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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Detection of a BA.1/BA.2 recombinant in travelers arriving in Hong Kong, February 2022</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
We studied SARS-CoV-2 genomes from travelers arriving in Hong Kong from November-2021 to February-2022. Apart from detecting Omicron (BA.1, BA1.1. and BA.2) and Delta variants, we detected a BA.1/BA.2 recombinant in two epidemiologically linked cases. This recombinant has a breakpoint near the 59 end of Spike gene (nucleotide position 20055-21618).
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.22273020v1" target="_blank">Detection of a BA.1/BA.2 recombinant in travelers arriving in Hong Kong, February 2022</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Measuring the direct population impact of COVID-19 in Scotland, 2020: estimating disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) during the first full calendar year</strong> -
<div>
Background: Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) combine the impact of morbidity and mortality and can enable comprehensive, and comparable, assessments of direct and indirect health harms due to COVID-19. Our aim was to estimate DALYs directly due to COVID-19 in Scotland, during 2020; and contextualise its population impact relative to other causes of disease and injury. Methods: National deaths and daily case data were used. Deaths were based on underlying and contributory causes recorded on death certificates. We calculated DALYs based on the COVID-19 consensus model and methods outlined by the European Burden of Disease Network. DALYs were presented as a range, using a sensitivity based on Years of Life Lost estimates using: cause-specific; and COVID-19 related deaths. All estimates were for 2020. Findings: In 2020, estimates of COVID-19 DALYs in Scotland ranged from 96,500 to 108,200. Direct COVID-19 DALYs were substantial enough to be framed as the second leading cause of disease and injury, with only ischaemic heart disease having a larger impact on population health. Mortality contributed 98% of total DALYs. Interpretation: The direct population health impact of COVID-19 has been very substantial. Despite unprecedented mitigation efforts, COVID-19 developed from a single identified case in early 2020 to a condition with an impact in Scotland second only to ischaemic heart disease. Periodic estimation of DALYs during 2021, and beyond, will provide indications of the impact of DALYs averted due to the national roll-out of the vaccination programme and other continued mitigation efforts, although new variants may pose significant challenges.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/ey36d/" target="_blank">Measuring the direct population impact of COVID-19 in Scotland, 2020: estimating disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) during the first full calendar year</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Estimating epidemiological quantities from repeated cross-sectional prevalence measurements</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background Repeated measurements of cross-sectional prevalence of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) positivity or seropositivity provide rich insight into the dynamics of an infection. The UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) Community Infection Survey publishes such measurements for SARS-CoV-2 on a weekly basis based on testing enrolled households, contributing to situational awareness in the country. Here we present estimates of time-varying and static epidemiological quantities that were derived from the estimates published by ONS. Methods We used a gaussian process to model the incidence of infections and then estimated observed PCR prevalence by convolving our modelled incidence estimates with a previously published PCR detection curve describing the probability of a positive test as a function of the time since infection. We refined our incidence estimates using time-varying estimates of antibody prevalence combined with a model of antibody positivity and waning that moved individuals between compartments with or without antibodies based on estimates of new infections, vaccination, probability of seroconversion and waning. Results We produced incidence curves of infection describing the UK epidemic from late April 2020 until early 2022. We used these estimates of incidence to estimate the time-varying growth rate of infections and combined them with estimates of the generation interval to estimate time-varying reproduction numbers. Biological parameters describing seroconversion and waning, while based on a simple model, were broadly in line with plausible ranges from individual-level studies. Conclusions Beyond informing situational awareness and allowing for estimates using individual-level data, repeated cross-sectional studies make it possible to estimate epidemiological parameters from population-level models. Studies or public health surveillance methods based on similar designs offer opportunities for further improving our understanding of the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 or other pathogens and their interaction with population-level immunity.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.22273101v1" target="_blank">Estimating epidemiological quantities from repeated cross-sectional prevalence measurements</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>COVID-19 vaccination coverage by company size and the effects of socioeconomic factors and workplace vaccination in Japan: a cohort study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Vaccination is considered the most effective control measure against COVID-19. Vaccine hesitancy and equitable vaccine allocation are important challenges to disseminating developed vaccines. To promote COVID-19 vaccination coverage, the government of Japan established the workplace vaccination program. However, while it appears that the program was effective in overcoming vaccine hesitancy, the program may have hindered the equitable allocation of vaccines because it mainly focused on employees of large companies. We investigated the relationship between company size and COVID-19 vaccination completion status of employees and the impact of the workplace vaccination program on this relationship. Methods: We conducted an internet-based prospective cohort study from December 2020 (baseline) to December 2021. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire survey. Briefly, 27,036 workers completed the questionnaire at baseline and 18,560 at follow-up. After excluding ineligible respondents, we finally analyzed the data from 15,829 participants. At baseline, the participants were asked about the size of the company they worked for, and at follow-up they were asked about the month in which they received their second COVID-19 vaccine dose and the availability of a company-arranged vaccination opportunity. Results: In each month throughout the observation period, the odds of having received a second COVID-19 vaccine dose were significantly lower for small-company employees than for large-company employees in the sex- and age-adjusted model. This difference decreased after adjusting for socioeconomic factors, and there was no significant difference after adjusting for the availability of a company-arranged vaccination opportunity. Conclusions: The workplace vaccination program implemented in Japan to control the COVID-19 pandemic may have been effective in overcoming vaccine hesitancy in workers; however, it may have caused an inequitable allocation of vaccines between companies of different sizes. Because people who worked for small companies were less likely to be vaccinated, it will be necessary to enhance support of vaccination for this population in the event of future infectious disease outbreaks.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.22273203v1" target="_blank">COVID-19 vaccination coverage by company size and the effects of socioeconomic factors and workplace vaccination in Japan: a cohort study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Dupilumab use is associated with protection from COVID-19 mortality: A retrospective analysis.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
We previously found that type 2 immunity promotes COVID-19 pathogenesis in a mouse model. To test relevance to human disease we used electronic health record databases and determined that patients on dupilumab (anti-IL-4Rα monoclonal antibody that blocks IL-13 and IL-4 signaling) at the time of COVID-19 infection had lower mortality.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.22273174v1" target="_blank">Dupilumab use is associated with protection from COVID-19 mortality: A retrospective analysis.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study of camostat mesilate (FOY-305) for the treatment of COVID-19 (CANDLE study)</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
<b>Background: </b><i>In vitro </i>drug-screening studies have indicated that camostat mesilate (FOY-305) may prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection into human airway epithelial cells. This study was conducted to investigate whether camostat mesilate is an effective treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19). <b>Methods: </b>This was a phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Patients were enrolled if they were admitted to a hospital within 5 days of onset of COVID-19 symptoms or within 5 days of a positive test for asymptomatic patients. Severe cases (e.g., those requiring oxygenation/ventilation) were excluded. Patients were administered camostat mesilate (600 mg qid; four to eight times higher than the clinical doses in Japan) or placebo for up to 14 days. The primary efficacy endpoint was the time to the first two consecutive negative tests for SARS-CoV-2. <b>Findings: </b> One-hundred and fifty-five patients were randomised to receive camostat mesilate (n=78) or placebo (n=77). The median time to the first test was 11 days in both groups, and conversion to negative status was observed in 60.8% and 63.5% of patients in the camostat mesilate and placebo groups, respectively. The primary (Bayesian) and secondary (frequentist) analyses found no significant differences in the primary endpoint between the two groups. No additional safety concerns beyond those already known for camostat mesilate were identified. <b>Interpretation: </b>Camostat mesilate is no more effective, based on upper airway viral clearance, than placebo for treating patients with mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection with or without symptoms. <b>Funding: </b>Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.22271988v1" target="_blank">Phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study of camostat mesilate (FOY-305) for the treatment of COVID-19 (CANDLE study)</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Demonstration of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, neutralizing or binding, in seroconversion panels after mRNA-1273, BNT-162b2 and Ad26.COV2.S vaccine administration.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Seroconversion panels were collected before and after vaccination with three COVID-19 vaccines: two mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273 and BNT-162b2) and one adenovirus vector vaccine (Ad26.COV2.S). The panels were tested for antibody activity by chemiluminescent immunoassay, ELISA and one was tested in a pseudovirus neutralization assay. Participants positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies before vaccination (18.6%) had a higher response to the first vaccine dose than participants who tested negative. For two-dose vaccines, older participants showed a lower response to the first dose than younger participants. All participants showed positive antibody responses after the second vaccine. For the adenovirus vector vaccine, two participants did not generate antibody responses two weeks and two months after vaccination. Three participants were negative at two weeks but positive at two months. Pseudovirus neutralization showed good correlation with antibody activity (correlation coefficient =0.78, p&lt;0.0001). Antibody responses in participants over 45 years old tended to be less robust.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.22272552v1" target="_blank">Demonstration of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, neutralizing or binding, in seroconversion panels after mRNA-1273, BNT-162b2 and Ad26.COV2.S vaccine administration.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Androgen receptor polyQ alleles and COVID-19 severity in men: a replication study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Ample evidence indicates a sex-related difference in severity of COVID-19, with less favorable outcomes observed in men. Genetic factors have been proposed as candidates to explain this difference. The polyQ polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene has been recently described as a genetic biomarker of COVID-19 severity. In this study, we analyzed this association in a large cohort of 1136 men classified into three groups according to their degree of COVID-19 severity, finding a similar distribution of polyQ alleles among severity groups. Therefore, our results do not support the role of this polymorphism as a biomarker of COVID-19 severity.