of Floyd’s death was different. Millions of people across the United States and the world watched intimate cellphone footage, clear and close, of a death that was painfully slow. To watch that clip is to watch a person’s life slipping from their body a little at a time.
</p>
<div class="c-wide-block">
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<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="On a tree lined street, a crowd so dense it looks like a river of people. Most have on masks, and most carry signs raised above their heads, with messages like “White silence is violence,” BLM!,” “Riots are the language of the unheard,” and “I can’t breathe.”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ukxbkc9XuLFf5OBW2KmRQ1U1xCw=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22432844/GettyImages_1216239449.jpeg"/> <cite>Ben Hendren/Anadolu Agency.Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Hundreds march following the death of George Floyd, outside the CNN Center in downtown Atlanta on May 29, 2020.
</figcaption>
</figure>
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<div class="c-image-grid__item">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Beneath a red traffic light, a thick crowd packs a street; the shot was taken from above, and the people stretch backwards into the photo’s vanishing point. Here too, many carry signs: “Justice for George Floyd,” “No justice, no peace!,” and many, many reading “Black Lives Matter.” " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Q7v1JZc3-qN45b3J1UFsQXkfss0=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22432845/GettyImages_1216220269.jpeg"/> <cite>Mark Felix/AFP/Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Another group of hundreds march after Floyd’s death, in Houston, Texas, on May 29, 2020.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gy5CfX">
We aren’t often confronted with death like that — seeing Floyd die as he did would hurt any mortal person. To relive it through this trial is to have that still-fresh wound scraped raw.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="q3kd3s">
But through the pain of recollection, the trial offers a way to begin healing some of that damage. And it’s this opportunity that gives the proceedings some of the ponderous weight they possess.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HFZsaP">
What form that healing might take varies given the individual. For some, a conviction would be restorative; for others, the attention being paid to police misconduct is a reason for hope; and for others still, the trial feels full of promise — as if it could be an important step toward creating a more just existence.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cPbDhL">
Should Chauvin be acquitted and be allowed to continue on with his normal life, some would find themselves in despair, convinced that oppressive systems are impossible to change; others might resolve to devote more time and energy to activism. An acquittal, however, would invite everyone to once again question whether there ought to be any limits on police conduct — and to struggle further with how race and policing intertwine.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3lNOZO">
All this makes the Chauvin trial feel different; that, no matter the outcome, it will have a significant effect on how police are viewed, as well as how we choose to be policed. After it ends, remnants of the feelings it engendered will remain, and those feelings must be embraced as we look for ways to prevent more deaths like Floyd’s.
</p>
<h3 id="XI1zt3">
The Chauvin trial is a reflection of our collective grief and powerlessness
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="f1oxja">
That Chauvin is on trial at all is notable.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="89NkNm">
While there’s no good national data on police killings, a database of police shootings does exist, and as <a href="https://www.vox.com/21497089/derek-chauvin-george-floyd-trial-police-prosecutions-black-lives-matter">Vox’s German Lopez</a> has explained, those seldom result in prosecution: Slightly less than 2 percent of officers face manslaughter or murder charges following on-duty shootings.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eQErpN">
“Even having an officer be placed on trial is a small victory, when you look at the lack of accountability that we have seen when police kill Black people,” Seft Hunter, director of Black-led organizing for the social justice organization Community Change, told me.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="j9H7V5">
Its rarity amplifies something true of all trials: that they are rituals meant to create closure and healing. Through familiar rites, trials are meant to interrogate the past, and, if necessary, correct a wrong. And as any ritual does, the trial provides a platform for expression and for reflection.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DZYiYt">
That there was a wellspring of angst to express was evident in the testimony the prosecution’s witnesses gave. After having been sealed away for nearly a year, pain and guilt and rage and sadness came rushing out, as those who lived Floyd’s final moments alongside him were able to at last publicly release their feelings. All those watching at home who were wounded by Floyd’s death had an opportunity for release as well — to see their emotions manifested live, to share in the pain of the witnesses, and to be reminded that their feelings were valid.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Nelson, in a dark suit, blue shirt, and red tie, looks at a computer as he sits at a table with a microphone. Chauvin, in a grey suit, blue shirt, and blue tie, looks on." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/re_LmbmTf_KUsEna9QsSsSQhkaA=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22432923/AP_21096545047193.jpg"/> <cite>Court TV/AP</cite>
<figcaption>
Defense attorney Eric Nelson (left) and former Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin on April 6.
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</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="McMillian, a bald Black man in a tan suit, shirt, and tie, wipes tears from his eyes as he sits on the witness stand." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/1-u-sLA3w8C5Do5gFSdFyR4lCxY=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22432924/AP_21090694447654.jpg"/> <cite>Court TV/AP</cite>
<figcaption>
During witness testimony on March 31, bystander Charles McMillian, 61, sobbed on the stand as he listened to himself tell Floyd, “You can’t win!”
