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<title>10 August, 2022</title>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Digital interventions to mitigate the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public mental health: a rapid meta-review</strong> -
<div>
Background: Digital interventions may be used to mitigate psychosocial consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic but evidence-based recommendations are lacking. The aim of this rapid meta-review was to investigate the theoretical base, user perspective, safety, effectiveness, and cost effectiveness of digital interventions in public mental health provision (i.e. mental health promotion, prevention of, and treatment for mental disorder). Methods: A rapid meta-review was conducted. MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and CENTRAL databases were searched on May 11, 2020. Study inclusion criteria were broad and considered systematic reviews that investigated digital tools for health promotion, prevention, or treatment of mental health conditions likely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: We identified 813 reviews of which 82 met inclusion criteria. Overall, there is good evidence on the usability, safety, acceptance/satisfaction, and effectiveness of eHealth interventions while evidence on mHealth apps is promising, especially if social components (e.g. blended care) and strategies to promote adherence are incorporated. Although most digital interventions focus on the prevention or treatment of mental disorders, there is some evidence on mental health promotion. However, evidence on long-term clinical effects, process quality, and cost-effectiveness is very limited. Interpretation: Accumulating evidence suggests negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on public mental health. There is evidence that digital interventions are particularly suited to mitigating psychosocial consequences at the population level. Decision-makers should develop digital strategies for continued mental health care and the development and implementation of mental health promotion and prevention programs in times of quarantine and social distancing.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/uvc78/" target="_blank">Digital interventions to mitigate the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public mental health: a rapid meta-review</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Social isolation, mental health, and use of digital interventions in youth during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative survey</strong> -
<div>
Summary Background: Public health measures to curb SARS-CoV-2 transmission rates may have negative psychosocial consequences in youth. Digital interventions may help to mitigate these effects. We investigated the associations between social isolation, cognitive preoccupation, worries, and anxiety, objective social risk indicators, psychological distress as well as use of, and attitude towards, mobile health (mHealth) interventions in youth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Data were collected as part of the ‘Mental Health And Innovation During COVID-19 Survey’ —a cross-sectional panel study including a representative sample of individuals aged 16 to 25 years (N=666; Mage 21·3) (assessment period: 07.05.-16.05.2020). Outcomes: Overall, 38% of youth met criteria for moderate psychological distress and 30% felt ‘often’ or ‘very often’ socially isolated, even after most restrictive infection control measures had been lifted. Social isolation, COVID-19-related worries and anxiety, and objective risk indicators were associated with psychological distress, with evidence of dose-response relationships for some of these associations. For instance, psychological distress was progressively more likely to occur as levels of social isolation increased (reporting ‘never’ as reference group: ‘occasionally’: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 9·1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4·3 – 19·1, p&lt;0·001; ‘often’: aOR 22·2, CI 9·8 – 50·2, p&lt;0·001;’very often’: aOR 42·3, CI 14·1 – 126·8, p&lt;0·001). There was evidence that psychological distress, worries, and anxiety were associated with a positive attitude towards using digital interventions, whereas high levels of psychological distress, worries, and anxiety were associated with actual use. Interpretation: Public health measures during pandemics may be associated with poor mental health in youth. Digital interventions may help mitigate the negative psychosocial impact given there is an objective need and subjective demand.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/v64hf/" target="_blank">Social isolation, mental health, and use of digital interventions in youth during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative survey</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Mental and social health in the German old age population largely unaltered during COVID-19 lockdown: results of a representative survey</strong> -
<div>
Background: Older individuals are at increased risk of a severe and lethal course of COVID-19. They have typically been advised to practice particularly restrictive social distancing (‘cocooning’), which has sparked much debate on mental and social health consequences in older individuals. We aim to provide evidence. Methods: A computer-assisted standardized telephone interview was conducted in a randomly selected and representative sample of the German old age population (n = 1,005; age ≥65 years) during lockdown in April 2020. Assessments included sociodemographic factors, aspects of the personal life situation during lockdown, attitudes towards COVID-19, and standardized screening measures on depression, anxiety, somatization, posttraumatic stress, perceived stress, loneliness and social support. Sampling-weighted descriptive statistics and multiple multivariable regression analyses were conducted. Results: Participants were M = 75.5 (SD = 7.1) years old; 56.3% were women. At data collection, COVID-19 lockdown had been in force for M = 28.0 (SD = 4.8) days. Overall, older individuals were worried about COVID-19, but supportive of the lockdown. Mean scores and prevalence estimates of measured mental and social health variables were comparable to figures reported before the pandemic, except slightly higher perceived stress and higher perceived social support. There were only few significant associations of aspects of the personal life situation during lockdown and attitudes towards COVID-19 with mental and social health variables, while resilience explained a large amount of variance. Conclusions: In the short-term, the mental and social health of the German old age population was largely unaltered during COVID-19 lockdown, suggesting resilience against the challenging pandemic situation. Our results refute common ageist stereotypes of “the weak and vulnerable elderly” that were present during the pandemic. Long-term observations are needed to provide robust evidence.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/7n2bm/" target="_blank">Mental and social health in the German old age population largely unaltered during COVID-19 lockdown: results of a representative survey</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Anakinra in hospitalized COVID-19 patients guided by baseline soluble urokinase plasminogen receptor plasma levels: a real world, retrospective cohort study</strong> -
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Background In patients with COVID-19 and baseline soluble urokinase plasminogen receptor plasma (suPAR) levels ≥ 6ng/mL, early administration of anakinra, a recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, may prevent disease progression and death. In case of suPAR testing unavailability, the Severe COvid Prediction Estimate (SCOPE) score may be used as an alternative in guiding treatment decisions. Methods We conducted a monocenter, retrospective cohort study, including patients with SARS-CoV2 infection and respiratory failure. Patients treated with anakinra (anakinra group, AG) were compared to two control groups of patients who did not receive anakinra, respectively with ≥ 6 ng/mL (CG1) and &lt; 6 ng/mL (CG2) baseline suPAR levels. Controls were paired by age, sex, date of admission and vaccination status. Primary endpoint of the study was disease progression at day 14 from admission, as defined by patient distribution on a simplified version of the 11-point World Health Organization Clinical Progression Scale (WHO-CPS). Results Between July, 2021 and January, 2022, 153 patients were included, among which 56 were treated with off-label anakinra, 49 retrospectively fulfilled prescriptive criteria for anakinra and were assigned to CG1, and 48 presented with suPAR levels &lt; 6ng/mL and were assigned to CG2. At day 14, when comparing to CG1, patients who received anakinra had significantly reduced odds of progressing towards worse clinical outcome both in ordinal regression analysis (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.11-0.54, p&lt;0.001) and in multivariable analysis (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.03-0.82, p=0.037), and these results were confirmed even when controlling for age, sex, BMI and vaccinal status. Sensitivities of baseline suPAR and SCOPE score in predicting progression towards severe disease or death at day 14 were similar (83% vs 100%, p=0.59). Conclusion This real-word, retrospective cohort study confirmed the safety and the efficacy of suPAR-guided, early use of anakinra in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.05.22278477v1" target="_blank">Anakinra in hospitalized COVID-19 patients guided by baseline soluble urokinase plasminogen receptor plasma levels: a real world, retrospective cohort study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Metabolomic and gut microbiome profiles across the spectrum of community-based COVID and non-COVID disease: A COVID-19 Biobank study.</strong> -
<div>