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article- html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.22271678v1" target="_blank">Androgen receptor polyQ alleles and COVID-19 severity in men: a replication study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Declining Course of Humoral Immune Response in Initially Responding Kidney Transplant Recipients after Repeated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in kidney transplant recipients is limited, resulting in inadequately low serological response rates and low immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, correlating with reduced protection against death and hospitalization from COVID-19. We retrospectively examined the time course of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig antibody levels after up to five repeated vac-cinations in 644 previously nonresponding kidney transplant recipients. Using anti SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgA ELISA and the total Ig ECLIA assays, we compare antibody levels at 1 month with levels at 2 and 4 months, respectively. Additionally, we correlate the measurements of the used assays. Between 1 and 2 months, and between 1 and 4 months, mean anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig levels in re-sponders decreased by 14% and 25%, respectively, depending on the assay. Absolute Ig values and time course of antibody levels and showed high interindividual variability. Ig levels de-creased by at least 20% in 77 of 148 paired samples with loss of sufficient serological protection over time occurring in 18 out of 148 (12.2%). IgG ELISA and total Ig ECLIA assays showed a strong positive correlation (Kendall9s tau=0.78), yet the two assays determined divergent results in 99 of 751 (13.2%) measurements. IgG and IgA assays showed overall strong correlation but divergent results in 270 of 1.173 (23.0%) cases and only weak correlation of antibody levels in positive samples. Large interindividual variability and significant loss of serological protection after 4 months supports repeated serological sampling and consideration of shorter vaccination intervals in kidney transplant recipients.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.22272858v1" target="_blank">Declining Course of Humoral Immune Response in Initially Responding Kidney Transplant Recipients after Repeated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Cancer diagnosis in primary care after second pandemic year in Catalonia: a time-series analysis of primary care electronic health records covering about five million people</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: During COVID-19 pandemic, incidence of chronic disease had drastically been reduced due to health care interruptions. The aim of this study is to analyze cancer diagnosis during the two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Time-series study of malignant neoplasms, using data from the primary care electronic health records from January 2014 to December 2021. We obtained the expected monthly incidence using a temporary regression adjusted by trend and seasonality. We additionally compared cancer incidence in 2019 with those of 2020 and 2021 using the T-Test. We performed analysis globally, by sex and by type of cancer. Results: During 2020, the incidence of cancer had reduced by -21% compared to 2019 (p-value &lt;0.05). Greater reductions were observed during lockdown in early 2020 (&gt;40%) and with some types of cancers, especially prostate and skin cancers (-29.6% and -26.9% respectively, p-value&lt;0.05). Lung cancers presented statistically non-significant reductions in both years. Cancer diagnosis returned to expected around March 2021, and incidence in 2021 was similar to that of 2019 (overall difference of 0.21%, p=0.967). However, -11% reduction still was found when comparing pandemic months of 2020-2021 with pre-pandemic months (2019-2020) Conclusions: Although primary care cancer diagnostic capacity in 2021 has returned to pre-pandemic levels, missing diagnoses during the last two years have not been fully recovered.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.27.22272930v1" target="_blank">Cancer diagnosis in primary care after second pandemic year in Catalonia: a time-series analysis of primary care electronic health records covering about five million people</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Association of Mass Distribution of Rapid Antigen Tests and SARS-CoV-2 Prevalence: Results from NIH-CDC funded Say Yes! Covid Test program in Michigan</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Abstract: Importance: Wide-spread distribution of diagnostics is an integral part of the United States9 COVID-19 strategy; however, few studies have assessed the effectiveness of this intervention at reducing transmission of community COVID-19. Objective: To assess the impact of the Say Yes! Covid Test (SYCT!) Michigan program, a population- based program that distributed 20,000 free rapid antigen tests within Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti, Michigan in June-August 2021, on community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2. Design: This ecological study analyzed cases of SARS-CoV-2 from March to October 2021 reported to the Washtenaw County Health Department. Setting: Washtenaw County, Michigan Participants: All residents of Washtenaw County Interventions: Community-wide distribution of 500,000 rapid antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 to residents of Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti, Michigan. Each household was limited to one test kit containing 25 rapid antigen tests. Main Outcome and Measures: Community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, as measured through 7-day average cases, in Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti was compared to the rest of Washtenaw County. A generalized additive model was fitted with non-parametric trends for control and relative differences of trends in the pre-intervention, intervention, and post- intervention periods to compare intervention municipalities of Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti to the rest of Washtenaw County. Model results were used to calculate average cases prevented in the post-intervention period. Results: In the post- intervention period, there were significantly lower standardized average cases in the intervention communities of Ann Arbor/Ypsilanti compared to the rest of Washtenaw County (p&lt;0.001). The estimated standardized relative difference between Ann Arbor/Ypsilanti and the rest of Washtenaw County was -0.016 cases per day (95% CI: -0.020 to -0.013), implying that the intervention prevented 40 average cases per day two months into the post-intervention period if trends were consistent. Conclusions and Relevance: Mass distribution of rapid antigen tests may be a useful mitigation strategy to combat community transmission of SARS-CoV-2, especially given the recent relaxation of social distancing and masking requirements.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.26.22272727v1" target="_blank">Association of Mass Distribution of Rapid Antigen Tests and SARS-CoV-2 Prevalence: Results from NIH-CDC funded Say Yes! Covid Test program in Michigan</a>
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<li><strong>The Influence of Familiarity on Memory for Faces and Mask Wearing</strong> -
<div>
During the COVID-19 pandemic the wearing of face masks became mandatory in public areas or at workplaces in many countries. While offering protection, the coverage of large parts of our face (nose, mouth and chin) may have consequences for face recognition. This seems especially important in the context of contact tracing which can require memory of familiar and unfamiliar contacts and whether they were wearing a mask. In this study, we tested how well participants perform at remembering faces and whether they wore a mask, and if this depends on familiarity. Our results show that: a) Participants remembered familiar faces better than unfamiliar ones, regardless of mask wearing. b) Participants remembered unmasked faces better than masked faces, regardless of familiarity. c) Participants were significantly worse at remembering whether an unfamiliar face was wearing a mask or not – even if they indicated remembering the face. d) Participants showed a bias to indicate no memory of unfamiliar faces. e) Participants showed a bias to indicate that unfamiliar faces wore a mask, even if they did not. In sum, it was harder to remember both, the identity of unfamiliar faces and whether they wore a mask. These findings have practical relevance for contact tracing and epidemic control.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/tm54k/" target="_blank">The Influence of Familiarity on Memory for Faces and Mask Wearing</a>
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<li><strong>Immunogenicity of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA Primary Vaccination Series in Recovered Individuals Depends on Symptoms at Initial Infection.</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Importance Public health vaccination recommendations for COVID-19 primary series and boosters in previously infected individuals differ worldwide. As infection with SARS-CoV-2 is often asymptomatic, it remains to be determined if vaccine immunogenicity is comparable in all previously infected subjects. We present detailed immunological evidence to clarify the requirements for one- or two-dose primary vaccination series for naturally primed individuals. Objective Evaluate the immune response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in healthcare workers (HCWs) who recovered from a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Design Multicentric observational prospective cohort study of HCWs with a PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection designed to evaluate the dynamics of T and B cells immune responses to primary infection and COVID-19 mRNA vaccination over 12 months. Participants Unvaccinated HCWs with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were selected based on the presence or absence of symptoms at infection and serostatus at enrollment. Age- and sex-matched adults not infected with SARS-CoV-2 prior to vaccination were included as naïve controls. Exposure Vaccination with Pfizer BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s) Immunity score (zero to three), before and after vaccination, based on anti-RBD IgG ratio, serum capacity to neutralize live virus and IFN-γ secretion capacity in response to SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools above the positivity threshold for each of the three assays. We compared the immunity score between groups based on subjects symptoms at diagnosis and/or serostatus prior to vaccination. Results None of the naïve participants (n=14) showed a maximal immunity score of three following one dose of vaccine compared to 84% of the previously infected participants (n=55). All recovered individuals who did not have an immunity score of three were seronegative prior to vaccination, and 67% had not reported symptoms resulting from their initial infection. Following one dose of vaccine, their immune responses were comparable to naïve individuals, with significantly weaker responses than those who were symptomatic during infection. Conclusions and Relevance Individuals who did not develop symptoms during their initial SARS-CoV-2 infection and were seronegative prior to vaccination present immune responses comparable to that of naïve individuals. These findings highlight the importance of administering the complete two-dose primary regimen and following boosters of mRNA vaccines to individuals who experienced asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.22272714v1" target="_blank">Immunogenicity of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA Primary Vaccination Series in Recovered Individuals Depends on Symptoms at Initial Infection.</a>
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<li><strong>Spatial-CITE-seq: spatially resolved high-plex protein and whole transcriptome co-mapping</strong> -
<div>
We present spatial-CITE-seq for high-plex protein and whole transcriptome co-mapping, which was firstly demonstrated for profiling 189 proteins and transcriptome in multiple mouse tissue types. It was then applied to human tissues to measure 273 proteins and transcriptome that revealed spatially distinct germinal center reaction in tonsil and early immune activation in skin at the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine injection site. Spatial-CITE-seq may find a range of applications in biomedical research.
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486788v1" target="_blank">Spatial-CITE-seq: spatially resolved high-plex protein and whole transcriptome co-mapping</a>
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<li><strong>Long-term psychological consequences of long Covid: a propensity score matching analysis comparing trajectories of depression and anxiety symptoms before and after contracting long Covid vs short Covid</strong> -
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Background: There is a growing global awareness of the psychological consequences of long Covid, supported by emerging empirical evidence. However, the mergence and long-term trajectories of psychological symptoms following the infection are still unclear. Aims: To examine when psychological symptoms first emerge following the infection with SARS-CoV-2, and the long-term trajectories of psychological symptoms comparing long and short Covid groups. Methods: We analysed longitudinal data from the UCL Covid-19 Social Study (March 2020-November 2021). We included data from adults living in England who reported contracting SARS-CoV-2 by November 2021 (N=3,115). Of these, 15.9% reported having had long Covid (N=495). They were matched to participants who had short Covid using propensity score matching on a variety of demographic, socioeconomic and health covariates (N=962, n=13,325) and data were further analysed using growth curve modelling. Results: Depressive and anxiety symptoms increased immediately following the onset of infection in both long and short Covid groups. But the long Covid group had substantially greater initial increases in depressive symptoms and heightened levels over 22 months follow-up. Initial increases in anxiety were not significantly different between groups, but only the short Covid group experienced an improvement in anxiety over follow-up, leading to widening differences between groups. Conclusions: The findings shed light on the psychobiological pathways involved in the development of psychological symptoms relating to long Covid. The results highlight the need for monitoring of mental health and provision of adequate support to be interwoven with diagnosis and treatment of the physical consequences of long Covid.