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Williams, a Black man with a black goatee, dabs his eye with a tissue with a bowed head as he sits on the witness stand." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/WauLhVNKwfwZg_Lq3raRt-Cdvfk=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22432926/AP_21089543123620.jpg"/> <cite>Court TV/AP</cite>
<figcaption>
Witness Donald Williams wipes his eyes while giving his testimony on March 30.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ewTXDi">
“Every time he dropped one tear, I dropped two to three,” George Floyd’s brother, Philonise Floyd, told the <a href="https://www.startribune.com/floyd-family-braces-for-difficult-testimony-and-images/600042977/?refresh=true">Star Tribune</a> after listening to the testimony of 61-year-old Charles McMillian, who’d tried to help Floyd during his arrest. “It was just terrible just watching him.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OaVqMz">
McMillian wept <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JPCMdMcfcY">inconsolably as he gave his testimony</a>, so overcome after watching footage of Floyd begging for help that he was unable to speak for a moment. When he found words, all McMillian could say as he wiped away tears was, “Oh my God.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gST9VA">
Another witness, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JPCMdMcfcY">Christopher Martin</a>, now 19, worked at Cup Foods, the store where Floyd was accused of using a counterfeit $20 bill to buy cigarettes. He told the jury he watched Floyd struggle to breathe beneath Chauvin’s knee with “disbelief and guilt. If I would have just not taken the bill, this could have been avoided.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HDdCQm">
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-GKW8ScdKQ">Darnella Frazier</a>, 18, recorded the now-famous video of Floyd’s final moments. She too spoke of guilt, saying amid tears, “It’s been nights I’ve stayed up apologizing and apologizing to George Floyd for not doing more, and not physically interacting, and not saving his life.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Io10VI">
Those tears, and the others shed by witnesses, were shared not just by Philonise Floyd, but by so many watching — as was the sense of helplessness. There was nothing anyone who has seen Frazier’s video could do; Floyd was already dead. There was nothing those who stood in front of Cup Foods could do; police officers were pushing them back, demanding they not interfere.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="htnT0f">
Those who have watched Floyd die, in person or on video,<strong> </strong>are unified in their despair. The trial has been yet another opportunity to grieve the loss of that life, and the loss of all the other lives taken under similar circumstances. It has created a space for collective mourning. It has also been a reminder of the erratic nature of grief, with all of its bursts of anger and melancholy and weariness. The trial has caused new traumas that will need to be addressed after it ends; this ritual may make a place to gather in grief, but it cannot, on its own, end it.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A fisheye view of the scene outside Cup Foods as Floyd died; Frazier and other bystanders film; Martin looks on. Some bystanders are in a bus shelter waiting for the bus. In the top right hand corner is the date and time." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/jkKNus7Nu0OzGIMzRsfepgsDU2M=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22432947/AP_21090714177597.jpg"/> <cite>Minneapolis Police Department/AP</cite>
<figcaption>
An image from a police body camera showing bystanders filming as police officer Derek Chauvin pressed his knee on George Floyd’s neck.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eZ8upv">
And that is in part because the danger Floyd found himself in remains. Frazier spoke of the particular pain of seeing in Floyd her father, her brothers, cousins, uncles, and friends, saying, “I look at how that could have been one of them.” It very well could have. One <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/116/34/16793">2019 study</a> found that Black men have about a one in 1,000 chance of being killed by police.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KfSG7U">
On May 25, 2020, Floyd was that one in 1,000. But on any given day, it could be anyone else. It could be me. This trial becomes an opportunity to pause and ponder whether this sort of statistic is acceptable, to ask whether anyone should die at the hands of police and to contemplate whether Chauvin’s actions were appropriate.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="L3CDgA">
Floyd used some of his final words to say that they were not, telling the officers around him, “I’m about to die today.” Chauvin’s tactics were also condemned by onlookers, ordinary people who demanded the former officer get off of Floyd before beginning to plead for him to give Floyd some relief, shouting, “He’s not moving,” and, “Check his pulse,” and, “He’s not responsive right now.” Several called the police on the police, hoping some officer might be able to get Chauvin off of Floyd and show him some compassion, even though they doubtless knew it was fruitless.
</p>
<aside id="eFrqZ9">
<div>
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</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DgHfRu">
The trial exemplifies not just a collective grief but also a collective powerlessness. What can we do to stop this from happening now, tomorrow, ever again? It can feel as though the public has no control over the police, and that the police have absolute control over the public. But that dynamic must be altered in order to ensure deaths like George Floyd’s don’t continue to happen. There have been loud calls for change, and from them have come nascent but promising plans for true reform.
</p>
<h3 id="ZQTxoI">
The Chauvin trial is a reminder of the burgeoning reform movement
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gZh6Da">
The Chauvin trial comes as the United States has reflected more deeply in the past year on how race and policing are intertwined, reflection that has been a direct result of Floyd’s death.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mdPC6Y">
The protests animated by the<strong> </strong>horrifying video of Floyd’s death<strong> </strong>were massive — <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html">early estimates</a> suggested that as many as 26 million people participated — and brought together a <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/how-we-rise/2020/07/08/the-diversity-of-the-recent-black-lives-matter-protests-is-a-good-sign-for-racial-equity/">broad coalition of identities</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2XAhVT">
As they progressed, polling found Americans becoming more contemplative about race; a <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/06/08/survey-higher-percentage-us-agree-black-people-face-discrimination/3143651001/">Democracy Fund/UCLA Nationscape</a> poll taken the week after Floyd’s death found that 96 percent of Americans believed Black Americans face racial discrimination. A <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/june-2-7-2020-washington-post-schar-poll/6b811cdf-8f99-4e28-b8f1-c76df335c16a/">Washington Post/George Mason</a> poll taken around the same time found that 81 percent of Americans believed the police need to make changes to ensure all Americans were treated equally by law enforcement.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YEtgZB">
Whether these opinions mark a permanent change or are fleeting remains to be seen. More recent data is inconclusive. For example, while a <a href="https://www.vox.com/e/22136383">Vox/Data for Progress</a> poll taken April 2 to April 5, 2021, found 52 percent of likely voters believe police officers are more likely to use deadly force against Black Americans, a <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&amp;xs=1&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsos.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fct%2Fnews%2Fdocuments%2F2021-03%2Fusat-ipsos_racial_injustice_topline_030421.pdf&amp;referrer=vox.com&amp;sref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F22372672%2Fderek-chauvin-trial-george-floyd-momentous-trauma-pain-police-reform" rel="sponsored nofollow noopener" target="_blank">USA Today/Ipsos</a> poll taken March 1–2 found that same percentage of Americans believe police misconduct is composed of “isolated incidents by a few officers.”