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Whilst many with SARS-CoV-2 infection have mild disease, managed in the community, individuals with cardiovascular risk factors experienced often more severe acute disease, requiring hospitalisation. Increasing concern has also developed over long symptom duration in many individuals, including the majority who managed acutely in the community. Risk factors for long symptom duration, including biological variables, are still poorly defined. We examine post-illness metabolomic and gut-microbiome profiles, in community-dwelling participants with SARS-CoV-2, ranging from asymptomatic illness to Post-COVID Syndrome, and participants with prolonged non-COVID-19 illnesses. We also assess a pre-established metabolomic biomarker score for its association with illness duration. We found an atherogenic-dyslipidaemic metabolic profile, and greater biomarker scores, associated with longer illness, both in individuals with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found no association between illness duration and gut microbiome in convalescence. Findings highlight the potential role of cardiometabolic dysfunction to the experience of long illness duration, including after COVID-19.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.22278510v1" target="_blank">Metabolomic and gut microbiome profiles across the spectrum of community-based COVID and non-COVID disease: A COVID-19 Biobank study.</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Persistent Presence of Spike protein and Viral RNA in the Circulation of Individuals with Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 disease has resulted in the death of millions worldwide since the beginning of the pandemic in December 2019. While much progress has been made to understand acute manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, less is known about post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). We investigated the levels of circulating SARS-CoV-2 components, Spike protein and viral RNA, in patients hospitalized with acute COVID-19 and in patients with and without PASC. In hospitalized patients with acute COVID-19 (n=116), we observed a positive correlation of Spike protein with D-dimer, length of hospitalization, and peak WHO score while viral RNA correlated with a tissue injury marker, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). When comparing patients with post-COVID symptoms (n=33) and patients without (n=14), we found that Spike protein and viral RNA were more likely to be present in patients with PASC and in some cases at higher levels compared to acute COVID-19 patients. We also observed that the percent positivity of circulating viral RNA increased in the PASC positive individuals compared to acute COVID-19 group while Spike protein positivity remained the same. Additionally, we report that part of the circulating Spike protein is linked to extracellular vesicles without any presence of viral RNA in these vesicles. Our findings suggest that Spike protein and/or viral RNA fragments persist in the recovered COVID-19 patients with PASC, independent of their presence or absence during the acute COVID-19 phase.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.22278520v1" target="_blank">Persistent Presence of Spike protein and Viral RNA in the Circulation of Individuals with Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Adjusted booster schedules disperse age-dependent differences in antibody titers benefitting risk populations - Update to: Age-dependent Immune Response to the BioNTech/Pfizer BNT162b2 Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination</strong> -
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We provide follow-up data on the humoral immune response after COVID-19 vaccinations of a cohort aged below 60 and over 80 years. While anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG and neutralization capacity waned rapidly after initial vaccination, additional boosters highly benefitted humoral immune responses including neutralization of Omikron variants in the elderly cohort.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.22278545v1" target="_blank">Adjusted booster schedules disperse age-dependent differences in antibody titers benefitting risk populations - Update to: Age-dependent Immune Response to the BioNTech/Pfizer BNT162b2 Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Understanding the impact of COVID-19 risk perceptions on mitigation behaviors: A mixed methods approach using survey instruments and serious games</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
COVID-19 risk mitigation behavior, including social distancing and mask wearing, was a principal factor influencing the spread of COVID-19. Yet this behavior, and its association with COVID-19 perceptions and beliefs, is poorly understood. Here we used a mixed methods approach combining serious game data with survey instruments to describe relationships between perceptions and behavior. Using a series of survey questions, participants were described along a spectrum denoting their perception of their susceptibility to COVID-19 associated with a list of activities. Afterwards, participants engaged with a serious game to examine behavioral responses to scenarios involving shopping at a grocery store and going to a park during simulated pandemic conditions. Messages describing the simulated infection risk were shown to drive many behavioral decisions. Another significant correlate, derived from survey results, was the participant’s perception of susceptibility associated with various activities for acquiring the COVID-19 infection. Individuals that perceived every day activities, such as grocery shopping, as unlikely to lead to a COVID-19 infection spent more time near others in the game-simulated grocery store environment compared to those that consider such activities as risky. Additionally, we found that participant behavior became increasingly risky as time progresses if they were lucky enough not to experience an infection. This reflects behavior observed in the United States and more broadly, possibly explains how people update their perception of the risk of activities. Overall, results show a link between perception and action with regards to COVID-19 and support the use of targeted risk messaging to influence behavior. Moreover, the link between reported real-world perceptions and game behavior suggest that serious games can be used as valuable tools to test policies, risk messaging and communication, with the goal of nudging individuals with varied and nuanced perceptions and belief sets towards behaviors that will reduce the impact of COVID-19.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.22278512v1" target="_blank">Understanding the impact of COVID-19 risk perceptions on mitigation behaviors: A mixed methods approach using survey instruments and serious games</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cells play a dominant functional role in supporting antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination</strong> -
<div>
CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells are required for high-quality antibody generation and maintenance. However, the longevity and functional role of these cells are poorly defined in COVID-19 convalescents and vaccine recipients. Here, we longitudinally investigated the dynamics and functional roles of spike-specific circulating TFH cells and their subsets in convalescents at the 2nd, 5th, 8th, 12th and 24th months after COVID-19 symptom onset and in vaccinees after two and three doses of inactivated vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 infection elicited robust spike-specific TFH cell and antibody responses, of which spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cells but not spike-specific CXCR3- TFH cells and neutralizing antibodies were persistent for at least two years in more than 80% of convalescents who experienced symptomatic COVID-19, which was well coordinated between spike-specific TFH cell and antibody responses at the 5th month after infection. Inactivated vaccine immunization also induced spike-specific TFH cell and antibody responses; however, these responses rapidly declined after six months with a two-dose standard administration, and a third dose significantly promoted antibody maturation and potency. Functionally, spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cells exhibited better responsiveness than spike-specific CXCR3- TFH cells upon spike protein stimulation in vitro and showed superior capacity in supporting spike-specific antibody secreting cell (ASC) differentiation and antibody production than spike-specific CXCR3- TFH cells cocultured with autologous memory B cells. In conclusion, spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cells played a dominant functional role in antibody elicitation and maintenance in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, suggesting that induction of CXCR3-biased spike-specific TFH cell differentiation will benefit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development aiming to induce long-term protective immune memory.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503302v1" target="_blank">Spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cells play a dominant functional role in supporting antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Clinical effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccine against Omicron infection in residents and staff of Long-Term Care Facilities: a prospective cohort study (VIVALDI)</strong> -
<div>
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Background Successive SARS-CoV-2 variants have caused severe disease in long-term care facility (LTCF) residents. Primary vaccination provides strong short-term protection, but data are limited on duration of protection following booster vaccines, particularly against the Omicron variant. We investigated effectiveness of booster vaccination against infections, hospitalisations and deaths among LTCF residents and staff in England. Methods We included residents and staff of LTCFs within the VIVALDI study (ISRCTN 14447421) who underwent routine, asymptomatic testing (December 12 2021-March 31 2022). Cox regression was used to estimate relative hazards of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and associated hospitalisation and death at 0-13, 14-48, 49-83 and 84 days after dose 3 of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination compared to 2 doses (after 84+ days), stratified by previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and adjusting for age, sex, LTCF capacity and local SARS-CoV-2 incidence. Results 14175 residents and 19973 staff were included. In residents without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, infection risk was reduced 0-83 days after first booster, but no protection was apparent after 84 days. Additional protection following booster vaccination waned, but was still present at 84+ days for COVID-associated hospitalisation (aHR: 0.47, 0.24-0.89) and death (aHR: 0.37, 0.21-0.62). Most residents (64.4%) had received primary course of AstraZeneca, but this did not impact on pre- or post-booster risks. Staff showed a similar pattern of waning booster effectiveness against infection, with few hospitalisations and no deaths. Conclusions Booster vaccination provides sustained protection against severe outcomes following infection with the Omicron variant, but no protection against infection from 3 months onwards. Ongoing surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in LTCFs is crucial.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.22278532v1" target="_blank">Clinical effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccine against Omicron infection in residents and staff of Long-Term Care Facilities: a prospective cohort study (VIVALDI)</a>