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.22273305v1" target="_blank">Long-term psychological consequences of long Covid: a propensity score matching analysis comparing trajectories of depression and anxiety symptoms before and after contracting long Covid vs short Covid</a>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Clinical Trial on Sequential Immunization of Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (CHO Cell, NVSI-06-09) and Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (CHO cell，NVSI-06-09);   Biological: Inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (Vero cells)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:  <br/>
National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China;   China National Biotec Group Company Limited;   Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd;   Beijing Insitute of Biological Products Co., Ltd<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Aerobic Exercise in People With Post-COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Conventional rehabilitation;   Other: Aerobic exercise<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Acupressure and Qigong in Chronic Fatigue Post COVID-19.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: self- applied acupressure plus Qigong course plus advice literature;   Behavioral: advice literature with naturopathy<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:  <br/>
Charite University, Berlin, Germany;   Karl and Veronica Carstens Foundation<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Treatment Cascade Optimization Study</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Navigation Services;   Behavioral: Brief Counseling;   Behavioral: Critical Dialogue;   Behavioral: Referral and Digital Brochure<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign;   National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID);   Comprehensive Behavioral Health Center;   North Jersey Community Research Initiative;   University of Michigan<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 1/2 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled IBIO123 in Participants With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Illness</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: IBIO123;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Immune Biosolutions Inc<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Compass Course: COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Compass Course<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:  <br/>
Allina Health System<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Improving COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Black and Latino Youth</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Culturally-Tailored COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Intervention;   Behavioral: Standard Care<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Nemours Children’s Health System;   National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS);   University of Delaware;   ChristianaCare<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 1&amp;2 Study to Evaluate the Safety &amp; Efficacy of Inhaled IBIO123 in Severe COVID-19 Illness</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: IBIO123;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Immune Biosolutions Inc<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Clinical Evaluation of Rapid Antibody Test for Covid-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Diagnostic Test: Livzon Rapid Antibody Test for COVID-19<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of Southampton;   West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ApTOLL for the Treatment of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: ApTOLL;   Other: Saline<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:  <br/>
Macarena Hernández Jiménez;   Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Platform Trial to Compare Homologous Boost of Authorized COVID-19 Vaccines and Heterologous Boost With UB-612 Vaccine</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Vaccines<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: UB-612;   Biological: BNT162b2 vaccine;   Biological: ChAdOx1-S vaccine;   Biological: Sinopharm BIBP<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Vaxxinity, Inc.;   Syneos Health<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Ivermectin in COVID-19 Prevention</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Ivermectin Tablets;   Drug: Matching placebo tablets<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   MedinCell S.A<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nitrate-based Nutritional Formula for Oxygen Saturation and Patient-reported Outcomes in Covid-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Dietary Supplement: NITRATE;   Dietary Supplement: PLACEBO<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Variant Immunologic Landscape Trial (COVAIL Trial)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: mRNA-1273;   Biological: mRNA-1273.351;   Other: Sodium Chloride, 0.9%<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tele-Rehabilitation in Individuals With Covid-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Individuals With Covid-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Exercise<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:  <br/>
Hacettepe University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Clinical data mining reveals Gancao-Banxia as a potential herbal pair against moderate COVID-19 by dual binding to IL-6/STAT3</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: This work provided some potential candidate Chinese medicine formulas for moderate COVID-19. Among them, Gancao-Banxia was considered the most potential herbal pair. Bioinformatic data demonstrated that Gancao-Banxia pair may achieve dual inhibition of IL-6-STAT3 via directly interacting with IL-6 and STAT3, suppressing the IL-6 amplifier. SARS-CoV-2 models will be needed to validate this possibility in the future.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Diacerein ameliorates acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in rats via inhibiting HMGB1/TLR4/NF-kappaB and upregulating PPAR-gamma signal</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that DIA exerts anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties against liver injury induced by APAP that is attributed to inhibition of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, besides upregulation of the expression of PPAR-γ.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Recent advances in carbon quantum dots for virus detection, as well as inhibition and treatment of viral infection</strong> - In the last decade, carbon quantum dots (CQDs), as a novel class of carbon-based nanomaterials, have received increasing attention due to their distinct properties. CQDs are ultimately small nanoparticles with an average size below 10 nm, possessing high water solubility, alluring photoluminescence, photostability, excellent biocompatibility, low/none toxicity, environmental friendliness, and high sustainability, etc. In history, there are intermittent threats from viruses to humans, animals and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>High failure rate of ChAdOx1-nCoV19 immunization against asymptomatic infection in healthcare workers during a Delta variant surge</strong> - Immunization is expected to confer protection against infection and severe disease for vaccines while reducing risks to unimmunized populations by inhibiting transmission. Here, based on serial serological studies of an observational cohort of healthcare workers, we show that during a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome -Coronavirus 2 Delta-variant outbreak in Delhi, 25.3% (95% Confidence Interval 16.9-35.2) of previously uninfected, ChAdOx1-nCoV19 double vaccinated, healthcare workers were…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Virus-Specific Regulatory T Cells Persist as Memory in a Neurotropic Coronavirus Infection</strong> - Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for regulating immunopathogenic responses in a variety of infections, including infection of mice with JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV), a neurotropic coronavirus that causes immune-mediated demyelinating disease. Although virus-specific Tregs are known to mitigate disease in this infection by suppressing pathogenic effector T cell responses of the same specificity, it is unclear whether these virus-specific Tregs form memory populations and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Liushen Capsules, a promising clinical candidate for COVID-19, alleviates SARS-CoV-2-induced pulmonary in vivo and inhibits the proliferation of the variant virus strains in vitro</strong> - CONCLUSION: LS effectively alleviated novel SARS-CoV-2 or variants induced pneumonia in vitro and in vivo, and improved the prognosis of COVID-19. In light of the efficacy and safety profiles, LS could be considered for the treatment of COVID-19 with a broad-spectrum antiviral and anti-inflammatory agent.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Lithium salts as a treatment for COVID-19: Pre-clinical outcomes</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: These results provide pre-clinical evidence of the antiviral and immunotherapeutic effects of lithium against SARS-CoV-2, which supports an advance to clinical trials on COVID-19’s patients.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication in the lung with siRNA/VIPER polyplexes</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 has been the cause of a global pandemic since 2019 and remains a medical urgency. siRNA-based therapies are a promising strategy to fight viral infections. By targeting a specific region of the viral genome, siRNAs can efficiently downregulate viral replication and suppress viral infection. However, to achieve the desired therapeutic activity, siRNA requires a suitable delivery system. The VIPER (virus-inspired polymer for endosomal release) block copolymer has been reported as…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Expression of Toll-like receptors 3, 7, 9 and cytokines in feline infectious peritonitis virus-infected CRFK cells and feline peripheral monocytes</strong> - CONCLUSION: TLR7 may be the key TLR involved in evading the innate response against inhibiting TNF-α production. Distinct TLR expression profiles between FCoV-seronegative and FCoV-seropositive cats were observed. The associated TLR that plays a role in the induction of IFN-β needs to be explored further.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Potential mechanisms underlying lithium treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and COVID-19</strong> - Disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis plays an important role as an upstream pathology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and correction of Ca2+ dysregulation has been increasingly proposed as a target of future effective disease- modified drugs for treating AD. Calcium dysregulation is also an upstream pathology for the COVID-19 virus SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication, leading to host cell damage. Clinically available drugs that can inhibit the disturbed intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis have…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Targeting natural products against SARS-CoV-2</strong> - The human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a novel coronavirus; the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Natural products, secondary metabolites show positive leads with antiviral and immunotherapy treatments using genomic studies in silico docking. In addition, it includes the action of a mechanism targeting the SARS-CoV-2. In this literature, we aimed to evaluate the antiviral movement of the NT-VRL-1 unique terpene definition to Human coronavirus…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A COVID-19 vaccine candidate composed of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD dimer and Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 infection is mediated by the interaction of the spike glycoprotein trimer via its receptor-binding domain (RBD) with the host’s cellular receptor. Vaccines seek to block this interaction by eliciting neutralizing antibodies, most of which are directed toward the RBD. Many protein subunit vaccines require powerful adjuvants to generate a potent antibody response. Here, we report on the use of a SARS-CoV-2 dimeric recombinant RBD combined with Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Targeting the Interaction Between Spike Protein and Nucleocapsid Protein for Suppression and Detection of Human Coronavirus OC43</strong> - Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is the coronavirus most associated with “common colds”, infections of the upper respiratory tract. Previously, we reported that direct interactions of nucleocapsid (N) protein and C-terminal domain of Spike protein (Spike CD) are essential for replication of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. Thus, we developed a novel ELISA- based strategy targeting these specific interactions to detect SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. Here, we investigated whether the same principles apply to…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Computational Repurposing of Drugs and Natural Products Against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (M(pro)) as Potential COVID-19 Therapies</strong> - We urgently need to identify drugs to treat patients suffering from COVID-19 infection. Drugs rarely act at single molecular targets. Off-target effects are responsible for undesirable side effects and beneficial synergy between targets for specific illnesses. They have provided blockbuster drugs, e.g., Viagra for erectile dysfunction and Minoxidil for male pattern baldness. Existing drugs, those in clinical trials, and approved natural products constitute a rich resource of therapeutic agents…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Can pulmonary RNA delivery improve our pandemic preparedness?