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<title>10 April, 2022</title>
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<title>Covid-19 Sentry</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
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</ul>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
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<li><strong>Impact of News Related to Covid-19 on Stock Market Returns in Five Major ASEAN Countries</strong> -
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The sudden tightening of global finances, unprecedented and dominating news of how negative COVID-19 is has affected the global monetary, and how pessimistic the public sentiment towards the COVID-19 virus pandemic is itself has caused uncertainty in the stock market. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between COVID-19-related news and stock market returns. RavenPack Coronavirus Media Monitor was used to explain important news issues related to COVID-19 with news indices such as panic, media hype, fake news, country sentiment, infodemic, and media coverage. With the quantile regression analysis technique, the results of the study were divided into three research periods. For the research period of January 2020 to March 2020, it was found that the variables that affect stock market returns are media hype, fake news, country sentiment and infodemic index; for the research period of April 2020 to December 2020, it was found that the variables that affect stock market returns are panic, fake news and country sentiment index; while for the period January 2020 to December 2020 the variables that affect stock market returns are panic, fake news, country sentiment and infodemic index.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/v8qmt/" target="_blank">Impact of News Related to Covid-19 on Stock Market Returns in Five Major ASEAN Countries</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, but not Omicron, induces thymic atrophy and impaired T cell development</strong> -
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Pathogenic infections cause thymic atrophy, perturb thymic-T cell development and alter immunological response. Previous studies reported dysregulated T cell function and lymphopenia in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) patients. However, immune-pathological changes, in the thymus, post severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have not been elucidated. Here, we report SARS-CoV-2 infects thymocytes, depletes CD4+CD8+ (double positive DP) T cell population associated with an increased apoptosis of thymocytes, which leads to severe thymic atrophy in K18-hACE2-Tg mice. CD44+CD25- T cells were found to be enriched in infected thymus, indicating an early arrest in the T cell developmental pathway. Further, Interferon gamma was crucial for thymic atrophy, as anti- IFN{gamma}; antibody neutralization rescued the loss of thymic involution. Therapeutic use of remdesivir (prototype anti-viral drug) was also able to rescue thymic atrophy. While Omicron variant of SARS-CoV2 caused marginal thymic atrophy, delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 exhibited most profound thymic atrophy characterized by severely depleted DP T cells. Recently characterized broadly SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibody P4A2 was able to rescue thymic atrophy and restore thymic developmental pathway of T cells. Together, we provide the first report of SARS-CoV-2 associated thymic atrophy resulting from impaired T cell developmental pathway and also explains dysregulated T cell function in COVID-19.
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487556v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, but not Omicron, induces thymic atrophy and impaired T cell development</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 mutations affect proteasome processing to alter CD8+ T cell responses</strong> -
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Viral CD8+ epitopes are generated by the cellular turnover of viral proteins, predominantly by the proteasome. Mutations located within viral epitopes can result in escape from memory T cells but the contribution of mutations in flanking regions of epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 has not been investigated. Focusing on two of the most dominant SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein CD8+ epitopes, we identified mutations in epitope flanking regions and investigated the contribution of these mutations to antigen processing and T cell activation using SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein transduced B cell lines and in vitro proteasomal processing of peptides. We found that decreased NP9-17-B<em>27:05 CD8+ T cell responses to the NP-Q7K mutation correlated with lower epitope surface expression, likely due to a lack of efficient epitope production by the proteasome, suggesting immune escape caused by this mutation. In contrast, NP-P6L and NP-D103N/Y mutations flanking the NP9-17-B</em>27:05 and NP105-113-B*07:02 epitopes, respectively, increased CD8+ T cell responses associated with enhanced epitope production by the proteasome. Our results provide evidence that SARS-CoV-2 mutations outside the epitope could have a significant impact on antigen processing and presentation, thereby contributing to escape from immunodominant T cell responses. Alternatively, mutations could enhance antigen processing and efficacy of T cell recognition, opening new avenues for improving future vaccine designs.
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</div>
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<div class="article-link article-html- link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487623v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 mutations affect proteasome processing to alter CD8+ T cell responses</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Cryo-EM structures of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 spike</strong> -
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The BA.2 lineage of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has gained in proportion relative to BA.1. As differences in their spike (S) proteins may underlie differences in their pathobiology, here we determined cryo-EM structures of a BA.2 S protein ectodomain and compared these to previously determined BA.1 S structures. BA.2 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) mutations induced remodeling of the internal RBD structure resulting in its improved thermostability and tighter packing within the 3-RBD-down spike. In the S2 subunit, the fusion peptide in the BA.2 was less accessible to antibodies than in BA.1. Pseudovirus neutralization and spike binding assays revealed extensive immune evasion while defining epitopes of two RBD-directed antibodies, DH1044 and DH1193, that bound the outer RBD face to neutralize both BA.1 and BA.2. Taken together, our results indicate that stabilization of the 3-RBD-down state through interprotomer RBD-RBD packing is a hallmark of the Omicron lineages, and reveal differences in key functional regions in the BA.1 and BA.2 S proteins.
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487528v1" target="_blank">Cryo-EM structures of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 spike</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>The Delta variant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein uniquely promotes aggregation of pseudotyped viral particles</strong> -
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Individuals infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, lineage B.1.617.2, exhibit faster initial infection with a higher viral load than prior variants, and pseudotyped particles bearing the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant spike protein induce a faster initial infection rate of target cells compared to those bearing other SARS-CoV-2 variant spikes. Here, we show that pseudotyped particles bearing the Delta variant spike form unique aggregates, as evidenced by negative stain and cryogenic electron microscopy (EM), flow cytometry, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Viral particles pseudotyped with other SARS-CoV-2 spike variants do not show aggregation by any of these criteria. The contribution to infection kinetics of the Delta spike’s unique property to aggregate is discussed with respect to recent evidence for collective infection by other viruses. Irrespective of this intriguing possibility, spike-dependent aggregation is a new functional parameter of spike-expressing viral particles to evaluate in future spike protein variants.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487415v1" target="_blank">The Delta variant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein uniquely promotes aggregation of pseudotyped viral particles</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Hippo Signaling Pathway Activation during SARS-CoV-2 Infection Contributes to Host Antiviral Response</strong> -
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SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, causes respiratory failure and damage to multiple organ systems. The emergence of viral variants poses a risk of vaccine failures and prolongation of the pandemic. However, our understanding of the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent COVID-19 pathophysiology is limited. In this study, we have uncovered a critical role for the evolutionarily conserved Hippo signaling pathway in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Given the complexity of COVID-19 associated cell injury and immunopathogenesis processes, we investigated Hippo pathway dynamics in SARS-CoV-2 infection by utilizing COVID-19 lung samples, and human cell models based on pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (PSC-CMs) and human primary lung air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures. SARS- CoV-2 infection caused activation of the Hippo signaling pathway in COVID-19 lung and in vitro cultures. Both parental and Delta variant of concern (VOC) strains induced Hippo pathway. The chemical inhibition and gene knockdown of upstream kinases MST1/2 and LATS1 resulted in significantly enhanced SARS-CoV-2 replication, indicating antiviral roles. Verteporfin a pharmacological inhibitor of the Hippo pathway downstream transactivator, YAP, significantly reduced virus replication. These results delineate a direct antiviral role for Hippo signaling in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the potential for this pathway to be pharmacologically targeted to treat COVID-19.
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<div class="article-link article- html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487520v1" target="_blank">Hippo Signaling Pathway Activation during SARS-CoV-2 Infection Contributes to Host Antiviral Response</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Plant-produced RBD and cocktail-based vaccine candidates are highly effective against SARS-CoV-2, independently of its emerging variants</strong> -
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SARS-CoV-2 is a novel and highly pathogenic coronavirus, which has caused an outbreak in Wuhan City, China, in 2019 and then spread rapidly throughout the world. Although several COVID-19 vaccines are currently available for mass immunization, they are less effective against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially the Omicron (B.1.1.529). Recently, we successfully produced receptor-binding domain (RBD) variants of spike (S) protein of SARC-CoV-2 and an antigen cocktail in Nicotiana benthamiana, which are highly produced in plants and elicited high-titer antibodies with potent neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we demonstrate that these protein-based vaccine candidates are highly effective against Delta and Omicron variants. These data support that plant produced RBD and cocktail-based antigens are most promising vaccine candidates and may protect against Delta and Omicron-mediated COVID-19. Based on the neutralization ability, plant produced RBD and cocktail-based vaccine candidates are highly effective against SARS-CoV-2, independently of its emerging variants.