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<li><strong>Effects of behavioral restrictions on COVID-19 spread</strong> -
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Several measures including behavioral restrictions for individuals have been taken to control the spread of COVID-19 all over the world. The aim of these measures is to prevent infected persons from contacting with susceptible persons. Since the behavioral restrictions for all citizens, such as the city-wide lockdown, are directly linked to stagnation of economic activities, the assessment of such measures is crucial. In order to evaluate the effects of behavioral restrictions, we employ the broken-link model to compare the situation of COVID-19 in Shanghai where the lockdown was implemented from March to June 2022 with it in Taiwan where a spread of COVID-19 was known to be well controlled so far. The result shows that the small link-connection probability is achieved by substantial isolation of infected person including the lockdown measures. Although the strict measures for behavioral restrictions are effective to reduce the total infected people, the daily confirmed cases follow the curve which is evaluated by the broken-link model. This result is considered as unavoidable infections for population.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.22278490v1" target="_blank">Effects of behavioral restrictions on COVID-19 spread</a>
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<li><strong>NO2 pollution decrease in big cities of Latin America during COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
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NO2 is a mainly anthropogenic gas that affects population health and its exposure is associated with several respiratory diseases. Its tropospheric concentration is associated with vehicle emissions. During 2020, COVID-19 lockdowns have impeded populations mobility, hence constructing an almost ideal situation to study their relationship with tropospheric NO2 concentration. We used TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) satellite images, Google mobility reports and vehicule count in order to study these relationships in six big Latin American metropolitan areas: Mexico DF, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Lima and Bogota. In all of them, tropospheric NO2 concentration decreased during 2020 compared to 2019, particularly during April 2020. Temperature differences alone could not explain the NO2 concentration differences between February and April 2020. The daily vehicle count in Buenos Aires was a significantly important variable in order to explain NO2 concentration variations (p &lt; 0.001) and it could be replaced by the daily Googles residential variation without significant information loss (p~1). This study strengthens previous research findings about NO2 concentration reduction during COVID-19 lockdowns and shows the relationship between human mobility and air pollution in the particular context of Latin America big cities.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.22277819v1" target="_blank">NO2 pollution decrease in big cities of Latin America during COVID-19 pandemic</a>
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<li><strong>Estimating COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy via Dynamic Epidemiological Models–A Study of Ten Countries</strong> -
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The real-world performance of vaccines against COVID-19 infections is critically important to counter the pandemics. We propose a varying coefficient stochastic epidemic model to estimate the vaccine efficacy based on the publicly available epidemiological and vaccination data. To tackle the challenges posed by the unobserved state variables, we develop a multi-step decentralized estimation procedure that uses different data segments to estimate different parameters. A B-spline structure is used to approximate the underlying infection rates and to facilitate model simulation in obtaining an objective function between the imputed and the simulation-based estimates of the latent state variables, leading to simulation-based estimation of the diagnosis rate using data in the pre-vaccine period and the vaccine effect parameters using data in the post-vaccine periods. And the time-varying infection, recovery and death rates are estimated by kernel regressions. We apply the proposed method to analyze the data in ten countries which collectively used 8 vaccines. The analysis reveals that the average effectiveness of the full vaccination was at least 22% higher than that of the partial vaccination and was largely above the WHO recognized level of 50% before November 20, 2021, including the Delta variant dominated period.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.22278571v1" target="_blank">Estimating COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy via Dynamic Epidemiological Models–A Study of Ten Countries</a>
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<li><strong>The prognostic value of transthoracic echocardiography findings in hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19: A single-center retrospective analysis</strong> -
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Background: Cardiac involvement in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with poor outcomes. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) can be used to assess cardiac structure and function non-invasively, and has been shown to influence management in COVID-19. Objectives: We aim to investigate the prognostic value of TTE findings in hospitalized adults with confirmed COVID-19. Methods: All consecutive hospitalized adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 who underwent TTE assessment between 3rd April 2020-6th April 2021 were included. Comprehensive clinical data including TTE findings were collected from electronic medical records. Patients with mild-moderate and severe-critical COVID-19 were compared. Within the severe-critical group, patients who survived hospitalization and died were compared. Further analyses were conducted after matching for age &gt;60 years, obesity, and diabetes. Results: A total of 488 COVID-19 patients were included in this study; 202 with mild-moderate and 286 severe-critical disease. All mild-moderate patients and 152 severe-critical patients survived hospitalization. In the matched cohorts, TTE findings associated with severe-critical COVID-19 included left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (OR: 1.91; CI: 1.21-3.02), LV diastolic dysfunction (OR: 1.55; CI: 1.00-2.38), right ventricular (RV) dysfunction (OR: 3.86; CI: 1.06-14.08), wall motion abnormalities (WMAs) (OR: 2.76; CI: 1.28-5.96), and any TTE abnormalities (OR: 2.99; CI: 1.73-5.17). TTE findings associated with mortality included RV dysfunction (OR: 3.53; CI: 1.12-11.19) and WMAs (OR: 2.63; CI: 1.26-5.49). Conclusion: TTE is a non-invasive modality that can potentially be used for risk-stratification of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. These findings must be confirmed in larger prospective studies.
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.22278506v1" target="_blank">The prognostic value of transthoracic echocardiography findings in hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19: A single-center retrospective analysis</a>
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<li><strong>Quantifying the impact of delaying the second COVID-19 vaccine dose in England: a mathematical modelling study</strong> -
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Background: The UK was the first country to start national COVID-19 vaccination programmes, initially administering doses 3-weeks apart. However, early evidence of high vaccine effectiveness after the first dose and the emergence of the Alpha variant prompted the UK to extend the interval between doses to 12-weeks. In this study, we quantify the impact of delaying the second vaccine dose on the epidemic in England. Methods: We used a previously described model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and calibrated the model to English surveillance data including hospital admissions, hospital occupancy, seroprevalence data, and population-level PCR testing data using a Bayesian evidence synthesis framework. We modelled and compared the epidemic trajectory assuming that vaccine doses were administered 3-weeks apart against the real vaccine roll-out schedule. We estimated and compared the resulting number of daily infections, hospital admissions, and deaths. A range of scenarios spanning a range of vaccine effectiveness and waning assumptions were investigated. Findings: We estimate that delaying the interval between the first and second COVID-19 vaccine doses from 3- to 12-weeks prevented an average 64,000 COVID-19 hospital admissions and 9,400 deaths between 8th December 2020 and 13th September 2021. Similarly, we estimate that the 3-week strategy would have resulted in more infections and deaths compared to the 12-week strategy. Across all sensitivity analyses the 3-week strategy resulted in a greater number of hospital admissions. Interpretation: England9s delayed second dose vaccination strategy was informed by early real-world vaccine effectiveness data and a careful assessment of the trade-offs in the context of limited vaccine supplies in a growing epidemic. Our study shows that rapidly providing partial vaccine-induced protection to a larger proportion of the population was successful in reducing the burden of COVID-19 hospitalisations and deaths. There is benefit in carefully considering and adapting guidelines in light of new emerging evidence and the population in question. Funding: National Institute for Health Research, UK Medical Research Council, Jameel Institute, Wellcome Trust, and UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, National Health and Medical Research Council.
