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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Prevalence of Post COVID-19 Condition among healthcare workers: self-reported online survey in four African countries</strong> -
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The impact of Post COVID-19 Condition is ongoing despite the declaration that the COVID-19 pandemic has ended. In this study, we explore the prevalence of PCC among healthcare workers (HCWs) in four African Countries and its influence on their professional performance. This study was conducted as an online cross-sectional survey of healthcare workers from four African countries (Cameroon, Egypt, Nigeria, and Somalia) between the 20th of December 2021 to 12th of January 2022. We determined the prevalence of PCC based on the WHO case definition and assessed variables associated with a higher prevalence of PCC in these countries using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. A total of 706 HCWs from four African countries were included in this survey. Most of the HCWs were aged between 18-34 years (75.8%, n=535). Our findings showed that 19.5% (n=138) of the HCWs had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. However, 8.4% (n=59) were symptomatic for COVID-19 but tested negative or were never tested. Two-thirds of the HCWs (66.4%, n=469)have received a COVID-19 vaccine and 80.6% (n=378) of those vaccinated had been fully vaccinated. The self-reported awareness rate of PCC among the HCWs was 16.1% (n=114/706) whereas the awareness rate of PCC among COVID-19-positive HCWs was 55.3 % (n=109/197). The prevalence of PCC among HCWs was 58.8% (n=116). These changes include the self-reported symptoms of PCC which included headache (58.4%, n=115), fatigue (58.8%, n=116), and muscle pain (39.6%, n=78). Similarly, 30% (n=59) and 20.8% (n=41) of the HCWs reported the loss of smell and loss of taste long after their COVID-19 infection, respectively. Some HCWs (42%, n=83) believed that their work performance has been affected by their ongoing symptoms of PCC. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of PCC among the vaccinated and unvaccinated HCWs (p &gt; 0.05). Of the socio-demographic variables, age (older HCWs between 45-54 years; OR:1.7; 95% CI: 1.06, 10.59; p = 0.001) and location (Egypt; OR:14.57; 95% CI: 2.62, 26.76; p = 0.001) were more likely to have experienced PCC than other age groups and countries respectively. The study revealed low prevalence of PCC among the surveyed HCC. In addition, it observed the need for adequate medical and psychological support to HCWs with PCC, improve their COVID-19 vaccination uptake, and conduct mass advocacy campaigns on PCC.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.23291768v1" target="_blank">Prevalence of Post COVID-19 Condition among healthcare workers: self-reported online survey in four African countries</a>
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<li><strong>Appropriate sampling and long follow-up are required to rigorously evaluate longevity of humoral memory after vaccination</strong> -
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One of the goals of vaccination is to induce long-term immunity against the infection and/or disease. However, evaluating the duration of protection following vaccination often requires long-term follow-ups that can conflict with the desire to rapidly publish results. Arunachalam et al. JCI 2023 followed individuals receiving third or fourth dose of mRNA COVID19 vaccines for up to 6 months and in finding that the levels of SARS-CoV2-specific antibodies (Abs) declined with similar rates for the two groups came to the conclusion that additional boosting is unnecessary to prolong immunity to SARS-CoV-2. However, this may be premature conclusion to make. Accordingly, we demonstrate that measuring Ab levels at 3 time points and only for a short (up to 6 month) duration does not allow to accurately and rigorously evaluate the long-term half-life of vaccine-induced Abs. By using the data from a cohort of blood donors followed for several years, we show that after re-vaccination with vaccinia virus (VV), VV-specific Abs decay bi-phasically and even the late decay rate exceeds the true slow loss rate of humoral memory observed years prior to the boosting. We argue that mathematical modeling should be used to better optimize sampling schedules to provide more reliable advice about the duration of humoral immunity after repeated vaccinations.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.23291950v1" target="_blank">Appropriate sampling and long follow-up are required to rigorously evaluate longevity of humoral memory after vaccination</a>
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<li><strong>Comparing reactions to COVID-19 and influenza vaccinations: data from patient self-reporting, smartwatches and electronic health records</strong> -
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Background: Public reluctance to receive COVID-19 vaccination is due in large part to safety concerns. We compare the safety profile of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 booster vaccine to that of the seasonal influenza vaccine, which has been administered for decades with a solid safety record and a high level of public acceptance. Methods: We study a prospective cohort of 5,079 participants in Israel (the PerMed study) and a retrospective cohort of 250,000 members of Maccabi Healthcare Services. We examine reactions to BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA COVID-19 booster vaccinations and to influenza vaccination. All prospective cohort participants wore a Garmin Vivosmart 4 smartwatch and completed a daily questionnaire via smartphone. For the prospective cohort, we compare pre-vaccination (baseline) and post-vaccination smartwatch heart rate data and a stress measure based on heart rate variability, and we examine symptom severity from patient