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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Pulmonary stromal expansion and intra-alveolar coagulation are primary causes of Covid-19 death</strong> -
<div>
Most Covid-19 victims are old and die from unrelated causes. Here we present twelve complete autopsies, including two rapid autopsies of young patients where the cause of death was Covid-19 ARDS. The main virus induced pathology was in the lung parenchyma and not in the airways. Most coagulation events occurred in the intra-alveolar and not in the intra-vascular space and the few thrombi were mainly composed of aggregated thrombocytes. The dominant inflammatory response was the massive accumulation of CD163+ macrophages and the disappearance of T killer, NK and B-cells. The virus was replicating in the pneumocytes and macrophages but not in bronchial epithelium, endothel, pericytes or stromal cells. The lung consolidations were produced by a massive regenerative response, stromal and epithelial proliferation and neovascularization. We suggest that thrombocyte aggregation inhibition, angiogenesis inhibition and general proliferation inhibition may have a roll in the treatment of advanced Covid-19 ARDS.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424172v1" target="_blank">Pulmonary stromal expansion and intra-alveolar coagulation are primary causes of Covid-19 death</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike protein mutation N501Y alters the protein interactions with both hACE2 and human derived antibody: A Free energy of perturbation study</strong> -
<div>
The N501Y mutation in Covid-19 arise many question but a small amount of data are currently available. An urgent understanding of N501Y mechanism of action at molecular level is highly required. Here, we present the preliminary results of our Free energy perturbation (FEP) and Molecular dynamics (MD) calculations for the interaction of the spike S1 receptor binding domain (RBD) with both the ACE2 receptor and an antibody, STE90-C11, derived from COVID-19 patients. The results shown that the S1 RBD-ACE2 interaction was increased whereas those with the STE90-C11 antibody significantly decreased (over about 160 times). This may explain the observed in UK more spread of the virus but also emerge an important question about the possible human immune response and already available vaccines. Indeed, the latter may still act well but our data indicate some possible reduction of their effect. Further studies of N501Y mutation are need.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424283v1" target="_blank">The SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike protein mutation N501Y alters the protein interactions with both hACE2 and human derived antibody: A Free energy of perturbation study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 can be accelerated by a mutation in the nsp14 gene</strong> -
<div>
Nucleotide substitution rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is relatively low compared to the other RNA viruses because coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 encode non-structural protein 14 (nsp14) that is an error-correcting exonuclease protein. In this study, to understand genome evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the current pandemic, we examined mutations of SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 which could inhibit its error-correcting function. First, to obtain functionally important sites of nsp14, we examined 62 representative coronaviruses belonging to alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and unclassified coronaviruses. As a result, 99 out of 527 amino acid sites of nsp14 were evolutionarily conserved. We then examined nsp14 sequences obtained from 28,082 SARS-CoV-2 genomes and identified 6 amino acid changes in nsp14 mutants that were not detected in the 62 representative coronaviruses. We examined genome substitution rates of these mutants and found that an nsp14 mutant with a proline to leucine change at position 203 (P203L) showed a higher substitution rate (35.9 substitutions/year) than SARS-CoV-2 possessing wild-type nsp14 (19.8 substitutions/year). We confirmed that the substitution rate of the P203L is significantly higher than those of other variants containing mutations in structural proteins. Although the number of SARS-CoV-2 variants containing P203L mutation of nsp14 is limited (26), these mutants appeared at least 10 times independently in the current pandemic. These results indicated that the molecular function of nsp14 is important for survival of various coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 and that some mutations such as P203L of nsp14 inhibiting its error-correcting function are removed rapidly due to their deleterious effects.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424231v1" target="_blank">Genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 can be accelerated by a mutation in the nsp14 gene</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>TCR meta-clonotypes for biomarker discovery with tcrdist3: quantification of public, HLA-restricted TCR biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> -
<div>
As the mechanistic basis of adaptive cellular antigen recognition, T cell receptors (TCRs) encode clinically valuable information that reflects prior antigen exposure and potential future response. However, despite advances in deep repertoire sequencing, enormous TCR diversity complicates the use of TCR clonotypes as clinical biomarkers. We propose a new framework that leverages antigen-enriched repertoires to form meta-clonotypes -- groups of biochemically similar TCRs -- that can be used to robustly quantify functionally similar TCRs in bulk repertoires. We apply the framework to TCR data from COVID-19 patients, generating 1,915 public TCR meta-clonotypes from the 18 SARS-CoV-2 antigen-enriched repertoires with the strongest evidence of HLA-restriction. Applied to independent cohorts, meta-clonotypes targeting these specific epitopes were more frequently detected in bulk repertoires compared to exact amino acid matches, and 44% (845/1915) were significantly enriched among COVID-19 patients that expressed the putative restricting HLA allele, demonstrating the potential utility of meta-clonotypes as antigen-specific features for biomarker development. To enable further applications, we developed an open-source software package, tcrdist3, that implements this framework and facilitates workflows for distance-based TCR repertoire analysis.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.24.424260v1" target="_blank">TCR meta-clonotypes for biomarker discovery with tcrdist3: quantification of public, HLA-restricted TCR biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 infection</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Influence of HLA class II polymorphism on predicted cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 at the population and individual level</strong> -
<div>
Development of effective adaptive immune responses after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is predicated on recognition of viral peptides, presented in the context of HLA class II molecules, by CD4+ T-cells. We capitalised on extensive high resolution HLA data deposited in the National Marrow Donor Program registry to obtain detailed information on human HLA haplotype frequencies of twenty five human populations and used a bioinformatics approach to investigate the role of HLA polymorphism on SARS-CoV-2 immunogenicity at the population and at the individual level. Within populations, we identify wide inter-individual variability in predicted CD4+ T-cell reactivity against structural, non-structural and accessory SARS-CoV-2 proteins, according to expressed HLA genotype. However, we find similar potential for anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular immunity at the population level, across all ethnic groups examined, suggesting that HLA polymorphism is unlikely to account for observed disparities in clinical outcomes after COVID-19 among different race and ethnic groups. We predict robust immune reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, the basis for the majority of current vaccination efforts, both at the population and individual level, despite significant variation in Spike-derived peptide presentation by individual HLA genotypes. Finally, we provide comprehensive maps of SARS-CoV-2 proteome immunogenicity accounting for population coverage in major ethnic groups. Our findings provide important insight on the potential role of HLA polymorphism on development of protective immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection and after vaccination and a firm basis for further experimental studies in this field.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.24.424326v1" target="_blank">Influence of HLA class II polymorphism on predicted cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 at the population and individual level</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Differential Dynamic Behavior of Prefusion Spike Proteins of SARS Coronaviruses 1 and 2</strong> -
<div>
Within the last two decades, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronaviruses 1 and 2 (SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2) have caused two major outbreaks. For reasons yet to be fully understood the COVID-19 outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been significantly more widespread than the 2003 SARS epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-1, despite striking similarities between the two viruses. One of the most variable genes differentiating SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 is the S gene that encodes the spike glycoprotein. This protein mediates a crucial step in the infection, i.e., host cell recognition and viral entry, which starts with binding to the host cell angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein for both viruses. Recent structural and functional studies have shed light on the differential binding behavior of the SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. In particular, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) studies show that ACE2 binding is preceded by a large-scale conformational change in the spike protein to expose the receptor binding domain (RBD) to its binding partner. Unfortunately, these studies do not provide detailed information on the dynamics of this activation process. Here, we have used an extensive set of unbiased and biased microsecond-timescale all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein ectodomains in explicit solvent to determine the differential behavior of spike protein activation in the two viruses. Our results based on nearly 50 microseconds of equilibrium and nonequilibrium MD simulations indicate that the active form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is considerably more stable than the active SARS-CoV-1 spike protein. Unlike the active SARS-CoV-2 spike, the active SARS-CoV-1 spike spontaneously undergoes a large-scale conformational transition to a pseudo-inactive state, which occurs in part due to interactions between the N-terminal domain (NTD) and RBD that are absent in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Steered MD (SMD) simulations indicate that the energy barriers between active and inactive states are comparatively lower for the SARS-CoV-1 spike protein. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the greater propensity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to remain in the active conformation contributes to the higher transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to SARS-CoV-1. These results strongly suggest that the differential binding behavior of the active SARS-CoV-1 and 2 spike proteins is not merely due to differences in their RBDs as other domains of the spike protein such as the NTD could play a crucial role in the effective binding process, which involves the pre-binding activation. Therefore, our hypothesis predicts that mutations in regions such as the NTD, which is not directly involved in binding, may lead to a change in the effective binding behavior of the coronavirus.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.25.424008v1" target="_blank">Differential Dynamic Behavior of Prefusion Spike Proteins of SARS Coronaviruses 1 and 2</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Genetic epidemiology of variants associated with immune escape from global SARS-CoV-2 genomes</strong> -
<div>