</p>
<aside id="pIwi4o">
<div>
</div>
</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Cc9hwO">
That reflection happened at all, though, has created conditions in which change does feel possible. Now, Ati, the president of the social justice group By Any Means Necessary, told me, “there’s a fire ignited in this nation. … I hate that it had to take the continual deaths of Black and brown people, but I do believe that we’re making progress in the right direction.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5nNtWB">
This new reality is evident in the trial itself. The prosecution’s case turns in part on clarifying the role racism played not just in Floyd’s death but in how the defense usually portrays Black victims: It brought Floyd’s girlfriend, Courteney Ross, to the stand to provide a nuanced understanding of the complexities of addiction in a manner that attempted to rebut the stereotypes surrounding Black drug addicts; it has had Black witnesses who refused to allow themselves to be cast as angry and out of control; and it has worked hard to humanize the man who died, beyond the <a href="https://www.vox.com/first-person/22373806/george-floyd-trial-derek-chauvin-minneapolis-black-lives-matter">racist tropes the defense has employed</a>.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Ross, in a back suit jacket, red and black blouse, and red and black hair, lists her glasses to wipe tears from her eyes as she sits on the witness stand." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/44-KX9z05wKoF4D7TAr5qOwIlF8=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22433417/AP_21091533016603.jpg"/> <cite>Court TV/AP</cite>
<figcaption>
Courteney Ross, George Floyd’s girlfriend, answers questions on the witness stand on April 1.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sJr5RX">
Bowling Green State University criminal justice professor and former police officer Philip Matthew Stinson once told me that “many, many police officers are afraid of Black people.” Body camera footage played during the trial certainly shows officers treating Floyd as a danger, with former police officer Thomas Lane pointing a gun at him shortly after approaching his vehicle, and telling him to “Put your fucking hands up right now.” Later, three officers wrestled him to the ground as he’s in handcuffs and speculate — as the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/01/21/defense-attorneys-rodney-king-pcp-crazed/7ca52f4f-fa10-43b5-8133-1af27215f98b/">officers who beat Rodney King</a> incorrectly did 30 years ago — that “He’s gotta be on something … PCP or something.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CAu67t">
Thus far, the defense has worked to suggest that Chauvin’s use of force might be justified and that even a <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/trial-over-killing-of-george-floyd/2021/04/02/983755183/watch-live-day-5-of-testimony-in-the-derek-chauvin-trial">handcuffed suspect might still pose a threat to officers’ safety</a>. But in the telling of Ross and the other witnesses, Floyd was not a scary Black man requiring an aggressive response, but a man like any other — someone deserving of aid, not violence.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="64UDT6">
Most people want those in distress to get aid — a desire that is at the core of the movement to defund the police. Defunding was a somewhat niche concept before Floyd died, and even as it became a rallying cry during 2020’s protests, many rejected it as<strong> </strong>something that sounded<strong> </strong>ridiculous.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Gncs6C">
Now, however, with some time and understanding,<strong> </strong>there appears to be broad support for the idea — that money should be subtracted from police department budgets and added to the budgets of departments providing social and health services — even if many still don’t like the term.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dQfQJD">
The recent Vox/Data for Progress poll, for instance, found 63 percent of respondents saying they support moving some money from police departments to other groups tasked with handling things like mental health crises or addiction. Such a reallocation of resources could also conceivably mean giving business owners someone else to call when they suspect a customer is trying to buy something with a fake $20 bill — rather than an armed police officer.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GIGfj6">
This shift in thinking has already led to change in the wake of Floyd’s death.<strong> </strong>A number of cities have begun experimentation into what defunding — and other structural police reforms — might look like.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FAJddh">
<a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/11/4/21549019/measure-j-police-abolition-defund-reform-black-lives-matter-protest-2020-election-george-floyd">Los Angeles voters</a> approved a defund measure in the 2020 election, and the <a href="https://abc7.com/defund-the-police-lapd-black-lives-matter-los-angeles-city-council/10384293/">city council</a> there recently approved the transfer of $32 million to programs that provide alternatives to policing as well as public health initiatives. Baltimore cut <a href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/politics/bs-md-pol-police-budget-explainer-20200617-4yjweepbkreknjlef4f45jiblm-story.html">$22 million from its police budget</a>, hoping to fund community programming and spur economic development; the <a href="https://www.npr.org/2021/01/31/962638232/baltimores-new-mayor-rethinks-police-funding">city’s new mayor</a> has said he wants to go further in thinking of ways to “decrease our dependency on policing.” <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2021-city-budget-police-funding/">Other cities</a>, including Las Vegas, Austin, New Orleans, and Seattle, have reduced their budgets as well.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A crowded night time protest featuring many people in masks; the camera is focused on a white woman in a grey sweatshirt who is raising a sign with blue hearts that says “Defund LAPD.”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6SO9BSG3BvI2oSeZwndkYv6BW3U=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22433447/GettyImages_1228710412.jpg"/> <cite>Robert Gauthier/Los Angeles Times/Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Last November, Los Angeles voters approved Measure J, which requires that 10 percent of the city’s general funds — an estimated $360 million to $900 million per year — be invested in social services and alternatives to incarceration, not prisons and policing.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A white woman with red hair, wearing a floral shirt and a black mask with a lace veil, holds a green sign with blue and red ’60s style bubble letters that says “Defund the police.”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/bYm4x5hmvdOLCxBHUv54efPB9S8=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22433452/GettyImages_1227845785.jpg"/> <cite>Javier Tovar/AFP/Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
