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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>The effect of molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir on SARS-CoV-2 genome diversity in infected and immune suppressed mice</strong> -
<div>
Objectives: Immunocompromised individuals are susceptible to severe COVID-19 and potentially contribute to the emergence of variants with altered pathogenicity due to persistent infection. This study investigated the impact of immunosuppression on SARS-CoV-2 infection in k18-hACE2 mice and the effectiveness of antiviral treatments in this context. Methods: Mice were immunosuppressed using cyclophosphamide and infected with a B lineage of SARS-CoV-2. Molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir, alone and in combination, were administered and viral load and viral sequence diversity was assessed. Results: Treatment of infected but immune compromised mice with both compounds either singly or in combination resulted in decreased viral loads and pathological changes compared to untreated animals. Treatment also abrogated infection of neuronal tissue. However, no consistent changes in the viral consensus sequence were observed, except for the emergence of the S:H655Y mutation. Molnupiravir, but not nirmatrelvir or immunosuppression alone, increased the transition/transversion (Ts/Tv) ratio, indicative of A&gt;G and C&gt;U mutations. Notably, immunosuppression itself did not appear to promote the emergence of mutations characteristic of variants of concern (VOCs). Conclusions: Further investigations are warranted to fully understand the role of immunocompromised individuals in VOC development and to inform optimised public health strategies. It is more likely that immunodeficiency promotes viral persistence but does not necessarily lead to substantial consensus-level changes in the absence of antiviral selection pressure. Molnupiravir, compared to nirmatrelvir, shows a stronger mutagenic effect in this model.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.27.582110v1" target="_blank">The effect of molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir on SARS-CoV-2 genome diversity in infected and immune suppressed mice</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Virological traits of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.87.1 lineage</strong> -
<div>
The highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.87.1 lineage was recently detected in South Africa, but its transmissibility is unknown. Here, we report that BA.2.87.1 efficiently enters human cells but is more sensitive to antibody-mediated neutralization than the currently dominating JN.1 variant. Acquisition of adaptive mutations might thus be needed for high transmissibility.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.27.582254v1" target="_blank">Virological traits of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.87.1 lineage</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Attenuated replication and damaging effects of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in an intestinal epithelial barrier model</strong> -
<div>
Many COVID-19 patients suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms and impaired intestinal barrier function may play a key role in Long COVID. Despite its importance, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on intestinal epithelia is poorly understood. To address this, we established an intestinal barrier model integrating epithelial Caco-2 cells, mucus-secreting HT29 cells and human Raji cells. This gut epithelial model allows efficient differentiation of Caco-2 cells into microfold-like cells, faithfully mimics intestinal barrier function, and is highly permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Early strains of SARS-CoV-2 and the Delta variant replicated with high efficiency, severely disrupted barrier function, and depleted tight junction proteins, such as claudin-1, occludin and ZO-1. In comparison, Omicron subvariants also depleted ZO-1 from tight junctions but had fewer damaging effects on mucosal integrity and barrier function. Remdesivir and the TMPRSS2 inhibitor Camostat prevented SARS-CoV-2 replication and thus epithelial barrier damage, while the Cathepsin inhibitor E64d was ineffective. Our results support that SARS-CoV-2 disrupts intestinal barrier function but further suggest that circulating Omicron variants are less damaging than earlier viral strains.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582510v1" target="_blank">Attenuated replication and damaging effects of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in an intestinal epithelial barrier model</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Designed mosaic nanoparticles enhance cross-reactive immune responses in mice</strong> -
<div>
Using computational methods, we designed 60-mer nanoparticles displaying SARS-like betacoronavirus (sarbecovirus) receptor-binding domains (RBDs) by (i) creating RBD sequences with 6 mutations in the SARS-COV-2 WA1 RBD that were predicted to retain proper folding and abrogate antibody responses to variable epitopes (mosaic-2COMs; mosaic-5COM), and (ii) selecting 7 natural sarbecovirus RBDs (mosaic-7COM). These antigens were compared with mosaic-8b, which elicits cross-reactive antibodies and protects from sarbecovirus challenges in animals. Immunizations in naive and COVID-19 pre-vaccinated mice revealed that mosaic-7COM elicited higher binding and neutralization titers than mosaic-8b and related antigens. Deep mutational scanning showed that mosaic-7COM targeted conserved RBD epitopes. Mosaic-2COMs and mosaic-5COM elicited higher titers than homotypic SARS-CoV-2 Beta RBD-nanoparticles and increased potencies against some SARS-CoV-2 variants than mosaic-7COM. However, mosaic-7COM elicited more potent responses against zoonotic sarbecoviruses and highly mutated Omicrons. These results support using mosaic-7COM to protect against highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 variants and zoonotic sarbecoviruses with spillover potential.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.28.582544v1" target="_blank">Designed mosaic nanoparticles enhance cross-reactive immune responses in mice</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The S2 subunit of spike encodes diverse targets for functional antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2</strong> -
<div>
The SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the COVID-19 global pandemic has exhibited a striking capacity for viral evolution that drives continued evasion from vaccine and infection-induced immune responses. Mutations in the receptor binding domain of the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein have led to considerable escape from antibody responses, reducing the efficacy of vaccines and monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies. Therefore, there is a need to interrogate more constrained regions of Spike, such as the S2 subdomain. Here, we describe a collection of S2 mAbs from two SARS-CoV-2 convalescent individuals that target multiple regions in the S2 subdomain and can be grouped into at least five epitope classes. Most did not neutralize SARS-CoV-2 with the exception of C20.119, which bound to a highly conserved epitope in the fusion peptide and showed broad binding and neutralization activity across SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and closely related zoonotic sarbecoviruses. Several of the S2 mAbs tested mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) at levels similar to the S1 mAb S309 that was previously authorized for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Three of the mAbs with ADCC function also bound to spike trimers from HCoVs, such as MERS-CoV and HCoV-HKU1. Our findings suggest there are diverse epitopes in S2, including functional S2 mAbs with HCoV and sarbecovirus breadth that likely target functionally constrained regions of spike. These mAbs could be developed for potential future pandemics, while also providing insight into ideal epitopes for eliciting a broad HCoV response.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.26.582219v1" target="_blank">The S2 subunit of spike encodes diverse targets for functional antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Secondary structure of the SARS-CoV-2 genome is predictive of nucleotide substitution frequency</strong> -
<div>
Accurate estimation of the effects of mutations on SARS-CoV-2 viral fitness can inform public-health responses such as vaccine development and predicting the impact of a new variant; it can also illuminate biological mechanisms including those underlying the emergence of variants of concern. Recently, Lan et al reported a high-quality model of SARS-CoV-2 secondary structure and its underlying dimethyl sulfate (DMS) reactivity data. I investigated whether secondary structure can explain some variability in the frequency of observing different nucleotide substitutions across millions of patient sequences in the SARS-CoV-2 phylogenetic tree. Nucleotide basepairing was compared to the estimated mutational fitness of substitutions, a measurement of the difference between observed and expected substitution frequency that is correlated with other estimates of viral fitness. This comparison revealed that secondary structure is often predictive of substitution frequency, with significant decreases in substitution frequencies at basepaired positions. Focusing on the mutational fitness of C[-&gt;]T, the most common type of substitution, I describe C[-&gt;]T substitutions at basepaired positions that characterize major SARS-CoV-2 variants; such mutations may have a greater impact on fitness than appreciated when considering substitution frequency alone.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.27.581995v1" target="_blank">Secondary structure of the SARS-CoV-2 genome is predictive of nucleotide substitution frequency</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection by Porphyromonas gingivalis and the oral microbiome</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic persists despite the availability of vaccines, and it is therefore crucial to develop new therapeutic and preventive approaches. In this study, we investigated the potential role of the oral microbiome in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using an in vitro SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection assay, we found a potent inhibitory effect exerted by Porphyromonas gingivalis on SARS-CoV-2 infection mediated by known P. gingivalis compounds such as phosphoglycerol dihydroceramide (PGDHC) and gingipains as well as by unknown bacterial factors. We found that the gingipain-mediated inhibition of infection is likely due to cytotoxicity, while PGDHC inhibited virus infection by an unknown mechanism. Unidentified factors present in P. gingivalis supernatant inhibited SARS-CoV-2 likely via the fusion step of the virus life cycle. We addressed the role of other oral bacteria and found certain periodontal pathogens capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection by inducing cytotoxicity on target cells. In the human oral cavity, we observed the modulatory activity of oral microbial communities varied among individuals in that some saliva-based cultures were capable of inhibiting while others were enhancing infection. These findings contribute to our understanding of the complex relationship between the oral microbiome and viral infections, offering potential avenues for innovative therapeutic strategies in combating COVID-19.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.27.582258v1" target="_blank">Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection by Porphyromonas gingivalis and the oral microbiome</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Carboxylated graphene: A novel approach for enhanced IgA-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemical biosensing</strong> -
<div>