Many antibody and immune escape variants in SARS-CoV-2 are now documented in literature. The availability of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences enabled us to investigate the occurrence and genetic epidemiology of the variants globally. Our analysis suggests that a number of genetic variants associated with immune escape have emerged in global populations.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.24.424332v1" target="_blank">Genetic epidemiology of variants associated with immune escape from global SARS-CoV-2 genomes</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Support and follow-up needs of patients discharged from Intensive Care after severe COVID-19: a mixed-methods study of the views of UK general practitioners and intensive care staff during the pandemic's first wave</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: After discharge from an intensive care unit(ICU), over 50% of patients face significant physical, mental and cognitive problems. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a large cohort of these patients who will need follow-up services that can address their support needs. Objectives: To identify follow-up services planned for COVID-19 patients discharged from ICU, and to explore the views of ICU staff and General Practitioners(GPs) regarding these patients9 future needs and care coordination. Design: Sequential mixed-methods UK study. We explored usual follow-up practice after ICU discharge and changes in follow-up during the pandemic through a survey of ICU staff, and GP awareness of follow-up and support needs of patients discharged from ICU through a survey of GPs. Through these surveys, we identified participants for semi-structured interviews with both groups. Results: We obtained 170 survey responses and conducted 23 interviews. Over 60% of GPs were unaware of the follow-up services generally provided by their local hospitals, and whether or not these were functioning during the pandemic. Eighty percent of ICUs reported some form of follow-up services, with 25% of these suspending provision during the peak of the pandemic, and over half modifying their provision (usually to provide the service remotely). Complex funding streams, poor communication between primary and secondary care, and lack of clarity about who was responsible for referrals and follow-up were the most common problems identified. Discharge documentation was described as poor and lacking key information. Both groups mentioned difficulties accessing services in the community. Conclusions: The pandemic has highlighted long-standing issues of continuity of care and complex funding streams for post-ICU follow-up care. The large cohort of ICU patients admitted due to COVID-19 highlights the need for improved follow-up services and communication between specialists and GPs, not only for COVID-19 patients, but for all those discharged from ICU.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.20248798v1" target="_blank">Support and follow-up needs of patients discharged from Intensive Care after severe COVID-19: a mixed-methods study of the views of UK general practitioners and intensive care staff during the pandemic's first wave</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Oral clarithromycin in COVID-19 of moderate severity: the ACHIEVE open-label trial using concurrent matched comparators</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Clarithromycin clinical efficacy has not been described in COVID-19. Research question: Is oral clarithromycin beneficial for treating patients diagnosed with COVID-19? Study and methods: An open-label non-randomized trial in 90 patients with COVID-19 of moderate severity was conducted at four study sites in Greece between May and October 2020. Ninety participants with respiratory tract infections received clarithromycin 500 mg every 12 hours for 7 days; another 90 standard-of-care (SOC) propensity score-matched concurrent controls received azithromycin plus hydroxychloroquine. The composite primary endpoint was defined for patients with upper respiratory tract infection as: (a) no need for hospital re-admission or (b) lack of progression into lower respiratory tract infection and, for patients with lower respiratory tract infection, as at least 50% decrease of the score of respiratory symptoms at the end-of-treatment (EOT) without progression into severe respiratory failure (SRF). The incidence SRF at the test-of-cure (TOC) on day 14 was a secondary endpoint. For clarithromycin-treated patients, viral load of SARS-CoV-2, biomarkers, the function of mononuclear cells, and safety were assessed; biomarkers were also measured in SOC comparators. Results: The primary endpoint was attained in 86.7% of patients treated with clarithromycin (95% CIs 78.1-92.2%) and 73.3% of concurrent SOC comparators (95%CIs; 63.4-81.4%). The odds ratio for the primary endpoint with clarithromycin treatment in univariate analysis was 2.36 (95%CIs 1.09-5.08; P: 0.039). Results were confirmed after multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis (odds ratio 3.30; 95% CI 1.10-9.87; P: 0.033). At the TOC visit, the incidence of SRF was 12.2% (n = 11 ; 95%CIs 6.9-20.6%) among patients treated with clarithromycin (odds ratio for SRF 0.38; 95%CIs 0.17-0.84) versus 26.7% (n= 24; 95%CIs 18.6-36.6%) among concurrent SOC comparators (P: 0.023). Clarithromycin use was associated with decreases in circulating levels of C-reactive protein, of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and of interleukin (IL)-6; by an increase of the ratio of Th1 to Τh2 mononuclear responses; and by suppression of SARS-CoV-2 relative viral load. No safety concerns were reported. Patients starting clarithromycin with the first five days from symptoms onset achieved better responses. Interpretation: Clarithromycin treatment is associated with early clinical improvement in patients with moderate COVID-19. Modulation of the Th1/Th2 responses is proposed as the mechanism of action.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.20248753v1" target="_blank">Oral clarithromycin in COVID-19 of moderate severity: the ACHIEVE open-label trial using concurrent matched comparators</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>MHC Haplotyping of SARS-CoV-2 patients: HLA subtypes are not associated with the presence and severity of Covid-19 in the Israeli population</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
HLA haplotypes were found to be associated with increased risk for viral infections or disease severity in various diseases, including SARS. Several genetic variants are associated with Covid-19 severity. However, no clear association between HLA and Covid-19 incidence or severity has been reported. We conducted a large scale HLA analysis of Israeli individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection by PCR. Overall, 72,912 individuals with known HLA haplotypes were included in the study, of whom 6,413 (8.8%) were found to have SARS-CoV-2 by PCR. a Total of 20,937 subjects were of Ashkenazi origin (at least 2/4 grandparents). One hundred eighty-one patients (2.8% of the infected) were hospitalized due to the disease. None of the 66 most common HLA loci (within the five HLA subgroups; A, B, C, DQB1, DRB1) was found to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection or hospitalization. Similarly, no association was detected in the Ashkenazi Jewish subset. Moreover, no association was found between heterozygosity in any of the HLA loci and either infection or hospitalization. We conclude that HLA haplotypes are not a major risk/protecting factor among the Israeli population for SARS-CoV-2 infection or severity.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.20248148v1" target="_blank">MHC Haplotyping of SARS-CoV-2 patients: HLA subtypes are not associated with the presence and severity of Covid-19 in the Israeli population</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Does COVID-19 Testing Create More Cases? An Empirical Evidence on the Importance of Mass Testing During a Pandemic</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The importance of testing and surveillance of an infectious disease cannot be underestimated. The testing is the first step to detect an infectious disease, and mass testing can slow or mitigate the spread of an infectious disease. Despite overwhelming evidence and the importance of testing discussed in the literature, there have been claims that "more COVID-19 testing creates more cases". Therefore, there is a need to study whether massive testing is the reason for detecting more positive COVID-19 cases. In this research, we used a dataset from the U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services and empirically showed that by increasing the COVID-19 testing in the U.S., the spread of the COVID-19 decreased significantly. Our results indicate a negative relationship between the number of positive cases and the number of tests performed in the past months. The large-scale testing may have helped identify positive and asymptomatic cases early in the course of illness, which enabled individuals to isolate themselves, thus reducing the chances of spreading the diseases and slowing the spread of the pandemic.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.20248740v1" target="_blank">Does COVID-19 Testing Create More Cases? An Empirical Evidence on the Importance of Mass Testing During a Pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Seropositivity in blood donors and pregnant women during 9-months of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Stockholm, Sweden</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Public health strategies to contain the pandemic continue to vary markedly across the world. In Sweden, compared to most advanced economies, social restrictions have primarily relied upon voluntary adherence to a set of recommendations and strict lockdowns have not been enforced. To better understand the development of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the Stockholm population before the start of mass vaccinations, healthy blood donors and pregnant women (n=4,100) were sampled at random between 14th March-11th December 2020. All individuals (n=200/sampling week) were screened for anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) trimer- and RBD-specific IgG responses with highly sensitive and specific ELISA assays, and the results were compared with those from historical controls (n=595). Data were modelled using a probabilistic Bayesian framework that considered individual responses to both antigens. We found that after a steep rise at the start of the pandemic, the seroprevalence trajectory increased steadily in approach to the winter second-wave of infections, approaching 15% of all individuals surveyed by 11th December. In agreement with the high transmission rate observed in the Stockholm area, seroprevalence in this cohort of active adults increased during the 9 months from the start of the outbreak, but was far from that required for herd immunity at the end of 2020.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.24.20248821v1" target="_blank">Seropositivity in blood donors and pregnant women during 9-months of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Stockholm, Sweden</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in patients with COVID-19 treated with tocilizumab in a randomised controlled trial</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background Retrospective observational studies suggest that interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, D-dimer, and platelets are associated with disease progression, treatment outcomes, or both, in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. We explored these candidate prognostic and predictive biomarkers with efficacy outcomes after treatment with tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody using data from the COVACTA trial for patients hospitalised with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods Candidate biomarkers were measured in 295 patients in the tocilizumab arm and 142 patients in the placebo arm. Efficacy outcomes assessed were clinical status on a seven-category ordinal scale (1, discharge; 7, death), mortality, time to hospital discharge, and mechanical ventilation (if not receiving it at randomisation) through day 28. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers were evaluated continuously with proportional odds, binomial or Fine-Gray models, and additional sensitivity analyses. Findings Modelling in the placebo arm showed all candidate biomarkers except LDH and D-dimer were strongly prognostic for day 28 clinical outcomes of mortality, mechanical ventilation, clinical status, and time to hospital discharge. Modelling in the tocilizumab arm showed a predictive value of ferritin for day 28 clinical outcomes of mortality (predictive interaction p=0.03), mechanical ventilation (predictive interaction p=0.01), and clinical status (predictive interaction p=0.02) compared with placebo. Interpretation Multiple biomarkers prognostic for clinical outcomes were confirmed in COVACTA. Ferritin was identified as a predictive biomarker for the effects of tocilizumab in the COVACTA patient population; high ferritin levels were associated with better clinical outcomes for tocilizumab compared with placebo at day 28.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.20247379v1" target="_blank">Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in patients with COVID-19 treated with tocilizumab in a randomised controlled trial</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Testing for Rapid Diagnosis of COVID-19 during the Initial Stages of a Global Pandemic</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Accurate SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis is essential to guide prevention and control of COVID-19. From January 11 - April 22, 2020, Public Health Ontario conducted SARS-CoV-2 testing of 86,942 specimens collected from 80,354 individuals, primarily using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) methods. We analyzed test results across specimen types and for individuals with multiple same-day and multi-day collected specimens. Nasopharyngeal compared to throat swabs had a higher positivity (8.8% vs. 4.8%) and an adjusted estimate 2.9 Ct lower (SE=0.5, p&lt;0.001). Same-day specimens showed high concordance (98.8%), and the median Ct of multi-day specimens increased over time. Symptomatic cases had rRT-PCR results with an adjusted estimate 3.0 Ct (SE=0.5, p&lt;0.001) lower than asymptomatic/pre-symptomatic cases. Overall test sensitivity was 84.6%, with a negative predictive value of 95.5%. Molecular testing is the mainstay of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and testing protocols will continue to be dynamic and iteratively modified as more is learned about this emerging pathogen.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.20231589v1" target="_blank">Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Testing for Rapid Diagnosis of COVID-19 during the Initial Stages of a Global Pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic in Nepal: A Lockdown Scenario Analysis</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The Government of Nepal issued a nationwide lockdown from 24 March to 21 July 2020. Here we present the overall scenario of COVID-19, government efforts, impact on socio-economic, education, and health care, and prevailing challenges when the lockdown was lifted. We collated and analysed data provided by the Nepalese Ministry of Health and Population. There were only two confirmed cases from 610 Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) tests and no fatalities when the government introduced nationwide lockdown. Nepal had performed 7791 RT-PCR tests for COVID-19, the highest number of tests during the lockdown. It has recorded its highest daily rise in coronavirus infections with a total of 740 new cases from the total of 4483 RT-PCR tests performed on a single day. Nepal had reported a total of 17994 positive cases and 40 deaths at the end of lockdown. The spatial distribution clearly shows that the cases were rapidly spreading from the southern part of the country where most points of entry and exit from India are located. The government needs to allocate more resources, increase its capacity to test and trace, establish dedicated isolation and quarantine facilities, and impose local restrictions to manage potential COVID-19 outbreaks after easing lockdown.