A critique by police reformers of all ideologies is that American cities rely<strong> </strong>far too heavily on law enforcement to address issues like substance abuse, mental health, and homelessness.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ff1V70">
Some cities have decided to completely reimagine their police programs. Ithaca, New York, <a href="https://www2.tompkinscountyny.gov/files2/2021-04/Master%20Final%20Document%20City%20of%20Ithaca.pdf">recently approved plans</a> to replace the city’s current police department with a “department of public safety” that encompasses police officers and unarmed officials who will be tasked with responding to “certain non-violent” calls. Minneapolis has embarked on a similar project following a pledge by the majority of its city council to <a href="https://www.vox.com/22360315/minneapolis-defund-police-chauvin-trial-george-floyd">“dismantle” the police department</a> and replace it with a new department with a broader skill set — an initiative voters are expected to weigh in on during November’s municipal elections.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="70tomF">
Still other cities have begun to invest in a more expansive public health infrastructure. <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/7/1/20677523/mental-health-police-cahoots-oregon-oakland-sweden">Eugene, Oregon’s Cahoots program</a> — which sends mental health and medical professionals to certain emergency calls instead of police — drew intense interest in the months following Floyd’s death; now other localities, <a href="https://denverite.com/2021/02/02/in-the-first-six-months-of-health-care-professionals-replacing-police-officers-no-one-they-encountered-was-arrested/">like Denver</a>, have begun to pursue similar programming.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ChDz3r">
The federal government hopes to encourage other local governments to adopt this model as well: The <a href="https://eugeneweekly.com/2021/03/10/cahoots-funding-on-the-way-to-bidens-desk/">American Rescue Plan</a> contains a provision called the <a href="https://www.congress.gov/117/bills/hr1319/BILLS-117hr1319enr.pdf">State Option to Provide Qualifying Community-based Mobile Crisis Intervention Services</a>, essentially giving federal funding to assist local governments in creating mobile response units focused on providing emergency assistance to those experiencing mental and substance health crises.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="D5glx6">
Such major policy changes would not have happened if were not for Floyd’s death. They simply were not being discussed with the urgency they are now.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hs2AyH">
There are also ideas that go beyond these policies, including calls to <a href="https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2020/08/the-abolition-movement">abolish the police</a> completely; supporters of that concept argue that policing is too corrupt to be reformed and that there is no place in modern society for armed security forces with little accountability. If there is not complete agreement on how far to go, it is clear that it is time to start moving, and the magnitude of Chauvin’s trial is indicative of that need.
</p>
<h3 id="3aMZUZ">
The Chauvin trial is not the final battle in the fight against police violence
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FN09PD">
If Chauvin is found guilty, it will feel momentous, given how few misconduct cases even go to trial. It would seem as though there was a sudden shift in who the judicial system gives advantage to.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jAT9T7">
But as important as the Chauvin trial is, it must also be said that it is no synecdoche for police violence and misconduct. It is one case.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="D2gEok">
Should Chauvin be convicted, and there is no guarantee he will be, that won’t mean justice for all other families and communities that have lost loved ones to police violence, or who have seen someone dear to them lose time through improper imprisonment or assault. It will mean the government has closed a single case of misconduct, that what Chauvin did was wrong.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IQRSDx">
“What we cannot do is rest all of our hopes on the trial when, in essence, what we’re talking about is a system that makes this behavior permissible in the first place,” Hunter told me. “That system will remain intact after this trial is over, irrespective of what the outcome ultimately ends up being.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VBuDOR">
That the trial is focused on a single act doesn’t mean that it can’t have a broader impact, though.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="COmMeK">
As Minister JaNaé Bates, communications director for advocacy groups ISAIAH and Faith in Minnesota, told me, “We’ve seen way too many police be able to kill Black people and not be held accountable. So this is a way for us to actually take some real bold steps for making sure this doesn’t happen again and again and again.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="foqNva">
Depending on the jury’s decision, there are likely to be very different initial responses.<strong> </strong>If Chauvin is convicted, many will celebrate, feeling — as <a href="https://www.fox9.com/news/rev-al-sharpton-to-lead-noon-prayer-with-floyd-family-outside-hennepin-county-courthouse">George Floyd’s brother Philonise Floyd</a> recently said — that they are at last “able to breathe.” Should Chauvin be acquitted, there is likely to be an outpouring of anger and people taking to the streets.
</p>
<div class="c-wide-block">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Flanked on either side by Black men in light colored suits, Philonise — wearing sunglasses, a black suit, white shirt, and a tie with brown, blue, and white stripes — holds bouquet of yellow and red flowers. He has on a mask that says 8:46; originally, it was believed George Floyd was restrained by Chauvin for eight minutes and 46 seconds. The trial has clarified that it was actually more like nine minutes and 46 seconds. " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Jb8yWRDj_9sZQbFxtjPnDrrnCZU=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22433467/GettyImages_1231676482.jpg"/> <cite>Stephen Maturen/Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Philonise Floyd (center) visits the site where his brother George Floyd was killed in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TxoV46">
But the long-term response will be the same: a continued struggle to change policing and to dismantle the structural racism that has warped the institution. Only when that struggle succeeds will a truly just society exist — the type in which all feel equal.