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<div class="article-link article-html- link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487347v1" target="_blank">Plant- produced RBD and cocktail-based vaccine candidates are highly effective against SARS-CoV-2, independently of its emerging variants</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>CHANGES IN LIFE EXPECTANCY BETWEEN 2019 AND 2021: UNITED STATES AND 19 PEER COUNTRIES</strong> -
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BACKGROUND Prior studies reported large decreases in US life expectancy during 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, disproportionately affecting Hispanic and Black populations and vastly exceeding the average change in life expectancy in other high-income countries. Life expectancy estimates for 2021 have not been reported. This study estimated changes in life expectancy during 2019-2021 in the US population, in three US racial/ethnic groups, and in 19 peer countries. METHODS US and peer country death data for 2019-2021 were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics, the Human Mortality Database, and overseas statistical agencies. The 19 peer countries included Austria, Belgium, Denmark, England and Wales, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Scotland, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. Life expectancy was calculated for 2019 and 2020 and estimated for 2021 using a previously validated modeling method. RESULTS US life expectancy decreased from 78.86 years in 2019 to 76.99 years in 2020 and 76.60 years in 2021, a net loss of 2.26 years. In contrast, peer countries averaged a smaller decrease in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020 (0.40 years) and a 0.28-year increase between 2020 and 2021, widening the gap in life expectancy between the United States and peer countries to more than five years. The decrease in US life expectancy was highly racialized: whereas the largest decreases in 2020 occurred among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black populations, in 2021 only the non-Hispanic White population experienced a decrease in life expectancy. DISCUSSION The US mortality experience during 2020 and 2021 was more severe than in peer countries, deepening a US disadvantage in health and survival that has been building for decades. Over the two-year period between 2019 and 2021, US Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black populations experienced the largest losses in life expectancy, reflecting the legacy of systemic racism and inadequacies in the US handling of the pandemic. Reasons for the crossover in racialized outcomes between 2020 and 2021, in which life expectancy decreased only in the non-Hispanic White population, could have multiple explanations.
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</p>
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.22273393v2" target="_blank">CHANGES IN LIFE EXPECTANCY BETWEEN 2019 AND 2021: UNITED STATES AND 19 PEER COUNTRIES</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Immunity post-COVID-19 recovery boosts the antibody immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination</strong> -
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Measurement of strength and durability of SARSCOV2 antibody response is important to understand the waning dynamics of immune response to both vaccines and infection. The study aimed to evaluate the level of IgG antibodies against SARSCoV2 and their persistence in recovered, naive and vaccinated individuals. We randomly investigate Antispike RBD IgG antibody responses in 10,000 individuals, both following infection with SARSCoV2 and immunization with SARSCOV2 adenoviral vector and killed vaccines. Overall, antibody titres in recovered vaccinated individuals and naive vaccinee persists beyond 20 weeks. The mean levels of antispike IgG antibodies were higher in vaccinated participants with prior COVID19 infections than in individuals without prior infection. Decline for IgG antibodies were faster in vaccinated individuals without previous COVID19 infection compared to those with previous COVID19 infection. Vaccination with adenoviral vector vaccines generates higher antibody titers than for killed virus vaccine. Slightly over half of asymptomatic unvaccinated individuals develops antibody response. Previous COVID19 infection elicited robust and sustained levels of SARSCoV2 antibodies in vaccinated individuals. A single dose of the vaccine is likely to provide greater protection against SARSCoV2 infection in individuals with prior SARSCoV2 infection, than in SARSCoV2 naive individuals. This study also underlines that asymptomatic infection equally generates antibodies as symptomatic infection. Those vaccinated with inactivated vaccine may require more frequent boosters than those vaccinated with an adenoviral vaccine. These findings are important for formulating public health vaccination strategies during COVID19 pandemic.
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</p>
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.18.22271130v2" target="_blank">Immunity post-COVID-19 recovery boosts the antibody immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination</a>
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<li><strong>Distinguishing Admissions Specifically for COVID-19 from Incidental SARS-CoV-2 Admissions: A National EHR Research Consortium Study</strong> -
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Background: Admissions are generally classified as COVID-19 hospitalizations if the patient has a positive SARS- CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. However, because 35% of SARS-CoV-2 infections are asymptomatic, patients admitted for unrelated indications with an incidentally positive test could be misclassified as a COVID-19 hospitalization. EHR-based studies have been unable to distinguish between a hospitalization specifically for COVID-19 versus an incidental SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization. Although the need to improve classification of COVID-19 disease vs. incidental SARS-CoV-2 is well understood, the magnitude of the problems has only been characterized in small, single- center studies. Furthermore, there have been no peer-reviewed studies evaluating methods for improving classification. Objective: The aims of this study were to: first, quantify the frequency of incidental hospitalizations over the first fifteen months of the pandemic in multiple hospital systems in the United States; and second, to apply electronic phenotyping techniques to automatically improve COVID-19 hospitalization classification. Methods: From a retrospective EHR-based cohort in four US healthcare systems in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Illinois, a random sample of 1,123 SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive patients hospitalized between 3/2020-8/2021 was manually chart-reviewed and classified as admitted-with-COVID-19 (incidental) vs. specifically admitted for COVID-19 (for-COVID-19). EHR-based phenotyping was used to find feature sets to filter out incidental admissions. Results: EHR-based phenotyped feature sets filtered out incidental admissions, which occurred in an average of 26% of hospitalizations (although this varied widely over time, from 0%-75%). The top site-specific feature sets had 79-99% specificity with 62-75% sensitivity, while the best performing across-site feature set had 71-94% specificity with 69-81% sensitivity. Conclusions: A large proportion of SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive admissions were incidental. Straightforward EHR-based phenotypes differentiated admissions, which is important to assure accurate public health reporting and research.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.22270728v3" target="_blank">Distinguishing Admissions Specifically for COVID-19 from Incidental SARS-CoV-2 Admissions: A National EHR Research Consortium Study</a>
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</div></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental healthcare consultations among children and adolescents in Norway: a nationwide registry study</strong> -
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The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated restrictions may have affected children and adolescent`s mental health adversely. We cast light on this question using primary and specialist consultations data for the entire population of children 6-19 years in Norway (N=908 272). Our outcomes are the monthly likelihood of having a consultation or hospitalization related to mental health problems and common mental health diagnoses. We compared a pandemic (2019-2021) to a pre-pandemic (2017-2019) cohort using event study and difference-in-difference designs that separate the shock of the pandemic from linear period trends and seasonal variation. We found temporary reductions in all mental health consultations during lockdown in spring 2020. In fall 2020 and winter 2021, consultation volumes in primary care increased, stabilizing at a higher level in 2021. Consultations in specialist care increased from spring</p></div></li>
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<li>Our findings could suggest a worsening of mental health among adolescents.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.21264549v3" target="_blank">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental healthcare consultations among children and adolescents in Norway: a nationwide registry study</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Reports of myocarditis and pericarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: A systematic review of spontaneously reported data from the UK, Europe, and the US and of the literature</strong> -
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Objectives: To bring together spontaneously reported data from multiple countries to estimate reporting rate, and better understand risk factors for myocarditis and pericarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Design: Systematic review of spontaneously reported data from United Kingdom (UK), United States (US), and European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) and of the literature. Data sources: UK Yellow Card scheme, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), EudraVigilance were searched from date of vaccine launch to 14-16 March 2022. PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase were searched to 15 March 2022. Eligibility criteria: We included publicly available spontaneous reporting data for ″Myocarditis″ and ″Pericarditis″ from UK, US, and EU/EEA following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Pharmacoepidemiological observational studies investigating myocarditis/pericarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were included (no restrictions on language or date). Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tools assessed study quality. Data extraction and synthesis: Two researchers extracted data. Spontaneously reported events of myocarditis and pericarditis were presented for each data source, stratified by vaccine, age, sex, and dose (where available). Reporting rates were calculated for myocarditis and pericarditis for each population. For published pharmacoepidemiological studies, design, participant characteristics, and study results were tabulated. Results: Overall, 18,204 myocarditis and pericarditis events have been submitted to the UK, US, and EU/EEA regulators during the study period. Males represented 62.24% (n=11,331) of myocarditis and pericarditis reports. Most reports concerned vaccinees aged <40 years and were more frequent following a second dose. Reporting rates were consistent between the data sources. Thirty-two pharmacoepidemiological studies were included; results were consistent with our spontaneous report analyses. Conclusions: Younger vaccinees more frequently report myocarditis and pericarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines than older vaccinees. Results from published literature supported the results of our analyses.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.21263342v3" target="_blank">Reports of myocarditis and pericarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: A systematic review of spontaneously reported data from the UK, Europe, and the US and of the literature</a>