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.03.20187807v2" target="_blank">Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic in Nepal: A Lockdown Scenario Analysis</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of the Efficacy of High Doses of Methylprednisolone in SARS-CoV2 ( COVID-19) Pneumonia Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Methylprednisolone, Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Reggio Emilia<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Changes in Viral Load in COVID-19 After Probiotics</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Dietary Supplement: Dietary supplementation in patients with covid disease admitted to hospital<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Hospital de Sagunto;   Biopolis S.L.;   Laboratorios Heel España<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy and Safety of Ivermectin for Treatment and Prophylaxis of COVID-19 Pandemic</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Ivermectin;   Drug: Hydroxychloroquine;   Behavioral: personal protective Measures<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Benha University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect of Dalcetrapib in Patients With Confirmed Mild to Moderate COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Dalcetrapib;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   DalCor Pharmaceuticals;   The Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC);   Covance<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 3 Inhaled Novaferon Study in Hospitalized Patients With Moderate to Severe COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Novaferon;   Biological: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Genova Inc.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>suPAR-Guided Anakinra Treatment for Management of Severe Respiratory Failure by COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Anakinra;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Hellenic Institute for the Study of Sepsis<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study on Safety and Clinical Efficacy of AZVUDINE in COVID-19 Patients (SARS-CoV-2 Infected)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: AZVUDINE;   Drug: AZVUDINE placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   HRH Holdngs Limited;   GALZU INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH, TEACHING, SCIENCE AND APPLIED TECHNOLOGY, Brazil;   SANTA CASA DE MISERICORDIA DE CAMPOS HOSPITAL (SCMCH), Brazil;   UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO NORTE FLUMINENSE (UENF), Brazil<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluating the Impact of EnteraGam In People With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Dietary Supplement: Bovine Plasma-Derived Immunoglobulin Concentrate;   Other: Standard of care<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Entera Health, Inc;   Lemus Buhils, SL;   Clinical Research Unit, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute)<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy and Safety of Remdesivir and Tociluzumab for the Management of Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Trial</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Covid19;   Covid-19 ARDS<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Remdesivir;   Drug: Tocilizumab<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   M Abdur Rahim Medical College and Hospital;   First affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaoting University<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inhaled Ivermectin and COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Ivermectin Powder<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Mansoura University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>AZD1222 Vaccine in Combination With rAd26-S, Recombinant Adenovirus Type 26 Component of Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccine, for the Prevention of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: AZD1222;   Biological: rAd26-S<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   AstraZeneca;   R-Pharm<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anti-COVID19 AKS-452 - ACT Study</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: AKS-452<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University Medical Center Groningen;   Akston Biosciences Corporation<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mushroom-based Product for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: FoTv<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Gordon Saxe;   University of California, Los Angeles;   University of California, Irvine<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study to Investigate the Treatment Effect of Colchicine in Patients With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Colchicine;   Drug: Standard COVID-19 care<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Ayub Teaching Hospital;   Universidad de Murcia<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of Prognostic Modification in COVID-19 Patients in Early Intervention Treatment</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Azithromycin / Ivermectin / Ribaroxaban / Paracetamol;   Drug: Azithromycin / Ribaroxaban / Paracetamol<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Gilberto Cruz Arteaga;   Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Mexico<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effects of Tocilizumab in COVID-19 patients: a cohort study</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Majority of patients demonstrated clinical improvement and were successfully discharged alive from the hospital after receiving tocilizumab. We observed a rebound effect with CRP, which may suggest the need for higher or subsequent doses to adequately manage cytokine storm. Based on our findings, we believe that tocilizumab may have a role in the early treatment of COVID-19, however larger randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm this.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Gallium maltolate has in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and is a potential treatment for COVID-19</strong> - CONCLUSION: The in vitro activity of GaM against SARS-CoV-2, together with GaM's known anti-inflammatory activity, provide justification for testing GaM in COVID-19 patients.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect of pre-exposure use of hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19 mortality: a population-based cohort study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus using the OpenSAFELY platform</strong> - BACKGROUND: Hydroxychloroquine has been shown to inhibit entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into epithelial cells in vitro, but clinical studies found no evidence of reduced mortality when treating patients with COVID-19. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine for prevention of COVID-19 mortality, as opposed to treatment for the disease.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Identification of FDA approved drugs and nucleoside analogues as potential SARS-CoV-2 A1pp domain inhibitor: An in silico study</strong> - Coronaviruses are known to infect respiratory tract and intestine. These viruses possess highly conserved viral macro domain A1pp having adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose binding and phosphatase activity sites. A1pp inhibits adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation in the host and promotes viral infection and pathogenesis. We performed in silico screening of FDA approved drugs and nucleoside analogue library against the recently reported crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 A1pp domain. Docking...</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Innate Inhibiting Proteins Enhance Expression and Immunogenicity of Self-Amplifying RNA</strong> - Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is a cutting-edge platform for both nucleic acid vaccines and therapeutics. saRNA is self-adjuvanting, as it activates types I and III interferon (IFN), which enhances the immunogenicity of RNA vaccines but can also lead to inhibition of translation. In this study, we screened a library of saRNA constructs with cis-encoded innate inhibiting proteins (IIPs) and determined the effect on protein expression and immunogenicity. We observed that the PIV-5 V and Middle East...</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Structure-Based Screening to Discover New Inhibitors for Papain-like Proteinase of SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Study</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) expresses a multifunctional papain-like proteinase (PLpro), which mediates the processing of the viral replicase polyprotein. Inhibition of PLpro has been shown to suppress the viral replication. This study aimed to explore new anti-PLpro candidates by applying virtual screening based on GRL0617, a known PLpro inhibitor of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The three-dimensional (3D) structure of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro was built by homology...</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A ligand selection strategy identifies chemical probes targeting the proteases of SARS-CoV-2</strong> - Activity-based probes are valuable tools for chemical biology. However, finding probes that specifically target the active site of an enzyme remains a challenging task. Here we present a ligand selection strategy that allows to rapidly tailor electrophilic probes to a target of choice and showcase its application for the two cysteine proteases of SARS-CoV-2 as proof of concept. The resulting probes were specific for the active site labelling of 3CL pro and PL pro with sufficient selectivity in a...</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Spiky nanostructures for virus inhibition and infection prevention</strong> - The outbreak of a novel highly infectious virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has aroused people's concern about public health. The lack of ready-to-use vaccines and therapeutics makes the fight with these pathogens extremely difficult. To this point, rationally designed virus entry inhibitors that block the viral interaction with its receptor can be novel strategies to prevent virus infection. For ideal inhibition of the virus, the virus-inhibitor interaction...</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The SARS-CoV-2 RNA-protein interactome in infected human cells</strong> - Characterizing the interactions that SARS-CoV-2 viral RNAs make with host cell proteins during infection can improve our understanding of viral RNA functions and the host innate immune response. Using RNA antisense purification and mass spectrometry, we identified up to 104 human proteins that directly and specifically bind to SARS-CoV-2 RNAs in infected human cells. We integrated the SARS-CoV-2 RNA interactome with changes in proteome abundance induced by viral infection and linked interactome...</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Calcium channel blocker amlodipine besylate therapy is associated with reduced case fatality rate of COVID-19 patients with hypertension</strong> - The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has now spread to &gt;200 countries posing a global public health concern. Patients with comorbidity, such as hypertension suffer more severe infection with elevated mortality. The development of effective antiviral drugs is in urgent need to treat COVID-19 patients. Here, we report that calcium channel blockers (CCBs), a type of antihypertensive drug that is widely used in clinics,...</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Beneficial effect of Indigo Naturalis on acute lung injury induced by influenza A virus</strong> - CONCLUSION: The results showed that INAE alleviated IAV induced ALI in mice. The mechanisms of INAE were associated with its anti-influenza, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation properties. Indigo Naturalis might have clinical potential to treat ALI induced by IAV.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Action of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 main protease</strong> - In a recent publication in this journal Eleftheriou et al. proposed inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) to be functional inhibitors of the main protease (M pro ) of SARS-CoV-2. Their predictions prompted the authors to suggest linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor and approved anti-diabetes drug, as a repurposed drug candidate against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We used an enzymatic assay measuring inhibition of M pro catalytic activity in the presence of four different commercially...</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>"Silent hypoxaemia in COVID-19 patients"</strong> - The clinical presentation of COVID-19 due to infection with SARS-CoV-2 is highly variable with the majority of patients having mild symptoms while others develop severe respiratory failure. The reason for this variability is unclear but is in critical need of investigation. Some COVID-19 patients have been labeled with 'happy hypoxia,' in which patient complaints of dyspnoea and observable signs of respiratory distress are reported to be absent. Based on ongoing debate, we highlight key...</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Recognition of Plausible Therapeutic Agents to Combat COVID-19: An Omics Data Based Combined Approach</strong> - Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become an immense threat to global public health. In this study, more than 67,000 reference sequences including a complete genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 isolate performed by us and several in silico techniques were merged to propose prospective therapeutics. Through meticulous analysis, several conserved and therapeutically suitable regions of SARS-CoV-2 such as RNA-dependent RNA...