Biosensors comprise devices that use a material of biological nature as receptors connected to transducers, these devices are capable of capturing biorecognition signals, called a primary signal, and converting it to a measurable signal. In this study, we report the synthesis of carboxylated graphene (CG) through a carboxylation method in acid medium and further characterization of the materials by different techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction. Also, the surface of the screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) was modified with CG for subsequent immobilization of N-protein of SARS-CoV-2, which allowed the detection of antibodies (IgA-SARS-CoV-2). The electrical properties and response of the biosensor were investigated using electrochemical techniques (cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). Through the chemical characterization techniques, it was possible to confirm the success of the CG synthesis process. The biosensor fabricated shown to be able to detect IgA-SARS-CoV-2 in the range of 1:1000 to1:200 v/v in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and the limit of detection calculated was 1:1601 v/v. this perspective they comprise a wide range of applications due to its advantages, such as the possibility of a shorter response time, reproducibility, the miniaturization of detection devices such as the use of screen-printed electrodes, the use of small amounts of sample, the high sensitivity and specificity, low limits of detection and the integration of nano materials that make it possible to improve the detected signal.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.27.582131v1" target="_blank">Carboxylated graphene: A novel approach for enhanced IgA-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemical biosensing</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Consequences of COVID-19 in Animal Husbandry sector</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 outbreak originated in Wuhan, China, at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, devastating people and other sectors, particularly the cattle industry. During the outbreak, there was a surge in demand for meat, eggs, and other necessities to boost immunity and health. The outbreak impacted a considerable number of workers in the meat processing and animal husbandry sectors. Meat and processing facility food quality and sanitation were critical to health and food security. Many individuals continued to work despite the dangers due to a lack of sick leave and health insurance. The pandemic disrupted the crucial function of animal husbandry in food delivery, particularly in rural and urban areas. Farmers experienced decreased production and transportation challenges as a result of workforce shortages and vehicle limits. Animal metabolic disorders were triggered by fodder shortages and supply network disturbances. Cattle prices fell as a result of the delayed vaccines, and foot-and-mouth disease spread. The sector was harmed when livestock care and feed distribution operations were suspended. The COVID-19 outbreak afflicted millions of people, jeopardising nutrition, food security, and animal productivity. This article concludes with important strategies and solutions for ensuring human and animal food supplies during and after calamities. It also emphasises the benefits of sustainable livestock husbandry for both animals and the environment.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/dtxqn/" target="_blank">Consequences of COVID-19 in Animal Husbandry sector</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Providing the Ichushi-Web Bibliographies to the WHO COVID-19 Research Database: Corona-Related Information Service During Pandemic Disasters.</strong> -
<div>
Three years after we began living through an unprecedented infectious disease epidemic at the end of 2019, our world is still heavily affected by COVID-19. Therefore, new tools such as LitCovid, iSearch COVID-19 portfolio, and the WHO COVID-19 Research Database (WHO COVID-19 RDB), which collects and provides information specific to COVID-19 infections, have been launched. Herein, I describe our activities directed towards providing the bibliographic details of Ichushi-Web to the WHO COVID-19 RDB, what we have achieved from such activities, and an overview of this database. I have continued this activity in the hope that inclusion of as much bibliographic information as possible to the tool provided by WHO, a global organization, will help to improve the world’s access to research published in Japanese.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/5a49j/" target="_blank">Providing the Ichushi-Web Bibliographies to the WHO COVID-19 Research Database: Corona-Related Information Service During Pandemic Disasters.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Long-Term Quarantine is Associated with High Cortisol and Low DNA Methylation in New World monkeys</strong> -
<div>
Quarantines prevent infectious disease spread during primate transport, fostering acclimatisation. Environmental stress can lead to altered physiology, health risks, and epigenetic changes in other primates. We analysed Peruvian Saguinus fuscicollis and Saimiri macrodon, immobilised for 10 months in quarantine during the COVID-19 crisis, and compared them to wild counterparts to determine effects of quarantine as a stressor in New World monkeys. Methods: Both quarantine and wild samples were collected from two riverine islands near the city of Iquitos, situated in the Peruvian Amazon (Island Muyuy and Padre Island). Cortisol levels in hair were quantified using ELISA (n=37; quarantine n=16; wild=21), and global DNA methylation levels were assessed for epigenetic comparison in dried blood spots (n=45; Quarantine: n=23; Wild: n=22), also utilising ELISA. Two-way ANOVA was employed to explore the effect of quarantine on cortisol and DNA methylation, considering the effect of species, and sex differences on these measurements. Results: Cortisol analysis revealed a significant association between quarantine and elevated cortisol secretion when testing both species together and independently, with a greater difference between quarantine and wild for Saguinus fuscicollis. Quarantine was associated with global DNA hypomethylation when testing both species together, however, independent ANOVAs show there was no effect of quarantine on Saguinus fuscicollis, and a marginal significant effect of quarantine on Saimiri macrodon. Discussion: New World monkey species displayed hormonal and epigenetic dysregulation 10-months after starting quarantine period, suggesting long-term physiological and genomic stress as a response to captivity. Species specific differences in stress adaptability might mediate observed effects.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.26.582046v1" target="_blank">Long-Term Quarantine is Associated with High Cortisol and Low DNA Methylation in New World monkeys</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Single cell sequencing reveals cellular landscape alterations in the airway mucosa of patients with pulmonary long COVID</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
To elucidate the important cellular and molecular drivers of pulmonary long COVID, we generated a single-cell transcriptomic map of the airway mucosa using bronchial brushings from patients with long COVID who reported persistent pulmonary symptoms. Adults with and without long COVID were recruited from the general community in greater Vancouver, Canada. The cohort was divided into those with pulmonary long COVID (PLC), which was defined as persons with new or worsening respiratory symptoms following at least one year from their initial acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (N=9); and control subjects defined as SARS-CoV-2 infected persons whose acute respiratory symptoms had fully resolved or individuals who had not experienced acute COVID-19 (N=9). These participants underwent bronchoscopy from which a single cell suspension was created from bronchial brush samples and then sequenced. A total of 56,906 cells were recovered for the downstream analysis, with 34,840 cells belonging to the PLC group. A dimensionality reduction plot shows a unique cluster of neutrophils in the PLC group (p&lt;.05). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that neutrophil degranulation pathway was enriched across epithelial cells. Differential gene expression analysis between the PLC and control groups demonstrated upregulation of mucin genes in secretory cell clusters. A single-cell transcriptomic landscape of the small airways shows that the PLC airways harbors a dominant neutrophil cluster and an upregulation in the neutrophil-associated activation signature with increased expression of MUC genes in the secretory cells. Together, they suggest that pulmonary symptoms of long COVID may be driven by chronic small airway inflammation.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.26.24302674v1" target="_blank">Single cell sequencing reveals cellular landscape alterations in the airway mucosa of patients with pulmonary long COVID</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Quantifying and adjusting for confounding from health-seeking behaviour and healthcare access in observational research.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objective: To assess the feasibility and effect of using proxy markers of health-seeking behaviour and healthcare access to quantify and adjust for confounding in observational studies of influenza and COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE). Design: Cohort study for influenza VE in the 2019/2020 influenza season and for early COVID-19 VE (December 2020 to March 2021). Setting: Primary care data pre-linked to secondary care and death data in England. Participants: Individuals aged ≥66 years on 1 September 2019. Interventions: Vaccination with any influenza vaccination in the 2019/2020 season or with either a BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-S vaccination from 08/12/2020 to 31/03/2021. Main outcome measures: Influenza or COVID-19 specific infections, hospitalisation and death. VE was estimated with sequential adjustment for demographics, underlying health conditions, and 14 markers reflecting uptake of public health interventions (screenings, vaccinations and NHS health checks), active healthcare access/use (prostate antigen testing, bone density scans, GP practice visits, low value procedures and blood pressure measurements) and lack of access/underuse (hospital visits for ambulatory care sensitive conditions and did not attend primary care visits). Influenza vaccination in the 2019/2020 season was also considered as a negative exposure intervention against the first wave of COVID-19. Results: We included 1,991,284, 1,796,667, and 1,946,943 individuals in the influenza, COVID-19 and negative exposure VE populations, respectively. Vaccinated individuals were more likely to display active health-seeking behaviour, including participation in UK national screening programmes, compared with unvaccinated individuals. In the 2019/2020 influenza season, adjusting for health-seeking markers increased VE against infection from -1.5% (95%CI: -3.2,0.1) to 7.1% (95%CI: 5.4,8.7), but this trend was less apparent for more severe outcomes. For COVID-19 during early vaccine roll out, adjusting for health-seeking markers in addition to demographics and underlying health conditions did not change VE estimates against infection or severe disease (e.g., two doses of BNT162b2 against infection: from 82.8% [95%CI: 78.4,86.3] to 83.1% [95%CI: 78.7,86.5]). Adjusting for health-seeking markers removed bias in the negative exposure analysis of influenza vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection (-7.5% [95%CI: -10.6,-4.5] vs -2.1% [95%CI: -6.0,1.7] before vs after adjusting for health-seeking markers). Conclusions: Markers of health-seeking behaviour and healthcare access can be identified in electronic health records, are associated with vaccination uptake, and can be used to quantify and account for confounding in observational studies.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.27.24303434v1" target="_blank">Quantifying and adjusting for confounding from health-seeking behaviour and healthcare access in observational research.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Dispersal history of SARS-CoV-2 in Galicia, Spain</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission are influenced by a variety of factors, including social restrictions and the emergence of distinct variants. In this study, we delve into the origins and dissemination of the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants of concern in Galicia, northwest Spain. For this, we leveraged genomic data collected by the EPICOVIGAL Consortium and from the GISAID database, along with mobility information from other Spanish regions and foreign countries. Our analysis indicates that initial introductions during the Alpha phase were predominantly from other Spanish regions and France. However, as the pandemic progressed, introductions from Portugal and the USA became increasingly significant. Notably, Galicia9s major coastal cities emerged as critical hubs for viral transmission, highlighting their role in sustaining and spreading the virus. This research emphasizes the critical role of regional connectivity in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and offers essential insights for enhancing public health strategies and surveillance measures.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.27.24303385v1" target="_blank">Dispersal history of SARS-CoV-2 in Galicia, Spain</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The relationship between risk perception and information sources during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Alaska</strong> -