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<li><strong>Racism, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and Racial Disparity in the U.S. COVID-19 Syndemic</strong> -
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The COVID-19 syndemic, with a disproportionately higher adverse impact on communities of color (i.e., COVID-19 infection and death), will likely exacerbate the existing health disparities in trauma-related symptoms between people of color (POC) and White Americans. However, no studies have examined the racial disparities in posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) during COVID-19. Grounded in ecological theory and racial trauma framework, we investigated rates of racial disparities in PTSS and three possible mechanisms, 1) COVID stress, 2) direct racism, and 3) indirect racism, for these discrepancies using a large U.S. national sample (N = 2,019). Results indicated that POC reported higher levels of PTSS than White Americans (d =.21). The PTSS racial disparity was accounted more by direct and indirect racism than by the COVID-19-specific stressors, after controlling for age, gender, education, income, parent status, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and intimate partner violence (IPV). Additional fine-grained analyses for Hispanic/Latinx Americans (n = 283), Black/African Americans (n = 279), and Asian American and Pacific Islanders (n = 123) by and large corroborated the above findings. Our findings highlighted the deleterious impact of the ongoing racism pandemic on the POC community as a public health crisis in addition to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/rc2ns/" target="_blank">Racism, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and Racial Disparity in the U.S. COVID-19 Syndemic</a>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Gambling on Others’ Health: Risky Pro-social Decision-Making in the Era of Covid19</strong> -
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The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has demanded a degree of sacrifice from individuals for the sake of the greater good. Individuals have taken costly actions, both volitional and imposed, to reduce harm to strangers. While many studies have examined health decision-making by experts, the study of individual, non-expert decision-making on a stranger’s health has been left to the wayside, as ordinary citizens are usually not tasked with such decisions. The recent pandemic has brought this dilemma to the fore however, as life-saving decisions fell to ordinary citizens in the form of social restrictions, decreased work activity and, ultimately, economic loss. We administered two surveys where we applied models of probabilistic decision-making to investigate health-related choices for oneself, a loved one and a stranger. We found converging evidence that participants were risk-seeking overall, privileging risky treatments that could heal someone over treatments that reduce disease severity with certainty. Nonetheless, risk-seeking decreased with expected disutility of disease, regardless of target. However, distinctions across targets emerged when decisions were conditioned on treatment cost, with participants preferring cheaper options for strangers. Overall our data suggest that</div></li>
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<li>individuals apply an expected utility model to quantify disease; 2) risk preferences for others parallel those for the self; and 3) decisions for strangers’ health differ from those of self and loved ones only in terms of their associated cost. These findings provide a descriptive model of individual risky decision-making for self and others, in the case of a novel disease; and inform on the limits of what can be asked of an individual in service to a stranger.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/qrbza/" target="_blank">Gambling on Others’ Health: Risky Pro-social Decision-Making in the Era of Covid19</a>
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<li><strong>Investigating the impact of COVID-19 on eating behaviours in the general public and an eating disorder population</strong> -
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Research suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic is negatively impacting mental health, with rates of eating disorder referrals in particular rising steeply during the pandemic. This study aimed to examine 8-month changes in body image and disordered eating during the COVID-19 pandemic, and explore whether any changes were moderated by gender, age, or eating disorder history. This study used a longitudinal survey design in which 587 adults living in the UK (85% women; mean age = 32.87 years) completed assessments every two months over five timepoints from May/June 2020 to January/February 2021. Measures included body esteem (Body Esteem Scale for Adults and Adolescence), disordered eating (Eating Disorder Examination – Questionnaire Short Form) and psychological distress (Patient Health Questionnaire – 4). Mixed effect models showed small but significant improvements in body esteem and disordered eating symptoms from May/June 2020 to January/February 2021. These improvements were independent of changes in psychological distress, and did not vary by gender, age or eating disorder history. Whilst poor body image and disordered eating may have been elevated in the early period of the pandemic, this study suggest improvements, rather than worsening, of these outcomes over time. This may reflect adaptation to this changing context.
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
|
||||
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/pfu79/" target="_blank">Investigating the impact of COVID-19 on eating behaviours in the general public and an eating disorder population</a>
|
||||
</div></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate The Efficacy and Safety of Healthtone as Prophylaxis for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Dietary Supplement: Rhea® Health Tone<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Indonesia University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Aerobic Exercise in People With Post-COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Conventional rehabilitation; Other: Aerobic exercise<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effect of Home-based Rehabilitation Program After COVID-19 Infection</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Add-on telerehabilitation and home-based rehabilitation; Behavioral: Home-based rehabilitation alone<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: <br/>
|
||||
National Taiwan University Hospital<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity Study of COVID-19 Protein Subunit Recombinant Vaccine</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: SARS-CoV-2 protein subunit recombinant vaccine; Biological: placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: PT Bio Farma; Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta; Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang; Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang; Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hassanudin, Makassar<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Treatment Cascade Optimization Study</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Navigation Services; Behavioral: Brief Counseling; Behavioral: Critical Dialogue; Behavioral: Referral and Digital Brochure<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Comprehensive Behavioral Health Center; North Jersey Community Research Initiative; University of Michigan<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Safety of SCTV01E (a Recombinant Protein COVID-19 Vaccine) in Population Aged ≥12 Years</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: SCTV01E; Biological: CoronaVac; Biological: Sinopharm inactivated COVID-19 vaccine; Biological: other approved COVID-19 vaccines<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Sinocelltech Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of SCTV01C and SCTV01E (Two Recombinant Protein COVID-19 Vaccines) in Population Aged ≥12 Years</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: SCTV01C; Biological: SCTV01E; Biological: mRNA vaccine manufactured by Pfizer or Moderna; Biological: Sinopharm inactivated COVID-19 vaccine<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Sinocelltech Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 1/2 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled IBIO123 in Participants With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Illness</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: IBIO123; Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Immune Biosolutions Inc<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 1&2 Study to Evaluate the Safety & Efficacy of Inhaled IBIO123 in Severe COVID-19 Illness</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: IBIO123; Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Immune Biosolutions Inc<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Ivermectin in COVID-19 Prevention</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Ivermectin Tablets; Drug: Matching placebo tablets<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: MedinCell S.A<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tele-Rehabilitation in Individuals With Covid-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Other: Exercise<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: <br/>
|
||||
Hacettepe University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study to Monitor the Occurrence of Viral Variants in Patients With Compromised Immune Systems Being Treated for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Drug: Sotrovimab<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: GlaxoSmithKline<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Assessment of the Efficacy of Calcium Dobesilate vs. Placebo on SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load Amongst Outpatients With COVID-19.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19 Virus Disease<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Calcium Dobesilate; Drug: Mannitol<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Hervé SPECHBACH; OM Pharma<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Phase I Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of a PIKA COVID-19 Vaccine in Healthy Individuals</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: PIKA COVID-19 Vaccine (CHO cell, S-protein), Arm A; Biological: PIKA COVID-19 Vaccine (CHO cell, S-protein), Arm B<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: <br/>
|
||||