</strong> - The coronavirus pandemic has changed our perception of RNA medicines, and RNA vaccines have revolutionized our pandemic preparedness. But are we indeed prepared for the next variant or the next emerging virus? How can we prepare? And what does the role of inhaled antiviral RNA play in this regard? When the pandemic started, I rerouted much of the ongoing inhaled RNA delivery research in my group towards the inhibition and treatment of respiratory viral infections. Two years later, I have taken…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUE TO ANALYZE THE WORK PRESSURE OF PARAMEDICAL STAFF DURING COVID 19</strong> - Machine learning technique to analyse the work pressure of paramedical staff during covid 19 is the proposed invention that focuses on identifying the stress levels of paramedical staff. The invention focuses on analysing the level of stress that is induced on the paramedical staff especially during pandemic. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=IN353347401">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>CBD Covid 19 Protection</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU353359094">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>沼泽红假单胞菌5-氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶突变体及应用</strong> - 本发明公开了沼泽红假单胞菌5‑氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶突变体及应用，所述沼泽红假单胞菌5‑氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶突变体的氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示。本发明的沼泽红假单胞菌5‑氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶突变体不仅相较于未突变的5‑氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶提高了酶活性，而且还提高了解调较高浓度血红素反馈抑制的能力，这使得本发明的宿主细胞生产5‑ALA的能力得到显著提升，约提升了40%。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN355482196">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>荚膜红细菌5-氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶突变体及应用</strong> - 本发明提供了一种荚膜红细菌5‑氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶突变体及应用，荚膜红细菌5‑氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶突变体的氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示。本发明的荚膜红细菌5‑氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶突变体与野生型的荚膜红细菌5‑氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶相比，在宿主细胞中对5‑氨基乙酰丙酸产量提升约22%；在20μM血红素存在下，突变型5‑氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶C201A能够保持较高的相对酶活。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN355482165">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR IMPLEMENTING IMPROVED GENERALIZED FUZZY PEER GROUP WITH MODIFIED TRILATERAL FILTER TO REMOVE MIXED IMPULSE AND ADAPTIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE FROM COLOR IMAGES</strong> - ABSTRACTMETHOD AND SYSTEM FOR IMPLEMENTING IMPROVED GENERALIZED FUZZY PEER GROUP WITH MODIFIED TRILATERAL FILTER TO REMOVE MIXED IMPULSE AND ADAPTIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE FROM COLOR IMAGESThe present invention provides a new approach is proposed that includes fuzzy-based approach and similarity function for filtering the mixed noise. In a peer group, the similarity function was adaptive to edge information and local noise level, which was utilized for detecting the similarity among pixels. In addition, a new filtering method Modified Trilateral Filter (MTF) with Improved Generalized Fuzzy Peer Group (IGFPG) is proposed to remove mixed impulse and Adaptive White Gaussian Noise from Color Images. The modified trilateral filter includes Kikuchi algorithm and loopy belief propagation to solve the inference issues on the basis of passing local message. In this research work, the images were collected from KODAK dataset and a few real time multimedia images like Lena were also used for testing the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=IN351884428">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>一种病毒核酸提取无醇裂解液、试剂盒及提取方法</strong> - 本发明公开了一种病毒核酸提取无醇裂解液、试剂盒及提取方法。本发明病毒核酸提取无醇裂解液由胍盐、无机盐、表面活性剂和缓冲液组成；所述胍盐为异硫氰酸胍和盐酸胍中的任一种或两种；所述无机盐为氯化钠和氯化钾中的任一种或两种；所述表面活性剂为聚乙二醇和吐温20；所述缓冲液的pH值为7.5~8.5。本发明可有效避免传统核酸提取裂解液中醇类挥发或刺激性气味对人体造成伤害；配制方法简单，无有毒化学试剂，安全无污染，既可手工操作提取，也可用于自动化平台；与有醇裂解液相比，病毒核酸检测的灵敏度相当，准确度一致，线性范围相当。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN355413628">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>用于预防SARS-CoV-2奥密克戎株的腺病毒载体疫苗</strong> - 本发明涉及用于预防SARS‑CoV‑2奥密克戎株的腺病毒载体疫苗。本发明采用密码子偏好性进行优化得到新的S基因序列，其能高效在人源细胞内高效表达，免疫机体后可高效表达S抗原，产生针对奥密克戎株SARS‑CoV‑2的中和抗体，可以有效保护机体免受奥密克戎株的侵染。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN355022285">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>表达SARS-CoV-2奥密克戎突变株病毒抗原肽的核酸序列及其应用</strong> - 本发明提供表达SARS‑CoV‑2奥密克戎突变株病毒抗原肽的核酸序列及其应用。奥密克戎株原始的S基因序列蛋白不能有效在细胞内高效表达；本发明采用密码子偏好性进行优化得到新的S基因序，使其能高效在人源细胞内高效表达，产生相应的多肽，诱导产生相应的免疫保护反应，为SARS‑CoV‑2奥密克戎株的疫苗的研发提供基础。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN355022274">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A STUDY ON MENTAL HEALTH, STRESS AND ANXIETY AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS DURING COVID-19</strong> - SARS-Cov-2 virus causes an infectious disease coronavirus(COVID-19).The Students life is made harder by COVID-19.The human reaction that happens normally to everyone through physical or emotional tension is stress. Feeling of angry, nervous and frustration caused through any thought or events leads to stress. As college closures and cancelled events, students are missing out on some of the biggest moments of their young lives as well as everyday moments like chatting with friend, participating in class and cultural programme. For students facing life changes due to the outbreak are feeling anxious, isolated and disappointed which lead them to feel all alone. We like to take the help of expert adolescent psychologist to find out the techniques to practice self-care and look after their mental health. We would like to find out whether techniques used reduce the anxiety and stress among Engineering Students. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=IN351884923">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A METHOD FOR THE TREATMENT OF COVID-19 INFECTIONS WITH PALMITOYLETHANOLAMIDE</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU351870997">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Legal Scholars Are Shocked By Ginni Thomas’s “Stop the Steal” Texts</strong> - Several experts say that Thomas’s husband, the Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, must recuse himself from any case related to the 2020 election. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/legal-scholars-are-shocked-by-ginni-thomass-stop-the-steal-texts">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Day Foreign Journalists Felt Forced to Leave Moscow</strong> - After a meeting at the Russian Foreign Ministry, dozens of outlets moved their reporters out of the country. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-communications/the-day-foreign-journalists-felt-forced-to-leave-%20moscow">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Biden Official Who Pierced Putin’s “Sanction-Proof” Economy</strong> - In the run-up to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Daleep Singh, a national-security adviser, searched for areas where “our strengths intersect with Russian vulnerability.” - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-inquiry/the-biden-official-who-pierced-putins-sanction-proof-economy">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sunday Reading: Grammy Nominees, Past and Present</strong> - From the archive: pieces about Dolly Parton, Gladys Knight, Lil Nas X, and other Grammy-nominated musicians and songwriters. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/double-take/sunday-reading-grammy-nominees-past-and-present">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How Much Do Things Really Cost?</strong> - True Price, a Dutch nonprofit, aims to help us grasp the real costs of consumption. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/how-much-do-things-really-cost">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Can executive actions save Democrats in the midterms?</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/D7A8PxBTyVnPNJ2Gt-
ITBygldBA=/667x0:6000x4000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70704482/1388450430.0.jpg"/></figure></li>
</ul>
<figcaption>
President Joe Biden speaks after signing HR 55, the Emmett Till Anti-lynching Act, in the Rose Garden of the White House on March 29. | Anna Moneymaker/Getty Images
</figcaption>
<pre><code>&lt;/figure&gt;</code></pre>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
They might help but they probably won’t be enough.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YdfvIQ">
In recent weeks, progressives have issued a dire warning for Democrats. If President Joe Biden doesn’t try to get more done via executive action, they argue, voters won’t turn out because they’ll feel like the party hasn’t delivered for them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Er1eEY">
“If the president does pursue and start to govern decisively using executive action and other tools at his disposal, I think we’re in the game,” Rep. Alexandria <a href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/03/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-i-was-right-about-joe-manchin.html">Ocasio- Cortez (D-NY) told New York magazine</a> in an interview this week. “But if we decide to just kind of sit back for the rest of the year and not change people’s lives — yeah, I do think we’re in trouble.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O5ZK6i">
In March, the Congressional Progressive Caucus (CPC) <a href="https://progressives.house.gov/_cache/files/6/8/68a45450-d818-4c0c-a564-cd85ea395d47/88561AA25D995B4AF31FCC6F40CA177D.cpc-
recommendations-for-executive-action-3-17-22.pdf">unveiled a slate of 55 executive actions</a> they’ve recommended Biden take, including canceling student debt, changing rules around overtime pay so more workers are eligible for it, and reducing prescription drug prices.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xZh6Or">
When it comes to mobilization, progressives are correct. Democrats need to do more to energize their base after the party failed to pass the expansive social spending legislation and voting rights protections they promised to advance in 2020.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bJp5aO">
Given their narrow majority in the Senate and the impasse they’ve faced there, it’s possible executive action might be the only route Democrats now have for certain policy changes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9Yf42g">
Whether executive action will be enough to stem their overall midterm losses, though, is unclear.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="486Mvb">
Typically, there’s significant pushback against the president’s party in the midterms, a dynamic that’s likely to be compounded this year by Biden’s poor approval ratings. <a href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/democrats-worry-a-lot-about-policies-that-win-elections-thats-short-
sighted/">Historic trends</a> have also indicated that passing new policy has marginal effects on midterm elections — and can even spur backlash. Instead, factors such as the economy, inflation, and the state of the pandemic are likely to play a much bigger role in how voters assess the party in power.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0bZcV5">
“It’s possible this could have some influence on vote choices in the midterms, but the impact will be at the margin,” says Brown University political scientist Eric Patashnik. “The president’s party nearly always suffers losses in the midterms, and Biden’s executive actions aren’t likely to change that.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rEiH6W">
That’s not to say that executive actions aren’t worth pursuing or that they won’t have any impact. It’s just that any electoral benefits they produce will likely be outweighed by other headwinds Democrats already have to contend with.