<div>
Objective: We describe changes in consumption of different information sources during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic across Southeast Alaska. Study Design: We administered two surveys in Southeast Alaska at two critical points during the COVID-19 pandemic (April-June 2020 and November 2020-February 2021) resulting in a convenience sample (n &gt; 1000) of respondents over age 18. Methods: Using survey responses from the two time points, we calculated absolute and percent changes in reported usage of 11 different information sources and tested these changes using a two-proportion z-score. We used logistic regression to estimate the probability of consuming national news, local news, internet sources, social media, and talking with trusted individuals while controlling for demographic variables (age, sex, ethnicity group), risk perceptions, and time. Results: We found no strong relationships between risk perceptions and the probability of consuming various information sources. Males were significantly less likely to consume national sources, local sources, and use social media. Respondents 65 years and older were significantly more likely to consume national sources and local sources and were significantly less likely to consume social media. Conclusions: Different demographic groups use various information sources differently in Southeast Alaska. This could result in uneven quality of, understanding of, and action upon public health messages.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/u4kvs/" target="_blank">The relationship between risk perception and information sources during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Alaska</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>INAVAC Vaccine Phase III (Immunobridging Study) in Healthy Population Aged 12 to 17 Years Old</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 Pandemic; COVID-19 Vaccines <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: INAVAC (Vaksin Merah Putih - UA-SARS CoV-2 (Vero Cell Inactivated) 5 µg <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Dr. Soetomo General Hospital; Indonesia-MoH; Universitas Airlangga; PT Biotis Pharmaceuticals, Indonesia <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dose-Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety &amp; Immunogenicity of IMNN-101 Administered in Healthy Adults Previously Vaccinated Against SARS-CoV-2</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: SARS CoV 2 Infection <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: IMNN-101 <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Imunon <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity and Safety Study of Self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Administered With Influenza Vaccines in Adults</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: ARCT-2303; Biological: Influenza vaccine; Biological: Influenza vaccine, adjuvanted; Other: Placebo <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc.; Seqirus; Novotech (Australia) Pty Limited <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effectiveness of a Nasal Spray on Viral Respiratory Infections</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Acute Respiratory Tract Infection; Flu, Human; COVID-19; Common Cold <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: Nasal Spray HSV Treatment <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: CEN Biotech; Urgo Research, Innovation &amp; Development <br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>GS-441524 for COVID-19 SAD, FE, and MAD Study in Healthy Subjects</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: GS-441524; Drug: Placebo <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS); Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc.; ICON Government and Public Health Solutions, Inc <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Aerobic Exercise Capacity and Muscle Strenght in Individuals With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 Pneumonia; COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: Kardiopulmonary exercise test (Quark KPET C12x/T12x device connected to the Omnia version 1.6.8 COSMED system); Device: Peripheral muscle strength measurement (microFET3 (Hoggan Health Industries, Fabrication Enterprises, lnc) and JAMAR hydraulic hand dynamometer (Sammons Preston, Rolyon, Bolingbrook).; Device: Standard exercise tolerance test (a bicycle ergometer and recorded through the ergoline rehabilitation system 2 Version 1.08 SPI.); Device: Aerobic exercise training (a bicycle ergometer and recorded through the ergoline rehabilitation system 2 Version 1.08 SPI.) <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Selda Sarıkaya; Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University <br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>UNAIR Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine INAVAC as Heterologue Booster (Immunobridging Study) in Adolescent Subjects</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 Pandemic; COVID-19 Vaccines <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: INAVAC (Vaksin Merah Putih - UA- SARS CoV-2 (Vero Cell Inactivated) 5 μg <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Dr. Soetomo General Hospital; Indonesia-MoH; Universitas Airlangga; PT Biotis Pharmaceuticals, Indonesia <br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>World Health Organization (WHO) , COVID19 Case Series of Post Covid 19 Rhino Orbito Cerebral Mucormycosis in Egypt</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Mucormycosis; Rhinocerebral (Etiology); COVID-19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Procedure: debridment <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Nasser Institute For Research and Treatment <br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Attention Training for COVID-19 Related Distress</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Anxiety <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Attention Bias Modification; Behavioral: Attention Control Training; Behavioral: Neutral training <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Palo Alto University <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mindfulness-based Mobile Applications Program</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Cell Phone Use; Nurse; Mental Health <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Device: mindfulness-based mobile applications program <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Yu-Chien Huang <br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Treatment of Post-COVID-19 With Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: a Randomized, Controlled Trial</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post-COVID-19 Syndrome; Post-COVID Syndrome; Post COVID-19 Condition; Post-COVID Condition; Post COVID-19 Condition, Unspecified; Long COVID; Long Covid19 <br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Hyperbaric oxygen <br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Erasmus Medical Center; Da Vinci Clinic; HGC Rijswijk <br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of cell tropism in various organs considering host factors</strong> - A critical step in the drug design for SARS-CoV-2 is to discover its molecular targets. This study comprehensively reviewed the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, exploring host cell tropism and interaction targets crucial for cell entry. The findings revealed that beyond ACE2 as the primary entry receptor, alternative receptors, co-receptors, and several proteases such as TMPRSS2, Furin, Cathepsin L, and ADAM play critical roles in virus entry and subsequent pathogenesis. Additionally,…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Control of complement-induced inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection by anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies</strong> - Dysregulated immune responses contribute to the excessive and uncontrolled inflammation observed in severe COVID-19. However, how immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is induced and regulated remains unclear. Here, we uncover the role of the complement system in the induction of innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Complement rapidly opsonizes SARS-CoV-2 particles via the lectin pathway. Complement-opsonized SARS-CoV-2 efficiently induces type-I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses via…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Microfluidics produced ATRA-loaded PLGA NPs reduced tuberculosis burden in alveolar epithelial cells and enabled high delivered dose under simulated human breathing pattern in 3D printed head models</strong> - Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is second only to COVID-19 as the top infectious disease killer worldwide. Multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) may arise because of poor patient adherence to medications due to lengthy treatment duration and side effects. Delivering novel host directed therapies (HDT), like all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) may help to improve drug regimens and reduce the incidence of MDR-TB. Local delivery of ATRA to the site of infection leads to higher…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Miquelianin: primary antioxidant power and Mpro SARS-CoV-2 non-covalent inhibition capabilities from computational investigations</strong> - The antioxidant power of quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (miquelianin) has been studied, at the density functional level of theory, in both lipid-like and aqueous environments. In the aqueous phase, the computed pKa equilibria allows the identification of the neutral and charged species present in solution that can react with the •OOH radical. The Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT), Single Electron Transfer (SET) and Radical Adduct Formation (RAF) mechanisms were considered and the individual, total and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Exploring Retrograde Trafficking: Mechanisms and Consequences in Cancer and Disease</strong> - Retrograde trafficking (RT) orchestrates the intracellular movement of cargo from the plasma membrane, endosomes, Golgi or endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) in an inward/ER-directed manner. RT works as the opposing movement to anterograde trafficking (outward secretion), and the two work together to maintain cellular homeostasis. This is achieved through maintaining cell polarity, retrieving proteins responsible for anterograde trafficking and redirecting proteins…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antiplatelet therapy prior to COVID-19 infection impacts on patients mortality: a propensity score-matched cohort study</strong> - One of the major pathomechanisms of COVID-19 is the interplay of hyperinflammation and disruptions in coagulation processes, involving thrombocytes. Antiplatelet therapy (AP) by anti-inflammatory effect and inhibition of platelet aggregation may affect these pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate if AP has an impact on the in-hospital course and medium-term outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The study population (2170 COVID-19 patients: mean ± SD age 60 ± 19 years old, 50%…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pan-viral propagation blockade by inhibiting host cell PNPT1</strong> - Successful viral propagation within infected cells necessitates the viruses’ ability to overcome the cellular integrated stress response (ISR), triggered during viral infection, which in turn inhibits general protein translation. In our study, we unveil a shared tactic employed by viruses to suppress ISR by upregulating host cell polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase 1 (PNPT1). The propagation of adenovirus, murine cytomegalovirus, and hepatovirus within their respective host cells induces…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Synergistic Binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 and Gangliosides in Native Lipid Membranes</strong> - Viruses utilize cell surface glycans and plasma membrane receptors to attain an adequate attachment strength for initiating cellular entry. We show that SARS-CoV-2 particles bind to endogenous ACE2 receptors and added sialylated gangliosides in near-native membranes. This was explored using supported membrane bilayers (SMBs) that were formed using plasma membrane vesicles having endogenous ACE2 and GD1a gangliosides reconstituted in lipid vesicles. The virus binding rate to the SMBs is…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Viral RNA Replication Suppression of SARS-CoV-2: Atomistic Insights into Inhibition Mechanisms of RdRp Machinery by ddhCTP</strong> - The nonstructural protein 12, known as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), is essential for both replication and repair of the viral genome. The RdRp of SARS-CoV-2 has been used as a promising candidate for drug development since the inception of the COVID-19 spread. In this work, we performed an in silico investigation on the insertion of the naturally modified pyrimidine nucleobase ddhCTP into the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp active site, in a comparative analysis with the natural one (CTP). The…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>NLRP1 restricts porcine deltacoronavirus infection via IL-11 inhibiting the phosphorylation of the ERK signaling pathway</strong> - Continuously emerging highly pathogenic coronaviruses remain a major threat to human and animal health. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerging enterotropic swine coronavirus that causes large-scale outbreaks of severe diarrhea disease in piglets. Unlike other porcine coronaviruses, PDCoV has a wide range of species tissue tropism, including primary human cells, which poses a significant risk of cross-species transmission. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nsp1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 replication through calcineurin-NFAT signaling</strong> - SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has been intensely studied in search of effective antiviral treatments. The immunosuppressant cyclosporine A (CsA) has been suggested to be a pan-coronavirus inhibitor, yet its underlying mechanism remained largely unknown. Here, we found that non-structural protein 1 (Nsp1) of SARS-CoV-2 usurped CsA-suppressed nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling to drive the expression of cellular DEAD-box helicase 5 (DDX5), which facilitates viral…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Reduced interleukin-18 secretion by human monocytic cells in response to infections with hyper-virulent Streptococcus pyogenes</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that strains, which harbor covR/S mutations, interfere with IL-18 and IL-8 responses in monocytic cells by utilizing the caspase-8 axis. Future experiments aim to identify the underlying mechanism and consequences for NSTI patients.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Methyl rosmarinate is an allosteric inhibitor of SARS-cov-2 3 C L protease as a potential candidate against SARS-cov-2 infection</strong> - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been ongoing for more than three years and urgently needs to be addressed. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions have played an important role in the clinical treatment of patients with COVID-19 in China. However, it is difficult to uncover the potential molecular mechanisms of the active ingredients in these TCM prescriptions. In this paper, we developed a new…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Human transferrin receptor can mediate SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been detected in almost all organs of coronavirus disease-19 patients, although some organs do not express angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), a known receptor of SARS-CoV-2, implying the presence of alternative receptors and/or co-receptors. Here, we show that the ubiquitously distributed human transferrin receptor (TfR), which binds to diferric transferrin to traffic between membrane and endosome for the iron…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Polyvalent Nanobody Structure Designed for Boosting SARS-CoV-2 Inhibition</strong> - Coronavirus transmission and mutations have brought intensive challenges on pandemic control and disease treatment. Developing robust and versatile antiviral drugs for viral neutralization is highly desired. Here, we created a new polyvalent nanobody (Nb) structure that shows the effective inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Our polyvalent Nb structure, called “PNS”, is achieved by first conjugating single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD)-targeting Nb with retained…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Does the Biden Administration Want a Long-Lasting Ceasefire in Gaza?</strong> - More than four months into the war, John Kirby, the National Security Council spokesman, explains why U.S. support for an extended pause in fighting may not translate to an endorsement of an end of hostilities. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/does-the-biden-administration-want-a-long-lasting-ceasefire-in-gaza">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Israeli Settlers Attacking Their Palestinian Neighbors</strong> - With the world’s focus on Gaza, settlers have used wartime chaos as cover for violence and dispossession. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/03/04/israel-west-bank-settlers-attacks-palestinians">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What a Major Solar Storm Could Do to Our Planet</strong> - Disturbances on the sun may have the potential to devastate our power grid and communication systems. When the next big storm arrives, will we be prepared for it? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/03/04/what-a-major-solar-storm-could-do-to-our-planet">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Professor Claimed to Be Native American. Did She Know She Wasn’t?</strong> - Elizabeth Hoover, who has taught at Brown and Berkeley, insists that she made an honest mistake. Her critics say she has been lying for more than a decade. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/03/04/a-professor-claimed-to-be-native-american-did-she-know-she-wasnt">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inside North Korea’s Forced-Labor Program in China</strong> - Workers sent from the country to Chinese factories describe enduring beatings and sexual abuse, having their wages taken by the state, and being told that if they try to escape they will be “killed without a trace.” - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/03/04/inside-north-koreas-forced-labor-program-in-china">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>How Mitch McConnell broke Congress</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="McConnell waves in front of a podium, with Trump and Kavanaugh in the background at the White House." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/EnYeNPlIEbYLzeJ_B71pxDtOsVo=/485x0:4366x2911/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/73172464/1051514118.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Then-Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) receives a standing ovation during the ceremonial swearing-in of Justice Brett Kavanaugh in 2018. | Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Say goodbye to the GOP leader, but not the all-powerful Supreme Court that is his legacy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QjNojP">
Measured by how many bills he successfully ushered into law, Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY), who announced Wednesday that he will step down as Republicans’ Senate leader in November, was extraordinarily ineffective.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CJkrPn">
He famously <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/7/28/16054700/senate-obamacare-repeal-john-mccain-susan-collins-lisa-murkowski">failed to deliver</a> on the GOP’s years-long promise to repeal the <a href="https://www.vox.com/obamacare">Affordable Care Act</a> in 2017, and more recently <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/12/politics/senate-foreign-aid-bill-ukraine/index.html">clashed with hardline House Republicans</a> who refuse to pass bipartisan legislation supported by McConnell. During his time as majority leader, McConnell’s primary legislative accomplishment is the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2017/12/20/16790040/gop-tax-bill-winners">tax law former President Donald Trump signed his first year in office</a>, and not much else.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Y1abz7">
And yet, McConnell is likely to be remembered as one of the most consequential leaders in the Senate’s history, and for good reason.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1709155684.518509">
McConnell’s legacy is not that he passed historic laws that transformed American society. It’s that he relegated <a href="https://www.vox.com/congress">Congress</a> to second-tier status when it comes to deciding some of the biggest issues of our time. And he did it all while still empowering his Republican Party to dominate the policymaking process.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6dfJjv">
McConnell achieved this outcome in two ways. The first was a dramatic escalation in filibusters. The second is by filling the federal judiciary with movement conservatives who would bypass Congress altogether and implement Republican <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy">policies</a> from the bench.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YdCISV">
His legacy will be lasting.
</p>
<h3 id="nE4xFX">
How McConnell ground Congress to a halt
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bbTzKV">
The filibuster allows a minority of senators to veto virtually any legislation, unless the majority can convince 60 of the Senate’s 100 members to break that filibuster. Because it is quite rare for either party to control 60 seats in the Senate — the last time it happened was a seven-month period in 2009–10 — this means that the minority party can block nearly all bills.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KgLMXt">
Filibusters used to be exceedingly rare. One common method used to measure the frequency of filibusters is to count the number of “cloture” votes, the process used to break a filibuster, taken every year. And from 1917 until 1970, the <a href="https://www.vox.com/21424582/filibuster-joe-biden-2020-senate-democrats-abolish-trump">Senate held less than one a year.</a>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PJRypG">
That number started to rise well before McConnell became his party’s Senate leader. But the rate of cloture votes doubled in 2007, when McConnell first became minority leader. And it has grown rapidly since then. Between 2010 and 2020, the Senate took more than 80 cloture votes every year.
</p>
<div id="uqfMGc">
<div>
<div style="width: 100%; height: 0;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vAAAdv">
This escalation in filibusters, a tactic spearheaded by McConnell, has transformed the role of Congress in society. And it’s similarly transformed what kind of legislation governing parties even attempt to pass.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kiyumy">
In the two years when <a href="https://www.vox.com/joe-biden">President Joe Biden</a> had a Democratic majority in Congress, for example, all of his major legislative accomplishments — the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/8/8/23296951/inflation-reduction-act-biden-democrats-climate-change">Inflation Reduction Act</a>, the <a href="https://www.vox.com/22770447/infrastructure-bill-democrats-biden-water-broadband-roads-buses">infrastructure bill</a>, the <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2022/7/27/23277664/chips-act-solve-chip-shortage-biden-manufacturing">CHIPS Act</a>, and the <a href="https://www.vox.com/22310269/third-stimulus-update-2021-package">American Rescue Plan</a> — were spending bills and not regulatory legislation such as a minimum wage hike or a new <a href="https://www.vox.com/voting-rights">voting rights</a> law.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vuRJ75">
A major reason why is that it is sometimes possible to bypass a filibuster of spending legislation through a process known as “budget <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/23/13709518/budget-reconciliation-explained">reconciliation</a>,” but reconciliation cannot be used to regulate. So presidents who wish to accomplish anything at all in Congress must limit their ambition to taxing and spending unless they can convince their opposition to play ball. Parties try their best to get creative within those categories (and sometimes succeed), but it is a huge constraint on policymaking.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VkSZ1x">
Yet, while McConnell essentially eliminated Congress’s ability to regulate, the Republican Party has still enjoyed tremendous regulatory policymaking success over the last decade or more. And the reason why is that Republicans don’t need a functioning Congress to set policy, so long as they control the courts.