</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Understanding the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19: Its implication for therapeutic strategy</strong> - Although 80% of individuals infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recover without antiviral treatments, the other 20% progress to severe forms of pulmonary disease, suggesting that the host's immune response to the virus could influence the outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial type 2 cells expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and these infected epithelial cells recruit dendritic cells, neutrophils...</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Covid 19 - Chewing Gum</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU313269181">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A traditional Chinese medicine composition for COVID-19 and/or influenza and preparation method thereof</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU313300659">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>STOCHASTIC MODEL METHOD TO DETERMINE THE PROBABILITY OF TRANSMISSION OF NOVEL COVID-19</strong> - The present invention is directed to a stochastic model method to assess the risk of spreading the disease and determine the probability of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=IN313339294">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The use of human serum albumin (HSA) and Cannabigerol (CBG) as active ingredients in a composition for use in the treatment of Coronavirus (Covid-19) and its symptoms</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU313251184">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The use of human serum albumin (HSA) and Cannabigerol (CBG) as active ingredients in a composition for use in the treatment of Coronavirus (Covid-19) and its symptoms</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU313251182">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>"AYURVEDIC PROPRIETARY MEDICINE FOR TREATMENT OF SEVERWE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2 (SARS-COV-2."</strong> - AbstractAyurvedic Proprietary Medicine for treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)In one of the aspect of the present invention it is provided that Polyherbal combinations called Coufex (syrup) is prepared as Ayurvedic Proprietary Medicine , Aqueous Extracts Mixing with Sugar Syrup form the following herbal aqueous extract coriandrum sativum was used for the formulation of protek.Further another Polyherbal combination protek as syrup is prepared by the combining an aqueous extract of the medicinal herbs including Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica, Aegle marmelos, Zingiber officinale, Ocimum sanctum, Adatoda zeylanica, Piper lingum, Andrographis panivulata, Coriandrum sativum, Tinospora cordiofolia, cuminum cyminum,piper nigrum was used for the formulation of Coufex. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=IN312324209">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>제2형 중증급성호흡기증후군 코로나바이러스 감염 질환의 예방 또는 치료용 조성물</strong> - 본 발명은 화학식 1로 표시되는 화합물, 또는 이의 약학적으로 허용가능한 염; 및 글루카곤 수용체 작용제(glucagon receptor agonist), 위 억제 펩타이드(gastric inhibitory peptide, GIP), 글루카곤-유사 펩타이드 1(glucagon-like peptide 1, GLP-1) 및 글루카곤 수용체/위 억제 펩타이드/글루카곤-유사 펩타이드 1(Glucagon/GIP/GLP-1) 삼중 완전 작용제(glucagon receptors, gastric inhibitory peptide and glucagon-like peptide 1 (Glucagon/GIP/GLP-1) triple full agonist)로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 1종 이상;을 포함하는 제2형 중증급성호흡기증후군 코로나바이러스 감염 질환 예방 또는 치료용 약학적 조성물을 제공한다. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=KR313434044">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Haptens, hapten conjugates, compositions thereof and method for their preparation and use</strong> - A method for performing a multiplexed diagnostic assay, such as for two or more different targets in a sample, is described. One embodiment comprised contacting the sample with two or more specific binding moieties that bind specifically to two or more different targets. The two or more specific binding moieties are conjugated to different haptens, and at least one of the haptens is an oxazole, a pyrazole, a thiazole, a nitroaryl compound other than dinitrophenyl, a benzofurazan, a triterpene, a urea, a thiourea, a rotenoid, a coumarin, a cyclolignan, a heterobiaryl, an azo aryl, or a benzodiazepine. The sample is contacted with two or more different anti-hapten antibodies that can be detected separately. The two or more different anti-hapten antibodies may be conjugated to different detectable labels. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU311608060">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 RBD共轭纳米颗粒疫苗</strong> - 本发明涉及免疫医学领域，具体而言，涉及一种SARS‑CoV‑2 RBD共轭纳米颗粒疫苗。该疫苗包含免疫原性复合物，所述免疫原性复合物包含：a）与SpyCatcher融合表达的载体蛋白自组装得到的纳米颗粒载体；b）与SpyTag融合表达的SARS‑CoV‑2病毒的RBD抗原；所述载体蛋白选自Ferritin、mi3和I53‑50；所述载体蛋白与所述抗原之间通过SpyCatcher‑SpyTag共价连接。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN313355625">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Устройство электронного контроля и дистанционного управления аппарата искусственной вентиляции легких</strong> - Полезная модель относится к медицинской технике, а именно к устройствам для воздействия на дыхательную систему пациента смесью различных газов, в частности, к устройствам для проведения искусственной вентиляции легких (ИВЛ). Технический результат предлагаемой полезной модели заключается в решении технической проблемы, состоящей в необходимости расширения арсенала технических средств, предназначенных для электронного контроля и управления ИВЛ, путем реализации возможности дистанционного управления аппаратами ИВЛ в медицинских учреждениях, не оборудованных кабельными вычислительными сетями. Указанный технический результат достигается благодаря тому, что в известное устройство электронного контроля и дистанционного управления аппарата ИВЛ, содержащее центральный микроконтроллер, а также программно-аппаратные средства управления функциями доставки воздушной смеси пациенту и многоуровневой тревожной сигнализации об отклонениях от нормативных условий и технических неполадках в аппарате ИВЛ, введены связанные друг с другом микроконтроллер связи и дистанционного управления и радиомодем, выполненный с возможностью связи с точками доступа радиканальной сети, при этом центральный микроконтроллер устройства выполнен с дополнительными входом/выходом, которые связаны с управляющими выходом/входом микроконтроллера связи и дистанционного управления, а, в зависимости от типа применяемой в медицинском учреждении радиоканальной сети связи и передачи данных, радиомодем может быть выполнен в виде интерфейсного аудиомодуля Bluetooth 4.0 BLE, приемопередающего модуля Wi-Fi либо устройства "малого радиуса действия", работающего по технологии LoRa на нелицензируемых частотах мегагерцового диапазона, например, в диапазоне 868 МГц. 3 з.п. ф-лы, 1 ил. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=RU313244211">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Can Wall Street’s Heaviest Hitter Step Up to the Plate on Climate Change?</strong> - More significant than BlackRock executives’s pledges is the firm’s continued inclusion of fossil-fuel companies in its index funds. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-a-warming-planet/can-wall-streets-heaviest-hitter-step-up-to-the-plate-on-climate-change">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Trump Directs His Wrecking Ball at the COVID-19 Relief Bill and Mitch McConnell</strong> - After a week spent largely out of the public eye, the President reappeared with a flurry of pardons and an attack on the House Speaker’s coronavirus relief bill. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/trump-directs-his-wrecking-ball-at-the-covid-19-relief-bill-and-mitch-mcconnell">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Georgia Trump Fans Say the Last Election Was a Sham. Will They Vote in This One?</strong> - Kelly Loeffler and David Perdue are trying to placate the President and run for the Senate at the same time. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/us-journal/georgia-trump-fans-say-the-2020-election-was-a-sham-will-they-vote-in-this-one">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>As the Vaccine Arrives, Death and Denial Rage in a California Coronavirus Epicenter</strong> - In the San Joaquin Valley, medical professionals fear that many in the public still fail to grasp the dangers of COVID-19. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/science/medical-dispatch/as-the-vaccine-arrives-death-and-denial-rage-in-a-california-coronavirus-epicenter">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The New COVID-19 Relief Package Is Flawed But Essential</strong> - If Congress had done nothing, the U.S. would soon face a humanitarian disaster as well as an economic one. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-new-covid-19-relief-package-is-flawed-but-essential">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The history of Jews, Chinese food, and Christmas, explained by a rabbi</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/jgrqFmvO6V44p5Fe3Rq4GnDtACw=/445x0:7556x5333/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/62724267/GettyImages_980080036.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
In the US, Jews have been eating American Chinese food on Christmas for over 100 years.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="s93koV">
For over a century, American Jews have eaten American Chinese food on Christmas. The annual feast is a holiday tradition that is likely to go on as usual this year, even in the midst of COVID-19 — albeit in the form of delivery or takeout.<strong> </strong>This pastime has evolved to a near-holy tradition, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGzO1ghRKp4">parodied</a> on <em>Saturday Night Live</em>, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249714266_New_York_Jews_and_Chinese_Food_The_Social_Construction_of_an_Ethnic_Pattern">analyzed</a> in academic papers, and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tku61sKhPGo&amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;t=29s">reaffirmed</a> by Supreme Court Justice Elena Kagan.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0Wiwl9">
Perhaps the foremost expert on the practice is Rabbi Joshua Eli Plaut, PhD, executive director of American Friends of Rabin Medical Center, rabbi of Metropolitan Synagogue in New York, and author of <a href="http://akosherchristmas.org"><em>A Kosher Christmas</em></a>, the premier (and only?) comprehensive study of what Jews do at Christmastime.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zU0Ue6">
I spoke to Plaut about Chinese food on Christmas, and why he used to sit on Santa Claus’s lap.
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<figure class="e-image">
<pre><code> &lt;img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/VlBPsAhqj7tlJ1Ga0NbabSDocCw=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/13644078/51regy_EccL._SX331_BO1_204_203_200_.jpg" /&gt;</code></pre>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VCX9hc">
<strong>Both Jews and Christmas have existed for a while. When did Jews first ask, “What should we do on Christmas?” </strong><br/>It has been a question for as long as Christmas has existed, because Jews have always felt like outsiders. But how they felt specifically was really a function of their status in society. In Eastern Europe, for instance, Jews were not very assimilated. Christmas was a night of possible pogroms and violence, with so many celebrants, often drunk, going from house to house. Jews did not go to the synagogue to study. They stayed at home for physical safety reasons. If they did anything, they might play cards or chess.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="U5bKG6">
In Western Europe, after the French Revolution, Jews were more assimilated. There, they had more freedom to wonder, “Do I bring a Christmas tree into my home? Do I have a holiday meal? Do I give out gifts?” The early Zionist Theodor Herzl was a secular Jew, and he had a Christmas tree in his salon. After the Chief Rabbi of Vienna came to visit, he <a href="https://forward.com/news/israel/356767/when-theodor-herzl-lit-his-christmas-tree/">wrote something in his diary</a> like, ”I hope the Rabbi doesn’t think less of me because of this. Then again, what do I care what he thinks?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xeTz1u">
<strong>Okay, so tell me when eating Chinese food on Christmas first comes into the picture. Is that a Jewish-American tradition? </strong><br/>Yes. It begins at the end of the 19th century, on the Lower East Side, where Jewish and Chinese immigrants lived in close proximity. The very first mention of American Jews eating in a Chinese restaurant dates to 1899, when the American Hebrew<em> </em>journal criticized Jews for eating at non-kosher restaurants. By 1936, a publication called the East Side Chamber News reported at least 18 Chinese tea gardens and chop suey eateries in heavily-populated Jewish neighborhoods. All of these were within close walking distance of Ratner’s, which was then the most famous Jewish dairy restaurant in Manhattan.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lF15t7">
Jews would go out for Chinese food on Sundays, when they felt left out of church lunch. It was a gradual transition from the traditional diet of Eastern Europe, to eating American Chinese food, to eating other pan-Asian cuisines, like Indian food. I like to say that, within a hundred years of arriving in New York, the average Jew was more familiar with sushi than gefilte fish.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5mDxHr">
In the last 35 years, Chinese restaurants on Christmas have really become this sort of temporary community where Jews in the United States can gather to be with friends and family. It’s a secular way to celebrate Christmas, but it’s also a time to shut out Christmas and announce your Jewish identity in a safe environment.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ULFjt4">
<strong>Was there any reason, beyond proximity, that Jews wound up eating Chinese food, as opposed to some other immigrant cuisine? </strong><br/>In terms of kosher law, a Chinese restaurant is a lot safer than an Italian restaurant. In Italian food, there is mixing of meat and dairy. A Chinese restaurant doesn’t mix meat and dairy, because Chinese cooking is virtually dairy-free.