Yisheng Biopharma (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 Specific Immune Response After COVID-19 Vaccination in Cancer Patients</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Cancer<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Biological: CoronaVac vaccine<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: National Cancer Institute, Thailand; Mahidol University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mutation in Eth A protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis conferred drug tolerance against enthinoamide in Mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2)155</strong> - EthA is an NADPH-specific flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) containing monooxygenase that activates the -second-line drug ethionamide (ETH). ETH gets converted to an active form after interaction with the EthA (monooxygenase) protein. Upon activation, ETH interacts with NAD+ to form an ETH-NAD adduct, which hampers the activity of InhA (Enoyl-[(acyl- carrier-protein) reductase (NADH)]. This, in turn, inhibits the cell wall synthesis, thus killing the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mutations in…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antiviral potential of nanoparticles for the treatment of Coronavirus infections</strong> - CONCLUSION: COVID-19 has severely disrupted the social and economic lives of people all over the world. Due to a lack of adequate medical facilities, countries have struggled to maintain control of the situation. Neither a drug nor a vaccine has a 100% efficacy rate. As a result, nanotechnology may be a better therapeutic alternative for this pandemic disease.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nucleoside analog GS-441524: pharmacokinetics in different species, safety, and potential effectiveness against Covid-19</strong> - GS-441524, the parent nucleoside of remdesivir, has been proposed to be effective against Covid-19 based on in vitro studies and studies in animals. However, randomized clinical trials of the agent to treat Covid-19 have not been conducted. Here, we evaluated GS-441524 for Covid-19 treatment based on studies reporting pharmacokinetic parameters of the agent in mice, rats, cats, dogs, monkeys, and the single individual in the first-in-human trial supplemented with information about its activity…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of Kei Apple (Dovyalis caffra) fruit</strong> - Secondary plant metabolites remain one of the key sources of therapeutic agents despite the development of new approaches for the discovery of medicinal drugs. In the current study, chemical analysis, and biological activities of Kei apple (Dovyalis caffra) methanolic extract were evaluated. Chemical analysis was performed using HPLC and GC-MS. Antiviral and anticancer effect were assessed using the crystal violet technique and activity against human liver cells (HepG2), respectively….</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cognitive underpinnings of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Individual differences in executive function and situational stress jointly impact COVID-19 vaccination decisions and need to be considered together when designing health communications aimed at reducing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Interventions that lower stress and promote trust have the potential to increase vaccine acceptance, especially for individuals with weaker executive function.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Attention profile of physically recovered COVID-19 inpatients on the day of discharge</strong> - Few studies have reported specific attention deficits in post-COVID-19 patients. Attention consists of different subdomains. Disruptions to specific attention subdomains might impair a wide range of everyday tasks, including road safety. As there are millions of COVID-19 patients with different socio-economic backgrounds, screening of attentional performance less dependent on education is needed. Here, we verified if physically recovered COVID-19 inpatients showed specific attention decrements…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Repurposing drugs as COVID-19 therapies: a toxicity evaluation</strong> - Drug repurposing is an appealing method to address the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic because of their low cost and efficiency. We analyzed our in-house database of approved drug screens and compared their activity profiles with results from a severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cytopathic effect (CPE) assay. The activity profiles of the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG), phospholipidosis (PLD), and many cytotoxicity screens were significantly correlated with…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A critical evaluation of risk to reward ratio of quercetin supplementation for COVID-19 and associated comorbid conditions</strong> - The interim results of the large, multinational trials on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using a combination of antiviral drugs appear to have little to no effect on the 28-day mortality or the in-hospital course. Therefore, there is a still vivid interest in finding alternate re-purposed drugs and nutrition supplements, which can halt or slow the disease severity. We review here the multiple preclinical studies, partially supported by clinical evidence showing the quercetin’s possible…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Characterization, in-silico, and in-vitro study of a new steroid derivative from Ophiocoma dentata as a potential treatment for COVID-19</strong> - The medicinal potential of marine invertebrates’ bioactive components that may act as anti-COVID-19 demonstrated promising results. Ophiocoma dentata, which is common in the Red Sea, is one such source. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate a new compound from the brittle star, Ophiocoma dentata, and evaluate its efficacy as anti-COVID-19 in-silico and in-vitro. Standard procedures were followed in order to assess the isolated compound’s preliminary toxicity and anti-inflammatory properties….</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Development of optimized drug-like small molecule inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease for treatment of COVID-19</strong> - The SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease is a critical drug target for small molecule COVID-19 therapy, given its likely druggability and essentiality in the viral maturation and replication cycle. Based on the conservation of 3CL protease substrate binding pockets across coronaviruses and using screening, we identified four structurally distinct lead compounds that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease. After evaluation of their binding specificity, cellular antiviral potency, metabolic stability, and water…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Activated CD8(+)CD38(+) Cells Are Associated With Worse Clinical Outcome in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that spread around the world during the past 2 years, has infected more than 260 million people worldwide and has imposed an important burden on the healthcare system. Several risk factors associated with unfavorable outcome were identified, including elderly age, selected comorbidities, immune suppression as well as laboratory markers. The role of immune system in the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection is indisputable: while an…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phytochemicals-based targeting RdRp and main protease of SARS-CoV-2 using docking and steered molecular dynamic simulation: A promising therapeutic approach for Tackling COVID-19</strong> - The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of people worldwide and caused substantial socio-economic losses. Few successful vaccine candidates have been approved against SARS-CoV-2; however, their therapeutic efficacy against the mutated strains of the virus remains questionable. Furthermore, the limited supply of vaccines and promising antiviral drugs have created havoc in the present scenario. Plant-based phytochemicals (bioactive molecules) are promising because of their low side…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Red blood cells-hitchhiking mediated pulmonary delivery of ivermectin: effects of nanoparticles properties</strong> - Recent studies have demonstrated that ivermectin (IVM) exhibits antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative virus of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). However, the repurposing of IVM for treatment of COVID-19 has presented challenges primarily due to the low IVM plasma concentration after oral administration, which was well below IC(50). Here, a red blood cells (RBCs)-hitchhiking strategy was used for the targeted delivery of IVM-loaded…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Applying Modeling and Simulations for Rational Dose Selection of Novel Toll-like Receptor 7/8 Inhibitor Enpatoran for Indications of High Medical Need</strong> - Dual toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR8 inhibitor enpatoran is under investigation as a treatment for lupus and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (popPK/PD) model-based simulations, using PK and PD (inhibition of ex vivo-stimulated interleukin-6 [IL-6] and interferon-α [IFN-α] secretion) data from a phase I study of enpatoran in healthy participants, were leveraged to inform dose selection for lupus and repurposed for accelerated…</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Chloroquine and COVID-19-A systems biology model uncovers the drug’s detrimental effect on autophagy and explains its failure</strong> - The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in an urgent need for identifying potential therapeutic drugs. In the first half of 2020 tropic antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine (CQ) or hydroxochloroquine (HCQ) were the focus of tremendous public attention. In the initial periods of the pandemic, many scientific results pointed out that CQ/HCQ could be very effective for patients with severe COVID. While CQ and HCQ have successfully been used against several diseases (such as…</p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
|
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
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<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How to Unionize at Amazon</strong> - On Staten Island, it made all the difference that the union was independent and led by workers from the warehouse, not managed by a large, outside organization. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/how-to-unionize-at-amazon">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Collecting Bodies in Bucha</strong> - A team of Ukrainian volunteers say that, since the Russian retreat, they have picked up three hundred corpses. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/collecting-bodies-in-bucha">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Putin’s War Gives America a Chance to Get Serious About Refugees</strong> - The climate crisis will produce a huge wave of migrants, and we’re not ready. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/putins-war-gives-america-a-chance-to-get-serious-about-refugees">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sunday Reading: Springtime in the City</strong> - From the archive: a selection of pieces on the charms of the season. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/double-take/sunday-reading-springtime-in-the-city">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How a Forgotten Bit of Infrastructure Became a Symbol of Civic Pride</strong> - The salt box, a winter fixture in Baltimore, was largely overlooked. But, during the pandemic, artists helped turn the humble object into a local celebrity. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/us-journal/how-a-forgotten-bit-of-infrastructure-became-a-symbol-of-civic-%20pride">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>The best $3,000 I ever spent: Surgery for a cat I never wanted</strong> -
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img alt="An illustration of a medial pet cone and a buckled pet collar with a tag." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ZLSxblDUFsq-bALYZUT0EAljWGY=/500x0:3500x2250/1310x983/cdn.vox-
|
||||
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70732377/Collar.0.jpg"/>
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
The veterinarian told us that even with surgery, Teddy still might not survive. | Dana Rodriguez for Vox
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“Cat lady” was a label I didn’t want after losing my husband. But Teddy changed everything.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="93Y7lH">
|
||||
When people share that they are a “dog person” or a “cat person,” throughout my life I have had to apologetically admit that I was neither. I grew up with dogs, and I even owned several as an adult, but I never got that warm fuzzy feeling toward them, that special bond that others so often describe. As for cats, I learned by osmosis from my family that they were feral animals who used our garden beds as their litter boxes. I thought of them as aloof and disloyal animals who got their paws all over countertops and sunk their nails into furniture. I certainly never expected to spend almost $3,000 on a pandemic rescue cat.