</p>
<h3 id="Hb0ynm">
Executive actions could energize the base
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VSnI5a">
Executive action on major issues could well help mobilize a certain segment of Democratic voters.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NzwMfM">
“I think young people aren’t excited to go to the polls to vote on broken promises,” says Sunrise Movement spokesperson John Paul Mejia. “Right now, young people are yearning for a party to believe in.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uWw16y">
In the last year, Democrats have struggled to advance some of their biggest priorities. Although they were able to pass robust stimulus via the American Rescue Plan, as well as landmark investments in roads, bridges, and water pipes via the bipartisan infrastructure bill, they haven’t been able to approve key climate policies or voting rights legislation due to divides within the party.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8zMwwL">
Voters’ disappointment has been evident in polling. <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/01/25/views-of-joe-biden/">Since last September</a>, Biden’s approval rating has seen declines among Democrats overall, and among key party constituencies including Black voters and young voters.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="brrgi8">
Executive actions could help rally many of the Democratic voters who’ve become disillusioned with the party’s leadership, though experts note that they’ll have to make sure these efforts don’t turn swing voters away.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xhfslh">
“Executive actions that relate to the economy historically have the potential to boost participation of the president’s base,” says the Brookings Institution’s Nicole Willcoxon.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XSnsMf">
Thus far, Biden has met with the CPC to discuss the list of executive actions they’ve proposed, though the White House has yet to announce how many it might potentially consider.<strong> </strong>
</p>
<h3 id="sZvpFp">
Policies tend to have marginal impacts
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wuiXdJ">
While executive actions could energize some Democrats, they likely aren’t enough to neutralize other challenges they face.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Mr2v7v">
Usually, the president’s party experiences backlash during the midterm elections. In eight of the last 10 midterm elections, the president’s party lost House seats, and in six of them, it lost Senate seats, too. Backlash to the president’s party seems to drown out most benefits that policy — including those by executive action — can provide.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="h2m8mJ">
Also, because the opposition party tends to be more fired up about taking back congressional seats or putting a check on the executive office, its voters are usually more activated during the midterms.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yv0A83">
“What happens in a midterm is the people who are motivated to participate are people who are suffering losses, not gains,” says Michigan State University political scientist Matt Grossmann. “The opposition party is more excited, and that definitely does matter.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="P4S0cq">
<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/10/curse-presidents-second-year-biden/620391/">As the Atlantic’s Ron Brownstein has pointed out</a>, recent midterm losses have taken place even after the passage of ambitious bills like the Affordable Care Act and groundbreaking gun control legislation:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="22AwkB">
Bill Clinton lost 54 House seats in 1994 after passing a sweeping budget bill, a substantial crime bill, and the most significant gun-control legislation Congress has ever approved. The losses were even greater in 2010 after Barack Obama passed his stimulus plan, expansive financial-reform legislation, and, above all, the Affordable Care Act, extending health insurance to more of the uninsured than any other federal initiative had since Medicare and Medicaid. Despite, or perhaps because of, all that, Democrats lost 63 House seats in 2010, the biggest midterm loss for either party in more than 70 years.
</p>
</blockquote>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JvKjYb">
Part of those losses may stem from the fact that it takes time for people to feel the effects of a policy. While the Affordable Care Act, for example, wasn’t initially politically helpful to Democrats, it became much more so after the legislation developed a constituency over time.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Wtibiu">
Executive actions that could have the most impact on the midterm elections are ones, like stimulus checks, that have benefits that can be immediately felt, says Grossmann. Even then, however, he believes their benefits are likely small.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="61BIlb">
Several of the actions CPC has proposed would fall into the immediately felt category.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HFNzSD">
“There’s a lot here that’s really tangible and immediate,” says CPC spokesperson Mia Jacobs. “If the president cancels student debt tomorrow, if he increases the overtime threshold, and uses march-in rights to lower the price of prescription drugs, these are things that will make life easier right now and that is what it’s about.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0DxaOp">
Taking these actions seems unlikely to alter the broader trajectory of the midterms themselves. They would, however, show that Biden is delivering on key campaign promises, and could galvanize disappointed members of the Democratic base, something that could come in handy in tight races. Executive action advocates argue, too, that even if they don’t ultimately help much, it’s a strategy worth trying to demonstrate the value of having Democrats in power.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HF6ENB">
“Progressives think it’s really important to be caught trying, and to make the case for why Democratic governance is meaningful,” says Jacobs.
</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>What Chinese media is saying about Russia’s Ukraine war</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-
cdn.com/thumbor/UoPRVGmOualPS9O0YNUSyloHFP8=/168x0:2833x1999/1310x983/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70704440/1239620057.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Video from Chinese state television via AFP shows Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, left, meeting his Chinese counterpart Wang Yi on March 30, during his first visit to China since Moscow launched its invasion of Ukraine in February. | STR/CCTV/AFP via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
State propaganda and online discourse offer a glimpse into how Beijing sees Russia’s Ukraine war.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jyDsvR">
The close of the 2022 Beijing Olympics, on February 20, was a key moment in trying to decipher Russia’s Ukraine invasion plans. Russian President Vladimir Putin would wait until after the Games, the theory went, so as not to distract from the Olympics and to avoid jeopardizing any support Moscow would need from Beijing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vyLi2C">
Putin did wait, finally launching an invasion on February 24. But China has not gone all-in on Putin’s Ukraine war, despite Chinese President Xi Jinping and Putin declaring there were<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/03/18/russia-china-said-their-friendship-had-no-limits-its-up-united-
states-impose-some/"> “no limits”</a> to their friendship.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SllliF">
Instead, the Chinese government has tried to toe a careful line. It has not condemned Russia’s invasion. But <a href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-
business-beijing-economy-europe-f904dfdf7f17cf1259b34d91d226d353">though China has criticized Western sanctions</a> on Russia, <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-15/china-says-it-wants-to-avoid-u-s-sanctions-over-
russia-s-war">it has not really moved to help Russia evade them</a>, and it looks like <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-25/china-damps-u-s-concern-on-sanctions-by-drilling-into-
details">it’s trying to avoid running afoul of the penalties</a>. At the same time, what it says and does outwardly <a href="https://twitter.com/larisamlbrown/status/1509941356789174280?s=20&amp;t=xG8RW4m5L1G8senEDLcQtQ">may be a lot different from what’s happening behind the scenes</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EqxTfm">
Maria Repnikova, an assistant professor in global communications at Georgia State University, said the relationship between Moscow and Beijing is a bit more symbolic than practical. “On the level of rhetoric and symbolism and shared visions of the world, there seems to be some congruence,” she said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dlpwZT">
But for now, China is mostly trying to hover around the sidelines of these geopolitical tensions. Repnikova, who studies communications and comparisons between Russia and China, said that China’s delicate position is reflected in its state media, where Ukraine is not dominating news coverage, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/01/china/shanghai-jilin-china-covid-outbreak-cost-intl-hnk-mic/index.html">as least not as much as domestic issues</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="c17nGy">
What does exist in state-run media and on social media tends to show sympathy for the Russian position — as in Russia, the invasion<strong> </strong>is not really referred to as a war — and an antipathy for the United States and the West, who are largely blamed for the conflict.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yskJSJ">
“The pro-Russian [sentiment] is often veiled as this larger critique of the West — so it’s hard to tell how much of it is pro-Russia, how much of it is actually anti-US, or if it’s fused together,” she said. One thing is clear: Between the 2014 Crimea annexation, and this war in 2022, “there’s more anti-American sentiments than in the past.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1FhVBl">
Still, Repnikova emphasized that it is really hard to get a complete picture of views in China. There are <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/18/world/asia/china-ukraine-russia-dissent.html">dissenting voices and alternative perspectives within China</a>, but they often have difficulty sustaining that conversation, especially online, because of censorship.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KoZsv5">
“There’s a temptation to say everybody in China thinks this or they’re all subjects of propaganda,” Repnikova said. “But there are two caveats there: One is that, yes, there are alternative voices, but it’s just they have a hard time surviving. And the other caveat is that there is organic, bottom-up nationalism in China that’s not necessarily just dictated by the state.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="roU8RG">
Both the official state line and what exists online offer a glimpse into Beijing’s careful positioning in the past few weeks — and what it might do as the war continues.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MOR0kA">
The conversation with Repnikova, edited and condensed for clarity, is below.
</p>
<hr class="p-entry-hr" id="d3yHUi"/>
<h4 id="xcRXRF">
Jen Kirby
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XrruxH">
As best we can tell, how does China view the war in Ukraine?
</p>
<h4 id="eX8ACq">
Maria Repnikova
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QC6niK">
Well, it’s hard to know exactly how because they’re not very transparent about the inner sentiments of the [Chinese Communist Party (CCP)]. In terms of how it’s been projecting its policies and perspectives, it seems that it’s seeing its own role as staying on the sidelines and constantly reassuring external publics that they are pro-peace, and they want to bring forward dialogue.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MP1OkF">
But overall, they haven’t been that actively involved so far — at least from what we’re seeing publicly, in terms of bringing this war to an end, or pressuring Russia to stop its invasion.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eaEkhE">
Whether [the Chinese government] sees the Ukraine war as positive or negative, I think overall, it’s probably more on the negative side because it is an overall disturbance to the global economic flows and China’s <a href="https://www.spglobal.com/commodity-insights/en/market-insights/latest-news/agriculture/030222-a-look-at-russia-
china-wheat-sunflower-oil-trade-as-ukraine-crisis-rages">own imports of grain, wheat from Ukraine — and from Russia, arguably, as well</a>. It’s also keyed in on potential repercussions for itself, if it ends up somehow bypassing Western sanctions and engaging with Russia in some way that’s seen as saving Russia or enhancing its economic activities, despite sanctions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TLPhxI">
So I think overall, it’s seen as another external crisis to deal with for the CCP while <a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3170289/china-brink-biggest-covid-19-crisis-wuhan-cases-
surge">dealing with a Covid outbreak within China</a>, and with <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Xi-
says-2022-party-congress-will-be-major-event-for-China-s-politics">a big party congress</a> coming up in September, so there’s a lot happening domestically. I think [the war in Ukraine] is seen as a pretty significant crisis to manage externally, but also vis-a-vis the domestic public.
</p>
<h4 id="aMNMqE">
Jen Kirby
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DvdzuG">
This may be a question that’s tough to answer, but is there a sense that the Chinese government is surprised at how the West responded to Russia’s invasion, especially when it comes to unity on sanctions?
</p>
<h4 id="0lrBnn">
Maria Repnikova
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="L89n92">
Again, it’s hard to know if they’re surprised because there’s no way to prove that. But overall, I think they’re concerned with that response because it showcases the extent of the possibility of unity and shared advocacy and restrictions, the actual practical measures taken against Russia.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cMfaxX">
From what I’ve seen, in some of the discussions in Chinese state media and popular sentiments, there is some discussion of “How does China prevent that from happening?” or “How to create more buffer policies or put systems in place so we’re less dependent on the West, or less prone to potentially facing a similar kind of attack or similar type of isolation.” Overall, there’s a sense of a cautionary tale and as kind of a learning experience.