</p>
<div class="c-float-left">
<aside id="2m9YQC">
<q>Within a hundred years of arriving in New York, the average Jew was more familiar with sushi than gefilte fish</q>
</aside>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7xt0gD">
In Chinese-American cooking, if there is any pork [which is not a kosher food], it is usually concealed inside something, like a wonton. A lot of Jews back then — and even now — kept strict kosher inside the home but were more flexible with foods they ate at restaurants. Sociologist Gaye Tuchman <a href="https://qcpages.qc.cuny.edu/~hlevine/SAFE-TREYF.pdf">wrote about this practice</a>. She described [the plausible deniability of non-kosher ingredients] as <em>safe treyf. </em>[<em>Treyf</em> is the Yiddish word for non-kosher.] A lot of Jews considered the pork in Chinese food to be <em>safe treyf</em>, because they couldn’t see it. That made it easier to eat.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QHj3Lu">
<strong>In your research for this book, did you come across anything about Chinese food and Christmas written from a Chinese-American perspective? </strong><br/>I actually found a citation from 1935, in the New York Times, about a restaurant owner named Eng Shee Chuck who brought chow mein to the Jewish Children’s Home on Christmas Day. If you were to interview Chinese restaurant owners, they’d tell you that Christmas is their biggest day of the year, outside of probably the Chinese New Year. If you want a more thorough understanding, though, you should probably go talk to some restaurant owners in Chinatown.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Z2OFTw">
<strong>Sometimes my family eats Chinese food on Christmas, but we always go to the movies. When did that become an established Jewish Christmas tradition? </strong><br/>When Jews began to settle on the Lower East Side of Manhattan between the 1880s and the 1920s, they were poor immigrants. They worked in sweatshops and lived in tenement housing. In their time off, they would go to the newly opened <a href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-nickelodeon-opens">nickelodeons</a>. For between one cent and five cents, they could see a very early form of a movie. By 1909, there were 42 nickelodeons adjacent to the Lower East Side and 10 uptown in Jewish Harlem. Christmas was just another day off, so these early movies attracted big crowds.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BjauN9">
We know from the Yiddish press that Christmas became a popular day for the opening of new Yiddish theater productions. It was a day off from work, so what do you do? You can stay home, or you can go to the nickelodeons, or the Yiddish theater. Eventually, decades later, you could go have a meal in a Chinese restaurant.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HFH8jH">
<strong>What do you usually do on Christmas? </strong><br/>For many years I was researching this book. This year, I’ll be with my family in a small town, where there are no real restaurants open. We will probably play a board game or watch Netflix.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pJ1BOy">
<strong>What did you do on Christmas growing up? </strong><br/>I never went to Chinese restaurants. We’d go skating in front of the Rockefeller Center Christmas tree, and then we’d have hot chocolate with marshmallows. I have great memories of Christmas. My mother would take me to sit on Santa Claus’s lap. When I was writing this book, I asked her, “Why did you take me — the son of a rabbi! — to sit on Santa Claus’s lap?” She said, “Everybody in America does it, so why shouldn’t we?” She knew I was secure in my Jewish identity.
</p>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>One Good Thing: The gentle, lovely beauty of the YouTube Christmas coffee shop</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A Christmas coffeeshop on YouTube" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/8-L3-EadGKotbO9ibqfCefofCf4=/194x0:1245x788/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/68580011/Screen_Shot_2020_12_23_at_12.54.22_PM.0.png"/>
<figcaption>
Calmed by Nature
</figcaption>
</figure></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
It’s the holiday pick-me-up you might need right now.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RUfVmr">
<a href="https://www.vox.com/one-good-thing"><em>One Good Thing</em></a> <em>is Vox’s recommendations feature. In each edition, find one more thing from the world of culture that we highly recommend.</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fjHerU">
This Christmas has felt different.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QkFKHv">
Normally I find myself eagerly anticipating the end of the year — I look forward to the presents, the well wishes from friends and strangers alike, the time off from work. It’s a chance to look back over the year that was and prepare for the year to come. The world changes, but this time of year, these remaining holidays, we try to keep as similar as possible. We like these little islands of time that change a bit more slowly than the rest of our lives.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="d1W1M7">
In 2020, however, it’s harder to appreciate that island of time when <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/5/7/21248259/why-time-feels-so-weird-right-now-quarantine-coronavirus-pandemic">time has ceased to have meaning</a>. Each day blends into the next, and as I write this (on December 23), it’s hard to believe that Christmas is just two days away, even though looking at my calendar will tell me that it is. I still haven’t put up my tree. I’ll get to it when I get to it, maybe on December 27 or something.
</p>
<aside id="YkHHtK">
<div>
</div>
</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8TM8Nk">
YouTube, as always, has stepped into this void I’ve felt. Some of my favorite channels for creating “ambience” — soundscapes meant to replicate particular real-world experiences, usually with slightly animated visuals to match — have gone all out this holiday season, creating Christmas atmospheres that are lovely, festive, and aching reminders of the world that used to exist.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DTobvA">
Particularly popular are <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9a9GixtqVP4">“Christmas coffee shop” settings</a>. There are seemingly thousands of these (though it’s probably only “dozens”), and they tend to feature the same elements. There’s a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJhmK6kXqr4">coffee shop decorated for the holidays</a>, steaming <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tDhuXiK5lfw">hot drinks on the tables</a>. There’s <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zWd6z0pwEM">soft Christmas music</a> (and often <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vk-7F-vixko">a crackling fire</a>). There’s <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtGaoDORPlw">snow peacefully falling outside</a>. Here’s one <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVL3XIjfTxc">specifically set at Starbucks</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1lsHWF">
A friend and I will sometimes gather on Zoom, pull up one of these videos on screen share, then talk about how we wish we were sitting in a very real coffee shop, talking face to face. For now, this is a substitute.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jt426z">
What’s slightly eerie about these videos is the fact that none of them have any people, not even a bored barista behind the counter. These are Christmas coffee shops devoid of humans (though <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9a9GixtqVP4">one of my favorites</a> occasionally has someone walk by on the sidewalk outside). Watching them, it really does feel like the world is waiting for us to come back to it, as though these cheery holiday spaces are still out there somewhere, if only we could find them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9v2S0O">
But that emptiness also makes it easier for my friend and me to project ourselves into those spaces. If nobody else is here, maybe we can grab a cup of cider or hot cocoa and sit down together without worrying about everything worth worrying about right now. It might be an idealized space, and it says something about 2020 that it’s easier to imagine an idealized coffee shop as an empty one than ever before.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DfyVVY">
YouTube is lousy with Christmas and winter soundscapes, which I turn to every year, because California Christmas will always be just a touch disappointing to a Midwestern girl raised on drifting snow. I love <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQt4t8E-BPE">this visit to a Christmas-y apartment</a> in 1950s New York, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7i8pA3ClJw">this check-in</a> at Santa’s office, and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gA9Y9Dp2D-8">this peaceful mountain cabin</a> in the middle of a blizzard. Or consider <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NiW7CBz2Qfs">this look at a Christmas party</a> seen from outside of the house where it’s being held (look at all those people inside; wouldn’t you like to join them?). Or <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBTgNN3UjiU">this Victorian Christmas storefront</a>? I could go on.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SMhvEp">
The point is, we might feel unmoored in time right now, but the promise of finding this one tiny island where everything is the same and nothing has changed is intensely appealing. I don’t know if there are so many Christmas coffee shops on YouTube this year because we’re all missing the trappings of the season or because those of us who spend time on YouTube’s ambience channels keep watching them, but those two hypotheses are kind of the same thing. Christmas is best shared with other people. We can’t do that right now, but until we can, we can at least pretend.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UsZ5wL">
<em>Ambience channels are all over YouTube. Some of my favorites are </em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJuMbdKSMThk2RpALASyXVQ">Calmed by Nature</a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8O01n9bla2e-o3GAsOkCEg">Autumn Cozy</a><em>, and </em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFvxUdKxflHQxuhFv6tWsfg">Ma Ambience</a><em>.</em>
</p>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Fox News’s post-Trump identity crisis, explained by an expert</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="President Trump Holds Campaign Rally In Michigan Ahead Of Tuesday’s Election" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/npyLJKgppFw6Hs7VllhtHH6XoMI=/116x0:4379x3197/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/68579811/1283101957.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Trump supporters watch a video featuring Fox host Sean Hannity ahead of Trump’s arrival to a campaign rally in Waterford, Michigan, on October 30. | John Moore/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
We talked to Matt Gertz of Media Matters about Trump’s one-sided feud with Fox, the rise of OAN and Newsmax, and where right-wing cable news is headed.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tB97zt">
As its main meal ticket prepares to leave office, Fox News is struggling through an identity crisis.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XeexAF">
For the better part of five years, Fox and Donald Trump have enjoyed a symbiotic relationship. Trump’s habitual watching of Fox and the willingness both he and other administration officials have had to be interviewed on Fox News and Fox Business brought the network to unprecedented heights of relevance, while Fox has helped Trump by <a href="https://www.vox.com/2019/8/27/20835366/fox-and-friends-trump-doral-g7">defending him</a> through <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/6/20/18692891/trump-sean-hannity-interview">thick and thin</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8bu5aL">
But Trump’s relationship with Fox hasn’t been all sunshine and rainbows. Even while the vast majority of the network’s programming did his bidding in one way or another, Trump has repeatedly <a href="https://www.vox.com/21563687/trump-turns-against-fox-news-explained">lashed out at Fox in recent years for coverage he deems insufficiently fawning</a> — and the one-sided feud has escalated dramatically since his loss to Joe Biden.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0mD8ah">
“On a fundamental level Fox has been operating as a propaganda arm of President Trump, but the president has never really been satisfied with the level of obsequiousness he sometimes sees when he turns on his television,” Matt Gertz, senior fellow at Media Matters for America, told me.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sEZ2o6">
Things came to a boiling point in the days following the election. Fox News’s “news side,” such as it is, was among the first on election night to call Arizona for Joe Biden. Its decision to do so sent President Donald Trump <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/04/us/politics/trump-fox-news-arizona.html">into a rage</a>. Though the state didn’t end up being central to most networks’ decisions to call the race for Joe Biden, it was a symbolic turning point during a night that quickly went from hopeful to sour for the president. He’s spent the past six weeks seemingly more focused on settling scores with Fox News than he has been on the coronavirus pandemic.
</p>
<div id="pVQhD6">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
.<a href="https://twitter.com/FoxNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"><span class="citation">@FoxNews</span></a> daytime ratings have completely collapsed. Weekend daytime even WORSE. Very sad to watch this happen, but they forgot what made them successful, what got them there. They forgot the Golden Goose. The biggest difference between the 2016 Election, and 2020, was <a href="https://twitter.com/FoxNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"><span class="citation">@FoxNews</span></a>!