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.08.22278528v1" target="_blank">Quantifying the impact of delaying the second COVID-19 vaccine dose in England: a mathematical modelling study</a>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Measure the Amount of Study Medicine in Blood in Adult Participants With COVID-19 and Severe Kidney Disease</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: PF-07321332 (nirmatrelvir)/ritonavir<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Pfizer<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cognitive Rehabilitation in Post-COVID-19 Condition</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Goal Management Training (GMT)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital;   University of Oslo;   Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai;   University of Toronto;   UiT The Arctic University of Norway;   Oslo University Hospital<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>EFFECTS OF INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING IN POST-COVID-19 PATIENTS</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: TREATMENT GROUP (TG);   Other: CONTROL GROUP (CG)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University Vila Velha<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Long-term Effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the Central Nervous System and One-year Follow-up of “Long COVID-19” Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Long Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Diagnostic Test: Perfusion brain scintigraphy imaging<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Brugmann University Hospital<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program on Post Hospitalization Severe COVID- 19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post COVID-19 Condition<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Combination Product: respiratory exercises - incentive spirometer - walking<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Fayoum University Hospital<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Physiotherapy in Post COVID-19 Syndrome Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Cognitive behavioral principles-based treatment program;   Other: Control intervention<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Universidad de Granada<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rehabilitation for People With Post COVID-19 Syndrome</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Multidimensional intervention;   Other: Control intervention<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Universidad de Granada<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Active Cycle Of Breathing Technique Verses Breathing Exercises In Post ICU COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post Covid-19 Patients<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Chest physiotherapy with breathing exercises and ACBT;   Other: Chest physiotherapy with breathing exercises<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Riphah International University<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy and Increasing COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among African American Young Adults in the South</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Vaccine Uptake<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Tough Talks COVID<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill;   University of Alabama at Birmingham;   National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD)<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>rSIFN-co Among Healthy Subjects and Subjects With Mild or Asymptomatic COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   SARS-CoV-2<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: rSIFN-co Nasal Spray;   Drug: Placebo Nasal Spray<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Sichuan Huiyang Life Science and Technology Corporation<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of Safety and Immunogenicity of the Recombinant ZR202-CoV and ZR202a-CoV Vaccines in Adults.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   SARS-CoV-2 Infection;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: ZR202-CoV;   Biological: ZR202a-CoV;   Biological: Comirnaty®<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co.,Ltd<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity and Safety of BBIBP-Corv Coadministered With PPV23 and IIV4 in Hemodialysis Population</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Hemolysis;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: coadministration;   Biological: COVID-19 vaccine;   Biological: IIV4+PPV23<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   China National Biotec Group Company Limited;   Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention;   Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention;   Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention;   Xiangya Hospital of Central South University;   Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd.;   Chengdu Institute of Biological Products Co.,Ltd.;   Shanghai Institute Of Biological Products<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety and Immunogenicity Study of a Booster Dose of the Investigational CV0501 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adults at Least 18 Years Old</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   SARS-CoV-2<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: CV0501 (3 μg);   Biological: CV0501 (6 μg);   Biological: CV0501 (12 μg);   Biological: CV0501 (25 μg);   Biological: CV0501 (50 μg);   Biological: CV0501 (75 μg);   Biological: CV0501 (100 μg);   Biological: CV0501 (150 μg);   Biological: CV0501 (200 μg)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   GlaxoSmithKline<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>This Trial is a Clinical Performance Validation Study That Will Evaluate the Clinical Agreement of the Sky Medical™ Rapid Antigen Test Comparing the Antigen Rapid Test to RT-PCR</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Sars-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Diagnostic Test: Sky Medical™ Rapid Antigen Test<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Sky Medical Supplies &amp; Equipments, LLC<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effect Of Distraction Methods On Fear And Anxiety In Children Before The Covid 19 Test</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Anxiety;   Fear<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: The Kaleidescope;   Behavioral: The visual illusion cards<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Ondokuz Mayıs University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The long term vaccine-induced anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response is impaired in quantity and quality under TNFα blockade</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: We show a reduced SARS-CoV-2 neutralising capacity in patients under TNFα blockade. In this cohort, the plasma cell response appears to be less specific and show stronger bystander activation. While these effects were observable after the first two vaccinations and with older VOC, the differences in responses to BA.2 were enhanced. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy and safety of the investigational complement C5 inhibitor zilucoplan in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: an open-label randomized controlled trial</strong> - CONCLUSION: Administration of zilucoplan to COVID-19 patients in this proof-of-concept randomized trial was well tolerated under antibiotic prophylaxis. While not reaching statistical significance, indicators of respiratory function (PaO(2)/FiO(2)) and clinical outcome (mortality and 6-min walk test) suggest that C5 inhibition might be beneficial, although this requires further research in larger randomized studies.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Targeting autophagy regulation in NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated lung inflammation in COVID-19</strong> - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Emerging evidence indicates that the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is activated, which results in a cytokine storm at the late stage of COVID-19. Autophagy regulation is involved in the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 at the early stage and the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated lung inflammation at the late…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Therapeutic drug monitoring and dosage adjustments of immunosuppressive drugs when combined with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in patients with COVID-19</strong> - Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid®) consists of a peptidomimetic inhibitor (Nirmatrelvir) of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease and a pharmacokinetic enhancer (Ritonavir). It is approved for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19. This combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir can mediate significant and complex drug-drug interactions (DDIs), primarily due to the ritonavir component. Indeed, ritonavir inhibits the metabolism of nirmatrelvir through cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) leading to higher…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants reduce COVID-19 infection: prospects for use</strong> - CONCLUSION: If successful, these drugs can substantially reduce hospitalization and mortality rates, as well as allow for fully outpatient treatment for mild-to-moderate infections. Thus, repositioning SSRIs can provide benefits when faced with a rapidly evolving pandemic such as COVID-19.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Targeting Doublecortin-Like Kinase 1 (DCLK1)-Regulated SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis in COVID-19</strong> - Host factors play critical roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection-associated pathology and the severity of COVID-19. In this study, we systematically analyzed the roles of SARS-CoV-2-induced host factors, doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1), and S100A9 in viral pathogenesis. In autopsied subjects with COVID-19 and pre-existing chronic liver disease, we observed high levels of DCLK1 and S100A9 expression and immunosuppressive (DCLK1<sup>(+)S100A9</sup>(+)CD206^(+)) M2-like macrophages and N2-like neutrophils in…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn against SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, H5N1, and other enveloped viruses</strong> - The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-Cov-2 is responsible for more than 6 million deaths globally. The development of broad-spectrum and cost-effective antivirals is urgently needed. Medicinal plants are renowned as a complementary approach in which antiviral natural products have been established as safe and effective drugs. Here, we report that the percolation extract of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn (SSP) is a broad-spectrum viral entry inhibitor against SARS-CoV-1/2 and other enveloped…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Zinc pyrithione is a potent inhibitor of PL<sup>Pro</sup> and cathepsin L enzymes with <em>ex vivo</em> inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication</strong> - Zinc pyrithione (1a), together with its analogues 1b-h and ruthenium pyrithione complex 2a, were synthesised and evaluated for the stability in biologically relevant media and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Zinc pyrithione revealed potent in vitro inhibition of cathepsin L (IC(50)=1.88 ± 0.49 µM) and PL^(Pro) (IC(50)=0.50 ± 0.07 µM), enzymes involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication, respectively, as well as antiviral entry and replication properties in an ex vivo system derived from primary human…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Not “My” crisis: Social identity and followers’ crisis responses to COVID-19</strong> - Operationalizing social group identification as political partisanship, we examine followers’ (i.e., US residents’) affective experiences and behavioral responses during the initial COVID-19 outbreak in the United States (March to May 2020). In Study 1, we conducted content analyses on major news outlets’ coverage of COVID-19 (N = 4319) to examine media polarization and how it plays a role in shaping followers’ perceptions of the pandemic and leadership. News outlets trusted by Republicans…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Oridonin Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 by Targeting Its 3C-Like Protease</strong> - Oridonin Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Oridonin, a natural product extracted from Rabdosia rubescens, possesses a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, neuroprotection, immunoregulation, etc. In article number 2100124, Baisen Zhong, Litao Sun, and co-workers demonstrate that Oridonin targets the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease by covalently binding to cysteine145 in its active pocket to exert an anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect, which provides a novel candidate…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>‘In most supermarkets food does not cost £3 per day …’ The impact of the school food voucher scheme during COVID-19</strong> - Households with children eligible for Free School Meals are at risk of food insecurity. This paper reports on a rapid-response study that investigated the impact of the school food voucher scheme during the COVID-19 crisis on young people, families and schools. It pays close attention to the reliance of the state on the goodwill of society and its citizens in feeding those most in need. The Capabilities Approach is used to highlight factors that inhibited and restricted the use of the vouchers…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Synthesis, crystal structure elucidation, DFT analysis, drug-likeness and ADMET evaluation and molecular docking studies of triazole derivatives: Binary inhibition of spike protein and ACE2 receptor protein of COVID-19</strong> - The recent incidence of terrible acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) has presently experienced some noteworthy mutations since its discovery in 2019 in Wuhan, China. The present research work focuses on the synthesis of three triazole derivatives (BMTPP, BMTTP, and BMTIP) and their inhibition activities against SARS-Cov-2 spike and ACE2 receptor proteins. The crystal structure for BMTTP was determined by the SCXRD method and optimized geometrical parameters for the three…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Influence of Vicarious Fear-Learning in “Infecting” Reactive Action Inhibition</strong> - Since the dawn of cognitive neuroscience, emotions have been recognized to impact on several executive processes, such as action inhibition. However, the complex interplay between emotional stimuli and action control is not yet fully understood. One way to measure inhibitory control is the stop-signal task (SST), which estimates the ability to cancel outright an action to the presentation of a stop signal by means of the stop-signal reaction times (SSRTs). Impaired as well as facilitated action…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Human Lung Fibroblasts Exhibit Induced Inflammation Memory <em>via</em> Increased <em>IL6</em> Gene Expression and Release</strong> - Fibroblasts of different origins are known to possess stromal memory after inflammatory episodes. However, there are no studies exploring human lung fibroblast memory which may predict a subsequent inflammatory response in chronic respiratory diseases and COVID-19. MRC-5 and HF19 human lung fibroblast cell lines were treated using different primary and secondary stimulus combinations: TNFα-WD-TNFα, Poly (I:C)-WD-TNFα, TNFα-WD-Poly (I:C), or LPS-WD-TNFα with a 24-h rest period (withdrawal period;…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rapid quantitative monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mediated syncytia formation using split NanoLuc</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 infection causes syncytial pneumocyte in patients and this has been considered as a defining feature of severe COVID-19 cases. Traditional methods of syncytia quantification require the morphology characterization of fused cells either with light microscope or fluorescent microscope, which is time-consuming and not accurate. Here we developed a rapid and sensitive coculture system measuring spike-induced syncytia by using NanoLuc complementation system. We found the formation of…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What the F.B.I.’s Raid of Mar-a-Lago Could Mean for Trump</strong> - A former federal prosecutor and general counsel for the F.B.I. explains the process and implications of obtaining a search warrant on the home of a former President. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/what-the-fbis-raid-of-mar-a-lago-could-mean-for-trump">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Democrats Finally Deliver</strong> - The Senate’s passage of a sweeping, if imperfect, climate-change-and-health-care bill is a landmark moment in U.S. policymaking. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-democrats-finally-deliver">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How Hurricanes Get Their Names</strong> - In an age of more intense storms, forecasters explain their aims. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/how-hurricanes-get-their-names">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>After the Trump Raid, Silence Is Not an Option for Merrick Garland</strong> - The F.B.I. search of Mar-a-Lago will either strengthen or erode public trust in the Justice Department and its leader. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/after-the-trump-raid-silence-is-not-an-option-for-merrick-garland">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Wisconsin Primary Map: Live Election Results</strong> - The latest results from the Wisconsin primary ahead of the 2022 midterms. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/election-2022/live-midterm-results-wisconsin">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Some heat waves have names now. That could save lives.</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/47G3vyFKSS7kzxAvr17Zn50EPxM=/250x0:4250x3000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71227743/GettyImages_1242303266.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
A construction worker pours water on his head as he tries to cool off during a heat wave in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on August 4, 2022. | Mark Makela/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Treating heat waves more like hurricanes could help us take them more seriously.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ac9dEd">
We talk about heat waves in a weird way.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="W1kbam">
Natural disasters like hurricanes and wildfires are (rightly) accompanied by warnings of their danger. They bring a visible, elemental fury that’s hard to ignore. Heat, on the other hand, is invisible and insidious. We feel it on our skin, radiating from the sun or bouncing off asphalt and concrete, but we don’t see it the way we see, say, floodwaters carrying cars down the street. That makes heat waves easy to <a href="https://twitter.com/MrMatthewTodd/status/1548353724086530049?s=20&amp;t=qBduPzYnulqJHq108RteVQ">dismiss as quirky summer weather</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="t7Gk8w">
“Heat is an interesting hazard because it can kind of creep up on you,” said Jennifer Marlon, a research scientist at the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication. “It tends to affect millions of people at a time, and a lot of people don’t realize the danger.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="shAcYM">
But heat is the <a href="https://www.weather.gov/hazstat/">deadliest weather phenomenon</a> in a typical year in the United States, killing an average of 158 people annually in the 30 years from 1992 to 2021, and <a href="https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2022/6/22/23176860/heat-wave-summer-temperatures-climate-change-us-europe">climate change is only going to make heat waves more common</a>. We already categorize tornadoes, and we name wildfires. Hurricanes get both. Would extending those ideas to heat waves help?
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A bar chart showing weather phenomena by number of fatalities. Heat killed 190 people in the United States in 2021; the 10-year average was 135 people, while the 30-year average was 158." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/EmE3YWxOpeA8Jh3ftQG_qtGu8r8=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23934001/Heat_waves_deadliest_weather.png"/>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JujVyc">
“Naming hurricanes has been really effective,” said Kathy Baughman McLeod, director of the Atlantic Council’s <a href="https://onebillionresilient.org/">Adrienne Arsht-Rockefeller Foundation Resilience Center</a> (Arsht-Rock), which studies climate resiliency. Hurricane-prone communities tend to have what McLeod called “a culture of preparedness and prevention,” where residents know how to prepare for storms of varying intensity. Residents who decide to ride out a weaker storm at home, for example, might board up their windows and store a few days’ worth of water. “Heat waves need that branding, that identity,” McLeod said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="w1uEaM">
To figure out how that branding might work, scientists at Arsht-Rock are running pilot projects in six cities — Los Angeles, Miami, Milwaukee, and Kansas City in the United States, along with Seville, Spain, and Athens, Greece — to test-drive a heat wave categorization system they developed. In July, Seville became the first city in the world to give a heat wave a name: <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/zoe-becomes-the-worlds-first-named-heat-wave/">Zoe</a>. Spanish authorities ranked the heat wave at Category 3, indicating the highest level of risk.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Sin7wt">
Categorizing heat waves isn’t easy. “The same heat wave can create very different impacts depending upon when and where it occurs,” said Larry Kalkstein, Arsht-Rock’s chief heat science adviser and president of Applied Climatologists, Inc, a climatology lab that studies the effects of extreme weather on human health. “You can have two cities with almost identical weather, and you’ll still need two different categories.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oZqYmp">
New York City and Philadelphia, for example, are close enough to each other that they tend to experience similar weather conditions on most days, but local conditions make a difference to how the residents of each city experience heat. That means heat waves can’t simply be categorized by temperature.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pCJk2X">
The National Weather Service uses a metric called the <a href="https://www.weather.gov/ama/heatindex">Heat Index</a> that combines relative humidity with air temperature to give an idea of how heat actually feels, and an accompanying chart provides an idea of what effect that heat will have on the body. But while the heat index provides a better understanding of how heat might feel, it’s essentially an enhancement of the temperatures we already know. That means it runs the risk of being just as easy to ignore or underestimate.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YRC9BW">
Kalkstein and his colleagues instead developed a system that looks at historical weather and mortality data from past heat waves to determine what combination of weather conditions — heat, humidity, overnight temperatures, cloud cover, and more — leads to the most excess deaths in a particular region. From there, they developed an algorithm that compares the conditions of an incoming heat wave against that data, determines its likelihood of causing excess deaths, and then issues a category based on expected mortality. The categories come with recommendations for steps cities and their citizens should take to safeguard from the heat.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="evXkMX">
This is a notably different approach from most weather warning systems. Meteorological agencies usually issue warnings based on weather conditions alone. Hurricanes, for example, are solely <a href="https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php">classified according to wind speed</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="g5uvcg">
“We’re suggesting an approach that is linking health and weather together,” said McLeod. “So there’s going to be obvious discomfort for meteorological agencies because they’re not health agencies. That’s a big change.”
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A triangle labeled “extreme temperatures categorisation” with numbers from 0 to 3 on the left side, and labels on the right that describe the impacts felt in each category from top to bottom." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/s8gjTc4h7sQJkbJRBVu-heqVmcU=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23933933/Athens_categories.png"/> <cite>Courtesy Adrienne Arsht-Rockefeller Foundation Resilience Center</cite>
<figcaption>
A mockup of the heat wave categorization system used by Athens, Greece.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HTLTTD">
The idea is already getting some pushback. In July, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), a UN agency that coordinates weather data and planning across the world, released a <a href="https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/wmo-has-no-immediate-plans-name-heatwaves">statement</a> saying it had no plans to name heat waves.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ChEbMP">
“What has been established for tropical cyclone events may not necessarily translate easily across to heatwaves,” the agency said. “Caution should be exercised when comparing or applying lessons or protocols from one hazard type to another, due to the important differences in the physical nature and impacts of storms and heatwaves.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bhkojo">
A <a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wcas/9/4/wcas-d-16-0037_1.xml">2017 study</a> showed that naming winter storms — as the Weather Channel started doing in the US in the 2010s despite <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/02/accuweather-nemo-blizzard-name/318539/">pushback from the National Weather Service</a> — didn’t necessarily raise awareness of the storms, though that study’s sample size was limited to a few hundred college students. But pushing ahead with names and categories risks undermining the WMO and country-level agencies like the National Weather Service, according to Kristie Ebi, founding director of the University of Washington’s <a href="https://deohs.washington.edu/change/">Center for Health and the Global Environment</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BXHz5M">
The system for naming and categorizing hurricanes is overseen by the WMO, which allows for cross-border coordination. Ebi said a system like Arsht-Rock’s, which is collaborating with some national meteorological offices but not with the WMO, raises questions of who people should listen to in case of extreme weather. “Are we not supposed to listen to the National Weather Service in cities that are doing something different?” Ebi asked.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="k7fC6l">
There’s also a risk that giving heat waves names could prove counterproductive in the face of every other climate disaster we’re bound to experience. We already name fires and hurricanes, Marlon pointed out, and giving names to every natural disaster could create a confusing jumble of names that risk being blown out of proportion by an attention-hungry media.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lLw45G">
For the climatologists at Arsht-Rock, the best-case scenario is to avoid that problem by simply having organizations like the WMO adopt their system. The idea is that their pilot program would collect evidence about whether the names and categories do or do not work. More than anything else, said McLeod, they see the categories as a system of communication that will help people understand when they’re in danger and what kind of precautions they need to take.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1D9i83">
“Institutions change slowly,” said McLeod. “We think that the conditions and the death tolls push us to accelerate what we’re doing to save lives as soon as we can.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RPcA7f">
If their pilot shows naming heat waves isn’t very effective, the climatologists will drop that part of their plans. But if naming does<em> </em>prove to be effective and organizations like the WMO still decide not to adopt them, McLeod said, they’ll continue working with whatever governments do want to use the system — exactly what Ebi and the WMO are afraid of.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GQoRuX">
Whatever happens, it’s clear we need to change how we talk about heat waves. ”I think there’s lots of creative ways to start raising awareness,” Ebi said. “We have to try to get people to really understand those risks. Nobody needs to die in a heat wave.”