self-reports. For the retrospective cohort, we examine electronic health records (EHRs) for the existence of 28 potential adverse events during the 28-day period before and after each vaccination. Findings: In the prospective cohort, 1,905 participants received COVID-19 vaccination; 899 received influenza vaccination. Focusing on those who received both vaccines yielded a total of 689 participants in the prospective cohort and 31,297 members in the retrospective cohort. Questionnaire analysis: For the COVID-19 vaccine, 39.7% [95% CI 36.4% to 42.9%] of individuals reported no systemic reaction vs. 66.9% [95% CI 63.4% to 70.3%] for the influenza vaccine. Individuals reporting a more severe reaction after influenza vaccination tended to likewise report a more severe reaction after COVID-19 vaccination (r=0.185, p&lt;0.001). Smartwatch analysis: A statistically significant increase in heart rate and stress measure occurred during the first 3 days after COVID-19 vaccination, peaking 22 hours after vaccination with a mean increase of 4.48 (95% CI 3.94 to 5.01) beats per minute and 9.34 (95% CI 8.31 to 10.37) units in the stress measure compared to baseline. For influenza vaccination, we observed no changes in heart rate or stress measures. In paired analysis, the increase in both heart rate and stress measure for each participant was higher (p-value &lt; 0.001) for COVID-19 vaccination than for influenza vaccination in the first 2 days after vaccination. On the second day after vaccination, participants had 1.5 (95% CI 0.68 to 2.20) more heartbeats per minute and 3.8 (95% CI 2.27 to 5.22) units higher stress measure, compared to their baseline. These differences disappeared by the third day after vaccination. EHR analysis: We found no elevated risk of non-COVID-19 or -influenza hospitalization following either vaccine. COVID-19 vaccination was not associated with an increased risk of any of the adverse events examined. Influenza vaccination was associated with an increased risk of Bells palsy (1.3 [95% CI 0.3 to 2.6] additional events per 10,000 people). Interpretation: The more pronounced side effects after COVID-19 vaccination compared to influenza vaccination may explain the greater concern regarding COVID-19 vaccines. Nevertheless, our findings support the safety profile of both vaccines, as the reported side effects and physiological reactions measured by the smartwatches faded shortly after inoculation, and no substantial increase in adverse events was detected in the retrospective cohort. Funding: This work was supported by the European Research Council, project #949850, and a Koret Foundation gift for Smart Cities and Digital Living.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.23292007v1" target="_blank">Comparing reactions to COVID-19 and influenza vaccinations: data from patient self-reporting, smartwatches and electronic health records</a>
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<li><strong>Simultaneous detection and quantification of multiple enteric pathogen targets in wastewater</strong> -
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Wastewater-based epidemiology has emerged as a critical tool for public health surveillance, building on decades of environmental surveillance work for pathogens such as poliovirus. Work to date has been limited to monitoring a single pathogen or small numbers of pathogens in targeted studies; however, simultaneous analysis of a wide variety of pathogens would greatly increase the utility of wastewater surveillance. We developed a novel quantitative multi-pathogen surveillance approach (33 pathogen targets including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths) using TaqMan Array Cards (RT-qPCR) and applied the method on concentrated wastewater samples collected at four wastewater treatment plants in Atlanta, GA from February to October of 2020. From sewersheds serving approximately 2 million people, we detected a wide range of targets including many we expected to find in wastewater (e.g., enterotoxigenic E. coli and Giardia in 97% of 29 samples at stable concentrations) as well as unexpected targets including Strongyloides stercolaris (i.e., human threadworm, a neglected tropical disease rarely observed in clinical settings in the USA). Other notable detections included SARS-CoV-2, but also several pathogen targets that are not commonly included in wastewater surveillance like Acanthamoeba spp., Balantidium coli, Entamoeba histolytica, astrovirus, norovirus, and sapovirus. Our data suggest broad utility in expanding the scope of enteric pathogen surveillance in wastewaters, with potential for application in a variety of settings where pathogen quantification in fecal waste streams can inform public health surveillance and selection of control measures to limit infections.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.23291792v1" target="_blank">Simultaneous detection and quantification of multiple enteric pathogen targets in wastewater</a>
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<li><strong>Interim Safety and Immunogenicity of COVID-19 Omicron-BA.1 Variant-Containing Vaccine in Children</strong> -