</p>
— Donald J. Trump (<span class="citation">@realDonaldTrump</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1326920264203046915?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 12, 2020</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MyvY85">
Trump apparently isn’t alone in feeling betrayed. At his urging, many of his followers have turned off Fox News and are watching <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/21558899/newsmax-network-fox-news-trump-biden">Newsmax</a> and <a href="https://www.vox.com/2019/5/13/18617594/trump-one-america-news-network-explained">One America News Network (OAN)</a> — Trumpier alternatives to Fox News, which at least during the daytime hours still likes to think of itself as a news channel and not a Trump propaganda network.
</p>
<div id="ZTYMsA">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
.<a href="https://twitter.com/FoxNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"><span class="citation">@FoxNews</span></a> daytime is not watchable. In a class with CNN &amp; MSDNC. Check out <a href="https://twitter.com/OANN?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"><span class="citation">@OANN</span></a>, <a href="https://twitter.com/newsmax?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"><span class="citation">@newsmax</span></a> and others that are picking up the slack. Even a boring football game, kneeling and all, is better!
</p>
— Donald J. Trump (<span class="citation">@realDonaldTrump</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1335657565733212162?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 6, 2020</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DGHqll">
To give you a flavor for their programming, OAN is refusing to refer to President-elect Biden as “President-elect,” based on lies about there being “<a href="https://twitter.com/RobHerring/status/1339266480429416448">fraud in voting</a>.” Newsmax, meanwhile, recently did an interview with former National Security Adviser Michael Flynn in which Flynn mused about a military coup to keep Trump in office — shocking comments that received no pushback from the host.
</p>
<div id="UB2eOY">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Here's Michael Flynn on Newsmax saying that Trump could order "military capabilities" to swing states and "rerun an election in each of those states."<br/><br/>"People out there talk about martial law like it's something that we've never done. Martial law has been instituted 64 times." <a href="https://t.co/KNmiAGGiPF">pic.twitter.com/KNmiAGGiPF</a>
</p>
— Aaron Rupar (<span class="citation">@atrupar</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1339730530661789696?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 18, 2020</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yPrX8L">
Believe it or not, this coverage is resonating. While they still lag far behind Fox News overall, ratings for Newsmax and OAN have surged since the election while Fox’s have stagnated. In a major milestone, Newsmax earlier this month even <a href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/12/newsmax-beats-fox-news-in-ratings">bested Fox News in a key demographic</a> over an hour of programming.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4mdQUG">
Fox, meanwhile, is also feeling pressure from the saner end of the spectrum. CNN’s <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/12/09/cnn-newsmax-claim-post-election-ratings-wins-over-fox-news/?sh=61e32ecf1ca6">post-election ratings are up</a> and at times have been better than Fox. For the first time in 20 years, Fox News can no longer boast that it’s clearly the top dog in cable news.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4dSUHp">
Trump can’t totally quit Fox News, however. While he lambasts the network’s “news side,” he still habitually live tweets broadcasts hosted by his favorites, such as Sean Hannity and Mark Levin. During a <em>Fox &amp; Friends</em> interview on election morning, Trump even bashed Fox News while on Fox News.
</p>
<div id="Bzjd2K">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Brian Kilmeade gives Trump the opportunity to respond to Obama and instead he lays out his grievances against Fox for sometimes airing Biden speeches before listing all the hosts he likes. <a href="https://t.co/WSRlXDrQjL">pic.twitter.com/WSRlXDrQjL</a>
</p>
— Matthew Gertz (<span class="citation">@MattGertz</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/MattGertz/status/1323613398907658240?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 3, 2020</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aQuraY">
Along similar lines, Trump’s first post-election was on Maria Bartiromo’s Sunday morning Fox News show. And as is <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/10/8/21507513/trump-maria-bartiromo-coronavirus-interview">often the case</a>, Bartiromo let Trump lie with impunity.
</p>
<div id="nSfqkh">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Trump's own lawyers conceded in court that the claim he makes here about poll watchers is a lie -- but Maria Bartiromo lets Trump lie with impunity <a href="https://t.co/5nyfc4XnsF">pic.twitter.com/5nyfc4XnsF</a>
</p>
— Aaron Rupar (<span class="citation">@atrupar</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1333069551756599298?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 29, 2020</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LpyiBL">
To unpack right-wing cable news’s tumultuous situation and where things might go in a post-President Trump world, I talked to Gertz, the Media Matters senior fellow and close observer of the right-wing news TV ecosystem.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZjHqtc">
During the Trump years, Gertz has been distinguished himself as perhaps the foremost chronicler of the Fox News-to-Trump pipeline. He’s tirelessly traced Trump’s tweets back to the Fox News segments that inspire them — even when Trump is watching and tweeting programming that aired hours or days earlier.
</p>
<div id="ufBqCk">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
The president of the United States is so busy that he's watching a recording of a Fox Business show that aired Sunday morning and tweeting about it.<br/><br/>Left, Fox Business' Sunday Morning Futures, 10:24 a.m. yesterday<br/>Right, Trump, 8:37 a.m. <a href="https://t.co/e7YJA7zOcd">pic.twitter.com/e7YJA7zOcd</a>
</p>
— Matthew Gertz (<span class="citation">@MattGertz</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/MattGertz/status/1214191061825921025?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 6, 2020</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="u8Rjkv">
As the president has started watching more Newsmax and OAN, so has Gertz.
</p>
<div id="B9Jxnx">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
An ongoing shift in the president's viewing habits from Fox to the even more conspiracy-minded OAN. <a href="https://t.co/bQ3jFMr1Ku">https://t.co/bQ3jFMr1Ku</a><br/><br/>Left, OAN, 7:46 a.m.<br/>Right, Trump, 8:14 a.m. <a href="https://t.co/sc45i8bIrZ">pic.twitter.com/sc45i8bIrZ</a>
</p>
— Matthew Gertz (<span class="citation">@MattGertz</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/MattGertz/status/1334849383494455297?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 4, 2020</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1mOOwB">
As Gertz explained to me, even in a post-Trump world, he still expects Fox News to play a leading role in setting the conservative agenda, since “they have the biggest audience and the biggest propensity to produce dangerous misinformation that shifts the public discussion, and the state of policy in this country.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DtQiG8">
But Gertz sees signs that Fox News is bowing to the pressure Trump and his supporters are putting on it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="blYWl3">
“We’re also seeing a sort of race to the bottom in certain ways. I think Fox has really kicked up the amount of coverage it’s done in support of President Trump’s effort to overturn the election because they’re feeling some heat from competitors,” he said. “So that, I think, is part of the real risk behind all of us — that it will [increase] Fox’s need to become ever more conspiracy-minded in years to come.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4ht1dW">
A transcript of our conversation, lightly edited for length and clarity, follows.
</p>
<h4 id="y2OaKH">
<strong>Aaron Rupar</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9YXAet">
I thought maybe a good place to start is with your cable news diet. I know you watch a lot of it. What have you on a typical day been watching over the past four years, and has that changed from 2017 to today?
</p>
<h4 id="6X30E1">
<strong>Matt Gertz</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vqB0Cd">
I’ve been at Media Matters since 2007, so I’ve been in one way or another immersed in this right-wing media world ever since. A lot of my work has focused very specifically on Fox News during the Trump administration, and the way in which its hosts and its shows have become intertwined with President Trump and with other members of his team.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YAfhMs">
A lot of that has been focused on <em>Fox &amp; Friends</em>, the president’s favorite morning news show. I generally have that network on from early in the morning throughout the day. I will catch clips from shows later that night and read the transcripts the next morning to make sure that I have a good sense of what was going on on all of those primetime and later shows.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bNKefW">
But Fox News has been at the center of the conservative media infrastructure for that entire time, and so it’s been my main focus.
</p>
<h4 id="Ze0aYT">
<strong>Aaron Rupar</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vfIWp9">
Perhaps the biggest development in cable news since the election has been the sudden rise of Newsmax and OAN as in some sense alternatives to Fox News that are further right. Shockingly, Newsmax’s ratings even beat Fox News in a key demographic over an hour of programming earlier this month.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="62hfWk">
Do you think this is all attributable to Trump and his fans feeling betrayed by Fox’s infamous somewhat early call of Arizona for Biden? Or is there something else going on here?
</p>
<h4 id="M1bE2n">
<strong>Matt Gertz</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OM39bi">
On a fundamental level, Fox has been operating as a propaganda arm of President Trump, but the president has never really been satisfied with the level of obsequiousness he sometimes sees when he turns on his television.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="C3cG8M">
He’s watching as much as or more Fox as I am — and to some extent, I do that for a living — and so when he sees things on his television that he doesn’t like, when he sees Democrats appearing on the network, when he sees some of the more so-called “news side” shows presenting Fox polling that shows him losing various states, when he sees the state of Arizona getting called for his opponent and then Fox acknowledging Joe Biden is the president-elect, he becomes infuriated.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HOCr01">
This has happened throughout the administration. We have seen here and there, he will lash out at Fox for not going far enough in his favor, and he’s even from time to time told his supporters that they should be watching OAN or Newsmax instead. But since the election, since his defeat, he has been willing to do that on a far more consistent basis. He has made the criticisms of Fox News much more frequently on his Twitter feed, and he’s actually watching the other networks much more than he used to as well.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="L1tmAV">
I’ve been tracking Trump’s so-called “live tweets,” the cases where he responds in real time to what he’s seeing on the television with tweets, since October 2017. And he’s never sent tweets about that network’s competitors the way he has over the past few weeks. He’s sent about the same number of tweets between November 15 and December 2 of this year in response to OAN segments as he had over a two-year period.
</p>
<div id="oKMj6q">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Looking back at Trump live-tweets since Nov. 19, I count:<br/><br/>Fox News/Business: 11<br/>OAN: 10<br/>Newsmax: 3<br/><br/>Trump sent only 12 OAN live-tweets total over a recent two-year span, compared to more than 1,200 Fox News/Business. <a href="https://t.co/UBNZMWCrUG">https://t.co/UBNZMWCrUG</a>
</p>
— Matthew Gertz (<span class="citation">@MattGertz</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/MattGertz/status/1334231935728701440?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 2, 2020</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tl4G5A">
So his own viewing habits are changing, and he is getting at least some slice of his supporters to change their viewing habits as well.
</p>
<h4 id="fLDHAO">
<strong>Aaron Rupar</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NgIEA4">
Do you think it’ll be sustainable for Newsmax and OAN to continue on as basically Trump propaganda outlets after he leaves office? I wonder if there’s going to be the staying power in terms of filtering all the news through a Trump prism a year or two after he leaves office.
