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<title>16 April, 2023</title>
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<title>Covid-19 Sentry</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Longitudinal sequencing and variant detection of SARS-CoV-2 across Southern California wastewater from April 2020 - August 2021</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) is a useful method to detect pathogen prevalence and may serve to effectively monitor diseases at a broad scale. WBE has been used throughout the COVID-19 pandemic to track localized and population-level disease burden through the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA present in wastewater. Aside from case load estimation, WBE is being used to assay viral genomic diversity and the emergence of potential SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we present a study in which we sequenced RNA extracted from sewage influent samples obtained from eight wastewater treatment plants representing 16 million people in Southern California over April 2020 - August 2021. We sequenced SARS-CoV-2 with two methods: Illumina Respiratory Virus Enrichment and metatranscriptomic sequencing (N = 269), and QIAseq SARS-CoV-2 tiled amplicon sequencing (N = 95). We were able to classify SARS-CoV-2 reads into lineages and sublineages that approximated several named variants across a full year, and we identified a diversity of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of which many are putatively novel SNVs, and SNVs of unknown potential function and prevalence. Through our retrospective study, we also show that several sublineages of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in wastewater up to several months before clinical detection, which may assist in the prediction of future Variants of Concern. Lastly, we show that sublineage diversity was similar between wastewater treatment plants across Southern California, and that diversity changed by sampling month indicating that WBE is effective across megaregions. As the COVID-19 pandemic moves to new phases, and additional SARS-CoV-2 variants emerge, the ongoing monitoring of wastewater is important to understand local and population-level dynamics of the virus. Our study shows the potential of WBE to detect SARS-CoV-2 variants throughout Southern California9s wastewater and track the diversity of viral SNVs and strains in urban and suburban locations. These results will aid in our ability to monitor the evolutionary potential of SARS-CoV-2 and help understand circulating SNVs to further combat COVID-19.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.23288559v1" target="_blank">Longitudinal sequencing and variant detection of SARS-CoV-2 across Southern California wastewater from April 2020 - August 2021</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Unsupervised Machine Learning Unveil Easily Identifiable Subphenotypes of COVID-19 With Differing Disease Trajectories</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Given the clinical heterogeneity of COVID-19 infection, we hypothesize the existence of subphenotypes based on early inflammatory responses that are associated with mortality and additional complications. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we extracted electronic health data from adults hospitalized patients between March 1, 2020 and May 5, 2021, with confirmed primary diagnosis of COVID-19 across five Johns Hopkins Hospitals. We obtained all electronic health records from the first 24h of the patient9s hospitalization. Mortality was the primary endpoint explored while myocardial infarction (MI), pulmonary embolism (PE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), stroke, delirium, length of stay (LOS), ICU admission and intubation status were secondary outcomes of interest. First, we employed clustering analysis to identify COVID-19 subphenotypes on admission with only biomarker data and assigned each patient to a subphenotype. We then performed Chi-Squared and Mann-Whitney-U tests to examine associations between COVID-19 subphenotype assignment and outcomes. In addition, correlations between subphenotype and pre-existing comorbidities were measured using Chi-Squared analysis. Results: A total of 7076 patients were included. Analysis revealed three distinct subgroups by level of inflammation: hypoinflammatory, intermediate, and hyperinflammatory subphenotypes. More than 25% of patients in the hyperinflammatory subphenotype died compared to less than 3% hypoinflammatory subphenotype (p&lt;0.05). Additional analysis found statistically significant increases in the rate of MI, DVT, PE, stroke, delirium and ICU admission as well as LOS in the hyperinflammatory subphenotype. Conclusion: We identify three distinct inflammatory subphenotypes that predict a range of outcomes, including mortality, MI, DVT, PE, stroke, delirium, ICU admission and LOS. The three subphenotypes are easily identifiable and may aid in clinical decision making.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.23288152v1" target="_blank">Unsupervised Machine Learning Unveil Easily Identifiable Subphenotypes of COVID-19 With Differing Disease Trajectories</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Long-term effects of extreme smoke exposure on COVID-19: A cohort study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
In early 2014, the Hazelwood coalmine fire covered the regional Australian town of Morwell in smoke and ash for 45 days. One of the fire9s by-products, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, has been linked higher rates of COVID-19 infection to increased expression of the ACE2 receptor, which the COVID-19 virus uses to infect cells throughout the body. However, it is unclear whether the effect persists for years after exposure. In this study, we surveyed a cohort established prior to the pandemic to determine whether PM<sub>2.5</sub> from the coalmine fire increased long-term vulnerability to COVID-19 infection and severe disease. In late 2022, 612 members of the Hazelwood Health Study9s adult cohort, established in 2016/17, participated in a follow-up survey including standardised items to capture COVID-19 infections, hospitalisations, and vaccinations. Associations were evaluated in crude and adjusted logistic regression models, applying statistical weighting for survey response and multiple imputation to account for missing data, with sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of results. A total of 271 (44%) participants self-reported or met symptom criteria for at least one COVID-19 infection. All models found a positive association, with odds of infection increasing by between 4-21% for every standard deviation (12.3μg/m3) increase in mine fire-related PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure. However, this was not statistically significant in any model. There were insufficient hospitalisations to examine severity (n=7; 1%). The findings were inconclusive in ruling out an effect of PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure from coalmine fire on long-term vulnerability to COVID-19 infection. Given the positive association that was robust to modelling variations as well as evidence for a causal mechanism, it would be prudent to treat PM<sub>2.5</sub> from fire events as a risk factor for long-term COVID-19 vulnerability until more evidence accumulates.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.23288500v1" target="_blank">Long-term effects of extreme smoke exposure on COVID-19: A cohort study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Ethnic inequalities among NHS staff in England - workplace experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objectives. To determine how workplace experiences of NHS staff varied by ethnic group during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine how these experiences are associated with mental and physical health at the time of the study. Methods. An online Inequalities Survey was conducted by the TIDES study (Tackling Inequalities and Discrimination Experiences in health Services) in collaboration with NHS CHECK. This Inequalities Survey collected measures relating to workplace experiences (such as personal protective equipment (PPE), risk assessments, redeployments, and discrimination) as well as mental health, and physical health from NHS staff working in the 18 trusts participating with the NHS CHECK study between February and October 2021 (N=4622). Results. Regression analysis revealed that staff from Black and Mixed/Other ethnic groups had greater odds of experiencing workplace harassment (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.43 [1.56-3.78] and 2.38 [1.12-5.07], respectively) and discrimination (AOR = 4.36 [2.73-6.96], and 3.94 [1.67-9.33], respectively) compared to White British staff. Staff from black ethnic groups also had greater odds than White British staff of reporting PPE unavailability (AOR = 2.16 [1.16-4.00]). Such workplace experiences were associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes, though this association varied by ethnicity. Conversely, understanding employment rights around redeployment, being informed about, and having the ability to inform redeployment decisions were associated with lower odds of poor health outcomes. Conclusions. Structural changes to the way staff from ethnically minoritised groups are supported, and how their complaints are addressed by leaders within the NHS are urgently required to address racism and inequalities in the NHS. Policy implications. Maintaining transparency and implementing effective mechanisms for addressing poor working conditions, harassment, and discrimination is crucial in the NHS. This can be achieved through appointing a designated staff member, establishing a tracking system, and training HR managers in identifying and handling reports of racial discrimination. Incorporating diversity and inclusion considerations into professional development activities and providing staff with opportunities to actively participate in decision-making can also benefit their health. The NHS Workforce Race Equality Standard may need to broaden its scope to assess race equality effectively.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.23288481v1" target="_blank">Ethnic inequalities among NHS staff in England - workplace experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Time to get attention: The effect of temporal values on health, income and happiness</strong> -
<div>
We study the effect of people’s temporal values (habits of attending to past or future events) on their health, labour market performance and happiness. Participants’ (N=1177) data were initially collected in 2016 and then again in a follow-up study in 2020-2021. We find that habitually more attending to the future is negatively associated with diseases (heart attack; high cholesterol; diabetes; high-blood pressure; Covid19), but positively with health-related behaviour (eating vegetables and fruit; less smoking), health status (e.g., healthy weight; long life expectancy), income, hourly wage, financial satisfaction and happiness. Furthermore, such temporal values predict participants’ future situation of these aspects of well-being in 2020-2021, even after controlling for the 2016 baseline situation, IQ, self-control, patience, risk aversion and demographic information. Given that habitually attending to the past is likely to lead people to give less priority to the future compared to the past, we propose a temporal values and well-being hypothesis: Temporal values have consequences for people’s planning and behaviour, thus influencing individuals’ concurrent and longitudinal overall well-being. Our findings have strong implications for theories of time perception, measurements of temporal values, and for a better understanding of factors that influence people’s health, income, and happiness.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/7k4ct/" target="_blank">Time to get attention: The effect of temporal values on health, income and happiness</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Gender Responsivity of Family Planning Cadres in Family Resilience Counseling during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Ajibarang Subdistrict</strong> -
<div>