</p>
<h3 id="HqITBZ">
The Supreme Court is the new legislative branch
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EaFG8p">
While McConnell was busy cutting Congress out of the policymaking process, a <a href="https://www.vox.com/scotus">Supreme Court</a> dominated by Republican appointees racked up an impressive array of conservative policy victories.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AWKqKb">
The Court <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/558/310/">dismantled much of America’s campaign finance law</a>. It <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/570/529/">neutralized key provisions of the Voting Rights Act</a>, allowed red states to <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/11-393">opt out of Obamacare’s Medicaid expansion</a>, gave religious conservatives a sweeping new right to <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/12/2/21726876/supreme-court-religious-liberty-revolutionary-roman-catholic-diocese-cuomo-amy-coney-barrett">defy federal and state laws</a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/6/23/22547182/supreme-court-union-busting-cedar-point-hassid-john-roberts-takings-clause">sabotaged unions</a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/6/23/23180205/supreme-court-new-york-rifle-pistol-clarence-thomas-second-amendment-guns">laid waste to US gun laws</a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/scotus/23616868/supreme-court-affirmative-action-harvard-unc-students-fair-admissions-john-roberts">abolished affirmative action</a> at nearly all universities, and <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/6/24/23181720/supreme-court-dobbs-jackson-womens-health-samuel-alito-roe-wade-abortion-marriage-contraception">eliminated the constitutional right to abortion</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sztm6P">
Perhaps most significantly of all, the Court has rapidly consolidated power within itself, at the expense of the two elected branches of government. In many existing federal laws, for example, Congress delegated significant policymaking authority to federal agencies such as the EPA or the Department of Labor. But the Supreme Court gave itself a <a href="https://www.vox.com/scotus/23791610/supreme-court-major-questions-doctrine-nebraska-biden-student-loans-gorsuch-barrett">largely limitless veto power</a> over any of those agency regulations — as long as five justices deem an agency’s action to be too significant.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jJwfZu">
And so the Supreme Court is now the locus of policymaking in the United States.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TkWBVA">
This happened in no small part because of McConnell’s Senate leadership. Under President Barack Obama, McConnell’s Republican caucus aggressively blockaded judicial nominees, including <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/2/14/22925457/supreme-court-senate-confirmation-ketanji-brown-jackson-leondra-kruger-michelle-childs">holding a Supreme Court seat open for more than a year</a> until Trump could fill it with the archconservative Justice Neil Gorsuch.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pC6I1e">
Then, once Trump came into office, McConnell transformed the Senate into a factory that <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/12/9/20962980/trump-supreme-court-federal-judges">rolled out newly confirmed judges</a> almost as fast as the Trump White House could find conservatives to nominate to the bench. The result is a judiciary that <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/12/17/23512766/supreme-court-matthew-kacsmaryk-judge-trump-abortion-immigration-birth-control">routinely</a> <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/12/27/23496264/supreme-court-fifth-circuit-trump-court-immigration-housing-sexual-harrassment">engages</a> in political hardball to advance the GOP’s policy priorities.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zljf7M">
With the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2024-elections">2024 election</a> looming, there is good reason to fear that Trump may prevail and do irreparable damage to US democracy during a second term. But McConnell deserves as much credit for America’s democratic decline as Trump.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dKm1ID">
It was McConnell, after all, who enabled a wholesale transfer of power away from the people’s representatives, and toward GOP-appointed officials who serve for life.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="q1Ntyx">
<em>This story appeared originally in </em><a href="https://www.vox.com/today-explained-podcast"><em><strong>Today, Explained</strong></em></a><em>, Vox’s flagship daily newsletter. </em><a href="https://www.vox.com/pages/today-explained-newsletter-signup"><em><strong>Sign up here for future editions</strong></em></a><em>.</em>
</p></li>
<li><strong>A poster’s guide to who’s selling your data to train AI</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="In this photo illustration, the Reddit logo is seen in behind a silhouette of a person typing." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/lkManURh1CPo-u4fhdBWdPfZuq0=/166x0:4989x3617/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/73172456/2036327466.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Photo Illustration by Rafael Henrique/SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Those Tumblr, Reddit, and WordPress posts you never thought would see the light of day? Yep, them too.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zMwodw">
If you’ve ever posted anything on the internet, chances are that<a href="https://www.vox.com/technology/2023/7/27/23808499/ai-openai-google-meta-data-privacy-nope"> your data has already been scraped, collected, and used to train AI systems</a> like the ones powering ChatGPT, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/4/28/23702644/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-technology">Midjourney</a>, and <a href="https://www.vox.com/technology/24079459/sora-openai-video-tool-world-simulator">Sora</a>. Generative AI is designed to succeed as a generalist, and learning to do so, OpenAI has said, requires “<a href="https://openai.com/research/video-generation-models-as-world-simulators">internet-scale</a>” data to train on.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="whSOs8">
You probably don’t need me to tell you what happened when companies used scraped public data — often without the permission of those who created it — from news articles, books, and creative projects to teach AI tools how to, say, generate news articles, books, and creative projects.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4gvtmn">
The New York Times is currently<a href="https://www.theverge.com/24062159/ai-copyright-fair-use-lawsuits-new-york-times-openai-chatgpt-decoder-podcast"> suing</a> OpenAI for allegedly using its expansive archives without permission to train chatbots <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/cybersecurity/openai-says-new-york-times-hacked-chatgpt-build-copyright-lawsuit-2024-02-27/">(in a recent filing</a>, OpenAI accused the Times of hiring “someone to hack” ChatGPT in order to prove that the chatbot was stealing their content). <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/6/23587393/ai-art-copyright-lawsuit-getty-images-stable-diffusion">Getty Images sued Stable Diffusion </a>for copyright infringement. Other lawsuits from authors and creators, angry to find that their works were used to train AI models,<a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/sarah-silverman-openai-lawsuit-claims-judge-1235823924/"> have faced setbacks in court</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OKaKnK">
Other companies have decided to<a href="https://www.wsj.com/business/media/openai-to-pay-politico-parent-axel-springer-for-using-its-content-bdc33332"> make deals</a>. The Associated Press has <a href="https://apnews.com/article/openai-chatgpt-associated-press-ap-f86f84c5bcc2f3b98074b38521f5f75a">licensed part of its archives to OpenAI</a>. Shutterstock, the stock photo archive, has <a href="https://investor.shutterstock.com/news-releases/news-release-details/shutterstock-expands-partnership-openai-signs-new-six-year">signed a six-year deal </a>with OpenAI to provide training data, which includes access to its photo, video, and music databases.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="V9MH8k">
The ways AI systems use the work of journalists, musicians, and photographers have pretty consequential implications for our information and cultural ecosystem and for the people who work in the fields that AI companies seem dead-set on <a href="https://www.adweek.com/media/google-paying-publishers-unreleased-gen-ai/">developing tools to replace</a>. The need to gather more and more training data with as little fuss as possible means that anyone who’s an online poster — whether its a fandom Tumblr account, an active Reddit presence, or a personal blog — could see access to their content being sold by the platforms hosting it to one of these big AI companies.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qx01wy">
Below is a quick guide to what we know right now about who might be selling your best posts as training data.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FyCgCt">
<strong>Tumblr and WordPress.com </strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kPJDNz">
Earlier this week, <a href="https://www.404media.co/tumblr-and-wordpress-to-sell-users-data-to-train-ai-tools/">404 Media </a>reported that Automattic, the parent company for Tumblr and WordPress, was preparing to announce deals selling user data to OpenAI and Midjourney. According to 404’s reporting, which describes such a deal as “imminent,” the data seems likely to include user posts on Tumblr and on WordPress.com. On Wednesday, a day after 404’s report, Automattic announced a way for users to <a href="https://staff.tumblr.com/post/743510217982083072/hi-tumblr-its-tumblr-were-working-on-some">opt out </a>of <a href="https://wordpress.com/blog/2024/02/27/more-control-over-the-content-you-share/">sharing their public content</a> with third parties.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5S5Kp0">
The <a href="https://staff.tumblr.com/post/743510217982083072/hi-tumblr-its-tumblr-were-working-on-some">Tumblr staff announcement</a> on the change framed the whole thing as a sign that the company was working to protect its users. “We already discourage AI crawlers from gathering content from Tumblr and will continue to do so,” the announcement read, “save for those with which we partner.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AfZ8u6">
Automattic said in a statement that it was “working directly with select AI companies as long as their plans align with what our community cares about: attribution, opt-outs, and control,” but has not provided any further information on the reported deals with OpenAI and Midjourney.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bnJpYr">
Although Tumblr’s <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/9/23629372/twitter-tumblr-livejournal-social-network">cultural heft</a> has <a href="https://www.eviemagazine.com/post/the-rise-and-fall-of-tumblr">waned over the past decade</a>, it’s still a pretty <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/23/style/tumblr-twitter-elon-musk.html">important platform for fandom content</a>, including fanfiction and fan art. There are also plenty of artists who use Tumblr to host their original work and take commissions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0dpLb8">
<strong>Reddit </strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8zIDhJ">
Reddit’s enormous archives of posts are driven by the labor of volunteers: Unpaid subreddit moderators oversee communities of unpaid users. Their collective efforts on Reddit make the platform valuable.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TVxewh">
So when Reddit announced that it was launching an IPO, the company reached out to a selection of mods and frequent posters to offer them the opportunity to buy stock early. Some of those who received the offer <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/reddit-power-users-ipo/">were not super enthusiastic about it</a>. But Reddit does not need buy-in from its users to profit from their work: It has already sold access to their posts to <a href="https://www.vox.com/google">Google</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LZFcfE">
Just before the IPO announcement,<a href="https://blog.google/inside-google/company-announcements/expanded-reddit-partnership/"> Reddit and Google </a>entered into a <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-16/reddit-is-said-to-sign-ai-content-licensing-deal-ahead-of-ipo?sref=10lNAhZ9">$60 million deal </a>that would give<a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/reddit-ai-content-licensing-deal-with-google-sources-say-2024-02-22/"> Google access to Reddit’s API </a>in order to, among other things, train its generative AI models.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RJUhAF">
<strong>Everything else, to be honest </strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BLtQHN">
The reported deals above are just a couple that have become public. But this doesn’t mean that large AI models aren’t already being trained on your posts across the internet.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cCTqt6">
Last year, the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/interactive/2023/ai-chatbot-learning/">Washington Post examined</a> one of the <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/your-personal-information-is-probably-being-used-to-train-generative-ai-models/">massive data sets</a> of scraped public internet data used to train generative AI models and found everything from World of Warcraft message boards to Patreon and Kickstarter and several huge repositories of personal blogs. And it should not be a surprise that <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/metas-new-ai-chatbot-trained-public-facebook-instagram-posts-2023-09-28/">Meta uses public posts</a> from <a href="https://www.vox.com/facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="https://www.vox.com/instagram-news">Instagram</a> to train its AI models.