</p>
<h4 id="LRHWz7">
<strong>Matt Gertz</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yJnQx6">
I don’t know. I think what seems pretty clear is that Fox is trying to forestall that by shifting its programming in certain ways.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HfYwLp">
I have been seeing during the so-called “straight news” hours that Fox has started airing clips of its primetime hosts to set up various segments. They’ll air 15 seconds of Tucker Carlson talking about a topic before going into their own discussion about it, or playing a clip from Sean Hannity’s show and asking guests to respond. So that’s the way in which they’re trying to change things up a little bit to push back on these competitors.
</p>
<div id="4Km9OV">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Fox "straight news" broadcast America's Newsroom is increasingly a show about what happened in Fox prime-time the previous night. <a href="https://t.co/unkNQIv3ll">pic.twitter.com/unkNQIv3ll</a>
</p>
— Matthew Gertz (<span class="citation">@MattGertz</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/MattGertz/status/1329437434095017987?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 19, 2020</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3lWEkh">
We’re also seeing a sort of race to the bottom in certain ways. I think Fox has really kicked up the amount of coverage it’s done in support of President Trump’s effort to overturn the election because they’re feeling some heat from competitors. So that I think is part of the real risk behind all of us — that it will [increase] Fox’s need to become ever more conspiracy-minded in years to come.
</p>
<h4 id="YOdLKr">
<strong>Aaron Rupar</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8BMvR4">
It does seem there’s been a divide between Fox’s daytime programming with Neil Cavuto and Chris Wallace and the primetime lineup. I’ve noticed as well that they’re now treating Hannity clips as though they’re newsworthy, and then framing panel discussions around them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZNkBRu">
But what I hear you saying is that to the extent that Fox News is going to have to choose, you see them shifting more in the direction of making their daytime content more like their primetime content than the other way around.
</p>
<h4 id="aUnPae">
<strong>Matt Gertz</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pwIljN">
Yes, I think that is certainly the case. There is no movement in the opposite direction — there is no indication that the network is considering becoming a better source of information to its viewers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EsHp5o">
And there’s really a problem there. Fox’s viewers to some extent are counting on the network to provide them with credible information, so when I look back on the past 10 months of pandemic coverage that the network has produced, they’re lying to their viewers about how much danger they are in from a deadly pandemic, because they think that’s better for President Trump and their ratings than leveling with their audience about the real physical danger they are in.
</p>
<div id="GIzBZg">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Dec. 8: Laura Ingraham criticizes the "concerted campaign to vilify and dismiss and demean, and frankly lie about it, the ineffectiveness of" hydroxychloroquine.<br/><br/>This alternative history that lets Trump off the hook will be a permanent feature of right-wing commentary. <a href="https://t.co/OXmsMRmkCc">pic.twitter.com/OXmsMRmkCc</a>
</p>
— Matthew Gertz (<span class="citation">@MattGertz</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/MattGertz/status/1336658262939275264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 9, 2020</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<h4 id="4nAI2l">
<strong>Aaron Rupar</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MnHh1C">
I think you’re right to identify what’s in Trump’s interest as motivating a lot of the editorial choices that Fox has made in recent years, but where do you see that going in the months to come under a President Biden? Do you anticipate that there will be fealty to Trump, even if it’s more about appeasing their viewers?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VCHCvi">
I’ve noticed in some of their programming it seems like they’re repositioning themselves as these gadflies chastising the media for not covering Hunter Biden more, or calling out liberal hypocrisy.
</p>
<div id="XxdpnX">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
lots of tears being shed on Fox News' Outnumbered Overtime today <a href="https://t.co/B8jGwbDdcB">pic.twitter.com/B8jGwbDdcB</a>
</p>
— Aaron Rupar (<span class="citation">@atrupar</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/atrupar/status/1339640852109553664?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 17, 2020</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DIUxLh">
How much do you think Trump’s interests will drive editorial choices going forward?
</p>
<h4 id="ttAEaE">
<strong>Matt Gertz</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8G4eTv">
Fox News always takes on the character of the Republican Party of the era. I think their hope is that they can make a return to what the network was like in 2009, 2010. That’s when it emerged as the voice of opposition to President Obama, and they spent eight years fighting his administration on every front possible.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YxKWGq">
I think their fear, though, is that this competition from OAN and Newsmax will lock them into this current role as a Trump propaganda arm, that they won’t be able to establish any distance or even move away from constantly talking about Trump once he’s out of office.
</p>
<h4 id="ZNZMH9">
<strong>Aaron Rupar</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JA4qOC">
I know Media Matters has been involved in <a href="https://www.mediamatters.org/tucker-carlson/tucker-carlson-returns-fox-news-advertisers-are-staying-away">campaigns targeting advertisers</a> who are doing business with Fox News shows when hosts have said offensive things. What’s the scene like with Newsmax and OAN? Do they have robust ad content on those networks?
</p>
<h4 id="xAnO0h">
<strong>Matt Gertz</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HqHpNt">
Not really. Neither of them, and OAN in particular, don’t have large ratings. And that keeps them from, certainly, getting blue-chip advertisers. We’re seeing a lot more MyPillow ads on Newsmax in particular over the last several weeks. [MyPillow] has a conservative owner, they very much try to own that particular demographic, and so they have a ton of ads really propping up Tucker Carlson’s show in particular on Fox.
</p>
<div id="tPsqmp">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Four different My Pillow ads for four different products, all of which ran on Tucker Carlson's show tonight. <a href="https://t.co/byIG9W7xfr">pic.twitter.com/byIG9W7xfr</a>
</p>
— Matthew Gertz (<span class="citation">@MattGertz</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/MattGertz/status/1282844740552204292?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 14, 2020</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xg0Q95">
But this is where they are different. Fox is a propaganda network that sometimes does conspiracy theories but depends on the existence of this “news side” that they say is unbiased and like a normal network’s, in order to keep blue-chip advertisers on board with at least some of those shows. OAN is a conspiracy theory network that sometimes does propaganda. It’s not in the Nielsen ratings because it doesn’t reach a lot of people.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XFD8pu">
Newsmax is a little bit different. Newsmax is a grift. The thing you have to understand about Newsmax is that it’s an unprofitable TV business that’s welded onto a very profitable digital and newsletter business. And the reason it’s profitable is that it sells out its audience of older conservatives to an assortment of scammers and snake oil salesmen.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XZlYFh">
So they’re using Trump’s current feud with Fox to build a bigger audience for themselves. They want to pull those people into their ecosystem and then pitch new viewers on nutritional supplements and the efficacy of natural cures for Alzheimer’s, and financial products that protect your savings from the coming waves of hyperinflation — it’s absolutely disgusting, but that’s where their money comes.
</p>
<h4 id="jLquL2">
<strong>Aaron Rupar</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hs7cGW">
There’s been a lot of speculation that after he leaves office, Trump will get involved in right-wing TV in some capacity, whether it’s with his own network or his own show on an existing network. He seems pretty committed at this point to aligning himself with OAN and Newsmax while distancing himself from Fox, but do you think there’s a chance any of those networks would give him his own show?
</p>
<h4 id="qGfgiT">
<strong>Matt Gertz</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="K2qXGI">
I’m skeptical about a lot of these ideas until I see them actually move forward in some way. Starting your own network from scratch is a huge business endeavor that requires a lot of time and effort and money and relationships, and so I really am not expecting to see the fabled “Trump TV” outlet emerge. I could be wrong about that, but I’ll be skeptical until I see some actual movement on it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Oq75pD">
It’s hard for me to imagine Newsmax offering him enough money to make it actually worthwhile. Or certainly OAN — I don’t really see that happening either. The president wants to be able to go on <em>Fox &amp; Friends</em> and talk with Sean Hannity, and so he’s gonna do something that lets him keep doing that.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ro737M">
My guess has continued to be that the best way he can make money off his post-presidency is stage shows. Basically Trump rallies, but for profit. That seems like a thing he could do that doesn’t involve a lot of work, and frankly I’m skeptical he will do anything in the media that does require a lot of work.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Czv7Bp">
I mean, his interviews are basically riffing. You could imagine him maybe doing some sort of digital streaming show where, again, he doesn’t need to do much but sit in front of a camera and mug and do his stream of consciousness about the issues of the day. But my thing on this is that the continuum is from “things that won’t happen because they are a lot of work” to “things that could happen because they are not a lot of work.”
</p>
<h4 id="WNmTcT">
<strong>Aaron Rupar</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="z2GEd1">
To bring things full circle, what do you anticipate your cable news diet will look like post-Trump? What does a new president mean for what you’ll be paying attention to and perhaps live-tweeting?