</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1WENB4">
</p></li>
<li><strong>The hottest number in conservation is rooted more in politics than science</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/KRaSkrrWWu0xpAu5FkBI7r0NbZY=/300x0:2700x1800/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/69111988/30_draft.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Amanda Northrop/Vox
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The goal to protect 30 percent of the Earth is more arbitrary than you might think.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ftcAsx">
Right now, in the conservation movement, a lot of people are fixated on a single number: 30.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hmOd2d">
The US and <a href="https://www.hacfornatureandpeople.org/hac-members">more than 50 other countries</a> have pledged to conserve 30 percent of their land and water by 2030 as a means to help thwart the biodiversity crisis.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PskIrT">
Biodiversity tends to increase with the area of land or water conserved, yet just 16 percent of global land is in protected areas today (in the US, it’s closer to 12 percent), according to the <a href="https://www.protectedplanet.net/en">World Database on Protected Areas</a>. Intact ecosystems also play a major role in mitigating climate change.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ac22I7">
As conservationists have recognized the importance of protecting rich ecosystems before they’re bulldozed, drained, deforested, or abandoned, “30 by 30” has become a rallying call for the movement’s most influential organizations, political leaders, and advocates.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="maA34L">
“This effort goes to the heart of our mission to protect the wonder of our world,” Jill Tiefenthaler, CEO of the National Geographic Society, a group backing the target, said in a <a href="http://ourdailyplanet.com/story/interview-of-the-week-jill-tiefenthaler-ceo-national-geographic-society/">2020 interview</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9GckjW">
So, what makes 30 percent the magic number? Is it some kind of biological threshold, above which nature will flourish and we will avert total ecological collapse?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YJrrab">
Not exactly.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="l5fUxe">
As it turns out, “there’s no scientific basis for 30 percent,” Eric Dinerstein, the lead author of a <a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/4/eaaw2869">widely referenced academic paper</a>, “A Global Deal for Nature,” which calls for putting 30 percent of land in protected areas, told Vox.<strong> </strong>“It’s arbitrary.” (Disclosure: I briefly worked with Dinerstein several years ago when I was a research analyst at the World Resources Institute.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="F0F9kV">
Given the urgency of the situation, there’s an acute tension around how ambitious to be in conservation goal-setting. Often, targets laid out by scientists are at odds with what governments will find palatable. And for any goal to be successful, for that matter, many argue the world needs a new paradigm for conservation altogether — one that doesn’t exclude Indigenous people.
</p>
<h3 id="OqtPLt">
Why targets for protecting land and oceans are essential
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mNj66v">
As the human population has expanded, we’ve destroyed all kinds of habitats to construct housing, extract commodities like timber or gold, and grow food. That’s left us with rapidly shrinking patches of intact ecosystems that can — and do — support biodiversity, but with a fading effect.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6nJUSb">
To avert catastrophe, we’ll need to roll back that pattern and dedicate more land to support healthy, functioning ecosystems. And long ago, the conservation movement realized that to get there, countries would need to push each other to both make and keep commitments.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xghJ0Q">
There are existing targets for the coverage of protected areas, set under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). CBD is an intergovernmental agreement, much like the Paris Agreement, but for biodiversity. In 2010, it set a number of conservation <a href="https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/">targets</a> — including those that called<strong> </strong>for the protection of 17 percent of global land and 10 percent of oceans by 2020.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fXORjU">
The reality, however, is that those smaller percentages simply aren’t enough, said Brian O’Donnell, director of the Campaign for Nature, a group spearheading the global 30 by 30 push. (The group is funded by the Swiss billionaire Hansjörg Wyss and works in partnership with the National Geographic Society.)
</p>
<div class="c-wide-block">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/2yE_SjuaRE2Qc38nJ2OFFuzhrX0=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22430570/GettyImages_598597392.jpg"/> <cite>Saul Loeb/AFP/Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
The Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument in the Hawaiian Islands region, seen from Air Force One. Protections for this deepwater habitat were expanded by President Obama in 2016.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="p3jpBZ">
30 by 30 is by no means the first effort to protect a large chunk of Earth for the sake of biodiversity. In his 2016 book <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Half-Earth-Our-Planets-Fight-Life/dp/1631492527"><em>Half-Earth</em></a><em>, </em>renowned ecologist Edward O. Wilson argued that “only by committing half of the planet’s surface to nature can we hope to save the immensity of life-forms that compose it.” (The concept of protecting 50 percent of the planet emerged <a href="https://naturebeyond2020.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Woodley-et-al-Targets-PARKS-25.2-proof-3.pdf">decades earlier</a>.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uGwFi2">
But 30 by 30 <em>is</em> the first effort of its kind to gain such broad support.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7Tusfe">
While the target has been kicked around for years, it reached a milestone in January when a coalition of more than 50 countries led by Costa Rica, France, and the UK, called the High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People, <a href="https://www.hacfornatureandpeople.org/">announced a commitment</a> to 30 by 30.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="L3p9Mt">
“We know there is no pathway to tackling climate change that does not involve a massive increase in our efforts to protect and restore nature,” said Zac Goldsmith, the UK’s minister for Pacific and the environment, <a href="https://www.hacfornatureandpeople.org/50-countries-announce-bold-commitment-to-protect-at-least-30-of-the-worlds-land-and-ocean-by-2030">when the commitment was announced</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="y46Qek">
The US is notably not part of that pact. But in his first full week in office, President Joe Biden signed <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/27/executive-order-on-tackling-the-climate-crisis-at-home-and-abroad/">a sweeping climate-related executive action</a> that gave the Department of the Interior 90 days to come up with <a href="https://www.vox.com/22251851/joe-biden-executive-orders-climate-change-conservation-30-by-2030">a plan to conserve 30 percent of American land and water</a>. The department is set to deliver the report to the White House later this month.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OsJJYQ">
“There is growing scientific consensus that we must conserve more land and water, with 30 percent representing the minimum that experts think must be conserved in order to avoid the worst impacts of nature loss to our economies and well-being,” Tyler Cherry, a spokesperson for the agency, told Vox. “President Biden has set an ambitious but achievable goal that will lift up a wide range of locally supported conservation and restoration actions, with the support of a broad range of stakeholders.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dJBpS6">
So, 30 has no shortage of followers. Which brings us back to the debate over whether or not it’s the right number.