</p></li>
<li><strong>Trump’s immigration policies are his old ones — but worse</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Trump looking stern with an American flag behind him. " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Z0wYDKVTnxM-6JXo_x4CMl98tRw=/222x0:3778x2667/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/73172344/1229490611.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Trump’s immigration policies seek to build on those he implemented in his first term. | Andrew Harrer/Bloomberg via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
They include harsh new proposals, and augmented versions of past ideas, too.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Tm7R9p">
If you’re looking for a window into just how extreme another <a href="https://www.vox.com/donald-trump">Donald Trump</a> term could be — even compared to his first — the immigration <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy">policies</a> he’s touted provide a clear preview.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yzojQF">
Along with reupping his old ideas, Trump has <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-doubles-anti-immigration-rhetoric-pledging-overseas-troops/story?id=105742395">spoken at length</a> about how he intends to scale up his past policies, calling for the “<a href="https://www.foxcarolina.com/2024/02/11/trump-calls-largest-domestic-deportation-operation/">largest domestic deportation operation in American history</a>.” He’s focused, too, on bringing back wide-ranging raids to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/us/politics/trump-2025-immigration-agenda.html">round up</a> undocumented immigrants and setting up new camps where <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/us/politics/trump-2025-immigration-agenda.html">they’d be forcibly detained</a>. And he’s interested in testing out proposals he didn’t get to last term, such as <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2024/1/21/24044381/trump-attacks-nikki-haley-birthright-citizenship">severely limiting birthright citizenship</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4Fabgu">
Essentially, Trump’s second-term <a href="https://www.vox.com/immigration">immigration policy</a> is shaping up to be much like his first, but even harsher.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FFUeHw">
Take Trump’s proposal for a new <a href="https://www.vox.com/2018/4/27/17284798/travel-ban-scotus-countries-protests">travel ban</a>, a policy imposed during his first term: “When I return to office, [it’s] coming back even bigger than before and much stronger than before,” <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-bring-back-travel-ban-muslim-countries/">Trump said in a July 2023 speech</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GMUzGL">
That 2016 ban temporarily barred travelers from seven Muslim-majority countries from entering the US before it was struck down by the courts (only <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/6/26/15873722/muslim-ban-supreme-court-who-included">to return in updated form</a>). On his first day in office, <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/20/day-one-us-president-biden-reverses-odious-travel-ban">President Joe Biden rescinded the ban</a>. This time around, Trump is weighing expanding this ban to encompass people from even more places, including <a href="https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/donald-trump-muslim-ban-immigration-2024-1234730150/">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-vows-expand-travel-ban-gaza-rcna120711">Gaza</a>, and to bar those who express <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-alien-enemies-act-travel-ban-deport-drug-dealers-gang-members-rcna108121">“communist” and “Marxist” views</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mgCLNl">
Much of what’s driving Trump’s hardline immigration policies is how they <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/538/immigration-driving-support-gop-primary/story?id=106777173">resonate</a> with <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/fox-news-voter-analysis-immigration-issues-republicans">Republican base voters</a>, including those who subscribe to <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cbs-news-analysis-most-republicans-agree-with-poisoning-the-blood-language/">xenophobic ideas</a> of <a href="https://www.npr.org/2022/08/03/1115175247/talk-of-invasion-moves-from-the-fringe-to-the-mainstream-of-gop-immigration-mess">keeping migrants out</a> and economic claims about immigrants purportedly taking jobs or abusing benefits. Additionally, a recent surge in migrant apprehensions across the southern border, as well as an influx of migrants in major cities across the country, has put the issue more prominently in the news, and provided a platform for Republicans — Trump included — to argue the current administration doesn’t have immigration under control.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RqyOuq">
Two developments could make Trump’s immigration policy in 2025 more viable than it was in his first term as well. Trump is reportedly planning to <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2024/01/donald-trump-2024-reelection-cabinet-appointments/676121/?gift=ZwhhnrLDlBeUcY3rJzh_l5OUIf_FC4oGeaDqbWwsvu0&amp;utm_source=copy-link&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_campaign=share">staff his next administration with loyalists</a> who will find a way to execute his vision, unlike some of the staffers who’ve tried to restrain him in the past. And changes to the judiciary because of Trump’s appointments — including the stacking of the <a href="https://www.vox.com/scotus">Supreme Court</a> with his nominees — could mean a better legal reception for his policies. Biden has also added a high number of justices to the federal judiciary, but Trump’s nominees to the Supreme Court as well as powerful appeals panels like the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2021/nov/15/fifth-circuit-court-appeals-most-extreme-us">Fifth Circuit</a> have skewed key parts of the judiciary for the foreseeable future.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Zb7qbH">
“2025 won’t feel like 2017,” Todd Schulte, the president of FWD.us, an immigration rights advocacy group that has fought Trump’s policies, told Vox. “2025 will feel radically different. And [people] should expect that when Donald Trump comes into office, families will be torn apart at the border and families will be torn apart in the United States.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lHZQ2z">
The Trump campaign did not respond to a request for comment about his plans. His advisers have made his ambitions clear, however. As Stephen Miller, one of Trump’s chief immigration advisers, put it in an interview with the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/us/politics/trump-2025-immigration-agenda.html">New York<strong> </strong>Times</a>: “Trump will unleash the vast arsenal of federal powers to implement the most spectacular migration crackdown.”