The Covid-19 pandemic has decreased resilience, particularly the socio-psychological aspects of many families, including the Ajibarang Subdistrict. This can be seen from the many cases of domestic violence and child marriage occurring in this part of the Banyumas Regency. In order not to continue, this condition needs to be prevented immediately through counseling activities that are appropriate in material and right on target, for both women and men. In other words, counseling must be gender-responsive. In this case, Family Planning Cadres in the village and RW levels play a vital role in helping family planning counselors take preventive measures. Therefore, it would be interesting to study the gender responsivities of family planning counselors. This study aimed to gather information about (1) the phenomenon of family resilience in their area and (2) the gender responsivity of family resilience counseling conducted in the subdistrict. By applying a descriptive qualitative approach, this study gathered data through questionnaires and direct discussions. The data were analyzed using interactive methods. The results showed that during the Covid-19 pandemic, there were a large number of divorced and married children. While counseling was provided to address this issue, the target clients were mostly females. Among the many reasons, cadres only partially understood the concept of gender and never attended training for gender-perspective counseling.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/d3eak/" target="_blank">Gender Responsivity of Family Planning Cadres in Family Resilience Counseling during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Ajibarang Subdistrict</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Determination of the factors responsible for host tropism of SARS-CoV-2-related bat coronaviruses</strong> -
<div>
Differences in host ACE2 genes may affect the host range of SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses (SC2r-CoVs) and further determine the tropism of host ACE2 for the infection receptor. However, the factor(s) responsible for determining the host tropism of SC2r-CoVs, which may in part be determined by the tropism of host ACE2 usage, remains unclear. Here, we use the pseudoviruses with the spike proteins of two Laotian SC2r-CoVs, BANAL-20-236 and BANAL-20-52, and the cells expressing ACE2 proteins of eight different Rhinolophus bat species, and show that these two spikes have different tropisms for Rhinolophus bat ACE2. Through structural analysis and cell culture experiments, we demonstrate that this tropism is determined by residue 493 of the spike and residues 31 and 35 of ACE2. Our results suggest that SC2r-CoVs exhibit differential ACE2 tropism, which may be driven by adaptation to different Rhinolophus bat ACE2 proteins.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.536832v1" target="_blank">Determination of the factors responsible for host tropism of SARS-CoV-2-related bat coronaviruses</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A scoping review on the use and acceptability of preprints</strong> -
<div>
Background: Preprints are open and accessible scientific manuscript or report that has not been submitted to a peer reviewed journal. The value and importance of preprints has grown since its contribution during the public health emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic. Funders and publishers are establishing their position on the use of preprints, in grant applications and publishing models. However, the evidence supporting the use and acceptability of preprints varies across funders, publishers, and researchers. The purpose of this scoping review was to explore the current evidence on the use and acceptability of preprints by publishers, funders, and the research community throughout the research lifecycle. Methods: A scoping review was undertaken with no study or language limits. The search strategy was limited to the last five years (2017-2022) to capture changes influenced by COVID-19 (e.g., accelerated use and role of preprints in research). The review included international literature, including grey literature, and two databases were searched: Scopus and Web of Science (24 August 2022). Results: 379 titles and abstracts and 193 full text articles were assessed for eligibility. Ninety-eight articles met eligibility criteria and were included for full extraction. For barriers and challenges, 26 statements were grouped under four main themes (e.g., volume/growth of publications, quality assurance/trustworthiness, risks associated to credibility, and validation). For benefits and value, 34 statements were grouped under six themes (e.g., openness/transparency, increased visibility/credibility, open review process, open research, democratic process/systems, increased productivity/opportunities). Conclusions: Preprints provide opportunities for rapid dissemination but there is a need for clear policies and guidance from journals, publishers, and funders. Cautionary measures are needed to maintain the quality and value of preprints, paying particular attention to how findings are translated to the public. More research is needed to address some of the uncertainties addressed in this review.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/nug4p/" target="_blank">A scoping review on the use and acceptability of preprints</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The balance of risks and benefits in the COVID-19 “vaccine hesitancy” literature: An umbrella review</strong> -
<div>
Background: “Vaccine hesitancy” (VH) has been described as a “threat to global health”, especially in the COVID-19 era. Research on VH indicates that the concerns of vaccine recipients with the balance of risks and benefits of COVID-19 vaccination, which involve safety and effectiveness considerations (hereafter “safety concerns”), are a leading driver of VH. However, what explains these concerns is underexplored. Goal: We conducted a qualitative umbrella review following PRISMA guidelines and informed by a critical perspective to examine how the safety concerns of COVID-19 vaccine recipients are addressed in the VH literature. Methods: We searched PubMed, the Epistemonikos COVID-19 platform (COVID-19 L. OVE), and the WHO Global Research on COVID-19 Database. We included 49 refereed reviews examining VH in any population involved with COVID-19 vaccination decisions for themselves or as caretakers, with no methodological, quality, temporal, or geographic restrictions, and were published in English, excluding those that authors did not identify as “systematic”. Two reviewers completed article screening and data extraction and synthesis. Thematic synthesis was used to identify themes and frequencies were calculated to assess the strength of support for themes. Disagreements were resolved through full team discussion. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (ID CRD42022351489) and partially funded by a SSHRC grant (# 435-2022-0959). Findings: All reviews assumed that VH was a major barrier to ending the COVID-19 crisis. With vaccines assumed to be “safe and effective”, recipients’ safety concerns were downplayed. Evidence incompatible with “VH-as-a-problem”, whenever mentioned, was dismissed as “misinformation”. Informed consent was either not discussed or was presented as a potential threat to “vaccine confidence”. We observed no differences regardless of study population, methodology, or other study characteristics. Limitations are discussed. Conclusions: Neglecting or dismissing vaccine recipients’ safety concerns contributes to the problem that research on COVID-19 VH purports to address. It also undermines the implementation of informed consent, critical to ethical medical and public health research, policy, and practice. The scant attention to bioethical considerations in current COVID-19 VH research is concerning.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/r9xs7/" target="_blank">The balance of risks and benefits in the COVID-19 “vaccine hesitancy” literature: An umbrella review</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 NSP5 Antagonizes MHC II Expression by Subverting Histone Deacetylase 2</strong> -
<div>
SARS-CoV-2 interferes with antigen presentation by downregulating MHC II on antigen presenting cells, but the mechanism mediating this process is unelucidated. Herein, analysis of protein and gene expression in human antigen presenting cells reveals that MHC II is downregulated by the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, NSP5. This suppression of MHC II expression occurs via decreased expression of the MHC II regulatory protein CIITA. This downregulation of CIITA is independent of NSP5’s proteolytic activity, and rather, NSP5 delivers HDAC2 to the CIITA promoter via an IRF3-dependent mechanism. Here, HDAC2 deacetylates and inactivates the CIITA promoter. This loss of CIITA expression prevents further expression of MHC II, with this suppression alleviated by ectopic expression of CIITA or knockdown of HDAC2. These results identify a mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 can limit MHC II expression, thereby delaying or weakening the subsequent adaptive immune response.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.528032v2" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 NSP5 Antagonizes MHC II Expression by Subverting Histone Deacetylase 2</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The airborne transmission of viruses causes tight transmission bottlenecks</strong> -
<div>
The transmission bottleneck describes the number of viral particles that found an infection in a new host. Previous studies have used genome sequence data to suggest that transmission bottlenecks for influenza and SARS-CoV-2 involve few viral particles, but the general principles underlying these bottlenecks are not fully understood. Here we show that, across a broad range of circumstances, tight transmission bottlenecks arise as a consequence of the physical process underlying airborne viral transmission. We use a mathematical model to describe the process of infectious particles being emitted by an infected individual and inhaled by others nearby. The extent to which exposure to particles translates into infection is determined by an effective viral load, which is calculated as a function of the epidemiological parameter R0. Across multiple scenarios, including those present at a superspreading event, our model suggests that the great majority of transmission bottlenecks involve few viral particles, with a high proportion of infections being caused by a single viral particle. Our results provide a physical explanation for previous inferences of bottleneck size and predict that tight transmission bottlenecks prevail more generally in respiratory virus transmission.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536864v1" target="_blank">The airborne transmission of viruses causes tight transmission bottlenecks</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 selectively induces the expression of unproductive splicing isoforms of interferon, class I MHC and splicing machinery genes</strong> -
<div>
Splicing is a highly conserved, intricate mechanism intimately linked to transcription elongation, serving as a pivotal regulator of gene expression. Alternative splicing may generate specific transcripts incapable of undergoing translation into proteins, designated as unproductive. A plethora of respiratory viruses, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), strategically manipulate the host’s splicing machinery to circumvent antiviral responses. During the infection, SARS-CoV-2 effectively suppresses interferon (IFN) expression, leading to B cell and CD8+ T cell leukopenia, while simultaneously increasing the presence of macrophages and neutrophils in patients with severe COVID-19. In this study, we integrated publicly available omics datasets to systematically analyze transcripts at the isoform level and delineate the nascent-peptide translatome landscapes of SARS-CoV-2-infected human cells. Our findings reveal a hitherto uncharacterized mechanism whereby SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the predominant expression of unproductive splicing isoforms in key IFN signaling genes, interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), class I MHC genes, and splicing machinery genes, including IRF7, OAS3, HLA-B, and HNRNPH1. In stark contrast, cytokine and chemokine genes, such as IL6, CXCL8, and TNF, predominantly express productive (protein-coding) splicing isoforms in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We postulate that SARS-CoV-2 employs a previously unreported tactic of exploiting the host splicing machinery to bolster viral replication and subvert the immune response by selectively upregulating unproductive splicing isoforms from antigen presentation and antiviral response genes. Our study sheds new light on the molecular interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and the host immune system, offering a foundation for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat COVID-19.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536671v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 selectively induces the expression of unproductive splicing isoforms of interferon, class I MHC and splicing machinery genes</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on postpartum mothers in London, England: An online focus group study</strong> -
<div>