</p>
<h4 id="6zmUqD">
Jen Kirby
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MPj2A5">
You mentioned state-run media. Is there an overarching theme or themes as to how it is covering the conflict in Ukraine?
</p>
<h4 id="XUvhxi">
Maria Repnikova
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GI0AAo">
First of all, the war hasn’t been that widely covered in Chinese state media for domestic publics. <a href="https://www.cgtn.com/">CGTN</a>, a television station aimed at external, global audiences, has covered it quite extensively. But in domestic media, you often see the stories being buried in the midst of other stories about domestic affairs. If you open People’s Daily, the newspaper that is the main mouthpiece [of the CCP], you mostly see Xi Jinping’s policy speeches, all kinds of other topics. But Ukraine is at the bottom somewhere. It’s less covered, or kind of obfuscated in some ways in other stories. That’s one theme.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3eVHcF">
The other theme is that we see very cautious rhetoric, but no direct blaming of Russia. Not calling it an invasion. I don’t think war is even being invoked, mostly “military operation.” We see quite a bit of language or rhetoric about the war bordering on Russian rhetoric, so a bit of that kind of infiltration or infusion of Russian statements and sources. That’s another thing that I’ve observed.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ADwcFi">
The other big theme on social media, but also some state media, and <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china-blames-nato-pushing-russia-ukraine-tension-breaking-
point-2022-03-09/?taid=62288e929fa2ce0001107ed4&amp;utm_campaign=trueAnthem:+Trending+Content&amp;utm_medium=trueAnthem&amp;utm_source=twitter">the theme that comes up from Chinese diplomats</a>, is this blaming of NATO and the US for the war. So instead of saying, “Well, how does conflict come about, Ukraine or Russia? Who started and why?” It’s “Well, this was almost inevitable because of how much NATO has militarized the region. And the US, of course, being the key member of NATO, has basically provoked this war.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="le2VC9">
So a lot of anti-Western, anti-US sentiments or explanations for the war, as opposed to blaming, let’s say, Russia, or even Ukraine. That’s another thing that has stayed pretty fixed in different statements and coverage and media.
</p>
<h4 id="s1YeWt">
Jen Kirby
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="B9wdqL">
Are you seeing those sentiments reflected more organically on social media? I know the <a href="https://www.chinafile.com/library/reports/forbidden-
feeds-government-controls-social-media-china">internet is tightly controlled</a>, but what do we know about how the public is responding to the Ukraine war?
</p>
<h4 id="JgZYjE">
Maria Repnikova
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8YuhnY">
It was a hot topic for a while. In the last few days, it’s shifted because of <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-
plane-crash-5735-boeing-b2047877.html">the airplane crash</a> and other topics started to take precedence. But the very powerful sentiment is that of nationalism, anti-Americanism, anti-Western sentiment — and quite a lot of pro-Russian sentiments. But as I argued in <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/03/china-xi-ukraine-war-
america/627028/">the Atlantic</a>, the pro-Russian [sentiment] is often veiled as this larger critique of the West — so it’s hard to tell how much of it is pro-Russia, how much of it is actually anti-US, or if it’s fused together.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YSPZX7">
We do see some questioning voices. It’s not completely controlled. We see some fact-checkers emerging that are checking how stories are reported in some Chinese state-run media and questioning their sources, or questioning the angles they are taking. There are subtle efforts to push back. <a href="https://www.yahoo.com/video/sympathize-pain-
ukrainian-people-chinese-181907748.html">Some academics signed petitions to express solidarity with Ukraine</a>. We’ve seen also some voices of Chinese nationals in Ukraine reporting on things from there, or expressing their sentiments, which are very different from state media. Some alternative information sources or framings are present, but many have been censored.
</p>
<h4 id="mFXNyk">
Jen Kirby
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0jQ0FW">
Is there anything unusual that jumps out at you about the discourse around Ukraine?
</p>
<h4 id="Pz16Cz">
Maria Repnikova
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sqVyux">
Well, the distinction between the 2014 Crimea annexation, and this war in 2022, is that there’s more anti-American sentiments than in the past, when it wasn’t quite as clearly anti-American. That’s a shift that maybe reflects the state of US-China relations, but also more internal domestic pride in what China has accomplished, how it has managed Covid; there are many other factors and events. So that’s a bit of a shift.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="akGdsf">
It also depends on how sensitive is the story, and I think this story is somewhat sensitive, in part because how Russia is covered has been a longstanding, sensitive issue. State media, from my research, I’ve seen they’re not really allowed to critique or comment on Russia in a critical way, like reporting on protest movements in Russia or movements that attempt to derail or weaken Putin. You don’t really see those stories coming out in Chinese media.
</p>
<h4 id="00Nkil">
Jen Kirby
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="i82utW">
You mentioned that Chinese media’s coverage of Russia is a longstanding, sensitive issue. I’m sure there’s a lot of history there, but could you elaborate a little bit on what you meant by that?
</p>
<h4 id="TuckdJ">
Maria Repnikova
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eW0rbl">
Russia-China relations, at least officially, from the high-level politics perspective, have been getting closer over decades now. We’re seeing more and more closer ideological pronouncements. The last meeting between Xi and Putin was on February 4, <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-24/china-envoy-says-xi-putin-friendship-actually-does-have-a-
limit">where they signed this declaration and expressed the sentiment of unlimited friendship</a>. To me, a lot of it is more symbolic than practical, in terms of really supporting each other in multiple dimensions. But at the very least, on the level of rhetoric and symbolism and shared visions of the world, there seems to be some congruence.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lRgVgA">
But Russia has been a sensitive topic to discuss because if you start unraveling what’s happening in Russia, in a way, you’re questioning what’s happening in China, too. You start reporting about protest movements in Russia, another major authoritarian state that seems to be aligned with China when it comes to the world order, like bringing down the hegemony of the US and multipolarity — anything that showcases the weaknesses of the [Russian] regime, or that there’s people challenging it, that is always a dangerous story because it might signal that it’s possible to challenge a major non-democratic state.
</p>
<h4 id="oevCMR">
Jen Kirby
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OtIGnI">
That makes sense — covering Russia might hold up a mirror to CCP. But it also makes it seem that this talk of a so-called renewed <a href="https://time.com/6158146/china-russia-ukraine-biden/">“Iron Curtain”</a> — with China and Russia aligned against the West — hasn’t really penetrated. It seems as if China wants to be careful in its approach to Russia, but it doesn’t seem as if the Chinese government is welcoming or hastening that global dichotomy.
</p>
<h4 id="Uvvon6">
Maria Repnikova
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PwrwIi">
The dichotomy is interesting, but it’s more complicated than that. The “Iron Curtain” simplifies what’s going on with China. China is trying to maintain access to Western and global markets — <a href="https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-13-22/h_8a736bdd345e0b5e8f15bfb68540a0ce">that’s why it’s abiding by the sanctions so far</a> and actually inquiring about them in more detail to make sure it doesn’t break them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gcW91w">
Its biggest relationship is still with the US. That’s the biggest rival, the biggest, in some ways, inspiration in some facets of government, it’s the biggest nation that it is reckoning with when it comes to its future. In that sense, that idea that China is just going to completely align with Russia and shut itself off from the world, and that’s it — that’s not quite what we’re seeing. I think we’re seeing an attempt to maneuver both of these sides.
</p>
<h4 id="GKkGnJ">
Jen Kirby
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9JohmN">
What about Russia? Have you looked at how Russian state media or online discussions view China amid the Ukraine war?
</p>
<h4 id="kGv98z">
Maria Repnikova
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XUexmM">
I looked at this a little bit in the first couple of weeks of the war, just looking at what Russia media was saying about China. Initially, there was a lot of quite positive statements about [how] China’s standing with us. “We’re not isolated, we’re not alone, we have this major, major country on our side.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="thNPuq">
But then there were also other discussions later on, when we start seeing actual policies. For example, a Russian official <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/russia-says-china-refuses-supply-aircraft-parts-after-
sanctions-2022-03-10/">reported that China will not provide aircraft parts to Russia</a>. That was taken quite negatively: “China’s being pressured by the US,” or “China is not supporting us,” or “China’s not going to provide us really essential materials.” So it’s not very clear discussion of that, there’s a bit of a mixed sentiment.
</p>
<h4 id="PUrjjT">
Jen Kirby
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="onVTFY">
One of the things that hangs over China’s approach to the war in Ukraine is this question of Taiwan. There have been <a href="https://www.csis.org/events/ukraine-and-taiwan-parallels-and-early-
lessons-learned">a lot of takes in comparing Taiwan and Ukraine,</a> and trying to game out what Russia’s invasion of Ukraine means for Taipei. I know the Chinese government <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/03/15/china-ambassador-us-where-we-stand-in-ukraine/">believes Taiwan to be an “internal” matter</a> and so not analogous, but I’m wondering if those comparisons cropped up in Chinese media or online?
</p>
<h4 id="9jcpbq">
Maria Repnikova
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jfsKb7">
It’s a bit tricky to understand to what extent this Ukraine crisis is going to lead China in one direction or another vis-a-vis Taiwan.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CNJXj2">
On one hand, on social media, we did see a lot of Taiwan and Ukraine comparisons, like comparing the activities or actions of Russia to what China should be doing, that Taiwan is just like Ukraine, a kind of rebellious pro-Western part of the family that’s trying to get away. A lot of family metaphors and very similar language. That hyper-nationalism and the sense of comparison was there.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="F1nCbs">
But then a lot of those messages got censored. Then we also saw some official statements verifying that Taiwan is not Ukraine, and Taiwan already belongs to China. So if China decides to unify, it’s not the same thing. They’re trying to differentiate themselves, maybe signaling to a domestic audience, “This is not the right rhetoric here, we’re not going to compare Ukraine and Taiwan.” It might also be something so as not to escalate further relations with the West. Right now, the US is distracted with Russia, and that’s good for China. So it’s hard to tell how much they’re thinking about this comparatively within the CCP because, at least officially, they’re suggesting that it’s a very different scenario.