</p>
<h3 id="GLoHDs">
Trump’s immigration policies are now even more extreme
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NFFioW">
Trump and his advisers misleadingly claim that bringing back and augmenting past policies is necessary because a recent wave of immigrants is capitalizing on public services and allegedly sowing crime and disorder in different states and cities. Using rhetoric that echoes Nazis and authoritarians, Trump has made incendiary and racist statements about how immigrants are “<a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-sparks-republican-backlash-saying-immigrants-are-poisoning-blood-rcna130493">poisoning the blood of our country</a>” and coming to the US from “<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/12/18/trump-immigrants-invasion-dehumanizing/">mental institutions</a>,” all of which are discriminatory and unfounded.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JwGB2q">
Despite this, his calls for harsher policies have taken on a new tenor as places like New York City and Chicago have grappled with an influx of migrants in the last year, and as local leaders have called for more federal funding to assist them in providing resources like shelter.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jTJp6l">
Summarizing the GOP’s position in a statement to Vox, <a href="https://www.heritage.org/staff/lora-ries">Lora Ries</a>, the director of the Heritage Foundation’s Border Security and Immigration Center, argued: “The Biden Administration has erased our borders and the line between illegal and legal immigration.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="18gUCe">
Implicit in this stance is that Trump’s policies would expand immigration restrictions and take on the issue in an even more punitive way. Below are some of the proposals that Trump’s team has laid out — and how they would work:
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="C2l1ce">
<strong>Mass deportations: </strong>A centerpiece of Trump’s immigration proposals is heavily inspired by <a href="https://www.vox.com/2015/11/11/9714842/operation-wetback">a 1954 policy</a> implemented by former President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who deported hundreds of thousands of undocumented Mexican workers during his administration.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bE9bwn">
As part of a program called “Operation Wetback,” which referenced a racist slur used to describe Mexican migrants, border control agents identified and detained undocumented people and forced them onto planes and trains to Mexico.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5L3xpX">
Trump has said he hopes to institute something similar, with the goal of completing annual deportations that number in the millions. That figure would be much higher than the number of deportations any recent administration — including Trump’s — has conducted.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Hm9DOi">
As part of this effort, Trump’s team has said they’d like to capitalize on a policy known as “expedited removal,” which allows the government to rapidly remove undocumented people without a hearing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tDHTMu">
Under most administrations (including the current one), this policy <a href="https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/dhs-withdraws-trump-era-rule-that-expanded-quick-deportations-2022-03-18/#:~:text=DHS%20in%20the%202019%20rule,for%20up%20to%20two%20years.">was only applied</a> to people who had been in the US for 14 days or less, and who were within a 100-mile radius of the US border. In his first term, however, Trump expanded it — using it to deport anyone who couldn’t prove that they’d been in the US for more than two years.<strong> </strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="feWjAE">
Immigration experts have argued policies like this would amount <a href="https://www.aila.org/aila-files/18AFC0C5-F7B5-4494-BF81-AB1A7D69DB7D/23121931.pdf?1703012944">to a nationwide “show me your papers”</a> rule, and, as was the case with Eisenhower’s program, could also result in <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/11/11/455613993/it-came-up-in-the-debate-here-are-3-things-to-know-about-operation-wetback">citizens and legal residents</a> being mistakenly deported.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TmvILo">
<strong>Raids: </strong>Miller tells the Times that there will be renewed attempts to conduct broad raids to detain undocumented immigrants that don’t focus on any specific individual, but that include large sweeps of workplaces and other public areas. Additionally, Trump’s campaign has said that he’ll seek to “deputize the National Guard <a href="https://www.donaldjtrump.com/issues">and local law enforcement</a>” to assist with these removals in jurisdictions that are open to supporting the effort.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7x9q9n">
Workplace raids were a feature of Trump’s first term, but <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/12/politics/ice-workplace-raids/index.html">they’ve since been ended by Biden</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3TrsWW">
Under Trump, the US saw <a href="https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-us-news-ap-top-news-arrests-immigration-bbcef8ddae4e4303983c91880559cf23">the largest workplace raids in a decade,</a> during which immigration officials targeted seven Mississippi poultry plants and apprehended 680 people. <a href="https://www.govexec.com/management/2019/07/how-ice-enforcement-has-changed-under-trump-administration/158766/">Trump’s raids</a> also differed from those under his predecessor, because Obama’s immigration enforcement tended to prioritize people who were threats to <a href="https://www.vox.com/defense-and-security">national security</a>, people with criminal convictions, and people who had been in the US for shorter amounts of time.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fmi1Nm">
Obama was still nicknamed <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/obamas-deportation-policy-numbers/story?id=41715661">the “deporter-in-chief,”</a> however, for how expansive his policies were. In comparison, Trump’s targeting was even more indiscriminate.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UCBEac">
Any new raids are set to both build on the scope of past ones — and continue to expand their reach.<strong> </strong>Such policies have been criticized by immigration advocates, who note that these raids are traumatic and stressful, and that they <a href="https://www.nilc.org/issues/workersrights/worksite-raids/">often violate people’s due process rights</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WaFqJz">
<strong>Detention camps: </strong>Trump has expressed an interest in opening up detention camps where the US government can hold undocumented immigrants — both those apprehended at the border and inside the country — while their cases are being processed.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oJVsbK">
Presently, undocumented people don’t typically have to wait in a detention center while they await their trial, a period that could last months to years given how severe the <a href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/articles/these-states-have-the-largest-immigration-court-backlogs">immigration case backlog</a> is. Trump would attempt to make detention a requirement while these cases are being considered.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="U7OdDT">
The US doesn’t currently have sufficient space and facilities, let alone funding, to house the number of people who would be detained under Trump’s policy. To solve this problem, federal officials would build new camps, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/us/migrant-children-tent-camp-texas.html">resembling existing ICE detention facilities</a>, according to Miller.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="w8pplT">
Little is known about what such camps would ultimately include, but one possible example is a tent city that the <a href="https://www.vox.com/trump-administration">Trump administration</a> built for <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/15/us/migrant-children-shelter-tent-city-tornillo-homestead.html">unaccompanied migrant children in Tornillo, Texas</a>. That tent city — which was eventually shuttered — housed 2,000 minors and was criticized for failing to provide sufficient <a href="https://www.vox.com/health-care">health care</a> access.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Tbwjnr">
UCLA immigration law professor <a href="https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/hiroshi-motomura">Hiroshi Motomura</a> noted that efforts to establish these camps would probably face legal challenges as well as potential public outcry. Such camps would infringe on immigrants’ civil rights and likely subject them to harsh living conditions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aaPTTZ">
“It’s going to remind people of Japanese American incarceration,” Motomura told Vox. “I think a big part of the American public would recoil at some of these things if they’re actually out there.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AADFYm">
<strong>Suspending refugee resettlement:</strong> Trump sharply cut the cap on refugees during his first term and he’s committed to suspending refugee resettlement if he retakes office.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JOACsM">
That would mean another sharp drop in the number of refugees that the US takes in even <a href="https://hias.org/news/unhcr-forced-displacement-grew-21-2022-now-110-million-worldwide/">as the number of displaced people</a> around the world has grown.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Iq3Sei">
The US has long been known as one of the most welcoming countries to refugees in the entire world, though the number of people who were accepted in <a href="https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-politics-virus-outbreak-immigration-immigration-policy-1f8c91e31fba158126f8e91c1453b13f">Trump’s first term dropped 80 percent</a> compared to that of his predecessor, undermining that perception.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="X61zAG">
Biden has increased the refugee cap to 125,000 people per year, a major uptick from the 15,000 people per year Trump had reduced it to in 2021. The <a href="https://www.vox.com/joe-biden">Biden administration</a> has also admitted tens of thousands of Ukrainian and Afghan refugees outside of this cap, and it’s unlikely Trump would continue these programs.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Dsz0aO">
Such changes would leave tens of thousands of refugees fleeing war and poverty with limited recourse — and places to go.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rXpjd2">
<strong>Ending Temporary Protected Status programs</strong>: Under a program known as Temporary Protected Status, or TPS, people fleeing hardships in their country of origin are able to live and work in the US temporarily. (TPS, unlike refugee status, does not guarantee a legal pathway to citizenship, though it can be renewed.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VnqYrD">
The Biden administration has extended the number of people who qualify for TPS, adding 400,000 Venezuelan migrants to the program.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Xu39Rq">
Eliminating TPS is an effort Trump would resurrect, and that would likely go to the courts again. Were the administration actually successful in doing away with TPS, hundreds of thousands of people <a href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-temporary-protected-status#chapter-title-0-6">who’ve lived in the US for years</a> could be forced to leave.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qTzEc0">
<strong>Making seeking asylum harder:</strong> Trump also intends to revive the “Remain in Mexico” policy, which requires people seeking asylum at the southern border to wait in Mexico while their claims are being processed. After the Supreme Court ruled that the Biden administration had the right to dismantle this program, it was shut down in 2022.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1Gzd8a">
Additionally, <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-immigration-proposals-2024-deportations/">Trump hopes to use the Title 42 policy</a> — which allows presidents to temporarily throttle migration during <a href="https://www.vox.com/public-health">public health</a> emergencies — once more to bar migrants from entering the US on the grounds that they would be bringing in contagious illnesses. (That premise has previously been deemed false and <a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/programs/program-forced-migration-health/voices/epidemiologists-public-health-experts-reiterate-urgent-call-end-title-42">refuted by public health experts</a>.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Z7errf">
Immigration advocates have raised concerns that both programs increase the dangers migrants face after they’ve been expelled or while waiting in Mexico, including <a href="https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/title-42-and-its-impact-on-migrant-families/#:~:text=Research%20suggests%20Title%2042%20expulsions,well%2Dbeing%20of%20migrant%20families.&amp;text=Physicians%2C%20epidemiologists%2C%20and%20public%20health,protecting%20individuals%20from%20COVID%2D19.">exposure to kidnapping and trafficking</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cimbbK">
<strong>Ending DACA:</strong> Trump has made clear that he will again try to impose policies that the courts once opposed, including ending the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, which shields about <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/9/15/23874992/daca-immigration-ruling-biden-regulation-dreamers">580,000 undocumented people</a> who came to the US as children, from deportation.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3Lefq9">
<a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/6/18/21249594/daca-supreme-court-trump-dreamers-ruling">In June 2020</a>, the Supreme Court rejected the Trump administration’s attempts to sunset the program, which has faced additional court challenges since. Those challenges have led judges to <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/2023/9/15/23874992/daca-immigration-ruling-biden-regulation-dreamers">bar new applicants from the program</a> while allowing current recipients to continue receiving benefits.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QxFvbm">
If Trump were to successfully end DACA, it could be devastating for the thousands of people it covers and put them in a new state of legal limbo.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1qHvuH">
<strong>Reviving family separation hasn’t been ruled out:</strong> <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-refuses-rule-out-new-migrant-family-separations-allies-are-wary-2023-11-27/">Trump has declined to rule out</a> a potential resumption of family separations, a hardline “zero-tolerance” policy that was <a href="https://www.vox.com/2018/6/22/17479552/immigration-tender-age-family-separation">extremely controversial in his first term</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hadqTq">
Under that policy, parents seeking asylum at the southern border were separated from their children and detained in separate facilities as they awaited legal proceedings. Thousands of children and parents were separated in this way, prompting widespread backlash and Trump to end the practice in 2018.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5aNazb">
In 2021, the Biden administration officially rescinded the “zero-tolerance” policy that undergirded family separations. Were Trump to revive it, the effects could be traumatic and devastating for migrant families seeking asylum in the US.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qcPIrd">
<strong>Attacks on birthright citizenship:</strong> Currently, birthright citizenship is guaranteed by the 14th Amendment of the US Constitution.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LKdWEF">
Trump has said he’d announce a new executive order that bars the children of undocumented immigrants born in the US from obtaining birthright citizenship. This policy would almost certainly be immediately contested in court, and would probably be among the most difficult of Trump’s proposals to implement.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="frYsx8">
He’s said he wants to go after birthright citizenship because that would reduce the motivation for undocumented migrants to enter the US. According to the Migration Policy Institute, an immigration think tank that backs liberal proposals, this policy could increase the population of undocumented people <a href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/news/repealing-birthright-citizenship-unintended-consequences">by 4.7 million by 2050</a> given the number of children who have two unauthorized parents in the US.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VMPV9Y">
Additionally, a move like this would undercut a longstanding tenet of the US immigration system, and the broader message it sends about who belongs in the US and who qualifies as a citizen.