|
||||
</p>
|
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TdogBx">
|
||||
When Covid-19 first disrupted the world, my fast-paced, busy schedule came to a screeching halt. I was four years into a different type of grief. My husband had unexpectedly passed away, leaving me a single mother to a 13-month-old, 3-year-old, and a 6-year-old. All of the things I used to seek comfort in during the years that followed — overscheduling, running away on trips, and the built-in company of my social networks — completely dried up. School became exclusively online, and as a high school government teacher, I struggled to teach my classes virtually while juggling solo parenting at home. I felt stranded on a desolate island, and being stuck at home left me feeling more alone than ever. As my despair deepened, I watched other people scramble to adopt pets to fill their own pandemic voids. My daughter seized this opportunity to push harder for the orange tabby kitten of her dreams. I never thought I would agree, but as the uncertainty of the times slowly drained me, somehow I said yes.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rLqIip">
|
||||
But I was scared. I wasn’t an animal person, and I worried this would be another pet I would feel indifferent toward. It also felt unrealistic to take on more responsibility as an only parent. Not to mention the danger of the cat lady stigma: I already felt insecure about my relationship status, single-mother status, and almost-40 status. “Cat lady” was a label I did not want to add to this depressing resume. Yet there I was, filling out applications and chasing every possible lead during a <a href="https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2020/4/28/21232763/dog-cat-adoption-foster-coronavirus-
|
||||
quarantine">competitive surge in pet adoptions</a>, until finally, a friend of a friend knew someone who had a rescue with an orange tabby kitten. We named him Teddy.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9jFyfL">
|
||||
Any doubts I had dissolved the moment we picked him up. Teddy was friendly and social, destroying every preconceived notion I had about cats. He let my children carry him around, kiss him, and take naps with him. My no-cat-on-the-bed rule immediately went out the window. He slept with me every night and cuddled against one of us at all times. I taught my classes online with Teddy nearby. He kept a daily rotation of sleeping, stepping on my keyboard, and walking in front of my camera with his tail in my face. His presence had a calming effect during those anxious weeks and months when we had no idea what we were doing or where we were going.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DzpYRp">
|
||||
It confused me how much I loved Teddy. I’d spent my entire life thinking I hated cats. I would scoff at people who treated their pets like their children; I could never wrap my mind around that kind of love. Now I was posting pictures of my cat on social media and buying cat-themed dish towels. I wondered how I could have gone so many years not knowing.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<hr class="p-entry-hr" id="08niOX"/>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EDij6M">
|
||||
One day, five months after we got Teddy, he began to throw up. I was still a nervous pet owner, but other people reassured me that it was probably nothing. I felt like a new parent, constantly checking to see if the baby was still breathing. When it continued for a few days, I knew it was serious. I worried about how much money an emergency visit would cost. I searched for an appointment, only to find that all the vets near us were booked out for days because of the pandemic pet explosion and safety precautions. It made for a perfect storm while Teddy became increasingly lethargic, no longer eating or drinking, and unable to even lift his head. The kids took turns checking on him, trying to coax him to take sips of water, and worrying that he was going to die.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="E640lR">
|
||||
We were finally able to get in at a vet across town with peeling advertisements, unkempt landscaping, and minimal Yelp reviews. It would not have been my first choice, but we were desperate. A vet tech took Teddy from us as we waited in the parking lot due to Covid-19 protocols.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<aside id="glkxH3">
|
||||
<q>I wondered how I could have gone so many years not knowing</q>
|
||||
</aside>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0lWr9e">
|
||||
It took two trips before a diagnosis: an obstruction in Teddy’s intestines. We were told it could be a hair tie or a rubber band that he may have swallowed. I thought about the number of things my children left out on a regular basis and I felt immediate guilt that I didn’t do a better job of picking them up. Teddy needed emergency surgery or he was going to die. The veterinarian told us that even with surgery, he still might not survive.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dzln8y">
|
||||
I initially paid $289 for X-rays and a barium test. Surgery and recovery would be another $2,446. Almost $3,000 and no guarantees for a rescue cat we had known for five months. I had to give the office an answer.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6TdRX2">
|
||||
“You need to put that cat down,” my dad said on the phone when he called to get an update.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="m3WL6G">
|
||||
I grew up in a household where animals had to be low-cost and low-maintenance. My parents were frugal people who didn’t believe in sinking money into their animals. There were no exceptions. If an animal violated any one of those rules, it either got re-homed or put down. Pet insurance wasn’t a thing I knew about or took seriously.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rOOLYQ">
|
||||
I sat in my car in front of the veterinarian’s office crying as I tried to decide. I looked in the rearview mirror and saw my children’s faces. Their eyes brimmed with tears as they stared at me, searching for an answer in my expression.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EkaK4Q">
|
||||
“It’s a lot of money,” I tried to explain, my stomach in knots. I knew the clock was ticking. One of the worst things about becoming an only parent is being responsible for everything. There was no other parent to bounce an idea off, and no one to share the blame for making the wrong decisions that might ruin everyone’s lives.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JFXPbf">
|
||||
“Do we not have the money?” my daughter asked.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KeD6Y0">
|
||||
“You can use all of my money,” my older son said.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WncJ7e">
|
||||
My 5-year-old offered to make the surgery count toward all of their Christmas presents for the year. His siblings agreed, and even added their birthday presents too.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<div class="c-float-right">
|
||||
<aside id="E777ab">
|
||||
<q>If there was one thing losing my husband had taught me, it was that time is precious and fleeting and priceless</q>
|
||||
</aside>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zuDS4z">
|
||||
The thing is, Teddy was so much more than a cat to me. He was even more than family. I never expected to love an animal the way I loved him. He gave me the gift of hope — a realization that my life still had so many happy discoveries to unearth, more joy to experience, and likely a lot more heartache too. It was all worth it. I think my mind was set before I even saw the price, back when I handed Teddy off and it felt like a piece of my heart was being given away. Subconsciously, I must have known that I was too far in love to consider any other option. If there was one thing losing my husband had taught me, it was that time is precious and fleeting and priceless. We don’t get to control a lot of things in life, but out of the choices we do get to make, we should choose the heck out of them. That is a gift I never want to take for granted.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<hr class="p-entry-hr" id="xv327E"/>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JWFM1w">
|
||||
The surgery went well. The veterinarian produced the culprit of the obstruction. He gave it to me in a clear zip bag: knotted, bloody green string from the new cat scratching post I bought earlier in the week. I felt more guilt, but Teddy eventually recovered with no complications. Sometimes we get our best-case scenarios.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DWibND">
|
||||
My husband had been severely allergic to cats. It is not lost on me that we would have never gotten a cat if he were still alive or if this pandemic had never happened. Of course I would rather take a world where my husband was here and there was no Covid-19, but in lieu of those options, I get to live in this silver lining — a place where our household today has expanded to three cats, officially making me a full-blown cat lady.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p class="c-end-para" data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="J3Lx3S">
|
||||
Death can have a way of hardening us. We can feel angry and punished for our circumstances; the loss and grief can be consuming. In the throes of raw grief, I did not think I would ever be happy again. I struggled to conceptualize a future with joyful new beginnings. I didn’t think I even wanted it. But loss can also have a way of softening us, opening our hearts to what is possible if we choose to let it.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7VTNop">
|
||||
<em>Teresa Shimogawa is a civics teacher and writer trying to do good things in the world.</em>
|
||||
</p></li>
|
||||
<li><strong>What the media needs to get right in the next pandemic</strong> -
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img alt="WHO press conference " src="https://cdn.vox-
|
||||
cdn.com/thumbor/9eoxFUXZN-7YQeVX7VyZOk5bdy0=/167x0:2834x2000/1310x983/cdn.vox-
|
||||
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70732324/GettyImages_1301340875.0.jpg"/>
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
Experts from the WHO- China joint team Mi Feng, Liang Wannian, Peter Ben Embarek and Marion Koopmans attend the WHO-China Joint Study Press Conference on February 9, 2021 in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China. | China News Service via Getty Ima
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
Journalists struggled to accurately convey scientific uncertainty on Covid-19.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lJZS2J">
|
||||
The media has come under harsh scrutiny for how it has covered Covid-19, for good and sometimes for unfair reasons. It is absolutely true that covering a fast-moving pandemic in an age when science is being done at a record cadence and under an unrelenting spotlight is a truly difficult job. But mistakes under duress are mistakes nonetheless, and the only way we get better at this job is to learn from them.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Rw7B78">