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Objectives: We report interim safety and immunogenicity results from a phase 3 study of omicron-BA.1 variant-containing (mRNA-1273.214) primary vaccination series (Part 1) and booster dose (Part 2) in children aged 6 months to 5 years (NCT05436834). Methods: In Part 1, SARS-CoV-2 unvaccinated participants, including participants who received placebo in the KidCOVE study (NCT04796896), received 2 doses of mRNA-1273.214 (25-ug omicron-BA.1 and ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 mRNA 1:1 co-formulation) primary series. In Part 2, participants who previously completed the mRNA-1273 (25-ug) primary series in KidCOVE received a mRNA-1273.214 (10-ug) booster dose. Primary objectives were safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity, including prespecified immune response success criteria. Results: At the data cutoff (December 5, 2022), 179 participants had received greater than or equal to 1 dose of mRNA-1273.214 primary series (Part 1) and 539 participants had received a mRNA-1273.214 booster dose (Part 2). The safety profile of mRNA-1273.214 primary series and booster dose was consistent with that of the mRNA-1273 primary series in this same age group, with no new safety concerns identified and no vaccine-related serious adverse events observed. Compared with neutralizing antibody responses induced by the mRNA-1273 primary series, both the mRNA-1273.214 primary series and booster elicited responses that were superior against omicron-BA.1 and non-inferior against ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1(D614G). Conclusions: mRNA-1273.214 was immunogenic against BA.1 and D614G in children aged 6 months to 5 years, with a comparable safety profile to mRNA-1273, when given as a 2-dose primary series or as a booster dose after the mRNA-1273 primary series.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.23291767v1" target="_blank">Interim Safety and Immunogenicity of COVID-19 Omicron-BA.1 Variant-Containing Vaccine in Children</a>
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<li><strong>Growing inequities by immigration group among older adults: Population-based analysis of access to primary care and return to in-person visits during the COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia, Canada.</strong> -
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Background: The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic drove a rapid and widespread shift to virtual care, followed by a gradual return to in-person visits. Virtual visits may offer more convenient access to care for some, but others may experience challenges accessing care virtually, and some medical needs must be met in-person. Experiences of the shift to virtual care and benefits of in-person care may vary by immigration experience (immigration status and duration), official language level, and age. We examined use of virtual care and return to in-person visits in the Canadian province of British Columbia (BC), comparing patterns by age and across immigration groups, including length of time in Canada and language level (English) at time of arrival. Methods: We used linked administrative health and immigration data to examine total primary care visits (virtual or in-person) and return to in-person visits during the COVID-19 pandemic (2019/20-2021/2) in BC. We examined the proportion of people with any primary care visits and with any in-person visit within each year as measures of access to primary care. We estimated the odds of any primary care visit and any in-person visit by immigration group and official language level assessed prior to arrival: non-immigrants, long-term immigrants, recent immigrants (&lt;5 years) with high assessed English level and recent immigrants (&lt;5 years) with low assessed English level, stratified by age. Results: In general, changes in access to primary care (odds of any visit and odds of any in-person visit) were similar across immigration groups over the study period. However, we observed substantial disparities in access to primary care by immigration group among people aged 60+, particularly in recent immigrants with low official language level (0.42, 0.40-0.45). These disparities grew wider over the course of the pandemic. Conclusion: Though among younger adults changes in access to primary care between 2019-2021 were similar across immigration groups, we observed significant and growing inequities among older adults, with particularly limited access among adults who immigrated recently and with low assessed English level. Targeted interventions to ensure acceptable, accessible care for older immigrants are needed.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.23291828v1" target="_blank">Growing inequities by immigration group among older adults: Population-based analysis of access to primary care and return to in-person visits during the COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia, Canada.</a>
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<li><strong>The role of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing post COVID-19 thromboembolic and cardiovascular complications: a multinational cohort study</strong> -
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Importance The overall effects of vaccination on the risk of cardiac, and venous and arterial thromboembolic complications following COVID-19 remain unclear. Objective We studied the association between COVID-19 vaccination and the risk of acute and subacute COVID-19 cardiac and thromboembolic complications. Design Multinational staggered cohort study, based on national vaccination campaign rollouts. Setting Network study using electronic health records from primary care records from the UK, primary care data linked to hospital data from Spain, and national insurance claims from Estonia. Participants All adults with a prior medical history of ≥180 days, with no history of COVID-19 or previous COVID-19 vaccination at the beginning of vaccine rollout were eligible. Exposure Vaccination status was used as a time-varying exposure. Vaccinated individuals were classified by vaccine brand according to the first dose received. Main Outcomes Post COVID-19 complications including myocarditis, pericarditis, arrhythmia, heart failure (HF), venous (VTE) and arterial thromboembolism (ATE) up to 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Measures Propensity Score overlap weighting and empirical calibration based on negative control outcomes were used to minimise bias due to observed and unobserved confounding, respectively. Fine-Gray models were fitted to estimate sub-distribution Hazard Ratios (sHR) for each outcome according to vaccination status. Random