</p>
<h3 id="Cj8R7u">
Why some conservationists think the 30 percent target should be higher
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UUEF7T">
If this were the 1950s, 30 percent as a target would be fine, said Dinerstein, who’s now the director of the Biodiversity and Wildlife Solutions program at Resolve, a Washington, DC,<strong> </strong>nonprofit. Back then, there was more time to avert an extinction crisis, and there were plenty of intact ecosystems left outside of protected areas, he said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="M9oxcI">
Now, he says, “we don’t have that luxury.” What we really need, Dinerstein believes — echoing E.O. Wilson — is to protect half of the planet.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sjJ3ww">
But 50 percent is a big number to stomach, especially when only 16 percent of land worldwide currently has that status (that number is much smaller for oceans). Instead, the authors of the “Global Deal for Nature” paper called for putting 30 percent in protected areas and another 20 in what they called “climate stabilization areas” — less strictly protected areas that would help draw down emissions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OKqDJL">
“The inside story is that we thought that 50 percent by 2030 would just be unpalatable,” Dinerstein said of the target.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IYpn9v">
By contrast, 30 percent, and the catchy “30 by 30” phrase, could attract the backing of lawmakers, even if it’s not some kind of precise threshold. Indeed, such a universal threshold doesn’t exist.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="s0nXgi">
“There’s no threshold where suddenly you’re going to get a magic response,” said Corey Bradshaw, a professor of ecology at Flinders University. “You’ve got to play the politics with respect to assigning particular values to targets or thresholds. At the end of the day, it has nothing to do with biology.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TAygKm">
O’Donnell, however, argues that <a href="https://www.campaignfornature.org/science-page">a floor of 30 percent is justified by science</a>. What the research seems to show is that 30 percent is not a hard threshold — no one number applies across all regions. But reaching it would, indeed, benefit biodiversity, given that<strong> </strong>less than half of that is protected today. Scientists tend to agree that anything much below 30 percent is not sufficient as well. (Bradshaw also points out that a focus on percent coverage alone obscures other important aspects of conservation planning, like connectivity among areas, which can have huge impacts.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qh8JeG">
This debate is especially relevant now. The <a href="https://www.cbd.int/information/parties.shtml">CBD’s 196 members</a> are preparing to convene in October, at which point they’ll consider upping the target for protected areas to 30 percent. (Absent from that member list? You guessed it — the US.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KvE0lM">
In a statement, Johan Hedlund, an information officer at CBD, told Vox that while the “location of protected areas and their effective and equitable management is more important than simple [percentage] of land or sea area,” the 30 percent target is in line with the convention’s vision for 2050. Yet, he added, the target is still under negotiation.
</p>
<h3 id="x3E59t">
Indigenous activists are more concerned with avoiding “fortress conservation” than numbers
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="M5ZsOI">
The simple catchphrase “30 by 30” belies the many challenges to establishing acres and acres of new protected areas (PAs).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="E1z7DP">
For one, effective networks of PAs require careful planning. It’s important that they represent different ecosystems and provide pathways for animals to disperse, said Bradshaw. While the US protects 22 percent of its oceans, for example, most of the PAs are in one region — around Hawaii — leaving other important ecosystems at risk.
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<aside id="D71NeS">
<q>Throughout conservation’s checkered history, we have seen exclusionary conservation as a gateway to human rights abuses and militarized forms of violence</q>
</aside>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0n9AdN">
Protected areas are also not loved by all. In fact, many Indigenous communities initially opposed 30 by 30 because they worried it would put their land rights at risk, said Andy White, a coordinator at Rights and Resources Initiative, a nonprofit that advocates for land rights.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ba3qT1">
“Fundamentally, the problem is not so much the number as it is the approach,” White said.
</p>
<div class="c-wide-block">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/BUrnnSn1XvqpS5wInTnD7AR-aO0=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22430558/AP_21098724206985.jpg"/> <cite>Rick Bowmer/AP</cite>
<figcaption>
Interior Secretary Deb Haaland tours Bears Ears National Monument near Blanding, Utah, on April 8. <a class="ql-link" href="https://twitter.com/SecDebHaaland/status/1380219354378342404" target="_blank">Referencing her trip on Twitter</a>, she wrote, “The earth holds so much power. We must all work together to honor it.”
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gm4REn">
The conservation movement has a long history of practicing “fortress conservation,” whereby sections of nature are blocked off at the expense of Indigenous people who use the land.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CdXqPq">
“Throughout conservation’s checkered history, we have seen exclusionary conservation as a gateway to human rights abuses and militarized forms of violence,” as José Francisco Cali Tzay, who is Maya Kaqchikel from Guatemala and the UN special rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous peoples, <a href="https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/30x30-PR-FINAL-11-30.pdf">said</a> last year.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bjXdXz">
Rights and Resources Initiative published a landmark <a href="https://rightsandresources.org/publication/rights-based-conservation/">study</a> in 2020 showing that more than 1.6 billion Indigenous people, local communities, and Afro-descendants live in important areas for biodiversity conservation. <a href="https://www.rcinet.ca/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/07/Schuster-et-al-Indigenous-lands.pdf">Research has also shown</a> that, in many cases, lands managed by Indigenous people hold as much biodiversity as protected areas.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1n2SVC">
“The right way to get to 30 percent is recognizing the rights of Indigenous people to their lands,” White said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Z3qgMT">
Considering Indigenous lands as part of global conservation efforts would easily breach the 30 percent target, White added. And the mainstream conservation movement appears ready to get behind this approach.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="A5G5Qc">
“We need more financial investments into securing land tenure rights,” O’Donnell said. “[Indigenous peoples’] rights and their approaches need to be at the forefront of 30 by 30.”