</p>
<h4 id="3SONua">
<strong>Matt Gertz</strong>
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ATHkcf">
I think it could end up being a lot more fractured. The media environment in general has become a lot more fractured over the past several years, and if some of these cable news networks do get more of a footprint, they’ll be worth tuning in to now and again. There are also plenty of conservative digital outlets I’ll be paying attention to, since they can feed into the rest of the discourse.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PwMd4t">
But I imagine I’ll still be paying a lot of attention to Fox News. They have the biggest audience and the biggest propensity to produce dangerous misinformation that shifts the public discussion and the state of policy in this country.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QV4Qh1">
</p>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>New Zealand vs Pakistan | Williamson steadies hosts on opening day</strong> - Williamson was on 94 at Bay Oval with Henry Nichols on 42 as New Zealand battled for much of the day against Pakistan's disciplined and accurate bowling attack</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Successor, Grand Royal, Incredible Star, Bolivia and Hadar excel</strong> - Successor, Grand Royal, Incredible Star, Bolivia and Hadar excelled when the horses were exercised here on Saturday (Dec. 26).Inner sand:600m: Glorio</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Aus vs Ind second Test | Playing with confidence without being reckless will be our motive while batting, says Bumrah</strong> - After bundling out Australia for 195, India finished day 1 at 36 for 1.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How the tide turned for Santhome in 1983</strong> - In the corresponding week 37 years ago, the team from this school found itself in a space graced by Lloyd’s mighty West Indians and Kapil’s world beaters</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>MCG may witness spectator surge if 3rd Test is shifted from Sydney</strong> - India are set to play their fourth and final Test in Brisbane from January 15 and current health protocols would require the touring side to undergo quarantine if they play the third Test at the SCG</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>New species of Sun Rose found in the Eastern Ghats</strong> - Portulaca laljii discovered growing on rocky crevices in Andhra Pradesh’s Prakasam district</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Farmers’ protest | Samyukt Kisan Morcha accepts government’s offer for talks</strong> - Kisan Morcha proposed December 29 for talks with the government.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Oxford COVID-19 vaccine may become the first to get Indian regulator’s nod for emergency use</strong> - “Going by this, Oxford vaccine “Covishield” is likely to be the first to be rolled out in India,” a source said.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>New book on Mahatma Gandhi to be unveiled by RSS chief on January 1</strong> - Authors JK Bajaj and MD Srinivas say their book “Making of a Hindu Patriot: Background of Gandhiji's Hind Swaraj” has evolved out of their earlier effort to prepare an authentic edition of "Hind Swaraj" based on Gandhi's handwritten manuscript</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rajasthan allowed to borrow ₹2,731 crore more post ease of doing business reform</strong> - The government had in May decided to link grant of additional borrowing permissions to States who undertake the reforms to facilitate ease of doing business.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Coronavirus: France finds first case of new variant</strong> - The health ministry says an asymptomatic Frenchman who arrived from England tested positive.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>UK minister sees 'special relationship' with EU</strong> - The cabinet secretary says he has lost friends over Brexit and admits it turned UK politics "ugly".</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>George Blake: Soviet Cold War spy and former MI6 officer dies in Russia</strong> - Blake was one of the Cold War's most notorious double agents and betrayed dozens of MI6 personnel.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What a pandemic Christmas looked like around the world</strong> - From masked mass to a socially distanced beach party, here's how Christmas looked in 2020.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Several injured after shooting in Berlin</strong> - Heavily armed police have been sent to the scene in the Kreuzberg district of the German capital.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>TV Technica 2020: Our favorite shows and binges in a year of living distantly</strong> - With most major movie releases sidelined until 2021, TV stepped in to fill the gap. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1726397">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Wonder Woman 1984 is fun, but doesn’t quite capture magic of its predecessor</strong> - Patty Jenkins' sequel is hampered by nonsensical plot, heavy-handed moralizing - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1731935">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study: children’s belief in Santa Claus is more nuanced than you think</strong> - Santa falls into an ambiguous category between "real" and "nonreal" for many children - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1731335">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>2020’s 20 most-commented stories</strong> - Yesterday we brought you the most popular stories of 2020. These are the most talked-about. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1731551">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nikola stock craters after cancellation of major garbage truck order</strong> - Nikola has been on the defensive since fraud allegations surfaced in September. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1731952">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Two big girls walk into a bar</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
They order drinks, in a thick accent.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
"You two ladies from Ireland?" asks the bartender.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Offended, one of them replies <strong>"Wales!"</strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
"Oh I'm so sorry," says the bartender, "Are you two whales from Ireland?"
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/BipolarUnipolar"> /u/BipolarUnipolar </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/kkafuc/two_big_girls_walk_into_a_bar/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/kkafuc/two_big_girls_walk_into_a_bar/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>What did the Tibetan monk say when he saw the face of Jesus in a tub of margarine?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
"I can't believe it's not Buddha."
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/RipKipley"> /u/RipKipley </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/kjyaco/what_did_the_tibetan_monk_say_when_he_saw_the/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/kjyaco/what_did_the_tibetan_monk_say_when_he_saw_the/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>A man and woman, both married separately, had to share a room one night on a business trip.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
They feel weird at first, but they both fall asleep in their separate beds.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
After a few hours of sleeping, the man wakes the woman up and asks her, "Could you grab me another blanket from the closet? I'm really cold."
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The woman responds, "Or we could just pretend to be married for the night?"
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The man replies, "That would be amazing."
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The woman smiles and says, "Okay. Get your own fucking blanket!"
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/mmmdeliciousbeans"> /u/mmmdeliciousbeans </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/kkh78t/a_man_and_woman_both_married_separately_had_to/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/kkh78t/a_man_and_woman_both_married_separately_had_to/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>They say make-up sex is the best, which is good for me.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Because all my sex is made up.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/kliptic6996"> /u/kliptic6996 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/kkagoa/they_say_makeup_sex_is_the_best_which_is_good_for/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/kkagoa/they_say_makeup_sex_is_the_best_which_is_good_for/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Joseph Stalin is in a movie theatre with his fellow party members when one of them sneezes</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
"Who was it?", asks Stalin.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
No answer.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
"WHO WAS IT?!", he demands, even louder.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Still no answer.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Then he gets up and walks to the front of the theatre. He demands all the people in the front row to stand up. They promptly did.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
"Was it one of you?", he asks.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
No answer.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
"Shoot all of them." The NKVD shoots all of them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Then he moves on to the second row.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
"Was it one of you?", he asks.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
No answer.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
"Shoot all of them." The NKVD shoots all of them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Then he moves on to the third row.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
"Was it one of you?", he asks.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Before anyone could stand up, a young man stands up trembling and shaking and weakly replies, "I... it was me... Com... Comrade Stalin."
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Stalin turns towards him and says, "Bless you, comrade."
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Jazzman144"> /u/Jazzman144 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/kkfn9k/joseph_stalin_is_in_a_movie_theatre_with_his/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/kkfn9k/joseph_stalin_is_in_a_movie_theatre_with_his/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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December, 2020.html">02 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/01 December, 2020.html">01 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/30 November, 2020.html">30 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/29 November, 2020.html">29 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/28 November, 2020.html">28 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/27 November, 2020.html">27 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/26 November, 2020.html">26 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/25 November, 2020.html">25 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/24 November, 2020.html">24 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/23 November, 2020.html">23 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/22 November, 2020.html">22 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/21 November, 2020.html">21 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/20 November, 2020.html">20 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/19 November, 2020.html">19 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/18 November, 2020.html">18 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/17 November, 2020.html">17 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/16 November, 2020.html">16 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/15 November, 2020.html">15 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/14 November, 2020.html">14 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/13 November, 2020.html">13 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/12 November, 2020.html">12 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/11 November, 2020.html">11 November, 2020</a></li> <ul id="daily-dose-list"><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/26 December, 2020.html">26 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/25 December, 2020.html">25 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/24 December, 2020.html">24 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/23 December, 2020.html">23 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/22 December, 2020.html">22 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/21 December, 2020.html">21 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/20 December, 2020.html">20 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/19 December, 2020.html">19 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/18 December, 2020.html">18 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/17 December, 2020.html">17 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/16 December, 2020.html">16 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/15 December, 2020.html">15 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/14 December, 2020.html">14 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/13 December, 2020.html">13 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/12 December, 2020.html">12 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/11 December, 2020.html">11 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/10 December, 2020.html">10 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/09 December, 2020.html">09 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/08 December, 2020.html">08 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/07 December, 2020.html">07 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/06 December, 2020.html">06 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/05 December, 2020.html">05 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/04 December, 2020.html">04 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/03 December, 2020.html">03 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/02 December, 2020.html">02 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/01 December, 2020.html">01 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/30 November, 2020.html">30 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/29 November, 2020.html">29 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/28 November, 2020.html">28 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/27 November, 2020.html">27 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/26 November, 2020.html">26 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/25 November, 2020.html">25 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/24 November, 2020.html">24 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/23 November, 2020.html">23 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/22 November, 2020.html">22 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/21 November, 2020.html">21 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/20 November, 2020.html">20 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/19 November, 2020.html">19 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/18 November, 2020.html">18 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/17 November, 2020.html">17 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/16 November, 2020.html">16 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/15 November, 2020.html">15 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/14 November, 2020.html">14 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/13 November, 2020.html">13 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/12 November, 2020.html">12 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-daily-dose/11 November, 2020.html">11 November, 2020</a></li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2 id="covid-19">Covid-19</h2> <h2 id="covid-19">Covid-19</h2>
<ul id="covid-19-list"><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/25 December, 2020.html">25 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/24 December, 2020.html">24 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/23 December, 2020.html">23 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/22 December, 2020.html">22 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/21 December, 2020.html">21 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/20 December, 2020.html">20 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/19 December, 2020.html">19 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/18 December, 2020.html">18 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/17 December, 2020.html">17 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/16 December, 2020.html">16 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/15 December, 2020.html">15 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/14 December, 2020.html">14 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/13 December, 2020.html">13 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/12 December, 2020.html">12 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/11 December, 2020.html">11 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/10 December, 2020.html">10 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/09 December, 2020.html">09 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/08 December, 2020.html">08 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/07 December, 2020.html">07 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/06 December, 2020.html">06 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/05 December, 2020.html">05 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/04 December, 2020.html">04 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/03 December, 2020.html">03 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/02 December, 2020.html">02 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/01 December, 2020.html">01 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/30 November, 2020.html">30 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/29 November, 2020.html">29 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/28 November, 2020.html">28 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/27 November, 2020.html">27 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/26 November, 2020.html">26 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/25 November, 2020.html">25 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/24 November, 2020.html">24 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/23 November, 2020.html">23 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/22 November, 2020.html">22 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/21 November, 2020.html">21 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/20 November, 2020.html">20 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/19 November, 2020.html">19 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/18 November, 2020.html">18 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/17 November, 2020.html">17 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/16 November, 2020.html">16 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/15 November, 2020.html">15 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/14 November, 2020.html">14 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/13 November, 2020.html">13 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/12 November, 2020.html">12 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/11 November, 2020.html">11 November, 2020</a></li> <ul id="covid-19-list"><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/26 December, 2020.html">26 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/25 December, 2020.html">25 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/24 December, 2020.html">24 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/23 December, 2020.html">23 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/22 December, 2020.html">22 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/21 December, 2020.html">21 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/20 December, 2020.html">20 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/19 December, 2020.html">19 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/18 December, 2020.html">18 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/17 December, 2020.html">17 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/16 December, 2020.html">16 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/15 December, 2020.html">15 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/14 December, 2020.html">14 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/13 December, 2020.html">13 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/12 December, 2020.html">12 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/11 December, 2020.html">11 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/10 December, 2020.html">10 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/09 December, 2020.html">09 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/08 December, 2020.html">08 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/07 December, 2020.html">07 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/06 December, 2020.html">06 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/05 December, 2020.html">05 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/04 December, 2020.html">04 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/03 December, 2020.html">03 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/02 December, 2020.html">02 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/01 December, 2020.html">01 December, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/30 November, 2020.html">30 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/29 November, 2020.html">29 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/28 November, 2020.html">28 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/27 November, 2020.html">27 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/26 November, 2020.html">26 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/25 November, 2020.html">25 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/24 November, 2020.html">24 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/23 November, 2020.html">23 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/22 November, 2020.html">22 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/21 November, 2020.html">21 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/20 November, 2020.html">20 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/19 November, 2020.html">19 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/18 November, 2020.html">18 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/17 November, 2020.html">17 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/16 November, 2020.html">16 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/15 November, 2020.html">15 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/14 November, 2020.html">14 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/13 November, 2020.html">13 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/12 November, 2020.html">12 November, 2020</a></li><li><a href="./archive-covid-19/11 November, 2020.html">11 November, 2020</a></li>
</ul> </ul>
</body></html> </body></html>