Aims: The postpartum/postnatal period is widely acknowledged as a time when mothers require greater levels of support from multiple sources. However, stay-at-home orders commonly known as “lockdown” deployed in some countries to limit COVID-19 transmission reduced access to support. In England, many postpartum mothers navigated household isolation under intensive mothering and expert parenting culture. Examining the impact of lockdown may reveal strengths and weaknesses in current policy and practice, revealing opportunities to improve maternal experience and wellbeing. Subject and Methods: We conducted an online focus group involving 20 mothers living in London, England, with “lockdown babies,” following up on our earlier survey on social support and maternal wellbeing. We thematically analysed focus group transcripts, and identified key themes around Lockdown Experience and Determinants of Lockdown Experience. Results: Participants raised some positives of lockdown, including fostering connections and protection from external expectations, but also raised many negatives, including social isolation, institutional abandonment, and intense relationships within the household. Potential reasons behind variations in lockdown experience include physical environments, timing of birth, and number of children. Our findings reflect how current systems may be “trapping” some families into the male-breadwinner/female-caregiver family model, while intensive mothering and expert parenting culture may be increasing maternal stress and undermining responsive mothering. Conclusions: Facilitating partners to stay at home during the postpartum period and establishing peer/community support instead of reliance on professionals may promote positive postpartum maternal experience and wellbeing.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/r7enw/" target="_blank">The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on postpartum mothers in London, England: An online focus group study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Evaluation of mRNA-LNP and adjuvanted protein SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in a maternal antibody mouse model</strong> -
<div>
Maternal antibodies (matAbs) protect against a myriad of pathogens early in life; however, these antibodies can also inhibit de novo immune responses against some vaccine platforms. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) matAbs are efficiently transferred during pregnancy and protect infants against subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infections. It is unknown if matAbs inhibit immune responses elicited by different types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Here, we established a mouse model to determine if SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific matAbs inhibit immune responses elicited by recombinant protein and nucleoside-modified mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP) vaccines. We found that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-LNP vaccines elicited robust de novo antibody responses in mouse pups in the presence of matAbs. Recombinant protein vaccines were also able to circumvent the inhibitory effects of matAbs when adjuvants were co-administered. While additional studies need to be completed in humans, our studies raise the possibility that mRNA-LNP-based and adjuvanted protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have the potential to be effective when delivered very early in life.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536590v1" target="_blank">Evaluation of mRNA-LNP and adjuvanted protein SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in a maternal antibody mouse model</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen-specific B cell and antibody responses in pre-vaccination period COVID-19 convalescent males and females with or without post-covid condition</strong> -
<div>
A significant proportion of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection develop lingering symptoms for months, even years after their infection, a condition now known as Post-COVID Condition (PCC). The underlying pathophysiology of PCC is not known. The wide spectrum of symptoms encompassing various organ systems and the detection of viral transcripts and antigens in tissues other than lungs raise the possibility that PCC may be associated with aberrant immune response to the viral antigens. Here, we studied the antibody and B cell responses to the spike protein and the RBD domain in PCC patients who experienced mild COVID-19 disease during the early stages of COVID-19 pandemic in the pre-vaccination era. Our results suggest that the immune responses to the spike antigen may be altered in those who develop PCC.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.13.535896v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen-specific B cell and antibody responses in pre-vaccination period COVID-19 convalescent males and females with or without post-covid condition</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effectiveness and Safety of Quinine Sulfate as add-on Therapy for COVID-19 in Hospitalized Adults in Indonesia ( DEAL-COVID19 )</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Standard of Care + Quinine Sulfate;   Drug: Standard of Care<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Universitas Padjadjaran;   National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia;   Prodia Diacro Laboratories P.T.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety and Efficacy of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes in Treating Chronic Cough After COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Long COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: MSC-derived exosomes<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Huazhong University of Science and Technology;   REGEN-αGEEK (SHENZHEN) MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy and Safety of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir for Treating Omicron Variant of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Omicron Variant of COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Xiangao Jiang<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Nasal Treatment for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Optate;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Indiana University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>To Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Meplazumab in Treatment of COVID-19 Sequelae</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Meplazumab for injection;   Other: Normal saline<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Jiangsu Pacific Meinuoke Bio Pharmaceutical Co Ltd<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Clinical Study for the Efficacy and Safety of Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b in Adult COVID-19 Patients With Comorbidities</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Ropeginterferon alfa-2b;   Procedure: SOC<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   National Taiwan University Hospital<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Assessment of Immunogenicity, Safety and Reactogenicity of a Booster Dose of Various COVID-19 Vaccine Platforms in Individuals Primed With Several Regimes.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: SCB-2019/Clover;   Biological: AstraZeneca/Fiocruz;   Biological: Pfizer/Wyeth<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   D’Or Institute for Research and Education;   Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Tailored COVID-19 Testing Support Plan for Francophone African Born Immigrants</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID19 Testing<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: FABI tailored COVID-19 testing pamphlet;   Behavioral: Standard COVID-19 home-based test kit<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Texas Woman’s University;   National Institutes of Health (NIH)<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Complementary Self-help Strategies for Patients With Post-COVID-19 Syndrome</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Complementary self-help strategies in addition to treatment as usual;   Other: Treatment as usual<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Universität Duisburg-Essen<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Understand the Effect and Safety of the Study Medicine PF-07817883 in Adults Who Have Symptoms of COVID-19 But Are Not Hospitalized.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   SARS-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: PF-07817883;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Pfizer<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Traditional Chinese Medicine or Low-dose Dexamethasone in COVID-19 Pneumonia</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pneumonia<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: conventional western medicine treatment;   Drug: Dexamethasone oral tablet;   Other: Traditional Chinese medicine decoction<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   China-Japan Friendship Hospital<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy of Lactobacillus Paracasei PS23 for Patients With Post-COVID-19 Syndrome</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Dietary Supplement: PS23 heat-treated<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Mackay Memorial Hospital;   Bened Biomedical Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inpatient COVID-19 Lollipop Study</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Diagnostic Test<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: Lollipop<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Wisconsin, Madison<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Exploring the Effect of Video Interventions on Intentions for Continued COVID-19 Vaccination</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Vaccine Refusal;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Informational Video;   Behavioral: Altruistic Video;   Behavioral: Individualistic Video<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Sir Mortimer B. Davis - Jewish General Hospital<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effectiveness of Testofen Compared to Placebo on Long COVID Symptoms</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Long Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Testofen;   Drug: Microcrystalline cellulose<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   RDC Clinical Pty Ltd<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 spike ectodomain targets α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors</strong> - Virus entry into animal cells is initiated by attachment to target macromolecules located on host cells. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) trimeric spike glycoprotein targets host angiotensin converting enzyme 2 to gain cellular access. The SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein contains a neurotoxin-like region that has sequence similarities to the rabies virus and the human immunodeficiency virus glycoproteins, as well as to snake neurotoxins, which interact with nicotinic…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pathological angiogenesis: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies</strong> - In multicellular organisms, angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is an essential process for growth and development. Different mechanisms such as vasculogenesis, sprouting, intussusceptive, and coalescent angiogenesis, as well as vessel co-option, vasculogenic mimicry and lymphangiogenesis, underlie the formation of new vasculature. In many pathological conditions, such as cancer, atherosclerosis, arthritis, psoriasis, endometriosis, obesity and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A universal fluorescence polarization high throughput screening assay to target the SAM-binding sites of SARS-CoV-2 and other viral methyltransferases</strong> - AbstractSARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic with significant humanity and economic loss since 2020. Currently, only limited options are available to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections for vulnerable populations. In this study, we report a universal fluorescence polarization (FP)-based high throughput screening (HTS) assay for SAM-dependent viral methyltransferases (MTases), using a fluorescent SAM-analog, FL-NAH. We performed the assay against a reference MTase, NSP14, an essential enzyme for…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and pharmacokinetic evaluations of niclosamide analogs for anti-SARS-CoV-2</strong> - Niclosamide, an oral anthelmintic drug, could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virus replication through autophagy induction, but high cytotoxicity and poor oral bioavailability limited its application. Twenty-three