|
||||
One recurring theme in the media missteps over the pandemic is a failure to think through and convey uncertainty to readers. And one glaring example of how many journalists and outlets failed the public is in its coverage of the so-called <a href="https://www.vox.com/22453571/lab-leak-covid-19-coronavirus-hypothesis-wuhan-virology-china">lab leak theory</a> of Covid-19’s origins.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<aside id="4IfzLd">
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</aside>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="98XzAK">
|
||||
This became freshly relevant again recently when Vanity Fair <a href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/03/the-virus-hunting-nonprofit-at-the-center-of-
|
||||
the-lab-leak-controversy">published a fairly stunning piece of reporting</a> by Katherine Eban on the long and ugly fight among scientists and officials over the origins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eB5kIy">
|
||||
It’s worth remembering how initial reports of the lab leak theory were met by the press when it first started trickling out in the earliest months of the pandemic. At the time, it was widely agreed that China was likely concealing information about the origins of the pandemic, just as it had originally downplayed the virus itself.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zRvPyD">
|
||||
At the same time, there was plenty of nonsense floating around, like claims that Covid-19 was closely related to HIV (<a href="https://apnews.com/article/archive-fact-checking-8955701525">it’s not</a>) or that it was engineered by Bill Gates (also a no). When <a href="https://www.slowboring.com/p/the-medias-lab-leak-fiasco?s=r">Republican Sen. Tom Cotton speculated </a>that Covid could have escaped from the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) lab, many scientists condemned that as the same conspiratorial nonsense, and many journalists echoed them.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Z0ZKfS">
|
||||
That includes me — <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/2/6/21121303/coronavirus-wuhan-panic-pandemic-outbreak">I published an article </a>on February 6, 2020, warning that the coronavirus might turn out to be a big deal. I’m proud of it overall, but less so about the part where I referenced the “conspiracy theory” that the virus was from a Wuhan lab.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YcGATt">
|
||||
But lab origins weren’t a conspiracy theory — they were a credible scientific hypothesis, at a moment when we knew very little, for how Covid-19 could have originated. The WIV was conducting research on SARS-like coronaviruses, and we later learned that shortly before the pandemic began they <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349073738_An_investigation_into_the_WIV_databases_that_were_taken_offline">took offline a massive database of viruses they’d studied.</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Q1X8Wy">
|
||||
As was well known at the time, China’s government had a <a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1155641/transparency-key-lesson-learned-sars-outbreak-
|
||||
mainland-china">history of lying and covering up disease outbreaks</a>, including the original SARS outbreak in 2002 and 2003, which was always going to make it very difficult to get to the bottom of a situation like this one.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IDu8mc">
|
||||
Privately, Eban found, a few scientists were writing to each other that there may have been a lab origin for Covid-19. But publicly, they said something different, shutting the door on the lab origins theory.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Xky64Z">
|
||||
It’s not that they were covering up clear-cut evidence of a lab origin. Instead, there seemed to be a push to prematurely resolve the conversation — perhaps out of a sense that the public couldn’t be trusted to handle uncertainty.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="OEroGD">
|
||||
Why we need to get better at living with uncertainty
|
||||
</h3>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jVbNnT">
|
||||
This isn’t just a question of media or science criticism — it’s a big problem for our faltering efforts to prepare for the next pandemic.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QcRx99">
|
||||
The fact is that we don’t have enough evidence, one way or another, to prove definitively whether Covid-19 originated in a lab or in the wild. And that’s okay. We should be comfortable with communicating that uncertainty.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="38Zn62">
|
||||
Covid origins are far from the only story during the pandemic where there were efforts to put forward a “‘united front”’ or an appearance of scientists all agreeing, when in fact the science was uncertain and the scientists did disagree.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1a4sL0">
|
||||
The attitudes that are lacking here — tolerance of uncertainty, a willingness to withhold reassuring but incomplete answers, and courage to admit past mistakes — are attitudes that we’ll need to adopt to do better in the next pandemic.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JfJ0Nc">
|
||||
But the uncertainty challenge goes the other way, too. All too often, <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/02/how-public-health-messaging-
|
||||
backfired/618147/">communicators seemed a bit too timid</a> to put forward provisional conclusions based on the available evidence, sometimes waiting for the definitive word from a very <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2021/04/cdc-outdoor-mask-pandemic/618739/">conservative and sclerotic CDC </a>before hitting “publish.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cobr9r">
|
||||
In February 2021, people wanted to know whether vaccines reduced the odds you’d pass on Covid to another person. There was some preliminary evidence that they did. But since the evidence wasn’t certain, and since they didn’t want vaccinated people to abandon all caution, a lot of public health communicators were reluctant to say anything about the topic.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="J88U0M">
|
||||
I <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-
|
||||
perfect/22291959/covid-vaccines-transmission-protect-spread-virus-moderna-pfizer">wrote an article on the growing evidence that vaccines reduced transmission</a>, a theory that turned out to be accurate, though it was months before the CDC came to the same conclusion.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="W5zIt1">
|
||||
Efforts to create a “united front” are meant to reduce misinformation and confusion, but sometimes they end up causing it, as everyone waits to see what everyone else is saying. I’ve come to believe it’s better to directly and publicly explain what you believe and why, while acknowledging disagreement where relevant.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="vQyOVg">
|
||||
Reviving trust in the media
|
||||
</h3>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vC58So">
|
||||
From the start of the pandemic, health officials made questionable pronouncements at times, often amplified by the media. First, some officials told us to worry more about the flu. Then we were told not to buy masks. The reversals on those and other questions may have contributed to declining trust in our <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/media-
|
||||
telecom/reuters-next-public-trust-crumbles-under-covid-19-fake-news-survey-2021-01-13/">public health establishment and the media</a>.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QLyFGo">
|
||||
Instead of trying to present a united front, scientists should say that there is disagreement, and explain what specifically the disagreement is about. And instead of trying to present readers with “the answer” on big questions like the origins of Covid, journalists should get comfortable saying that we do not know for sure, sharing what evidence we have, and being okay with not knowing.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yQcGa8">
|
||||
Experts should also get more comfortable disagreeing with other experts publicly when they disagree privately. One painful lesson has been that our public health officials are only human, and a recurring theme in Eban’s piece is that they often had large disparities between what they believed privately and what they said publicly.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pr2kw9">
|
||||
Based on the discourse about the lab leak theory, it’s not clear we’ve learned the lessons above. We need to adapt — quickly — if we want to do better in the next pandemic.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b1q1XY">
|
||||
<em>A version of this story was initially published in the </em>Future Perfect<em> newsletter. </em><a href="https://confirmsubscription.com/h/d/A2BA26698741513A"><em><strong>Sign up here to subscribe!</strong></em></a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GiEJvw">
|
||||
</p></li>
|
||||
<li><strong>Here’s what the ICC can actually do about Putin’s war crimes</strong> -
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<img alt="Russians Held A Vigil For The Victims War In Ukraine, In Amsterdam" src="https://cdn.vox-
|
||||
cdn.com/thumbor/X4NWt6jDOjraI1FAwz17I_0UJ9A=/0x0:3776x2832/1310x983/cdn.vox-
|
||||
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/70731095/1239866277.0.jpg"/>
|
||||
<figcaption>
|
||||
The world is watching — and condemning — Russia’s actions in Ukraine. | Romy Arroyo Fernandez/NurPhoto via Getty Images
|
||||
</figcaption>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
The ICC may offer a path to hold Russia accountable, but it has plenty of limitations.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RPgSrZ">
|
||||
The bombing of a train station in Ukraine where many were gathered to evacuate. The <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/4/3/23009048/russian-troops-retreat-in-ukraine-civilian-deaths-discovered">murder of countless civilians in Bucha</a> and other areas. As evidence of Russian atrocities against Ukraine builds, so do calls to bring the perpetrators to justice — including from US President Joe Biden, who recently <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-says-putin-is-war-criminal-calls-war-crimes-trial-2022-04-04/">said Vladimir Putin should be tried for war crimes</a>.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LShNz5">
|
||||
“You saw what happened in Bucha,” Biden told reporters on Monday. “We have to gather the information. And we have to get all the detail so this can be an actual, have a war crimes trial,” Biden said, calling Putin “a war criminal.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XkJvoS">
|
||||
While it’s possible to try war crimes in national courts, investigators from the <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) are already working in Ukraine to gather and vet evidence, and a <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-
|
||||
prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-qc-situation-ukraine-receipt-referrals-39-states">number of nations</a> have already referred the case to the global court, signaling <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/24/putin-war-crimes-prosecute-trial-
|
||||
ukraine/">a strong push to</a> to bring such crimes to trial.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="f9UrkJ">
|
||||
But it’s not as simple as filing a case at a courthouse; there are practical and political limits to what the ICC can do in any of the crimes it investigates and prosecutes. Among those challenges, in this case, is the fact that neither Russia nor Ukraine is party to the ICC, although Ukraine recognizes the court’s jurisdiction, so the court can prosecute those responsible for atrocity crimes committed in Ukraine.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dWvJd8">
|
||||
The ICC itself is based in The Hague, the Netherlands, but it <a href="https://asp.icc-cpi.int/states-parties">has 123 member nations all over the world</a>. The court’s remit is to try grievous crimes like war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity — collectively known as atrocity crimes — and aggression, but it’s not intended to replace national courts, explained <a href="https://www.zvobgo.com/">Kelebogile Zvobgo</a>, assistant professor of government at the College of William & Mary. “It’s a court of last resort,” she told Vox. “The court only has jurisdiction in places unwilling or unable to investigate or prosecute their own cases.” Given the fact that the Russian government denies waging war in Ukraine in the first place, much less committing atrocities there, the ICC could be an appropriate mechanism for holding Kremlin officials accountable. But the ICC is not the only avenue to pursue justice for atrocity crimes, and it’s far from guaranteed that Putin or any of his high- level associates would ever stand trial.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="cXR0EH">
|
||||
A permanent international court is still relatively new
|
||||
</h3>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7YC9YG">
|
||||
Although the idea for a permanent international criminal court dates back to 1870, the ICC wasn’t established until 1998. <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf">The Rome Statute</a> — the product of the UN’s Rome Conference, where 160 different governments convened to consider an international criminal court — enshrined the ICC as the first permanent international court; it came into force in 2002, after 60 countries had ratified the Rome Statute. The ICC has a permanent, professional, and impartial staff, and operates in coordination with the United Nations, although it’s an independent body.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WQKAtx">
|
||||
Prior to the court’s establishment, there were mechanisms for trying crimes of international concern, most notably the Tokyo and Nuremberg tribunals after World War II. These were conducted before the Geneva Conventions were passed and were the first known international trials for crimes conducted during conflict. But those trials weren’t immune to criticism, including about their expedience as well as concerns over a sense of partiality, or “victors’ justice,” as Zvobgo said.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0Wk7ir">
|
||||
Later tribunals, like the <a href="https://www.icty.org/sid/7765">United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia</a> prosecuting the ethnic cleansing of Albanians in Kosovo under former Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, the <a href="https://ihl-
|
||||
databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/b0d5f4c1f4b8102041256739003e6366/65cb6be7caca532cc1256c1d0027f549?OpenDocument">Special Court for Sierra Leone</a>, which prosecuted those responsible for that nation’s brutal civil war, and the <a href="https://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/node/39457">Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia</a>, which <a href="https://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/keyevents">prosecuted the crimes of the Khmer Rouge</a>, operated in conjunction with or under the auspices of the UN.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9vwqV1">
|
||||
Individual countries can also try individuals for crimes that fall under <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/10/19/basic-facts-universal-
|
||||
jurisdiction#:~:text=Universal%20jurisdiction%20is%20the%20ability,such%20as%20territoriality%20or%20active%2F">universal jurisdiction</a>, like atrocity crimes. Most recently, German courts were able to secure convictions for two Syrian military leaders for crimes committed against Syrians in Syria — crimes which technically didn’t involve Germany at all, but because they were so egregious and such an affront to the international order, they fall under universal jurisdiction.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dP0C9T">
|
||||
Unlike other international courts, like the <a href="https://echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=home">European Court of Human Rights</a>, the ICC can only try individuals, not nation-states. That theoretically includes sitting heads of state, although that’s never happened in the court’s 20-year history, and is unlikely to happen in the context of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The court has no enforcement mechanism, so while it can issue arrest warrants, it relies on national authorities to execute those warrants. “There are many ICC fugitives,” Zvobgo said, including former Sudanese dictator Omar al-Bashir, who even <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/15/414659928/sudanese-president-flies-home-after-south-african-
|
||||
court-orders-his-arrest">evaded capture in South Africa</a>, a signatory to the Rome Statute, in 2015. <a href="https://www.icc-
|
||||
cpi.int/cases?cases_fulltext=&field_defendant_t=All&f%5B0%5D=accused_states_cases%3A329&page=1">All told, defendants in 11 ICC cases</a> remain at large.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hsLdeI">
|
||||
The court has, however, seen 30 cases, with 10 convictions and four acquittals. That might not seem like much, but considering how difficult it is to build the kinds of cases the ICC prosecutes, and the capacity that many defendants have to evade capture and trial, it’s significant.<br/>
|
||||
It’s also a sign that countries are following up on their responsibilities, per the Rome Statute, and holding their own investigations and prosecutions for atrocity crimes, Zvobgo told Vox, citing an instance in Colombia in which the ICC <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/12/16/icc-starts-next-chapter-colombia">closed down a preliminary investigation</a> into grave crimes of international concern — including thousands of alleged extrajudicial killings that occurred over five decades of armed conflict — after determining that the Colombian government could conduct its own investigation and trials.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="VSP9q8">
|
||||
Prosecuting Putin could be impossible
|
||||
</h3>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VeSuLv">
|
||||
The ICC doesn’t try defendants in absentia, or if they’re not present at the court. And because the court doesn’t have a mechanism like a police force to enforce its arrest warrants, Putin could evade capture as long as he stays in Russia or other friendly nations — and in power.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Rlj3Wn">
|
||||
“I don’t really see the mechanism for holding Putin criminally accountable,” Zvobgo told Vox. “The US and allies, I don’t think it’s possible that they will seize Putin,” she said, noting that it could set a disastrous precedent and could enable Russia or any other country to use international justice to retaliate against their adversaries.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GysTo5">
|
||||
Plus, there is little precedent for trying sitting heads of state. The only time that’s happened is when Milošević stood trial and was indicted for atrocity crimes in Kosovo in 1999 in a special tribunal convened by the UN. The <a href="https://www.aba-icc.org/about-the-icc/evolution-of-international-criminal-
|
||||
justice/">ICC and other international tribunals</a> have indicted former heads of state, like former President of Liberia Charles Taylor and former President of Chad Hissène Habré, however.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cHTJKA">
|
||||
Another complicating factor is that one of the most vocal nations suggesting Putin to be tried at the Hague — the United States — <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/02/qa-international-criminal-court-and-united-
|
||||
states#:~:text=The%20US%20is%20not%20a,voted%20against%20the%20Rome%20Statute.">isn’t itself a party to the ICC</a>. The US government voted against the ICC during the Rome Conference in 1998; former President Bill Clinton signed on to the Rome Statute in 2000, but never submitted it to Congress for ratification. Former President George W. Bush in 2002 notified then-UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan that the US would not ratify the Rome Statute and didn’t have to abide by any of its provisions.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jZebYX">
|
||||
“It really shows a lot of hypocrisy,” and encourages the perception of “justice for thee, not for me,” Zvobgo noted. <a href="https://apnews.com/article/crime-courts-afghanistan-war-crimes-
|
||||
taliban-a758ac22703e13c37a58322f0c26c3f1">In 2020</a>, the <a href="https://theintercept.com/2021/10/05/afghanistan-icc-
|
||||
war-crimes/">US was under investigation by the ICC for war crimes in Afghanistan</a>, which prompted former President Donald Trump to pursue sanctions against then-ICC prosecutor Fatou Bensouda of The Gambia and senior prosecution official Phakiso Mochochoko, a diplomat from Lesotho.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WOdvHY">
|
||||
Even if it were possible to bring Putin to the Hague, the ICC couldn’t try him for one of the most critical crimes — aggression — for which he’s clearly responsible. That’s because the ICC can only try aggression crimes, defined as “the planning, preparation, initiation or execution, by a person in a position effectively to exercise control over or to direct the political or military action of a State, of an act of aggression which . . . constitutes a manifest violation of the Charter of the United Nations,” per the Rome Statute, if the countries in question are signatories. Neither Russia nor Ukraine is. Linking Putin to other reported war crimes in Ukraine, like the indiscriminate killing of noncombatants, targeting civilian facilities like train stations and hospitals, and sexual violence, is a massive undertaking and requires documentary evidence — like specific orders or testimony from insider witnesses, which are closely guarded — linking the actions of soldiers on the ground to officials in the Kremlin. “This stuff just takes a long time,” Zvobgo told Vox, “and it doesn’t necessarily end in a guilty verdict.”