</p>
<h4 id="ZfZxEx">
Jen Kirby
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xMdwYX">
As we’ve discussed, China is trying to navigate this carefully, and is, in a lot of ways, reacting in real time. But it’s standing largely on the sidelines, and I wonder if there is a sense of a missed opportunity for China — that maybe they should be taking a bolder role, maybe potentially being a broker in any peace deal?
</p>
<h4 id="TvCpKf">
Maria Repnikova
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sI4XID">
So far, I don’t think we’ve seen any signs of that bolder role. Maybe if something more drastic happens. It’s already very horrific, but if it escalates more, or if it expands geographically toward NATO, maybe China will take a different role. But I don’t even know if it will take a different role in that case, honestly; I think it might still condemn what it sees as worth condemning, and then still call for peace, but not necessarily be the one directly advocating.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hhvR2g">
It’s also the issue that there’s suspicion vis-a-vis China, too. From the Western perspective, would they allow China to be the key mediator? Would they just say, “Yeah, sure, you go ahead, you’re going to be the key player here” or would they want to have oversight over that process? And, if so, how does China look? It’s been promoting this anti-Western, anti-American kind of narrative, and then saying, “Oh, yeah, we’re going to mediate, and work with the West and just abide by whatever they decide.” So it’s a very difficult position.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="G4plu3">
In some ways, it seems that staying on the outskirts may be a little bit easier, especially because other countries have taken that role, like Israel and Turkey. But it could be a potential win for China, if they did succeed in gauging more agreement and getting something to move forward. But I’m not sure they see that as a worthwhile pursuit, for now.
</p></li>
<li><strong>Aid organizations try again to evacuate besieged Mariupol</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="RUSSIA-UKRAINE-CONFLICT" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/zb-
PpuyJqjZKiuPtf9H-8v1rpQ0=/304x0:5168x3648/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70703018/1239676270.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Residents of Mariupol walk in front of damaged buildings. It’s estimated that as many as 5000 civilians have been killed in the city. | Photo by Victor/Xinhua via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The Red Cross mounted a second attempt after failing to bring a bus convoy to the city on Friday.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IHzY7T">
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is attempting another evacuation of the southern Ukrainian city of Mariupol, after similar efforts failed earlier in the week. The strategic port city has become a humanitarian disaster in the past five weeks of fighting, with dwindling food and medical supplies, no electricity, heat, or clean water, and no safe humanitarian corridor for civilians to flee.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Jr6hPQ">
“The ICRC team departed Zaporizhzhia this morning,” an ICRC spokesperson told Vox via email on Saturday. “They are spending the night en route to Mariupol and are yet to reach the city.” The spokesperson did not elaborate on the conditions that caused Friday’s evacuation attempt to fail.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="U1nFyy">
The ICRC’s role in the evacuation effort was to accompany humanitarian convoys from Mariupol to Zaporizhzhia, indicating that the vehicles are civilian and not military targets; Friday’s mission was to escort about 54 buses of evacuees, as well as civilians in private vehicles. However, the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/03/31/mariupol-cease-fire-shelling-kyiv/">terms of the ceasefire were unclear</a> as of Thursday, and some buses in the convoy came under fire as they approached the city of Berdyansk on Thursday afternoon, according to Tetiana Ignatenkova, a spokesperson for the Donetsk regional administration.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nqyFAK">
Some Mariupol residents managed to leave via private car, escaping to the Zaporizhzhia region, according to Ukraine’s ​​Deputy Prime Minister Irina Veryschuk, and presidential aide ​​Kyrylo Tymoshenko reported that around 3,000 fled the city Friday, according to the<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/04/01/world/ukraine-russia-war#mariupol-ukraine-evacuation-red-cross"> New York Times</a>. Humanitarian routes have been established from seven areas, including Mariupol, for Saturday’s evacuation attempts, according to Veryschuk.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8S1Htu">
Ukrainian officials report that 5,000 of Mariupol’s civilians have been killed thus far in the conflict, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/mariupol-residents-flee-russian-
forces-hunt-ukrainian-fighters-2022-04-02/">according to Reuters</a>, and the<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/30/mariupol-siege-voices-ukraine-war/"> Washington Post reports</a> that 100,000 people are still trapped in the besieged city. Large-scale evacuation attempts both on Friday and <a href="https://www.icrc.org/en/document/ukraine-safe-passage-civilians-mariupol-halted-second-day-icrc-calls-parties-
agree-specific">earlier in March</a> were unsuccessful because a safe exit route couldn’t be established; an ICRC team of three vehicles and nine personnel coming from Zaporizhzhia, about 125 miles from Mariupol, to facilitate the evacuation had to turn back due to “impossible” conditions, <a href="https://www.icrc.org/en/document/ukraine-icrc-team-
unable-reach-mariupol-renewed-attempt-tomorrow">according to a statement.</a> The statement didn’t go into detail about the conditions, saying only that in order for the humanitarian mission to succeed, “it is critical that the parties respect the agreements and provide the necessary conditions and security guarantees.”
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<pre><code> &lt;img alt="Humanitarian convoy of 42 buses from Mariupol to Zaporizhzhia" src="https://cdn.vox-</code></pre>
cdn.com/thumbor/mxeXzXObgEXK_oeVbHhTa1vsQOw=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox- cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23363026/1239685664.jpg" /&gt; <cite>Andrea Carrubba/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
A separate, privately organized convoy of buses arrived in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine from Mariupol on April 1, 2022 after a 42 hour evacuation process.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ENaHql">
Even using so- called “green” or humanitarian corridors puts evacuees at risk; although these are supposed to be safe routes, “there have been times when tanks have shot at civilian vehicles trying to leave,” Oleksandr Lysenko, the mayor of the Ukrainian city of Sumy,<a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/3/12/22974090/ukraine-humanitarian-crisis-russia-siege-
bombardment"> said in a panel discussion with journalists in March</a>. His claims aren’t isolated; a number of similar incidents have been reported, i<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/06/world/europe/ukrainian-family-killed-
war.html">ncluding the death of a family</a> from Russian shelling as they were attempting to flee the city of Irpin.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SIuaN7">
Ukraine and the Kremlin had agreed to a humanitarian ceasefire Thursday, but US officials noted that Russian airstrikes continued in the capital of Kyiv and in Mariupol in the 24 hours leading up to the ceasefire, according to <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/03/31/mariupol-cease-fire-
shelling-kyiv/">the Washington Post</a>. During that period, civilians were to be able to leave safely, and aid groups to deliver critical humanitarian aid to Mariupol, which has been surrounded by Russian troops and cut off from supplies for weeks.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SUNvn6">
<strong>Conditions in Mariupol make it difficult for civilians to get out — or for aid to get in</strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3wXOge">
In spite of prolonged, intense Russian shelling and bombardment that have <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/3/12/22974090/ukraine-humanitarian-crisis-russia-siege-bombardment">devastated Mariupo</a>l, Ukrainian forces have battled for control of the city even as Russian troops surrounded it. Meanwhile, efforts to negotiate a durable ceasefire so civilians can evacuate the besieged city have repeatedly failed, and despite Russia’s slow retreat from Kyiv and other areas in the north, Mariupol remains an active conflict zone. It looks to stay that way for the foreseeable future, according to Ukrainian presidential adviser Oleksiy Arestovych<strong>. </strong>“We need to rid ourselves of illusions: We stand before difficult fights in the south, Mariupol, for the east of Ukraine,” <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/04/02/russia-ukraine-war-news-putin-live-updates/#link-
DRF6EKA5FRGUNGEFZWT5T5WZAQ">he said in a nationally televised address on Saturday</a>, indicating that those left in Mariupol will continue to suffer, particularly if Saturday’s evacuation attempt is unsuccessful.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mw0ESK">
Conditions in Mariupol had already deteriorated significantly by mid-March; infrastructure providing potable water had been destroyed and aid workers from Mèdecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) reported that residents were looking for sources of groundwater to drink — after boiling it over a wood fire, as heat and electricity had been cut off, too.