</p>
<h3 id="YRg7j1">
A second Trump administration will have learned lessons from the first
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2kX6mS">
Key differences could make a second Trump administration more effective at instituting these policies, too.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SfTCOT">
During his first administration, Trump was able to nominate three Supreme Court justices, tilting the court 6-3 in favor of conservative justices. He added a staggering number of judges to circuit courts and lower courts as well.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xI4NAd">
Additionally, <a href="https://harvardlawreview.org/print/vol-136/garland-v-aleman-gonzalez/#:~:text=Aleman%20Gonzalez%2C%205%20the%20Supreme,immigrants%20hanging%20in%20the%20balance.">the Supreme Court’s 2022 <em>Aleman Gonzalez</em> decision</a> determined that lower courts couldn’t block certain national immigration policies from going into effect and that only the Supreme Court could do so. This means many major policy changes Trump could attempt would likely be decided by the Supreme Court — which, again, has an ideological bent in his favor.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gVi4rd">
<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/us/politics/trump-2025-immigration-agenda.html">As the Times reported</a>, Trump is also intent on bringing on staffers and advisers who support his aims, unlike some who previously tried to curb him. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/16/politics/trump-agenda-second-term/index.html">There are also legal takeaways from his first term</a> that Trump staffers would be able to apply if they try to resurrect contentious past proposals.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YkCSvv">
“Having attorneys who back his positions and who, through the course of his first term, developed the experience needed to write regulations that could withstand challenges in court — those would be important developments in terms of how effective he could be,” says <a href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/about/staff/kathleen-bush-joseph">Kathleen Bush-Joseph</a>, a policy analyst at the Migration Policy Institute.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7goGKE">
These factors could mean that Trump’s immigration policy might succeed where he once failed. They could suggest, too, that he’s able to build on what he achieved in his first term and magnify its impact even more.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Gq1sfE">
“The tools that the president would have, were he to come back, to accomplish terrible aims are much, much, much worse and larger in 2025, than they were in 2017,” says Schulte.
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Irish Gold, Brego and Azrinaz catch the eye</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Multisided, Westlake and Cascais impress</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Paul Pogba banned for four years for doping</strong> - Pogba was provisionally suspended after testing positive for testosterone.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Athletes in country to be issued digital certificates, says Anurag Thakur</strong> - The digital certificate will have dates of the athletes’ participation in competitions and serve as proof of their achievements.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ind vs Eng fifth Test | K.L. Rahul ruled out, Jasprit Bumrah returns</strong> - India have already taken an unassailable 3-1 lead, following the victory in the fourth Test in Ranchi.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>KTR dares Revanth to resign as Kodangal MLA, contest from Malkajgiri Parliament constituency</strong> - BRS working president says he too will resign as Sircilla MLA to contest from Malkajgiri</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>LDF seeks to portray Presidential nod to Kerala Lok Ayukta Bill as oblique critique of Governor’s ‘refusal’ to sign laws passed by Assembly</strong> - However, Raj Bhavan appears to punch holes in ruling LDF’s narrative</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Union Cabinet nod to ₹1.26 lakh crore chip-making units</strong> - The units which will make chips for sectors including defence, automobiles and telecommunications, will begin construction within the next 100 days, Telecom Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw said</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Special drive to clear pending Dharani applications from March 1 to 9</strong> - Teams to be constituted at Tahsildar level for field verification and clearing the applications</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cabinet okays ₹75,000 crore rooftop solar scheme, 1 crore households to get subsidy of up to ₹78K</strong> - The households will apply for subsidy through the National Portal and will be able to select a suitable vendor for installing rooftop solar</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Juventus’ Pogba banned for four years for doping</strong> - Juventus midfielder Paul Pogba is banned from football for four years for a doping offence.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>French Senate backs constitutional right to abortion</strong> - Abortion has been legal in France since 1974 but it is now set to be a constitutional “freedom”.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine reports jump in downed Russian planes</strong> - Ukraine claims it has been able to down 10 Russian aircraft in as many days in February.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>One dead and two missing after Channel rescue</strong> - Around 50 migrants were said to be on the small boat when it got into trouble off the French coast.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Navalny’s widow fears arrests at husband’s funeral</strong> - The Russian opposition leader’s funeral will take place on Friday in Moscow, his spokesperson says.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>$30 doorbell cameras have multiple serious security flaws, says Consumer Reports</strong> - Models still widely available on e-commerce sites after issues reported. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=2006598">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>CDC recommends spring COVID booster for people 65 and up</strong> - The shot should be taken at least four months since the last COVID vaccination. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=2006815">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Speedy “SD Express” cards have gone nowhere for years, but Samsung could change that</strong> - Compatibility issues and thermals have, so far, kept SD Express from taking off. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=2006687">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>That moment when you land on the Moon, break a leg, and are about to topple over</strong> - “We hit harder than expected and skidded along the way.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=2006682">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>GitHub besieged by millions of malicious repositories in ongoing attack</strong> - GitHub keeps removing malware-laced repositories, but thousands remain. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=2006797">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A friend got mad at me for sniffing his sister’s panties</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Not sure if it was because she was wearing them, or because the rest of the family was there. Either way, it ruined the rest of her funeral.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Major_Independence82"> /u/Major_Independence82 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1b2o50c/a_friend_got_mad_at_me_for_sniffing_his_sisters/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1b2o50c/a_friend_got_mad_at_me_for_sniffing_his_sisters/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A robber held up a well-dressed man, pointing his gun and yelling, “Give me all your money!” The man replied, “Don’t you know who I am? I’m a U.S. congressman!”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The robber retorted, “In that case, give me all my money!”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Different-Tie-1085"> /u/Different-Tie-1085 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1b2jo9c/a_robber_held_up_a_welldressed_man_pointing_his/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1b2jo9c/a_robber_held_up_a_welldressed_man_pointing_his/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dave met a girl in a bar</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Dave met a girl in a bar, they had some chats, a few shots, and the girl started to reach her limit.<br/> Dave: Do you want one more shot?<br/> Girl: No, I’m good. Alcohol is actually bad for my legs.<br/> Dave: Oh, they swell?<br/> Girl: No, they open…
</p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/henry_canabanana"> /u/henry_canabanana </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1b2u919/dave_met_a_girl_in_a_bar/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1b2u919/dave_met_a_girl_in_a_bar/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>My grandma used to tell me that I was such a handsome young man that I probably had to beat off all the girls with a stick.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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“No Grandma,” I’d respond. “I just use my fingers.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Oh_My_Monster"> /u/Oh_My_Monster </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1b2l30h/my_grandma_used_to_tell_me_that_i_was_such_a/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1b2l30h/my_grandma_used_to_tell_me_that_i_was_such_a/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>I was playing poker the other night</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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It was just me and this one guy still in. I raised a dollar. He saw, then he raised everything he had, and he just kept raising. He ran out of chips and he started piling up whatever was around him - objects in the room, a shoe, a lamp, bits of floor tile, concrete. Pretty soon he had broken through the floor and he was scooping up big handfuls of dirt and sand. Before long, the whole table was buried in it. And then the whole room. And he just kept going. Eventually he’d piled it up so high that it broke through the roof. The pile started to shift, until the whole hill-sized mound slid to the side and formed a steep slope that diverted the flow of a nearby river. Well that was something to see. I was just about to fold when I realized… it was a bluff.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/jamesianm"> /u/jamesianm </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1b2sr4u/i_was_playing_poker_the_other_night/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/1b2sr4u/i_was_playing_poker_the_other_night/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
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