|
||||
</p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>India to open against Pakistan in Junior Davis Cup</strong> - Slotted with top-seed Australia, the host will aim to make the World Group</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Police investigate after Cristiano Ronaldo knocked phone from fan</strong> - Ronaldo apparently slapped a phone out of a supporter’s hand as he left the field after a loss at Everton</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2022 | Zaheer hopes Mumbai Indians cash in on “close moments”</strong> - The five-team champion outfit has ended up on the wrong side in its four matches so far.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2022: KKR vs DC | Warner, Prithvi shine in Delhi’s 215 for 5 against Knight Riders</strong> - Shaw, Warner score half-centuries; Narine picks up two wickets for KKR</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2022: SRH vs GT | Gujarat, the team to beat, takes on inconsistent Hyderabad</strong> - Three consecutive wins in the IPL have given Gujarat Titans the momentum</p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Fall in generation, coal supply issues blamed for power crisis in A.P.</strong> - Surge in demand because of summer has resulted in a deficit of 50 MUs per day</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Andhra Pradesh Governor accepts resignations of 24 Ministers</strong> -</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Opposition parties should come together to end BJP's ‘oppression’: Kharge</strong> - The Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha also said that in Uttar Pradesh, the Congress should unite with BSP and together oust the BJP from the State</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>India has 217 space objects orbiting earth; working towards reducing space debris: Report</strong> - India had 103 spacecraft, including active and defunct satellites, and 114 space debris objects, including spent rocket bodies orbiting the earth.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Homoeopathy truly is the people’s choice for wellness and the last 75 years have proven this more than ever, says Anil Khurana</strong> - Basic research studies are conducted to identify mechanism of action of the medicines and the effectiveness of the drugs, says Chairperson, National Commission for Homoeopathy, in an exclusive talk with The Hindu on World Homeopathy Day on April 10</p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Disbelief and horror after Krematorsk train station attack</strong> - The people of Krematorsk are coming to terms with a strike on a train station that killed more than 50.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>French election: Macron faces far-right challenge as France votes</strong> - The opening round of the French presidential race could become a cliffhanger for Emmanuel Macron.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inside Chernobyl: We stole Russian fuel to prevent catastrophe</strong> - Staff at the former nuclear plant tell the BBC they were forced to negotiate when Russian forces took over.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine, the UN and history’s greatest broken promise</strong> - If the past is anything to go by, the world will struggle to unite for Ukraine - says Fergal Keane.</p></li>
|
||||
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Kinder chocolate factory told to shut over salmonella cases</strong> - Dozens of suspected cases are reported in the UK, Germany, France and Belgium.</p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Apollo 10 1/2 review: A Linklater movie about nothing (and the Moon landing)</strong> - New animated movie from Richard Linklater is all about the vibes, man. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1846334">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Scientists spy on Mount Etna with fiber-optic cables</strong> - Researchers detect volcanic activity by watching how light moves through a cable. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1846894">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The weekend’s best deals: Nintendo eShop gift cards, Apple devices, and more</strong> - Dealmaster also has Logitech’s MX Master 3, Samsung microSD cards, and lots of video games. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1846953">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Senate bill that has Big Tech scared</strong> - Biggest platforms would be barred from advantaging themselves over the little guys. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1846884">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Could high-flying kites power your home?</strong> - Companies are betting on computer-controlled, airborne wind energy for future power. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1846950">link</a></p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><strong>So was at a bar last night and saw this fat chick wearing a shirt that said, “Caution, I’m a maneater”. I walked up to the girl and timidly said, “Excuse me, Miss…about your shirt.”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
|
||||
<div class="md">
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
She interrupted me before I could continue and furiously shouted, “Oh let me guess, you’re here to make a comment about how I’m so fat and how I actually eat men. I can’t help my weight you know. I have feelings too and your comments can really hurt.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
I looked at her, confused and said,“That’s actually not what I was going to say at all.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“Oh…” she replied as a smile started to come across her face. “What were you going to say?”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“That’s not how you spell manatee.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
SC_ON -->
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/YZXFILE"> /u/YZXFILE </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u04dpd/so_was_at_a_bar_last_night_and_saw_this_fat_chick/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u04dpd/so_was_at_a_bar_last_night_and_saw_this_fat_chick/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
|
||||
<li><strong>NSFW Why can’t women ever tell men where the clitoris is?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
|
||||
<div class="md">
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
Cause its a place to eat.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- SC_ON -->
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Garuin"> /u/Garuin </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u08y0h/nsfw_why_cant_women_ever_tell_men_where_the/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u08y0h/nsfw_why_cant_women_ever_tell_men_where_the/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
|
||||
<li><strong>One day a man, who had been stranded on a desert island for over ten years sees an unusual speck on the horizon.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
|
||||
<div class="md">
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“It’s certainly not a ship”, he thinks to himself.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
As the speck gets closer and closer he begins to rule out the possibilities of a small boat, then even a raft.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
Suddenly, emerging from the surf, comes a drop dead gorgeous blonde woman wearing a wet suit and scuba gear.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
She approaches the stunned guy and says: “Tell me, how long has it been since you’ve had a cigarette?”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“Ten years,” replies the stunned man.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
With that she reaches over and unzips a waterproof pocket on her left sleeve and pulls out a pack of cigarettes.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
He takes one, lights it, takes a long drag and says: “Man, oh man! Is that good!”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“And how long has it been since you’ve had a sip of bourbon?” she asks him.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
Trembling the castaway replies: “Ten years.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
She reaches over, unzips her right sleeve, pulls out a flask and hands it to him.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
He opens the flask, takes a long swig and says: “WOW, that’s absolutely fantastic!”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
At this point, she starts slowly unzipping the long zipper that runs down the front of her wet suit, looks at the man seductively, and asks: “And how long has it been since you’ve had some real fun?”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
With tears in his eyes, the guy falls to his knees and sobs: “Oh good Lord! Don’t tell me you’ve got a laptop?”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- SC_ON -->
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Informal-
|
||||
Talk9487"> /u/Informal-Talk9487 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u05qeh/one_day_a_man_who_had_been_stranded_on_a_desert/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u05qeh/one_day_a_man_who_had_been_stranded_on_a_desert/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
|
||||
<li><strong>I hug my girlfriend really tight after sex.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
|
||||
<div class="md">
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
That way she deflates quicker.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- SC_ON -->
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Fat-Ron"> /u/Fat-Ron </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u0dn1j/i_hug_my_girlfriend_really_tight_after_sex/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u0dn1j/i_hug_my_girlfriend_really_tight_after_sex/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
|
||||
<li><strong>Putin is sitting in his office when his telephone rings</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
|
||||
<div class="md">
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“Hallo, Mr. Putin!” a heavily accented voice said. “This is Paddy Down at the Harp Pub in County Clare, Ireland. I am ringing to inform you that we are officially declaring war on ya!”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“Well, Paddy,” Putin replied, “This is indeed important news! How big is your army?”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“Right now,” says Paddy, after a moment’s calculation, “there is meself, me Cousin Sean, me next door neighbor Seamus, and the entire darts team from the pub. That makes eight!”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
Putin paused. “I must tell you, Paddy, that I have 100,000 men in my army waiting to move on my command.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“Begoora!” says Paddy. "I’ll have to ring ya back.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
Sure enough, the next day, Paddy calls again. “Mr. Putin, the war is still on. We have managed to get us some infantry equipment!”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“And what equipment would that be Paddy?” Putin asks.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“Well, we have two combines, a bulldozer, and Marphy’s farm tractor.” Putin sighs amused. “I must tell you, Paddy, that I have 6,000 tanks and 5,000 armored personnel carriers. Also, I have increased my army to 150,000 since we last spoke”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“Saints preserve us!” says Paddy. “I’ll have to get back to ya.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
Sure enough, Paddy rings again the next day. “Mr. Putin, the war is still on! We have managed to get ourselves airborne! We have modified Jackie McLaughlin’s ultra-light with a couple of shotguns in the cockpit, and four boys from the Shamrock Bar have joined us as well.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
Putin was silent for a minute and then cleared his throat. “I must tell you, Paddy, that I have 100 bombers and 200 fighter planes. My military bases are surrounded by laser-guided, surface-to-air missile sites. And since we last spoke, I have increased my army to 200,000!”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“Jesus, Mary, and Joseph!” says Paddy, “I will have to ring ya back.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
Sure enough, Paddy calls again the next day. “Top o’ the mornin’, Mr. Putin! I am sorry to inform ya that we have had to call off the war.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“Really? I am sorry to hear that,” says Putin. “Why the sudden change of heart?”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
|
||||
“Well,” says Paddy, “we had a long chat over a few pints of Guinness and finally decided there is no fookin’ way we can feed 200,000 Russian prisoners.”
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<!-- SC_ON
|
||||
-->
|
||||
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/totom96"> /u/totom96 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u02mw7/putin_is_sitting_in_his_office_when_his_telephone/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/u02mw7/putin_is_sitting_in_his_office_when_his_telephone/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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|
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Reference in New Issue