</p></li>
</ul>
<div id="yYynnN">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Harrowing account from a <a href="https://twitter.com/MSF?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"><span class="citation" data-cites="MSF">@MSF</span></a> staffer in Mariupol, where power, heat + internet cut. Says no drinking water or medicine. <br/><br/>“People who were killed and injured and they’re just lying on the ground and neighbors just digging the hole in the ground and putting their bodies inside.” <a href="https://t.co/2E2DxBzG3X">pic.twitter.com/2E2DxBzG3X</a>
</p>
— Samuel Oakford (<span class="citation" data-cites="samueloakford">@samueloakford</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/samueloakford/status/1502658023126360065?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">March 12, 2022</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JohvMX">
Serhiy Orlov, the deputy mayor of Mariupol, noted in March that the city was already running critically low on medical supplies like insulin, as well as food, fuel, and warm clothing. “Let me make it clear … we have total destruction of the city of Mariupol,” he said at the time.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EPxy5W">
The vulnerable infrastructure of cities like Mariupol means that damage to one part of it — say, a water pipe — can affect thousands of people’s access to clean drinking water, heat, or electricity. However, targeting that kind of civilian infrastructure is a feature of Russia’s urban warfare, Rita Konaev, the associate director of analysis at Georgetown University’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/3/5/22962869/ukraine-russia-urban-warfare-tactics-
siege-artillery">explained to Vox in March.</a>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="l1gwv2">
“The Russian approach to urban warfare very much emphasizes priming and prepping the ground for any sort of ground operation with this destruction from the air. It’s to break morale, it’s to cause significant damage to the infrastructure of cities, it’s to cause high levels of displacement from the cities,” she said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YMQtBC">
Statements from <a href="https://www.icrc.org/en/document/ukraine-icrc-preparing-facilitate-safe-passage-civilians-mariupol">both the ICRC</a> and the<a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1115252"> United Nations</a> on Thursday underscored the dire circumstances in Mariupol, and the critical and immediate need to get humanitarian supplies to its people. “We and our partners have still not been able to reach areas where people are in desperate need of support, including Mariupol, Kherson and Chernihiv, despite extensive efforts and ongoing engagement with the parties to the conflict,” UN Spokesperson Stéphane Dujarric told reporters Thursday. The ICRC expressed similar urgency in its statement: ”It’s desperately important that this operation takes place. The lives of tens of thousands of people in Mariupol depend on it.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JTlbWd">
<strong>Russia won’t give up on Mariupol easily </strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oQDf1D">
Though peace talks between <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/31/peace-talks-between-russia-and-ukraine-to-resume-on-
friday-says-negotiator">Russia and Ukraine resumed on Friday</a>, there’s little indication that Russia will withdraw from Mariupol, a city it sees as<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/04/02/world/ukraine-russia-war/here-are-the-
latest-developments"> critical</a> for its control of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions — parts of which Russia recognized as independent breakaway republics just before invading Ukraine.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cxJQGj">
Now that the Russian military appears unable to capture Kyiv, it seems the Kremlin is turning its attention back to the southeast — specifically <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/mariupol-strategic-prize-russia-symbol-resistance-
ukraine-2022-03-30/">Mariupol</a>. Russian control of the city would connect Donetsk and Luhansk, as well as cut off the rest of Ukraine from the Sea of Azov, which could cause serious, ongoing economic difficulty for Ukraine as Mariupol and other port cities are export hubs for grain.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ET0pib">
Ukrainian troops <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/31/timeline-russias-siege-of-ukraines-port-city-of-mariupol">have refused to surrender Mariupo</a>l, tying up Russian troops in a difficult urban battle that prevents them from reinforcing Russian units elsewhere; were Russia to capture the city, it would free up those forces for other campaigns.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wjsPJQ">
But capturing Mariupol, which has put up such fierce resistance despite weeks of near-constant bombardment, would also provide a morale boost for Russian troops and the public in what has otherwise been a <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/2/27/22953539/ukraine-invasion-putin-russia-baffling-war-strategy">severely disappointing campaign.</a>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Vy0SM6">
“Putin wants to get the city regardless of the casualties and damage,” Orlov said. “The city is being brought back to the medieval times by the Russians. People can cook only by fire, and mothers and newborn children are not getting food. This is a genocide against Ukrainian<em>s.” </em>
</p>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Junior Women's hockey World Cup: India stun Germany 2-1 to seal quarterfinal berth</strong> - India scored through two penalty corner conversions by Lalremsiami (2nd minute) and Mumtaz Khan (25th) to emerge winners</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Australia beat England by 71 runs to win women’s cricket world cup</strong> - England were bowled out for 285 after being set 357 for victory at Hagley Oval</p></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Madurai Reader’s Mail</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Court martial proceedings against Army captain begin in Amshipura fake encounter case</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dindigul Reader’s Mail</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tirunelveli Reader’s Mail</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>T.N. constitutes advisory council to develop a federal fiscal model</strong> - It will have experts on legislation involving revenue and taxation</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Bucha street littered with burned-out tanks and corpses</strong> - A BBC team witnesses utter devastation in the town of Bucha, after Russian soldiers pulled out.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Family’s bid to reach safety ends in tragedy</strong> - The father of 31-year-old Maksim Iovenko describes how his son and family ended up on a deadly stretch of highway outside Kyiv.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>War in Ukraine: Koko’s phone is your phone as she makes her way out</strong> - British-Zimbabwean student Korrine Sky documented her escape from Ukraine on her mobile phone.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Serbia’s President Vucic performs balancing act as he seeks re-election</strong> - Aleksandar Vucic is hoping for election victory, but Serbia’s opposition complains of media blockade.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The handshake in space that brought hope to the world</strong> - What happened when US astronauts met USSR cosmonauts in space</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Russia inches closer to its splinternet dream</strong> - New impetus for sovereign Internet after backlash from Russia’s war on Ukraine. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1845136">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The weekend’s best deals: Xbox Series X/S in stock, Samsung microSD cards, and more</strong> - Dealmaster also has Anker chargers, recommended gaming monitors, and 8BitDo gamepads. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1845290">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Russia asked NASA to end sanctions to save the ISS, but the West didn’t blink</strong> - “Sustaining safe and successful ISS operations remains a priority for the United States.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1845403">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The punch that changed Mortal Kombat history</strong> - A punch-filled excerpt from upcoming history book <em>Long Live Mortal Kombat</em>. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1845299">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A fresh take on why Octavian won the war against Antony and Cleopatra</strong> - Ars chats with historian Barry Strauss about his book, <em>The War that Made the Roman Empire</em>. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1843800">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>A Muslim dies and finds himself before the Pearly Gates…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He is very excited, as all his life he has longed to meet the Prophet Mohammed.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Having arrived at the Gates of Heaven, he meets a man with a beard.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Are you Mohammed?” he asks.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“No, my son. I am Peter. Mohammed is higher up.” And he points to a ladder that rises into the clouds.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Delighted that Mohammed should be higher than Peter, he climbs the ladder in great strides, climbs through the clouds, coming to a room where he meets another bearded man.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He asks again, “Are you Mohammed?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“No, I am Moses. Mohammed is higher still.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Exhausted, but with a heart full of joy he continues to climb the ladder and, yet again, he discovers an even larger room where he meets another man with a beard.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Full of hope, he asks again, “Are you Mohammed?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“No, I am Jesus… You will find Mohammed higher up.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Mohammed higher than Jesus!
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The poor man can hardly contain his delight and climbs and climbs, ever higher.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Once again he reaches a larger room where he meets a man with a beard and repeats his question:
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Are you Mohammed?” he gasps as he is, by now, totally out of breath from all his climbing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“No my son…..I am God. But you look exhausted. Would you like a coffee?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Yes, please!” said the man.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
God looks behind him, claps his hands and calls out:
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
<strong>“Hey Mohammed, two coffees!”</strong>
</p>
</div>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/tv1ok0/a_muslim_dies_and_finds_himself_before_the_pearly/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/tv1ok0/a_muslim_dies_and_finds_himself_before_the_pearly/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Two Canadians</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Two Canadians die and end up in Hell. Satan decides to pay them a visit, so he walks into their room and sees them talking and laughing. Confused, he asks them why they’re happy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
They tell him, “Well, we’re so sick of the cold where we’re from, and this place is nice and toasty.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Satan, annoyed, storms away and goes to Hell’s boiler room, where he turns up the temperature.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He goes back to the Canadians’ room, along the way being begged by all sorts of people to put the heating back down. He enters the room to see the Canadians having a barbecue. Furiously, he asks them what they’re doing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Well, we can’t pass up this wonderful weather without getting out the barbecue!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Satan realizes he’s been doing the wrong thing. He goes to the boiler room and turns it down until it’s at a colder temperature than ever seen on earth.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He knows he’s won now, so he goes back to the Canadians’ room, only to see them jumping up and down in excitement. He shouts at them in fury, “WHY ARE YOU STILL HAPPY?!?!?!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
They look at him and shout at the same time, “Hell froze over! That means the Leafs won!”
</p>
</div>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/onlyherefor90days"> /u/onlyherefor90days </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/tv0ozd/two_canadians/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/tv0ozd/two_canadians/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Disabled legless Parrot. With a bargain.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A guy is browsing in a pet shop and sees a parrot sitting on a little perch. It doesn’t have any feet or legs. The guy says aloud, “Jeesh. I wonder what happened to this Parrot?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The parrot says, “I was born this way. I’m a defective parrot.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Holy shit,” the guy replies. “You actually understood and answered me!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“I got every word,” says the parrot.” I happen to be a highly intelligent, thoroughly educated bird."
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Oh yeah?”, the guy asks, “Then answer this – how do you hang onto your perch without any feet?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Well,” the parrot says, “this is very embarrassing but since you asked, I wrap my willie around this wooden bar like a little hook. You can’t see it because of my feathers.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Wow” says the guy, “you really can understand and speak English, can’t you!?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Actually, I speak both Spanish and English and I can converse with reasonable competence on almost any topic: politics, religion, sports, physics, philosophy. I’m especially good at ornithology. You really ought to buy me. I’d be a great companion.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The guy looks at the $200 price tag.” Sorry, but I just can’t afford that."
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Pssssssst” says the parrot, “I’m defective, so the truth is, nobody wants me cause I don’t have any feet. You can probably get me for $20, just make the guy an offer!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The guy offers $20 and walks out with the parrot. Weeks go by. The parrot is sensational. He has a great sense of humour, he’s interesting, he’s a great pal, he understands everything, he sympathizes, and he’s insightful.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The guy is delighted. One day the guy comes home from work and the parrot goes “Psssssssssssst” and motions him over with one wing. “I don’t know if I should tell you this or not, but it’s about your wife and the postman.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“What are you talking about?” asks the guy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“When the postman delivered today, your wife greeted him at the door in a sheer black nightie and kissed him passionately.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“WHAT???” the guy asks incredulously. “THEN what happened?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Well, then the postman came into the house and lifted up her nightie and began petting her all over” reported the parrot.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“My God!” he exclaims. “Then what?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Then he lifted up the nightie, got down on his knees and began to lick her all over, starting with her breasts and slowly going down…”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“WELL???” demands the frantic guy, “THEN WHAT HAPPENED?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Damned if I know. I got a hard-on and fell off my perch.”
</p>
</div>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/YZXFILE"> /u/YZXFILE </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/tv3skv/disabled_legless_parrot_with_a_bargain/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/tv3skv/disabled_legless_parrot_with_a_bargain/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>If I had a dime for every girl who found me unattractive…..</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Eventually they would find me attractive
</p>
</div>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/BarneysBalls"> /u/BarneysBalls </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/tuukrw/if_i_had_a_dime_for_every_girl_who_found_me/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/tuukrw/if_i_had_a_dime_for_every_girl_who_found_me/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Professor X asks a girl, “what is your mutant power?”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Girl replies: “I can guess how many pulls to turn a ceiling fan off on the first try!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
She points up and says: “3 pulls”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Professor X stands up and pulls 3 times. After the third pull the fan turns off.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Professor X: “Yeah that’s cool and all, but not really a super power…”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Girl: “Yeah I was just kidding, I can heal paraplegics”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Professor X, still standing: “Oh my god”
</p>
</div>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/ThatOnePogger"> /u/ThatOnePogger </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/tuku0g/professor_x_asks_a_girl_what_is_your_mutant_power/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/tuku0g/professor_x_asks_a_girl_what_is_your_mutant_power/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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