</p></li>
<li><strong>Introducing Down to Earth, our new project on the biodiversity crisis</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/8DWWFjJEOHuUJ_TCBQeXOmG6xLo=/600x0:4600x3000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/69111936/intro_lede.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Amanda Northrop/Vox
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</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Why a reporting initiative on the science, politics, and economics of an ecological catastrophe is so badly needed.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iEY8aP">
You can probably guess the three global threats that topped a <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/these-are-the-worlds-greatest-threats-2021/">recent list</a> from the World Economic Forum.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b4N1Qr">
No. 1? Infectious disease. (Nothing like a pandemic to remind us of this.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2kJbW9">
No. 2? Inaction on climate change.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NbUvLw">
No. 3? Weapons of mass destruction.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="L9PPVT">
But No. 4? That one might surprise you: biodiversity loss. The forum’s survey found that the irreversible impacts of ecosystem collapse and species extinction pose a greater global risk in 2021 than the debt crisis.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="usOj06">
A number of recent events have helped spark this awakening — from the breathtaking <a href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/3-billion-animals-harmed-by-australia-s-fires#:~:text=Australia's%20bushfire%20crisis%20was%20one,displaced%20nearly%203%20billion%20animals.">3 billion animals</a>, many of them rare, killed or displaced in the 2020 Australia wildfires to the possible emergence of the coronavirus from wildlife farms in China. There’s also been a wave of groundbreaking studies in the past year — on the rapid rate at which mammals, birds, amphibians, insects, and plants are disappearing; on <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/final-report-the-economics-of-biodiversity-the-dasgupta-review">the economics of biodiversity</a>; on <a href="http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1391139/icode/">Indigenous communities’ forest</a> management expertise; and the <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588&amp;xs=1&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-021-03405-6&amp;referrer=vox.com&amp;sref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F22375394%2Fbiodiversity-crisis-explained-down-to-earth" rel="sponsored nofollow noopener" target="_blank">cost of invasive species</a> — that have helped clarify this mounting ecological catastrophe underway and the necessary responses.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EJ24Fz">
The stakes of addressing this crisis — from safeguarding against the next pandemic, to ensuring baseline ecosystem functioning to sustain life, to protecting the rights of Indigenous people and our food systems — could not be higher. And there are signs that stronger policies could be forthcoming: The Biden administration, in its first climate executive order, included <a href="https://www.vox.com/22251851/joe-biden-executive-orders-climate-change-conservation-30-by-2030">a target of “30 by 30”</a> with a goal of saving 30 percent of America’s land and oceans by 2030. In October, countries will come to the table at the UN Convention on Biological Diversity to hopefully cement what could be <a href="https://www.vox.com/22175698/climate-change-treaty-trump-china-eu-uk-paris-agreement-biden">the Paris Agreement</a> of biodiversity.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8TZEOq">
All in all, it feels like the right moment to launch Down to Earth, a new Vox reporting initiative on the global biodiversity crisis, led by senior science editor Eliza Barclay, editor Brian Anderson, and reporter Benji Jones. We’ll also feature freelance contributors from a diverse range of communities around the world.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PdVoJT">
Supported by the <a href="https://bandfdn.org/">BAND Foundation</a>, a private family foundation that makes grants primarily around nature conservation and epilepsy care, Down to Earth brings Vox’s signature explanatory journalism to a complex crisis that’s linked to — but too often overshadowed by — climate change. Our reporting will build on our award-winning 2019 <a href="https://www.vox.com/a/supertrees">supertrees project</a> to uncover connections between the biodiversity crisis and other news of the moment with an emphasis on political and corporate accountability; solutions; the interconnections in the fragile web of life; and cascading impacts. There’ll even be optimism!
</p>
<h3 id="l6kGQe">
Why this is needed now
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="65N53z">
While there’s growing awareness of the catastrophic loss of species and the massive failure of countries to hit conservation targets, the general public still has a poor understanding of what the biodiversity crisis even is, let alone who’s driving it and what we stand to lose.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PEBUbQ">
This crisis evokes paralysis. Aside from donating to conservation organizations (save the pandas!) or planting pollinators, many citizens and policymakers aren’t sure what, exactly, to do about it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="l0TQdG">
Down to Earth will zero in on the “now what?” to move the conversation forward, away from tired tropes of pristine wilderness to spotlight the effects of a crisis that might still feel invisible to many.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VfIDNE">
We’ll be looking at big questions, starting with the 30 by 30 target: How should the Biden administration — with <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/3/15/22309327/deb-haaland-interior-senate-vote-confirmed">Deb Haaland</a>, the first Native American to lead the US Department of the Interior — advance both national and international biodiversity goals? What would it really take to hit targets to preserve a certain percentage of not only this country but the planet?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Es8Owk">
We’ll also step back and ask: How well do protected areas actually work? Has any country or region even totally nailed biodiversity policy, for that matter?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yjq8LK">
How do we sort through the conflict between building infrastructure — roads, bridges, and housing — with biodiversity protection? How do we conserve something when there’s no way to value it in the marketplace?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KkAnHY">
Which corporations are taking substantive and meaningful action to halt pollution and habitat and biodiversity loss?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HM2aWh">
What’s killing mussels? And, seriously, where the heck do eels mate?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WEmzPR">
You get the idea. Biodiversity isn’t just about species — it’s about abundance; healthy, functioning ecosystems; and cultural diversity too.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CYdxUP">
To get down to Earth, well, that’s down to us.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="G7wZVK">
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yANMRx">