niclosamide analogs were designed and synthesized, of which compound 21 was found to exhibit the best anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy (EC(50) = 1.00 μM for 24 h), lower cytotoxicity (CC(50) = 4.73 μM for 48 h), better pharmacokinetic, and it was also well tolerated in the sub-acute toxicity study in…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Characterization of the induction kinetics and antiviral functions of IRF1, ISG15 and ISG20 in cells infected with gammacoronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus</strong> - Coronavirus infection induces a variety of cellular antiviral responses either dependent on or independent of type I interferons (IFNs). Our previous studies using Affymetrix microarray and transcriptomic analysis revealed the differential induction of three IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), IRF1, ISG15 and ISG20, by gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection of IFN-deficient Vero cells and IFN-competent, p53-defcient H1299 cells, respectively. In this report, the induction kinetics…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>In-silico approaches for identification of compounds inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease</strong> - The world has witnessed of many pandemic waves of SARS-CoV-2. However, the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection has now declined but the novel variant and responsible cases has been observed globally. Most of the world population has received the vaccinations, but the immune response against COVID-19 is not long-lasting, which may cause new outbreaks. A highly efficient pharmaceutical molecule is desperately needed in these circumstances. In the present study, a potent natural compound that could…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>AI-Driven Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Fragment-like Inhibitors with Antiviral Activity <em>In Vitro</em></strong> - SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19 and is responsible for the current global pandemic. The viral genome contains 5 major open reading frames of which the largest ORF1ab codes for two polyproteins, pp1ab and pp1a, which are subsequently cleaved into 16 nonstructural proteins (nsp) by two viral cysteine proteases encoded within the polyproteins. The main protease (Mpro, nsp5) cleaves the majority of the nsp’s, making it essential for viral replication and has been successfully targeted…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inhaled Lipid Nanoparticles Alleviate Established Pulmonary Fibrosis</strong> - Pulmonary fibrosis, a sequela of lung injury resulting from severe infection such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is a kind of life-threatening lung disease with limited therapeutic options. Herein, inhalable liposomes encapsulating metformin, a first-line antidiabetic drug that has been reported to effectively reverse pulmonary fibrosis by modulating multiple metabolic pathways, and nintedanib, a well-known antifibrotic drug that has been widely…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Molecular insights into the inhibition mechanism of harringtonine against essential proteins associated with SARS-CoV-2 entry</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has recently posed a serious threat to global public health. Harringtonine (HT), as a small-molecule antagonist, has antiviral activity against a variety of viruses. There is evidence that HT can inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells by blocking the Spike protein and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the inhibition effect of HT is largely elusive. Here, docking and all-atom…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Neutralization of the new coronavirus by extracting their spikes using engineered liposomes</strong> - The devastating COVID-19 pandemic motivates the development of safe and effective antivirals to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with infection. We developed nanoscale liposomes that are coated with the cell receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19. Lentiviral particles pseudotyped with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 were constructed and used to test the virus neutralization potential of the engineered liposomes. Under…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>3-Arylidene-2-oxindoles as GSK3β inhibitors and anti-thrombotic agents</strong> - Development of novel agents that prevent thrombotic events is an urgent task considering increasing incidence of cardiovascular diseases and coagulopathies that accompany cancer and COVID-19. Enzymatic assay identified novel GSK3β inhibitors in a series of 3-arylidene-2-oxindole derivatives. Considering the putative role of GSK3β in platelet activation, the most active compounds were evaluated for antiplatelet activity and antithrombotic activity. It was found that GSK3β inhibition by…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sphingosine Kinases Promote Ebola Virus Infection and Can Be Targeted to Inhibit Filoviruses, Coronaviruses, and Arenaviruses Using Late Endocytic Trafficking to Enter Cells</strong> - Entry of enveloped viruses in host cells requires the fusion of viral and host cell membranes, a process that is facilitated by viral fusion proteins protruding from the viral envelope. These viral fusion proteins need to be triggered by host factors, and for some viruses, this event occurs inside endosomes and/or lysosomes. Consequently, these ‘late-penetrating viruses’ must be internalized and delivered to entry-conducive intracellular vesicles. Because endocytosis and vesicular trafficking…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Low Peripheral B-Cell Counts in Patients With Systemic Rheumatic Diseases Due to Treatment With Belimumab and/or Rituximab Are Associated With Low Antibody Responses to Primary COVID-19 Vaccination</strong> - Background: Immunosuppressive agents inhibit COVID-19 vaccine antibody (Ab) responses in patients with systemic rheumatic diseases. Rituximab may fully block Ab responses when B cells become undetected. The effect of detected but low number of B cells due to treatment with a B-cell agent (belimumab and/or rituximab) has not been established. Purpose: We sought to examine whether there is an association between a low number of B cells due to treatment with belimumab and/or rituximab and impaired…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Impulsive Neural Control to Schedule Antivirals and Immunomodulators for COVID-19</strong> - New SARS-CoV-2 variants escaping the effect of vaccines are an eminent threat. The use of antivirals to inhibit the viral replication cycle or immunomodulators to regulate host immune responses can help to tackle the viral infection at the host level. To evaluate the potential use of these therapies, we propose the application of an inverse optimal neural controller to a mathematical model that represents SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in the host. Antiviral effects and immune responses are considered as…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of <em>Ampelozizyphus amazonicus</em> (Saracura-Mirá): Focus on the Modulation of the Spike-ACE2 Interaction by Chemically Characterized Bark Extracts by LC-DAD-APCI-MS/MS</strong> - Traditional medicine shows several treatment protocols for COVID-19 based on natural products, revealing its potential as a possible source of anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Ampelozizyphus amazonicus is popularly used in the Brazilian Amazon as a fortifier and tonic, and recently, it has been reported to relieve COVID-19 symptoms. This work aimed to investigate the antiviral potential of A. amazonicus, focusing on the inhibition of spike and ACE2 receptor interaction, a key step in successful…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Privacy-Minded Social Network at the Center of the Classified-Document Leak</strong> - A young National Guardsman posted hundreds of secret government files to a private Discord group. Then they sat there for months unnoticed. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/infinite-scroll/the-privacy-minded-social-network-at-the-center-of-the-classified-document-leak">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bob Lee’s Murder and San Francisco’s So-Called Crime Epidemic</strong> - The killing of a tech executive reveals the cycle of outrage that puts enormous pressure on progressive district attorneys. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/bob-lees-murder-and-san-franciscos-so-called-crime-epidemic">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>All Gaffes Are Not Created Equal: Biden vs. the Almighty Trump</strong> - On a week when the 2024 contrast could not be clearer. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/all-gaffes-are-not-created-equal-biden-vs-the-almighty-trump">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What’s Behind the Bipartisan Attack on TikTok?</strong> - A hundred and fifty million Americans are on TikTok. Evan Osnos and Chris Stokel-Walker discuss why politicians are so keen to ban the app. Plus, Broadway’s new comedy of white wokeness. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/podcast/the-new-yorker-radio-hour/whats-behind-the-bipartisan-attack-on-tiktok">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Is the Trump Indictment a “Legal Embarrassment”?</strong> - Analysts have argued that the case, which was put down by previous prosecutors, sets a dangerous precedent in American politics. That might be naïve. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/is-the-trump-indictment-a-legal-embarrassment">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Katie Porter thinks Democrats have a confidence problem</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="House Oversight Committee Hearing On Border Crisis" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/u06wRhQqLYhbZi5LWpAeQnadnyM=/0x0:4861x3646/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72185087/1246867957.0.jpg"/>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The populist Congress member from California talked with The Gray Area about some solutions to it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8mhVCX">
I have a longstanding unofficial policy on my podcast <a href="https://www.vox.com/the-gray-area"><em>The Gray Area</em></a>: Don’t interview politicians.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KlS87N">
The reason is that most — and I emphasize <em>most</em> — politicians are so concerned about optics and messaging that they can’t help but speak in banal sound bites. It’s boring and predictable. And in theory at least, my show is an attempt to get beyond that stuff.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vNe4Cc">
But I decided to make an exception for the California Congress member and Senate candidate Katie Porter. She’s served in Congress since 2019, and her style of working-class politics has always been interesting to me. Despite her Ivy League roots, she’s developed a pretty convincing populist appeal in Congress. Indeed, if you caught any headlines in the last few years with her name in them, it was probably about one of her <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/10/politics/katie-porter-jamie-dimon-bank-employees/index.html">whiteboard performances</a> in congressional hearings.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="z1j3rx">
Since she’s got a new book out, called <a href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/715548/i-swear-by-katie-porter/"><em>I Swear</em></a>, I decided to invite her onto the show to talk about her approach to politics, why the Democrats have a branding problem, and what’s wrong with Congress (spoiler alert: a lot, starting with its blind spots on wealth and privilege). Below is an excerpt, edited for length and clarity.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DYXUmN">
As always, you can listen and follow <em>The Gray Area</em> on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/the-gray-area-with-sean-illing/id1081584611">Apple Podcasts</a>, <a href="https://podcasts.google.com/search/vox%20conversations">Google Podcasts</a>, <a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/6NOJ6IkTb2GWMj1RpmtnxP">Spotify</a>, <a href="https://www.stitcher.com/show/vox-conversations">Stitcher</a>, or <a href="https://link.chtbl.com/thegrayareapod">wherever you find podcasts</a>. New episodes drop every Monday and Thursday.
</p>
<div id="5zGcZM">
</div>
<hr class="p-entry-hr" id="EvrFT7"/>
<h4 id="gA4EEu">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KdzQME">
There’s a ton in your book about class divisions and how they play out in Congress. We all know that Congress is full of rich people, but were you surprised by how much class shaped politics across party lines?