</p></li>
<li><strong>Don’t quash your envy — harness it</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="A brightly colored illustration of a woman with wavy hair and an unhappy expression, looking at a phone screen showing two happy-looking people in a photo on social media." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/FxQr-FTUNpL9t6xj8bhiI87l4jU=/375x0:2626x1688/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71227616/STORY_7_SET_2.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Shanée Benjamin for Vox
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Let envy be a motivator instead of holding you back.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="d47bMu">
There are many human emotions we’re told are unsavory. Seven of them have even been lumped together and deemed deadly: pride, greed, lust, envy, gluttony, wrath, and sloth.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eJr6xg">
Not only does society cast these sentiments in a negative light, but they aren’t super fun to experience, either. Envy, in particular, is one feeling we don’t enjoy sitting with for long. It’s uncomfortable to feel covetous or less-than when someone in our circle has something we want, like a supportive group of friends or a rewarding career. When everyone we know — and many people we don’t — constantly broadcast their wins and extravagances online, envy can rear its head more frequently than we’d like.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IaLcU5">
Envy shouldn’t be confused with jealousy. “Envy is about things that are important for us,” says <a href="https://www.iopsych-baruch.com/yochi-cohencharash">Yochi Cohen-Charash</a>, a psychology professor at Baruch College, “and the target of envy will always be somebody who is comparable to us.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pz8DdE">
The people we are truly envious of will often be of a <a href="https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/whos_the_enviest_of_them_all">similar age and the same gender</a> as us, and never people far out of our social stratum, like a celebrity or socialite. The specific things we covet closely relate to our self-identity, which is why others’ successes and relationships can make us feel so lousy; we want them, too. Higher social standing — respect and admiration from others — as opposed to material items is among the most common objects of envy, a group of international <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.513495/full">researchers found in 2020</a>. Jealousy, on the other hand, refers to the anxiety of losing your accomplishments, status, or partner <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/hide-and-seek/201408/the-psychology-and-philosophy-envy">to another person</a>. Jealousy factors in the feelings of external parties; envy is internal.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="A035bg">
Envy takes two forms, says <a href="https://scs.georgetown.edu/faculty/4120910/w-parrott">Gerrod Parrott</a>, a psychology professor at Georgetown University: malicious envy, and non-malicious or benign envy. Malicious envy involves hostility or resentment toward another person who has it better than us. “The motivation is to try to take away what they have or to undermine their success or happiness,” Parrott says.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="19WQam">
Non-malicious envy focuses more on the objects of our desire — a large family, the financial ability to buy a home — and digging into how the other person achieved those goals. “The malicious, sinful kind is really directed at pulling the other person down to your level,” Parrott says. “Whereas [with] the more benign form, the motivation is more trying to improve yourself and do better to attain what the other person has already attained.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ShIjbR">
Where jealousy can mean going on the offensive in the name of self-preservation, envy allows for introspection, an internal process that can help us zero in on goals and provide a road map for achieving them.
</p>
<h3 id="M3jmv7">
Admitting envy
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XzV2wc">
Perhaps the most difficult aspect of using envy as a force for good is admitting we’re envious in the first place, Cohen-Charash says. For example, initially we might find it unfair when a sibling has attention bestowed on them for getting engaged when our accomplishments are seemingly overlooked. The root of this thought is, in fact, envy. Rather than admit we didn’t measure up in some way, it’s easier on our ego to paint the situation as an injustice. (The envy-inducing situation can definitely be unfair, too, Cohen-Charash notes.) Without acknowledging our envy, however, we’re unable to deal with it in productive ways and instead may stew in feelings of<strong> </strong>resentment or inferiority. “Admitting it to yourself, actually, grounds you in a more realistic perspective,” Parrott says. “Then, maybe move on to thinking of ways in which you can do better.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="R8QQ0M">
Sometimes just recognizing envy can alert us to goals or milestones we never thought we wanted, Parrott says. The pang of envy felt when third-wheeling with a friend and their partner can be an indicator of our own desire for a romantic relationship; the sense of inferiority experienced after eating a delicious home-cooked meal prepared by our amateur chef cousin may be a sign we’d like to improve our own skills in the kitchen.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uYrYIq">
Owning up to envy needn’t be a shameful or even public endeavor. While expressing feelings of envy to a friend or therapist can be cathartic, people very rarely open up to the subject of their envy, Cohen-Charash says. In fact, this may not always be helpful. “I would ask, what do you expect or want to happen if you do?” says marriage and family therapist <a href="https://www.emilysimonian.com/">Emily Simonian</a>. “Do I think that they’re going to say something that’s going to make me feel better? Am I looking for consolation? Or do I want their advice?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="a7Z8zV">
More often than not, Simonian says to err on the side of privacy when faced with admitting envy to the source. Confiding in an outside person can provide an objective perspective and validation, helping anchor you to reality, Parrott says, either justifying the envy and helping us move forward constructively or taking the personal sting out of the emotion.
</p>
<h3 id="bRQ6i2">
Let envy serve as a motivator
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="N7Xvwp">
Instead of letting malicious envy fuel us and engaging in a bit of schadenfreude when those we’re envious of stumble, use covetousness as a goal-setting tool. To determine if our envy motivates us to act maliciously or benignly, Simonian says to try filling in the blank: “I’m envious and it makes me want to …” Cry? Tarnish someone’s reputation? Better yourself?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oVHSfj">
Unpleasant emotions, like anxiety and, yes, envy, are functional, Cohen-Charash says, alerting us to situations that need to change. Envy, for instance, warns us of “a situation in which we are [performing at] a lower level in things that are important for us,” Cohen-Charash says. It can also motivate people to better themselves and achieve success, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8578062/">studies show</a>. If we’re envious of a coworker’s swift rise within the company ranks, this can be fuel to pursue our own professional success.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JTYytw">
Look to those we’re envious of, Parrott says, as a road map or role model for how to achieve goals. “How did they get that? What are they doing that I’m not?” he says. “Then you can imitate or emulate that other person’s methods, techniques, ideas, moves, and what have you to, in fact, be better yourself in some way.” It can be helpful to write out a list of steps or benchmarks to make a lofty goal less intimidating, Simonian says.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FelceI">
However, no amount of hard work or manifestation can bless us with generational wealth, inherent talents, or a colossal salary overnight. The envy we possess over a rich friend’s nice new car provides few signposts for how to attain one ourselves if we struggle to make ends meet. To soften the blow, Cohen-Charash says it’s helpful to compare ourselves with the subject of our envy in areas where we excel over the other person. The person with the nice car might be terrible at driving and constantly get parking tickets.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CszkGN">
“If you can remember that everybody has their story and everybody has their problems and challenges,” Cohen-Charash says, “and we can find a situation in which we are doing better than them, that can already help us feel less frustrated, less envious, because we immediately see that it’s not the whole picture.”