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2021 | Williamson needs bit of extra time to be match fit, says SRH coach</strong> - The New Zealand batsman left out of the opening IPL match against Kolkata Knight Riders on Sunday night</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19: Australia pulls out of World Athletics Relay Championships</strong> - The decision was made “in light of the COVID-19 situation in Poland and greater Europe, with the safety and wellbeing of Australian participants at the forefront.”</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hideki Matsuyama wins Augusta Masters, becomes first from Japan to win men’s major</strong> - Matsuyama’s victory came 10 years after he first competed at the prestigious event when he finished as the low amateur</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2021 | Couldn’t have asked for a better start: KKR captain Morgan</strong> - SRH captain David Warner conceded that his side misexecuted a little bit with the ball.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>PCB launches own Hall of Fame</strong> - Six legends to be inducted initially</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>NCB arrests four, seizes 34 consignments of psychotropic drugs during raids</strong> - These were to be dispatched to U.S., European nations</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 surge: Maharashtra govt postpones Class 10, 12 board exams</strong> - The board exams of Class 12 were to begin from April 23 and of Class 10 from April 30</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>President Kovind returns to Rashtrapati Bhavan after bypass surgery at AIIMS</strong> - Mr. Kovind, 75, on March 30, had undergone a cardiac bypass surgery at AIIMS</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>West Bengal Assembly elections | Sitalkuchi deaths: Impose ban on Bengal BJP president, Mamata tells EC</strong> - Entire thing was planned by Amit Shah and Modi was aware of the situation, she says</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Coronavirus | No on-board meals on flights shorter than two hours, orders govt.</strong> - The order comes into effect from April 15</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>France moves to ban short-haul domestic flights</strong> - MPs vote to stop flights where the journey could be made by train in under 2.5 hours.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Markus Söder joins German chancellor race</strong> - Bavaria’s premier finally says he may be the conservatives’ candidate to replace Angela Merkel.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Covid lockdown eases: ‘Sense of celebration’ as pubs and shops reopen</strong> - Salons offered early-morning haircuts and pubs served midnight pints as England’s rules changed.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Yuri Gagarin: Sixty years since the first man went into space</strong> - The BBC speaks to the woman who, as a child, witnessed Yuri Gagarin’s return to Earth 60 years ago.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Giorgos Karaivaz: Veteran crime journalist shot dead in Greece</strong> - Giorgos Karaivaz was shot with a silenced weapon by two men on a moped outside his home in Athens.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Rolls-Royce Ghost: A magic carpet ride that costs as much as a house</strong> - Whether you’re driving or a passenger, there’s no escaping the sense of occasion. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1754152">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Review: Our fave gunslinger expels her inner demons in Wynonna Earp finale</strong> - Shine on, you lovable hard-drinking, bar brawling, foul-mouthed anti-Buffy. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1702105">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ecological impacts of solar geoengineering are highly uncertain</strong> - New research describes the unknowns in our knowledge of solar geoengineering. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1755823">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A new documentary highlights the visionary behind space settlement</strong> - “I see before us two basic choices.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1755700">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>More lightning in the Arctic is bad news for the planet</strong> - Lightning strikes in the far north could double by 2100. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1756004">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>My local drug dealer started dressing up as a Jehovah’s Witness so he wouldn’t arouse suspicion.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He got arrested after the police saw people actually letting him in.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/blackshadowed"> /u/blackshadowed </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mp7sed/my_local_drug_dealer_started_dressing_up_as_a/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mp7sed/my_local_drug_dealer_started_dressing_up_as_a/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>My wife is one of a kind. She never says no to a shag, has great tits and even swallows.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
But her bird collecting has gone far enough now.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Wanan1"> /u/Wanan1 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/moxera/my_wife_is_one_of_a_kind_she_never_says_no_to_a/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/moxera/my_wife_is_one_of_a_kind_she_never_says_no_to_a/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>A guy walks into a bar, sits down at the bar and orders a drink.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A couple of minutes later, he hears a disembodied voice say “Nice shirt.” He looks around, but there’s no one nearby that could’ve said it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Confused, he shrugs it off. A few moments later, he hears the same voice, “I like your tie, too.” He quickly looks around. No one is even near him.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He calls the bartender over and nervously explains what just happened. The bartender smiles and points to a bowl of nuts sitting on the bar in front of the man.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“It’s the nuts. They’re complimentary.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/TheRealTripleH"> /u/TheRealTripleH </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mp6u76/a_guy_walks_into_a_bar_sits_down_at_the_bar_and/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mp6u76/a_guy_walks_into_a_bar_sits_down_at_the_bar_and/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>I parked my car outside parliament. “Sir, you can’t park here,” said a cop. “This is where our politicians work.”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Don’t worry, I’ve locked it.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/dodoceus"> /u/dodoceus </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mousza/i_parked_my_car_outside_parliament_sir_you_cant/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/mousza/i_parked_my_car_outside_parliament_sir_you_cant/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>A horny gorilla sees a lion bent over a small stream, taking a drink.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The gorilla runs up behind the lion, grabs on, and has his way with him. The gorilla then takes off running, with the very angry lion on his heels. As they run through the jungle, the gorilla gets a bit of a lead, and sees a British safari camp ahead.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The gorilla enters the camp, grabs some khakis that are hung out to dry, and puts on pants, a shirt, and a hat. He sits on a chair by the campfire and grabs a copy of the local paper, pretending to read, to hide his face.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The lion enters the campsite and lets out a huge roar. He yells, “did anyone see a gorilla run through here?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The gorilla, in full disguise, calls out, “you mean the one that fucked the lion up the ass?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The lion exclaims, “oh my god! It’s in the paper already?”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/SourTomato123"> /u/SourTomato123 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/moy20a/a_horny_gorilla_sees_a_lion_bent_over_a_small/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/moy20a/a_horny_gorilla_sees_a_lion_bent_over_a_small/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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