</p>
<h4 id="0HRJYi">
Katie Porter
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="M0MESc">
I had a sense, as do many Americans, that somehow people serve in Congress and end up millionaires. What I learned as a candidate, even before I got to Congress, was that you get to Congress because you’re a millionaire. That’s where all the advantages are in our campaign process. Parties go to people who are themselves wealthy, who know other wealthy people, who have family who can help them. And so the problem starts at the candidate level and who’s deemed to be electable. It’s all deeply infused with class and money and privilege.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QDPf2C">
I suppose I had a misperception that Republicans were the rich people and the Democrats were working- or middle-class people trying to make ends meet. Maybe that’s true among the electorate, though I tend to think it’s not true; it’s definitely not true in Congress.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3J78eK">
When we look at who is trading stocks in Congress, millions of dollars in stocks, it’s Democrats just as much as Republicans — it’s real on both sides of the aisle.
</p>
<h4 id="4KspQs">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xpPsUO">
This line in particular jumped out at me: “In the House of Representatives, the privilege of wealth divides ruthlessly. Ideological differences might be the most visible to the public, but the class differences cut the most sharply in our experiences.” Do you really think that class interests trump ideological interest in Congress?
</p>
<h4 id="0b1vqg">
Katie Porter
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pxayDA">
When we think about voting on policy, class is a part of it, but ideology is probably a bigger part. But when we think about who runs for Congress, who continues to do this job year after year, class is really, really important, and it makes a huge difference. So the folks who have existing wealth are the first ones to say we shouldn’t give ourselves a pay raise for the last 15 or 20 years. They don’t need it, because they’re not doing this job for the salary.
</p>
<h4 id="Z2tgU3">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="quCDfj">
It’s about access to power, right? If you’re making millions trading stocks and probably benefiting from insider information, if you’re leveraging all the financial opportunities being in Congress presents, who the hell cares if you get a 10 percent raise? You don’t need it—
</p>
<h4 id="d8vMci">
Katie Porter
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jdNJ3k">
You don’t need it. But look, Democrats had control of the White House, the Senate, and the House last Congress and we did not pass <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/9/28/23377587/house-democrats-stock-trading-bill-blind-trust">a congressional ban on stock trading</a>. So you just can’t blame that on Republicans — that’s on us, too. There are Republicans and Democrats who oppose this kind of thing, but there’s plenty of opposition and it’s a class issue more than a partisan issue.
</p>
<h4 id="Uiu2hr">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="U0oYxW">
You know this is the kind of argument a lot of people on the left have made and keep making. That both parties are filled with millionaire power brokers who are performing for different constituencies but in the end serve the existing power structure. That’s an oversimplification, of course, but there’s some truth there, and you even poke fun at Nancy Pelosi in the book for strutting around in a $3,000 coat she jokingly said she just “found” in her closet. And of course Pelosi is worth well over $100 million, which I guess is the deeper point. But I’m sure you hear these sorts of complaints all the time — what’s your response to it?
</p>
<h4 id="OQvEv7">
Katie Porter
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qXBDsk">
People in Congress want to pretend that this doesn’t exist, and I think that fails to serve us and the institution and, most importantly, the American people. So we all have the same basic title. We’re all members of Congress. We all get paid the same, with the exception of the speaker. We all get the same benefits. But we’re not all living the same kind of lives. I’ll tell you that.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zDzbH4">
Like a lot of people in Washington, I live in a studio basement apartment. And I’m grateful to be able to afford that. It’s the best place I’ve lived since I joined Congress. But I have colleagues who, when they got to Washington, the first thing they did upon being elected was purchase a condo, and I can’t imagine being able to do that. It’s a struggle for me to pay for my living expenses in California while I’m also having to pay for them here.
</p>
<h4 id="voEoy1">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6zIiuA">
You’re a product of elite academic institutions, but you don’t speak and act like a disconnected technocrat even though you’re trained like one. I think that’s part of your appeal. And while I believe the Democratic Party is more favorable to working-class interests than Republicans, the reality is that roughly half the country sees Democrats as the party of elites. Why is that?
</p>
<h4 id="xBYPcL">
Katie Porter
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="R0hLH9">
Part of it has to do with Democrats lacking confidence in their ability. It sort of feeds on itself. This existed before my time in Congress, but I arrived here and there was this fully entrenched attitude that if we just tell people who we are and what we’re fighting for in the most direct and simple way, they somehow won’t vote for us. I think the opposite is true.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZnNMfd">
I’ve won three really tough races in Orange County, standing up to special interests and pushing for expanded health care and things like that. I try to fight for climate change policy in a very purple area by being a straight shooter. I think we fail because sometimes we hide behind our policies, and while you see some of this on both sides of the aisle, I think it’s worse on the Democratic side because people want to <em>sound</em> important. So you get a lot of acronyms and mumbo-jumbo and people sound like they know what they’re doing, but we’re not fooling anybody, because the proof of whether or not we know what we’re doing is in people’s real lives.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WkhZNH">
The classic example of this recently was during the last election. Democrats kept saying that we don’t have a good message on inflation, and one of the suggestions was, well, don’t talk about it. As if people won’t notice when they go to the gas station or the grocery store. The solution here is to just stand on your two feet and say, <em>Inflation sucks, it’s terrible, and painful, and hard, and I’m committed to fighting it and here’s how I’m gonna do it</em>.
</p>
<h4 id="kuLZ3h">
Sean Illing
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PsNRNp">
Democrats seem so bad at basic politics, and I don’t get it. I heard you say that your office has a policy that all of your communications to the public should be at an eighth grade level, which is not to say dumb. The point is to just speak in common, accessible, relatable language. Why isn’t what you’re saying here just the obvious conventional wisdom in the Democratic Party?
</p>
<h4 id="23FOxK">
Katie Porter
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DBRXZG">
You have to be brave to tell people what you really think because there’s some chance they’re gonna disagree with you, or they’re going to tell you that they think differently. Maybe this partly comes from having been a professor teaching really technical stuff, like the Uniform Commercial Code, which is just as sexy as it sounds. But when you teach a class like that, you have to figure out how to bring it alive for people and how to make it real. So I guess I’m always thinking about my audience like a teacher.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IyXgax">
Democrats operate from this position where they lack confidence in their ability to actually persuade people to agree with us, which I find a little bit nuts given that we know, from poll after poll, that we have popular policies on preventing gun violence to protecting social security to addressing climate change to helping with the costs of raising kids. So I don’t know where this attitude comes from. I just know it predates my time in politics.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YDjXVQ">
<em>To hear the rest of the conversation, </em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/76nwfTVZTSu9QX2wUTnaci?si=36f5a152c6f54765"><em>click here</em></a><em>, and be sure to follow </em><a href="https://www.vox.com/thegrayarea">The Gray Area</a><em> on </em><a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/the-gray-area-with-sean-illing/id1081584611"><em>Apple Podcasts</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://podcasts.google.com/search/vox%20conversations"><em>Google Podcasts</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/6NOJ6IkTb2GWMj1RpmtnxP"><em>Spotify</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.stitcher.com/show/vox-conversations"><em>Stitcher</em></a><em>, or wherever you listen to podcasts.</em>
</p></li>
<li><strong>The Supreme Court takes up a messy, chaotic case about religion in the workplace</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A person carrying a huge Christian cross at a protest in front of the Supreme Court building." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Z9liItRCTd9UdNNkeXEf_fqIc3k=/334x0:5667x4000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72185050/1458045811.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
People attend the 50th annual March for Life rally in front of the US Supreme Court on January 20, 2023, in Washington, DC. | Anna Moneymaker/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Groff v. DeJoy could give religious conservatives unprecedented power to make demands from their employers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oxqIgo">
<a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/groff-v-dejoy/"><em>Groff v. DeJoy</em></a>, a lawsuit that could potentially revolutionize the <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23559038/supreme-court-groff-dejoy-religion-twa-hardison-workplace">balance of power between religious workers and their employers</a> and co-workers, will be heard by the Supreme Court on Tuesday.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tSJKye">
It is an agonizing case, in part because it seeks to unravel a very real injustice.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xa0QSv">
Federal law requires employers to “reasonably accommodate” their workers’ religious beliefs and practices unless doing so would lead to “undue hardship on the conduct of the employer’s business.” Nearly half a century ago in <a href="https://casetext.com/case/trans-world-airlines-inc-v-hardison"><em>Trans World Airlines v. Hardison</em></a> (1977), however, the Supreme Court said that an “undue hardship” exists whenever an employer must “bear more than a de minimis cost” when it provides such religious accommodations (the Latin phrase “de minimis” refers to a burden that is <a href="https://thelawdictionary.org/de-minimus/">so small or trifling as to be unworthy of consideration</a>).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SZwdF5">
Pretty much no one thinks that this “more than a de minimis cost” rule is correct. Even Americans United for Separation of Church and State — an organization that, as its name suggests, typically argues in favor of less entanglement between the law and religion — filed a brief arguing that “<a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22-174/262358/20230330160431380_22-174%20bsac%20Americans%20United.pdf"><em>Hardison</em> is wrong in too many ways to withstand scrutiny</a>.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RZNGUz">
But, while a reevaluation of <em>Hardison</em> may be overdue, <em>Groff</em> also will be heard by a Supreme Court whose current majority is so <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/4/12/22379689/supreme-court-amy-coney-barrett-religion-california-tandon-newsom-first-amendment">sympathetic to the interests of the religious right</a> that it often advances those interests to the exclusion of all others.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sLL4r7">
Just one month after Justice Amy Coney Barrett’s confirmation gave Republican appointees a supermajority on the Court, for example, the Supreme Court handed down <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/20a87_4g15.pdf"><em>Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo</em></a> (2020), which gave individuals who object to a state law on religious grounds <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/12/2/21726876/supreme-court-religious-liberty-revolutionary-roman-catholic-diocese-cuomo-amy-coney-barrett">unprecedented power to defy that law</a>. The Court did so, moreover, at the height of a deadly pandemic, and the <em>Roman Catholic Diocese</em> case halted attendance limits at places of worship that were intended to slow the spread of Covid-19.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="G0gNaj">
The Court, in other words, deemed the interests of religious conservatives to be of such transcendent importance that they justified abandoning public health measures intended to save human lives.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="v6s85r">
The stakes in <em>Groff </em>may seem lower at first glance — the case involves a postal worker who didn’t want to work on Sundays because of their religion. But the case could similarly empower conservative religious workers who seek accommodations from their employer that could disrupt that employer’s business or demean the religious worker’s colleagues.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CoFYik">
Imagine, for example, a manager who refuses to hire gay people because of his faith, and who demands an accommodation permitting them to discriminate. Or a worker who insists upon preaching their conservative religious views about sexuality or gender roles to their colleagues, even when many of those colleagues feel harassed by this behavior.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qh0DXg">
<em>Hardison</em>, for all of its flaws, permits employers to forbid this kind of behavior — and even to discipline employees who claim a religious justification for behaving disrespectfully toward their colleagues. But <em>Groff</em> could fundamentally upend this balance of power, giving religious conservative workers the power to demand that their workplace culture be reshaped in their image.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="z3v46w">
The danger from <em>Groff</em>, in other words, is that the Court will overreach, replacing <em>Hardison</em>’s too-weak protections for religious workers with something that will give far too much power to the religious right.