</p>
<h3 id="G0JyRd">
Reframing envy
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yqE0b7">
In the event that envy has turned malicious, there are ways to lessen the sting. Simonian says to consider that two seemingly opposing facts can both be true. We can be cognizant of our longing for a new job while also accepting the role we currently have.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zu03UN">
Resentment occurs when envy persists without any action, Simonian says, so we need to dig deeper to root out causes of constant envy. She advises considering the question: “Are there things that I haven’t processed that are holding me back, or keeping me from being able to let these normal envious feelings kind of roll off my back?” We could be stewing in ongoing feelings of inadequacy based on past experiences. “Maybe I previously was fired from a job and that’s a sore spot for me,” she says. “So the promotion that I feel envious about really is hitting a pain point.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bQL4LB">
Learning to simply appreciate the achievements of others can be reward enough, Parrott says — even if the others in question aren’t exactly your peers. “I’m never going to be an Olympic gymnast, and I can watch the Olympic gymnastics people and say, ‘Wow, that’s terrific and I’m glad it’s there in the world,’” Parrott says. “And I don’t feel like I immediately need to go start practicing on the pommel horse.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tSnA8H">
<a href="http://www.vox.com/even-better"><em>Even Better</em></a><em> is here to offer deeply sourced, actionable advice for helping you live a better life. Do you have a question on money and work; friends, family, and community; or personal growth and health? Send us your question by filling out this </em><a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfiStGSlsWDBmglim7Dh1Y9Hy386rkeKGpfwF6BCjmgnZdqfQ/viewform"><em>form</em></a><em>. We might turn it into a story.</em>
</p></li>
<li><strong>There are two factions working to prevent AI dangers. Here’s why they’re deeply divided.</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/IN9HAzwivaX6aaG_Secjt_zmi-8=/282x0:4793x3383/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71227521/1242023084.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Artificial intelligence systems are getting more and more impressive. The people who work on ensuring they have good effects are beset by internal squabbling. | Stefani Reynolds/AFP via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
AI poses present risks and future ones. Why don’t the teams that work on them get along?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="62kx6C">
There are teams of <a href="https://www.schwarzmancentre.ox.ac.uk/ethicsinai">researchers in academia</a> and at <a href="https://ai.google/principles/">major AI labs</a> these days working on the problem of AI ethics, or the moral concerns raised by AI systems. These efforts tend to be especially focused on data privacy concerns and on what is known as AI bias — AI systems that, using training data with bias often built in, produce racist or sexist results, such as <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/11/11/apple-card-algorithm-sparks-gender-bias-allegations-against-goldman-sachs/">refusing women credit card limits they’d grant a man with identical qualifications</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dZEL8o">
There are also teams of <a href="https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/aia-fellowship/">researchers in academia</a> and <a href="https://openai.com/alignment/">at some</a> (though fewer) AI labs that are working on the problem of <a href="https://intelligence.org/2016/12/28/ai-alignment-why-its-hard-and-where-to-start/">AI alignment</a>. This is the risk that, as our AI systems become more powerful, our oversight methods and training approaches will be more and more meaningless for the task of getting them to do what we actually want. Ultimately, we’ll have handed humanity’s future over to systems with goals and priorities we don’t understand and can no longer influence.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eDe7MF">
Today, that often means that AI ethicists and those in AI alignment are working on similar problems. Improving the understanding of the internal workings of today’s AI systems is one approach to solving AI alignment, and is crucial for understanding when and where models are being misleading or discriminatory.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uGsb69">
And in some ways, AI alignment is just the <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22916602/ai-bias-fairness-tradeoffs-artificial-intelligence">problem of AI bias</a> writ (terrifyingly) large: We are assigning more societal decision-making power to systems that we don’t fully understand and can’t always audit, and that lawmakers don’t know nearly well enough to effectively regulate.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="L8XXat">
As <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2022/8/3/23288843/deepmind-alphafold-artificial-intelligence-biology-drugs-medicine-demis-hassabis">impressive as modern artificial intelligence</a> can seem, right now those AI systems are, in a sense, “stupid.” They tend to have very narrow scope and limited computing power. To the extent they can cause harm, they mostly do so either by <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/5-algorithms-that-demonstrate-artificial-intelligence-bias/#:~:text=For%20example%2C%20Amazon%20found%20out,also%20favored%20men%20over%20women.">replicating the harms</a> in the data sets used to train them or through <a href="https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/coming-ai-hackers">deliberate misuse by bad actors</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0tz5En">
But AI won’t stay stupid forever, because lots of people are working diligently to make it as smart as possible.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="a73Qnh">
Part of what makes current AI systems limited in the dangers they pose is that they don’t have a good model of the world. Yet teams are working to train models that <em>do</em> have a good understanding of the world. The other reason current systems are limited is that they aren’t integrated with the levers of power in our world — but other teams are trying very hard to build AI-powered drones, bombs, factories, and precision manufacturing tools.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IYuB04">
That dynamic — where we’re pushing ahead to make AI systems smarter and smarter, without really understanding their goals or having a good way to audit or monitor them — sets us up for disaster.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cNdc0Y">
And not in the distant future, but as soon as a few decades from now. That’s why it’s crucial to have AI ethics research focused on managing the implications of modern AI, and AI alignment research focused on preparing for powerful future systems.
</p>
<h3 id="TPM48c">
Not just two sides of the same coin
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7ZrlyL">
So do these two groups of experts charged with making AI safe actually get along?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="023Aho">
Hahaha, no.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ywWQqT">
These are two camps, and they’re two camps that sometimes stridently dislike each other.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kJ5jGw">
From the perspective of people working on AI ethics, experts focusing on alignment are ignoring real problems we already experience today in favor of obsessing over future problems that might never come to be. Often, the alignment camp doesn’t even know what problems the ethics people are working on.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="oPOZcy">
“Some people who work on longterm/AGI-style policy tend to ignore, minimize, or just not consider the immediate problems of AI deployment/harms,” Jack Clark, co-founder of the <a href="https://www.anthropic.com/">AI safety research lab Anthropic</a> and former policy director at OpenAI,<a href="https://twitter.com/jackclarkSF/status/1555990394545905665"> wrote</a> this weekend.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="A9oYXf">
From the perspective of many AI alignment people, however, lots of <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/12/27/57/ai-ethics-washing-time-to-act/">“ethics” </a>work at top AI labs is <a href="https://twitter.com/jackclarkSF/status/1555980661499908096">basically just glorified public relations</a>, chiefly designed so tech companies can say they’re concerned about ethics and avoid embarrassing PR snafus — but doing nothing to change the big-picture trajectory of AI development. In surveys of AI ethics experts, most say they <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/06/16/experts-doubt-ethical-ai-design-will-be-broadly-adopted-as-the-norm-within-the-next-decade/">don’t expect development practices at top companies</a> to change to prioritize moral and societal concerns.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Elb8SD">
(To be clear, many AI alignment people <a href="https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/GNhMPAWcfBCASy8e6/a-central-ai-alignment-problem-capabilities-generalization"><em>also </em>direct</a> this complaint at others in the alignment camp. Lots of people are working on making AI systems more powerful and more dangerous, with various justifications for how this helps learn how to make them safer. From a more pessimistic perspective, nearly all AI ethics, AI safety, and AI alignment work is really just work on building more powerful AIs — but with better PR.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lYw37w">
Many AI ethics researchers, for their part, say they’d love to do more but are stymied by corporate cultures that don’t take them very seriously and don’t treat their work as a key technical priority, as former Google AI ethics researcher Meredith Whittaker <a href="https://twitter.com/mer__edith/status/1287399438558924800">noted in a tweet</a>:
</p>
<div id="CM6CFT">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
I have an AI ethics joke but it has to be approved by PR, legal, and our partners in the Department of Defense before I can tell it.
</p>
— Meredith Whittaker (<span class="citation" data-cites="mer__edith">@mer__edith</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/mer__edith/status/1287399438558924800?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 26, 2020</a>
</blockquote></div></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="U68Zze">
A healthier AI ecosystem
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2Om0Uy">
The AI ethics/AI alignment battle doesn’t have to exist. After all, climate researchers studying the present-day effects of warming don’t tend to bitterly condemn climate researchers studying long-term effects, and researchers working on <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2108146119">projecting the worst-case scenarios</a> don’t tend to claim that anyone working on heat waves today is wasting time.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VA6Y29">
You could easily imagine a world where the AI field was similar — and much healthier for it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bgG7T3">
Why<em> isn’t </em>that the world we’re in?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b6ljce">
My instinct is that the AI infighting is related to the very limited public understanding of what’s happening with artificial intelligence. When public attention and resources feel scarce, people find wrongheaded projects threatening — after all, those other projects are getting engagement that comes at the expense of their own.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xznFVH">
Lots of people — even lots of AI researchers — do not take concerns about the safety impacts of their work <a href="https://twitter.com/jackclarkSF/status/1555997727099535361">very seriously</a>.
</p>
<div id="APBBAD">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
At the different large-scale labs (where large-scale = multiple thousands of GPUs), there are different opinions among leadership on how important safety is. Some people care about safety a lot, some people barely care about it. If safety issues turn out to be real, uh oh!