</p>
<h3 id="kfYWKl">
Even fairly simple requests for a religious accommodation can disrupt a workplace
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XMNCay">
The <em>Groff </em>case involves a former postal worker, Gerald Groff, who wanted to be exempted from working on Sundays because of his religious beliefs (although the post office typically does not deliver mail on Sundays, the postal service contracted with Amazon in 2013 to deliver Sunday packages). In this sense, <em>Groff</em> is factually similar to <em>Hardison</em>, which involved a Saturday Sabbatarian who wanted that day off for religious reasons.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qEYVwn">
In many workplaces, especially workplaces with many workers who can share weekend work among themselves, accommodating a single worker’s request to have their sabbath day off would be no big deal. But the Justice Department, which represents the Postal Service in this case, argues that Groff’s request was particularly challenging to accommodate because he worked in a post office with only a few workers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eVfjeM">
At one point, the DOJ <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22-174/259772/20230323202311556_22-174bsUnitedStates.pdf">explains in its brief</a>, only four workers (including Groff) were available in Groff’s post office to cover Sunday shifts, and that included the local postmaster. One of Groff’s co-workers initially agreed to cover his shifts, but she was injured and was unable to continue doing so. Because Groff refused to work Sundays, that left just the postmaster and one other worker to cover Sunday shifts.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="W2aPgk">
The fact that these other workers had to pick up additional Sunday shifts, while Groff refused to work on this day of the week, “created a ‘tense atmosphere” among other postal workers and led to “resentment towards management,” according to the local postmaster. According to the DOJ’s brief, one carrier transferred to a different post office “because he felt that it was not fair” that Groff did not pick up his fair share of Sunday shifts. Another mail carrier “resigned in part because of the situation.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pcl3If">
Thus, under <em>Hardison</em>’s “more than a de minimis cost” framework, there’s little question that the Postal Service should prevail in this case. Groff’s request for Sundays off appears to have caused his post office significant hardship, pitting workers against managers because of a circumstance that those managers could not control, and even causing workers to leave their jobs.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YW2fMs">
But Groff’s lawyers ask the Supreme Court to <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22-174/255164/20230327094704821_Groff%20-%20Corrected%20Merits%20Brief.pdf">replace <em>Hardison</em>’s framework</a> with one that is far more favorable to workers seeking religious accommodations.
</p>
<h3 id="L3ikNa">
If <em>Hardison </em>falls, what emerges in its place?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YbBXFX">
Groff’s attorneys’ primary argument is that the Court should import the <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22-174/255164/20230327094704821_Groff%20-%20Corrected%20Merits%20Brief.pdf">legal framework that federal law already uses in disability cases</a> and use that framework to govern workplace requests for religious accommodations.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eFwMG8">
Like Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the federal law governing religious accommodations, the Americans with Disabilities Act also requires employers to accommodate workers with disabilities unless such an accommodation “<a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12112">would impose an undue hardship on the operation of the business</a>.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DJ1Ytw">
Unlike Title VII, however, the ADA actually defines the term “undue hardship.” In disability cases, an employer may deny a requested accommodation only if that accommodation would impose “<a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12111">significant difficulty or expense</a>” on the employer. That’s a much higher standard than the one announced in <em>Hardison</em>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BDaab6">
Indeed, the ADA sometimes requires employers to make fairly expensive changes to a workplace in order to accommodate an employee with a disability. A 2015 federal appeals court decision, for example, determined that a call center that relied on software that was inaccessible to blind employees <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2003353830948165639&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr">may need to pay at least $129,000 to accommodate those employees</a> — an amount that the law quite reasonably can expect employers to pay in order to accommodate disabilities, but that is also far more than <em>Hardison</em> envisioned with its “more than a de minimis cost” rule.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7KtpsZ">
But there are two reasons — one textual and one practical — to doubt that Congress intended the ADA’s “significant difficulty or expense” standard to also apply to workers seeking religious accommodations.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gqT6QC">
The textual argument against Groff’s position is fairly straightforward. The ADA states explicitly that an employer may only claim that a requested accommodation would cause an “undue hardship” if it would cause “significant difficulty or expense.” Title VII does not have similar language, which strongly suggests that Congress intended a different rule to apply to religious accommodation cases.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Pf7MZR">
The practical reason, meanwhile, is that requests to accommodate a disability are fundamentally different from requests for a religious accommodation. The purpose of a disability-based accommodation is to ensure that a worker can do their job even if their disability might sometimes prevent them from doing so. A worker with carpal tunnel syndrome, for example, might request an ergonomic keyboard. Or a worker who uses a wheelchair might request ramps that will allow them to easily traverse the office.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0R5H8r">
The scope of a disability-based accommodation, however, is bounded by the nature of a worker’s disability. Once the worker with a disability is able to successfully perform their job with the same ease as an able-bodied worker, they have been accommodated.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UZj3rm">
Requests for religious accommodations, by contrast, are bounded only by an individual worker’s personal beliefs. And requests for religious accommodations can potentially <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23559038/supreme-court-groff-dejoy-religion-twa-hardison-workplace">infringe upon the civil rights of other workers</a>, such as if a manager refuses to work with a gay colleague. Or if an executive follows the “<a href="https://www.vox.com/first-person/2017/4/1/15142744/mike-pence-billy-graham-rule">Billy Graham rule</a>,” the religious belief that men should not meet alone with women, even in a professional setting.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gyosmF">
All of this said, Groff’s proposal to import the ADA’s “significant difficulty or expense” rule into religious accommodations cases does have one important virtue: At least it is a familiar standard that courts that already hear ADA cases know how to apply.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uGQ8rC">
The <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22-174/259772/20230323202311556_22-174bsUnitedStates.pdf">Justice Department’s brief</a>, by contrast, proposes a much looser set of guidelines that courts should follow in religious accommodation cases, such as a suggestion that an accommodation should not be required if a company would need to “regularly” operate short-handed or pay “premium wages to substitute workers” in order to accommodate a religious employee. That proposed rule would likely ensure that Groff loses his case, but it would offer little guidance to many courts hearing religious accommodation cases unlike this one.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vyREFL">
If the Supreme Court does abandon <em>Hardison</em>’s “more than a de minimis cost” framework, whether in a decision that explicitly overrules <em>Hardison</em> or in a decision that “clarifies” <em>Hardison</em> in ways that fundamentally alter it, there is <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23559038/supreme-court-groff-dejoy-religion-twa-hardison-workplace">going to be a ton of litigation</a> trying to figure out what the new rules mean for religious workers and their employers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FBD6Sq">
This uncertainty, moreover, might cause employers to err on the side of granting accommodations even in cases where doing so might harm another worker, such as the hypothetical case of an anti-LGBTQ worker who insists upon evangelizing to their queer colleagues. And a too-vague framework might also give ideological judges — the name “<a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/12/17/23512766/supreme-court-matthew-kacsmaryk-judge-trump-abortion-immigration-birth-control">Matthew Kacsmaryk</a>” comes immediately to mind — far too much leeway to impose their own conservative religious ideology on employers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hjDM1v">
A post-<em>Hardison</em> world, in other words, is likely to be messy. And, while some messiness is inevitable whenever the Supreme Court replaces one longstanding legal rule with another one, the fact that the federal courts are so dominated by religious conservatives means that the new regime could be actively hostile to workers whose identities have historically been disparaged by those conservatives.
</p>
<h3 id="mMyqkg">
<em>Groff</em> could escalate the fight over whether the Roberts Court should follow Supreme Court precedents that Republicans do not like
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jlvYnp">
The Supreme Court’s GOP-appointed supermajority has <a href="https://www.vox.com/23180634/supreme-court-rule-of-law-abortion-voting-rights-guns-epa">not, and this is putting it mildly, shown much loyalty to stare decisis</a>, the doctrine that courts should typically follow previous decisions. In its last term alone, the Court overruled at least two seminal constitutional decisions: the abortion rights decision in <em>Roe v. Wade</em>, and <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/403/602/"><em>Lemon v. Kurtzman</em></a> (1971) which, for many years, protected the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/6/27/23184848/supreme-court-kennedy-bremerton-school-football-coach-prayer-neil-gorsuch">wall separating church and state</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1AWyUu">
Both <em>Roe </em>and <em>Lemon,</em> however, were decisions interpreting the Constitution, and the Court has historically been less reluctant to overrule constitutional precedents than it is to overrule decisions interpreting a federal statute. The idea is that, because the Supreme Court is the final word on constitutional interpretation, it should have some flexibility to correct previous interpretations that may be erroneous because no one else can do so. But when the Court misreads an act of Congress, Congress can itself step in to fix that error.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ja9wMw">
<em>Hardison</em> has very few defenders, but that does not change the fact that it’s been on the books for nearly 50 years and Congress has never amended Title VII to overrule it. Congress left <em>Hardison</em> in place, moreover, despite the fact that the legislature has been controlled by many shifting political factions over the course of the last five decades. And Congress passed quite a few civil rights and religious liberty laws during this period, including the ADA.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DIhrUe">
Under the ordinary rules governing stare decisis, <em>Hardison</em> should not be overruled. If <em>Hardison</em> truly butchered its interpretation of Title VII in a way that Congress deemed untenable, it would have stepped in by now to overrule <em>Hardison</em>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Wn1PoG">
<em>Groff</em>, in other words, could do more than just rework the rules governing religious accommodations in the workplace. It could potentially also rework the rules governing when the Supreme Court is allowed to abandon its longstanding interpretation of a federal statute, and to impose a new rule preferred by the Court’s current members.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GMHvtk">
And, in a Court like the current one, which is <a href="https://www.vox.com/23180634/supreme-court-rule-of-law-abortion-voting-rights-guns-epa">so eager to move fast and break things</a>, that means that a whole lot could change very fast.
</p></li>
<li><strong>In Sudan, a power struggle between rival armed forces turns violent</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="SUDAN-POLITICS-UNREST" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/BvkLBo_miiqT13DP0uhl5c04Fik=/177x0:2997x2115/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72183858/1251838720.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
AFP via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Sudanese citizens have fought for democracy, but Saturday’s hostilities threaten the transition process.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JGtnjS">
Violence between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and a government paramilitary force, the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), roiled Sudan’s capital Khartoum Saturday. Sudan has struggled to transition to civilian rule after overthrowing dictator Omar al-Bashir in 2019; Saturday’s clashes are a further impediment to democracy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6T8Q3U">
<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/15/heavy-gunfire-heard-south-of-sudanese-capital-khartoum">Each armed group has blamed the other for instigating Saturday’s violence</a>, which has thus far killed at least three people, <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65284945">according to the BBC</a>. The RSF has claimed control over key sites in the capital Khartoum, including three airports, the army chief’s residence, and the presidential palace, with attacks near the defense ministry, army headquarters, and state television station also reported. The armed forces deny the RSF’s claims and have announced attacks on RSF bases. Clashes in <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/04/15/world/sudan-fighting-news/7967cb6c-ee73-5d6d-b241-be138bfce272?smid=url-share">Darfur</a>, Forobaranga, and Merowe have also been reported.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wbQZjs">
Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan of the SAF and Gen. Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, also called Hemedti, of the RSF agreed on Friday to defuse long-simmering tensions between the two groups over military leadership <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-politicians-blame-bashir-loyalists-discord-2023-04-14/#:~:text=KHARTOUM%2C%20April%2014%20(Reuters),on%20Friday%20and%20early%20Saturday.">in a civilian government</a> as well as disagreements over the timetable for the RSF’s integration into the regular army.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wIxBob">
The RSF last month began mobilizing forces in Khartoum and other locations, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-politicians-blame-bashir-loyalists-discord-2023-04-14/#:~:text=KHARTOUM%2C%20April%2014%20(Reuters),on%20Friday%20and%20early%20Saturday.">Reuters reported Friday</a>, an outward indicator of just how far the situation had deteriorated. Despite calls for talks on Friday, Hemedti on Saturday <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/15/heavy-gunfire-heard-south-of-sudanese-capital-khartoum">told Al Jazeera</a> the RSF would fight until all military bases are captured.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mTensu">
Abdalla Hamdok, Sudan’s civilian former prime minister, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=721161083029299">released a video statement on Saturday</a> calling for an immediate cease to the hostilities. “I demand al-Burhan, the army commanders, and the RSF leaders to stop the bullets immediately and for the voice of reason to rule,” he said in the address. “There is no victor over the corpses of its people.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PXnF81">
Hamdok led Sudan under a power-sharing agreement with military actors after a popular uprising toppled former Sudanese leader Omar al-Bashir in 2019, but was ousted in 2021 in a coup led by Burhan and Hemedti.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bQEu4z">
United Nations Secretary-General <a href="https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2023-04-15/statement-attributable-the-spokesperson-for-the-secretary-general-%E2%80%93-sudan%C2%A0">Antonio Guterres</a> and the head of the UN Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan <strong> </strong><a href="https://mobile.twitter.com/volkerperthes/status/1647259088932290561">Volker Perthes</a> both called for an immediate end to the violence on Saturday, as did multiple international leaders including Secretary of State Antony Blinken and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/04/15/world/sudan-fighting-news/28efa9f3-26b2-5e42-9e46-61414d26fed9?smid=url-share">Ethiopian President Abiy Ahmed</a>, whose own nation has been rocked by civil conflict since 2020. <a href="https://twitter.com/antonioguterres/status/1647281370178244614">Guterres announced on Twitter</a> that he would engage with the African Union and other regional leadership to help put a democratic transition back on track.
</p>
<div id="qvNAb0">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
I condemn the outbreak of fighting between the Rapid Support Forces &amp; the Sudanese Armed Forces in Sudan.<br/><br/>I’m engaging with the AU and leaders in the region &amp; reaffirm the commitment of the <a href="https://twitter.com/UN?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"><span class="citation" data-cites="UN">@UN</span></a> to support the people of Sudan in their efforts to restore a democratic transition.
</p>
— António Guterres (<span class="citation" data-cites="antonioguterres">@antonioguterres</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/antonioguterres/status/1647281370178244614?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 15, 2023</a>
</blockquote></div></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="i8HMoG">
Meanwhile, fighting continues in Khartoum and the city of Omdurman across the Nile from the capital. Fire and explosions are everywhere,” Amal Mohamed, a doctor at one of Omdurman’s public hospitals told the <a href="https://apnews.com/article/sudan-khartoum-firing-coup-deal-85464b8f9b7eaf1f7ec77eb7337d7881">Associated Press</a> Saturday. “All are running and seeking shelter.”