</p>
— Jack Clark (<span class="citation" data-cites="jackclarkSF">@jackclarkSF</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/jackclarkSF/status/1555997727099535361?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 6, 2022</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="enSOm9">
Sometimes leaders dismiss long-term safety concerns out of a sincere conviction that AI will be very good for the world, so the moral thing to do is to speed full ahead on development.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pMlOLJ">
Sometimes it’s out of the conviction that AI <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/artificial-general-intelligence-is-not-as-imminent-as-you-might-think1/">isn’t going to be transformative at all,</a> at least not in our lifetimes, and so there’s no need for all this fuss.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RqKWpU">
Sometimes, though, it’s out of cynicism — experts know how powerful AI is likely to be, and they <a href="https://twitter.com/jackclarkSF/status/1555982269864505344">don’t want oversight or accountability</a> because <a href="https://twitter.com/jackclarkSF/status/1555984714422317058">they think they’re superior to any institution that would hold them accountable</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dmez0K">
The public is only dimly aware that experts have serious safety concerns about advanced AI systems, and most people have no idea which projects are priorities for long-term AI alignment success, which are concerns related to AI bias, and what exactly AI ethicists do all day, anyway. Internally, AI ethics people are often siloed and isolated at the organizations where they work, and have to battle just to get their colleagues to take their work seriously.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PXAoPY">
It’s these big-picture gaps with AI as a field that, in my view, drive most of the divides between short-term and long-term AI safety researchers. In a healthy field, there’s plenty of room for people to work on different problems.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qkAw5c">
But in a field struggling to define itself and fearing it’s not positioned to achieve anything at all? Not so much.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xiFOTT">
<em>A version of this story was initially published in the Future Perfect newsletter. </em><a href="https://confirmsubscription.com/h/d/A2BA26698741513A"><em><strong>Sign up here to subscribe!</strong></em></a>
</p>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ICC T20 Rankings: Yadav stays no. 2, Iyer moves up; Bishnoi, Kuldeep also see remarkable rise</strong> - The batting list is headed by Pakistan's Babar Azam.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bhavani wins gold</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Chennai boomerang champ set to represent India on global stage</strong> - Chennai-based Philip Sathyaraj is part of a three-member team representing the country in the World Boomerang Championships</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>CWG 2022 | Hard to digest but need to move on: Harmanpreet Singh on India's hockey final loss</strong> - India lost 0-7 against Australia in the gold medal match of Commonwealth Games in Birmingham</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Fans make it a Chess Olympiad to remember</strong> - If the Chess Olympiad became a resounding success, the fans of Chennai are also a reason for that</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Music varsity to introduce courses in tribal music and dance</strong> - Institutional documentation of tribal art forms in the offing</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ICAR develops vaccine for Lumpy Skin Disease in cattle</strong> - As of August 8, the disease has spread to Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Andaman &amp; Nicobar and Uttarakhand</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rise in stray dog menace in Kollam Corporation</strong> - Failure in ABC implementation leads to increase in aggressive packs, bites</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Assam hikes daily wages of tea garden workers by ₹27</strong> - The decision to revise the wages was taken in a meeting among Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma, representatives of tea associations and workers’ unions.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Stalin hands over cheques for ₹1 crore each to medal-winning Indian chess teams</strong> - It is a matter of pride to the country, says the Chief Minister</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war must end with liberation of Crimea – Zelensky</strong> - Ukraine’s president devotes nightly address to Crimea after explosions rock a Russian airbase there.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ex-inmates reveal details of Russia prison rape scandal</strong> - Former prisoners expose how and why rape is being used as a weapon inside Russian jails.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>France whale: Beluga put down during dramatic rescue mission</strong> - French officials say the whale’s condition worsened as it was being moved from the Seine to the sea.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Robert Pope: Guinness-fuelled man runs width of Ireland in a day</strong> - Robert Pope ran the almost 130-mile route from Galway to Dublin in just 23 hours and 41 minutes.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine conflict: Ban Russian visitors, Zelensky urges West</strong> - Ukraine’s call for a widespread ban has also been supported by Estonia, Latvia and Finland.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Everything you need to know about the monkeypox health emergency</strong> - Global cases have topped 30,000, and the US is scrambling to vaccinate thousands. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1872452">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phishers who breached Twilio and fooled Cloudflare could easily get you, too</strong> - Unusually resourced threat actor has targeted multiple companies in recent days. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1872696">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>These researchers watched dead fish rot for 70 days—for science</strong> - Yes, there were probes—including an anal probe. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1872329">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>New Google site begs Apple for mercy in messaging war</strong> - Google is tired of losing so badly to iMessage, so it wants Apple to adopt RCS. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1872402">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Teen’s jailing shows exactly how Facebook will help anti-abortion states</strong> - A teen shared one message, then cops requested all her data without her consent. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1872574">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>A: Why are you so sad?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
B: I was watching porn and all of a sudden my wife opened the door.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A: Ok I see, but is that really such a big deal?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
B: I mean, she opened the door in the movie
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/OutrageousCancel3000"> /u/OutrageousCancel3000 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wkptf3/a_why_are_you_so_sad/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wkptf3/a_why_are_you_so_sad/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>My friend Ty came first in the Beijing marathon, but he wasn’t awarded the gold medal.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The Chinese refuse to acknowledge Ty won.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/porichoygupto"> /u/porichoygupto </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wkky1d/my_friend_ty_came_first_in_the_beijing_marathon/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wkky1d/my_friend_ty_came_first_in_the_beijing_marathon/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Be Careful What You Wish For</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Two prawns were swimming around in the sea one day. The first one was called Justin and the second one was called Kristian. They were continually being chased and threatened by the sharks that inhabited the area.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Eventually Justin had had enough. He said to Kristian, “I’m fed up with being a prawn. I wish I was a shark, and then I wouldn’t have to worry about being eaten all the time.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
As he said this, a large mysterious cod appeared and said, “Your wish is granted!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
And believe it or not, with that Justin turned into a fearsome shark.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Kristian was horrified and so immediately swam away as he was scared of being eaten by his old friend.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
As time went by, Justin found his new life as a shark to be boring and lonely. None of his old friends would let him get near them as they thought he would eat them and so they just swam away whenever he approached.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
It took a while, but eventually Justin realized that his new menacing appearance was the cause of his sad plight.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Then one day he was swimming all alone as usual when he saw the mysterious cod again. He thought it’d be better if he could go back to his old life so he swam to the cod and begged to be changed back. The cod worked his magic and suddenly Justin was a prawn once more.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
With tears of joy streaming down his cheeks Justin swam straight to Kristian’s home.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
As he opened the coral gate, the happy memories came flooding back. He banged on the door and shouted, “Kristian, it’s me, Justin, your old friend. Come out and see me again.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Kristian replied, “No way! You’re a shark now and you’ll just eat me. I’m not being tricked into being your dinner.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Justin shouted back "No, I’m not a shark any more. That was the old me. I’ve changed…
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I’ve found Cod. I’m a prawn again Kristian."
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/CrackerJack_6E"> /u/CrackerJack_6E </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wknmxi/be_careful_what_you_wish_for/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wknmxi/be_careful_what_you_wish_for/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>My Tinder bio says that I have a corner office with views of the entire city, drive a $500,000 vehicle, and that I’m paid to travel</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
You should see the faces my dates make when I tell them I’m a bus driver
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/coffeemonstermonster"> /u/coffeemonstermonster </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wkpn45/my_tinder_bio_says_that_i_have_a_corner_office/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wkpn45/my_tinder_bio_says_that_i_have_a_corner_office/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>My mate broke his leg so I went to see him at home. I walked in and what do I see?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He had two gorgeous older sisters, and they’re twins! I had never met them before, apparently they live at the uni and were visiting, but I ignored this and I went up to my friend’s room,
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
​
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“How are you mate?” I said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
​
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Yeah I’m okay. But do me a favour mate. Go fetch my socks from downstairs. My feet are freezing.” he tells me.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
​
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
So I rushed downstairs and found his two sisters perched up on the couch, right where his socks lay.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
​
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I say to them, “Your brother has sent me down here to have sex with both of you”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
​
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
They respond “Get away with ya… Prove it.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
​
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I shouted upstairs, “Hey, mate! Both of them?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
​
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He shouted back “Of course both of them! What’s the point in fucking one?”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Krahysis"> /u/Krahysis </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wk4lpt/my_mate_broke_his_leg_so_i_went_to_see_him_at/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/wk4lpt/my_mate_broke_his_leg_so_i_went_to_see_him_at/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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