</p>
<h3 id="fD30d6">
Saturday’s violence is a further setback to democratic transition
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nH6o0b">
Despite strong civil society participation and the express wishes of the Sudanese people, the transition to democracy after decades of Bashir’s authoritarian rule has been <a href="https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-political-process-form-transitional-civilian-government-and-shift-disorder-trends-situation-update-april-2023">enormously challenging</a>; Saturday’s violence is just the latest breakdown in the transitional process.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="h2K5CT">
Power struggles, too, are nothing new in Sudan; since its independence in 1956, Sudan has undergone the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/04/15/world/sudan-fighting-news#sudan-has-a-long-history-of-military-coups">highest number of attempted coups of any African nation</a>, the New York times reported Saturday. That kind of entrenched instability <a href="https://www.vox.com/2022/2/5/22919160/coup-guinea-bissau-africa-burkina-faso-sudan-why">tends to breed further coups</a>, too.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TRoFq7">
The RSF is an officially recognized independent security force made up of about 100,000 troops, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-are-sudans-rapid-support-forces-2023-04-13/">according to Reuters</a>. Though the group’s relationship with the regular military has at times been uneasy, the groups did work together to oust Bashir, and the integration of the RSF into the SAF is a tenet of the democratic transition.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AhBfWH">
Bashir, Sudan’s authoritarian former leader, utilized Janjaweed paramilitary groups, made up of Sudanese Arab fighters including the forces that would become the RSF, to put down an uprising in the Darfur region in the early 2000s. That conflict displaced an estimated 2.5 million people and killed 300,000, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-are-sudans-rapid-support-forces-2023-04-13/">according to Reuters</a>; prosecutors with the International Criminal Court subsequently accused Sudanese government officials and Janjaweed leaders of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes in that conflict.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WpomcV">
But the relationship between the two groups hasn’t been easy, Sudan conflict zone analyst Mohammed Alamin Ahmed told <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/15/heavy-gunfire-heard-south-of-sudanese-capital-khartoum">Al Jazeera</a>. “It’s a power struggle that began a long time ago and it has escalated to direct clashes today,” he said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4KgeoJ">
Still, the SAF and the RSF worked together to overthrow Bashir, with the significant support and mobilization of the Sudanese people, which resulted in a power-sharing agreement between the military and Hamdok, who was chosen by the Forces for Freedom and Change, Sudan’s major pro-democracy civilian coalition.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="50qNvz">
Under Hamdok, whose leadership was intended to move Sudan toward elections, the government <a href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/sudans-abdalla-hamdok-2022-01-02/#:~:text=%2D%20The%20economic%20reforms%20he%20promoted,owned%20by%20the%20security%20forces.">instituted stringent economic reforms</a> to successfully garner support from the International Monetary Fund, and lobbied the US to remove Sudan from the list of state sponsors of terror to open up access to international funding. Hamdok was <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-pm-hamdok-unveils-roadmap-with-political-players-end-crisis-2021-10-15/">a firm supporter of the transition to democracy</a> and <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/15/unacceptable-sudanese-pm-criticises-armys-business-interests">proposed to bring some of the military’s business interests</a> under civilian control.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Y949vL">
Burhan and the SAF, with the help of the RSF, ousted Hamdok in late 2021; after a month under house arrest, Hamdok was released and agreed to resume the power-sharing agreement. However, the Sudanese people protested the secretive arrangement in favor of full civilian rule, which resulted in <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/04/15/world/sudan-fighting-news/here-is-why-sudan-matters-far-beyond-africa?smid=url-share">more than 125 deaths</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59855246">Hamdok resigned his post in January 2022</a> and Sudan has since been under military leadership, with Burhan as the head of the ruling <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/11/sudan-army-chief-issues-a-decree-for-new-sovereign-council">Sovereign Council</a> and Hemedti as his deputy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tbVhTt">
In the near term, the risk for continued conflict is significant, according to Ahmed. “There is an exchange of accusations on who started this, and the fighting has extended, not just in Khartoum, but also in the strategic city of Merowe where the Sudanese armed forces have a strong air force,” he told <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/15/heavy-gunfire-heard-south-of-sudanese-capital-khartoum">Al Jazeera</a>. “And it looks like the RSF is trying to neutralize the capacity of Sudanese army [and] air force there to pull them towards a ground battle.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dU1uOU">
In <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/04/15/world/sudan-fighting-news/9ededddc-7e82-5e0d-9804-a46413851687?smid=url-share">Darfur</a>, too, the presence of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/04/15/world/sudan-fighting-news/9ededddc-7e82-5e0d-9804-a46413851687?smid=url-share">multiple armed groups</a> increases the possibility of a prolonged and potentially devastating conflict should fighting persist in that region.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WyRfO5">
In the longer term, the prospect of Sudan achieving the peace and democracy its people have been working toward seems dim. Blinken, on a diplomatic visit with<strong> </strong>Vietnam, told reporters that though the situation was “fragile,” a transition to a civilian government<strong> </strong>was still possible though some groups “may be pushing against that progress.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="D5MXKq">
Sudanese civil society groups supportive of a transition to civilian rule and who had signed on to a new transition agreement in December <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-south-sudanese-capital-khartoum-witnesses-2023-04-15/">told Reuters in a statement</a>, “This is a pivotal moment in the history of our country. This is a war that no one will win, and that will destroy our country forever.”
</p>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2023: MI vs KKR | Nitish Rana, Hrithik Shokeen rivalry spills into IPL</strong> - It must be noted that both Rana and Shokeen are teammates in the Delhi side in domestic cricket, but they are not on talking terms even in the dressing room</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>World Championship gold, 90m targets for Neeraj Chopra, seeks to remain injury free ahead of Paris Olympics</strong> - Chopra had won a silver in the 2022 World Championships in USA, a year after clinching a historic gold in the Tokyo Olympics.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Trust and transparency with coach very important in achieving success: Neeraj</strong> - Any training decision should be consultative, not blindly one-sided, dictated by the coach, believes Olympic gold medallist Neeraj Chopra</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antonio Rüdiger racially abused after Real Madrid’s game in Cadiz</strong> - Video posted by Spanish media on Sunday showed Cadiz fans yelling insults at Rüdiger after he went to the stands to give away his shirt to someone who appeared to be a Madrid supporter</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IPL 2023: MI vs KKR | Venkatesh Iyer’s century takes Kolkata to competitive total</strong> - Mumbai Indians handed a debut to Arjun Tendulkar while Duan Jansen also came in for the five-time champions.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A.P. Child Rights Commission asks educational institutions not to conduct classes during summer holidays</strong> - Chairman directs Education Department to take steps to protect children from heatwave conditions</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Frazer Town residents oppose ‘Ramzan Food Mela’</strong> - Members of the Frazer Town Residents’ Welfare Association (FTRWA) in the letter to the BBMP, the police, and the traffic police, requested them to stop the mela immediately</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>For unsuccessful Karnataka poll aspirants, expensive advance gifts result in heartburn</strong> - Aspiring Karnataka candidates used decentralised networks to distribute an inventive variety of gifts to voters — from mosquito nets to appliances, cash to images of deities — before the poll was even announced</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Congress slams govt. over Antigua and Barbuda court’s Mehul Choksi ruling</strong> - “All this has happened because of the negligence of the Modi government,” Congress leader Jairam Ramesh alleged after a court in Antigua and Barbuda has ruled in favour of fugitive Mehul Choksi</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Goa Congress leaders headed for venue of Amit Shah’s public meeting detained</strong> - ‘Amit Shah had told a public meeting in Karnataka that the water of the Mahadayi river would be diverted for which the Goa Government has given its consent’</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Germans split as last three nuclear power stations go off grid</strong> - More than 60 years of nuclear power comes to an end, but many Germans are unhappy.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>France pension reforms: Macron signs pension age rise to 64 into law</strong> - President Macron makes the unpopular reforms law despite widespread protests in Paris and other cities.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Why Putin cares about Russia’s athletes competing abroad</strong> - A row is raging over Russians competing in the Olympics and Wimbledon. Why does Russia care so much?</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Beatriz Flamini: Athlete emerges after 500 days living in cave</strong> - Beatriz Flamini spent two birthdays in the cave, and kept busy drawing and knitting woolly hats.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: In Kyiv, top officials shrug off US documents leak</strong> - Officials in Kyiv tell the BBC recent leaks of US intelligence didn’t reveal any important information.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>This adorable sloth briefly stole the spotlight during JUICE launch</strong> - Nicknamed “Jerry” by Netizens, it’s not the first encounter between nature and rockets - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1932157">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dealmaster: Best cheap office chair deals</strong> - The ergonomic, affordable alternatives to Herman Miller and Steelcase chairs. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1931867">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SCOTUS preserves access to abortion pill—for 5 days</strong> - It’s unclear how the high court will ultimately rule on the matter. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1932127">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>After a sharp sales slump, report details some of Apple’s future Mac lineup</strong> - Apple is looking to boost sales after a significant post-pandemic bust. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1932101">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hype grows over “autonomous” AI agents that loop GPT-4 outputs</strong> - AutoGPT and BabyAGI run GPT AI agents to complete complex tasks iteratively. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1929067">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A 70 year old man goes into a brothel. He picks out a young pretty woman, ….</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
… they go up to her room, strip down and climb into bed.<br/> The old man performs like a teenager, the prostitute is amazed at how energetic and agile he is, she tells him if he can do it like that again, she’ll give him one for free.<br/> He says “Yeah, I can, but I need to take a 20 minute nap, and while I’m asleep, I need you to hold my old pecker.” She agrees, he wakes up 20 minutes later and goes at it again, just as vigorously as before.<br/> The girl is amazed at the old man’s stamina, and repeats her freebie offer, the old man tells her that once again, he’ll need a 20 minute nap and she’ll have to hold his dick while he’s asleep. She does as he asks, he wakes up 20 minutes later and he goes at it again, with even more enthusiasm than previously.<br/> The hooker catches her breath, and needing to satisfy her curiosity, asks the old man “I can understand why you need the nap, but why do you need me to hold your dick while you’re sleeping?”<br/> The old man replies “Oh, that’s just so you don’t steal my wallet.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Waitsfornoone"> /u/Waitsfornoone </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/12nnmz2/a_70_year_old_man_goes_into_a_brothel_he_picks/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/12nnmz2/a_70_year_old_man_goes_into_a_brothel_he_picks/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The sky was looking ominous so I asked Siri, “Surely, it’s not going to rain today?”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
And she replied, “Yes it is, and don’t call me Shirley.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
That was when I realized I’d left my phone on Airplane mode.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/yomommafool"> /u/yomommafool </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/12ngtkr/the_sky_was_looking_ominous_so_i_asked_siri/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/12ngtkr/the_sky_was_looking_ominous_so_i_asked_siri/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What does DNA stand for?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
National Association of Dyslexics
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Mipkins"> /u/Mipkins </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/12nlozu/what_does_dna_stand_for/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/12nlozu/what_does_dna_stand_for/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>My Daughter asked me “dad, why don’t you treat me like a princess.”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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So I married her off to the King of Spain in exchange for 5000 acres on the Costa del Sol.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/AdamP1928"> /u/AdamP1928 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/12my0ah/my_daughter_asked_me_dad_why_dont_you_treat_me/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/12my0ah/my_daughter_asked_me_dad_why_dont_you_treat_me/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What’s the difference between a joke and a dick?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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You’re not good at taking a joke.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/EntrepreneuralSpirit"> /u/EntrepreneuralSpirit </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/12n8prd/whats_the_difference_between_a_joke_and_a_dick/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/12n8prd/whats_the_difference_between_a_joke_and_a_dick/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
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