effect meta-analyses were conducted across staggered cohorts and databases. Results Overall, 10.17 million vaccinated and 10.39 million unvaccinated people were included. Vaccination was consistently associated with reduced risks of acute (30-day) and subacute post COVID-19 VTE and HF: e.g., meta-analytic sHR 0.34 (95%CI, 0.27-0.44) and 0.59 (0.50-0.70) respectively for 0-30 days, sHR 0.58 (0.48 - 0.69) and 0.71 (0.59 - 0.85) respectively for 90-180 days post COVID-19. Additionally, reduced risks of ATE, myocarditis/pericarditis and arrhythmia were seen, but mostly in the acute phase (0-30 days post COVID-19). Conclusions COVID-19 vaccination reduced the risk of post COVID-19 complications, including cardiac and thromboembolic outcomes. These effects were more pronounced for acute (1-month) post COVID-19 outcomes, consistent with known reductions in disease severity following breakthrough vs unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2 infection. Relevance These findings highlight the importance of COVID-19 vaccination to prevent cardiovascular outcomes after COVID-19, beyond respiratory disease.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.23291997v1" target="_blank">The role of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing post COVID-19 thromboembolic and cardiovascular complications: a multinational cohort study</a>
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<li><strong>Use of antimicrobials during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study among stakeholders in Nepal</strong> -
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Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic was a major public health threat and posed tremendous pressure to develop a cure for it. Apart from ongoing efforts in developing vaccines, a lot of empirical treatments were recommended, that may have expedited the use of antimicrobials. The main objective of this study was to explore if and how the pandemic posed pressure on antimicrobials in Nepal using semi-structured interviews (SSIs) among patients, clinicians and drug dispensers. Methods A total of 30 stakeholders (10 each among clinicians, dispensers and COVID-19 patients) were identified purposively and were approached for SSIs. Clinicians and dispensers working in three tertiary hospitals in Kathmandu were first approached and were asked for their support to reach out to COVID-19 patients who were on follow-up at their out-patient department. SSIs were audio recorded, translated and transcribed into English, and were analyzed for thematic synthesis. Results Over-the-counter (OTC) uses of antibiotics was widespread during the pandemic, and were mostly rooted to patients attempts to halt the potential severity due to respiratory like illnesses, and the fear of being identified as a COVID-19 patients. Being identified as a COVID-19 patient was feared because of the stigmatization and social isolation. Patients who visited the drug shops and physicians were reported to make demands on specific medicines including antibiotics that may have added pressure among physicians and dispensers. Clinicians reported a degree of uncertainty related to treatment and that may have added pressure to prescribe antimicrobials. All stakeholders, although mostly patients and dispensers with limited understanding of what constitutes antimicrobials and the mechanisms underpinning it reported that the pressure during the pandemic may have added to the adversities such as antimicrobials resistance. Conclusions COVID-19 added a pressure to prescribe, dispense and overuse antimicrobials and may have accentuated the pre-existing OTC use of antimicrobials. Future pandemics including infectious disease outbreaks are major public health incidents that warrant a special caution on inappropriate pressure on antimicrobials. Strict policies related to the use of antimicrobials are urgent to redress their use during normal and pandemic situations.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.23291835v1" target="_blank">Use of antimicrobials during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study among stakeholders in Nepal</a>
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<li><strong>HOW HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURES AFFECT COVID-19 FATALITY RATE ACROSS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES?</strong> -
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The goal of this study is to examine the relationship between healthcare expenditures and health capacity, and variability in COVID-19 case fatality rate between European countries. In particular, the purpose of the present study is to see whether statistical evidence supports the hypothesis that the reduction of COVID-19 fatality, between European countries, can be explained by leveraging health expenditures and if so to form some quantitative analyses and estimates of the relation between health expenditures and COVID-19 fatality rate between countries. The research is based on a sample of European countries and data from various sources, including Eurostat, World Bank, and OECD databases. Results suggest that countries with higher COVID-19 fatality rate in 2020 (when pandemic starts) in comparison to countries with lower COVID-19 fatality had (higher) +50.5% of fatality in 2020, +52.9% in 2022, lower health expenditure as % of GDP -5.5%, health expenditure per capita -34.5%, R&amp;D expenditures in health -30.3%, lower reduction of COVID-19 fatality from 2022-2022 by -57.2 % vs 59.3% of the other group. Results also show a negative association between COVID-19 Fatality in 2022 and Health expenditure as a share of GDP 2020 (r=-0.42, p-value 0.05); COVID-19 Fatality in 2022 and Vaccinations in December 2021 (r=-0.75, p-value 0.01). Difference of COVID-19 Fatality 22-20 has also negative correlation coefficients given by r=-0.48 (p-value 0.05) with Health expenditure as a share of GDP of 2020 and by r=-0.52 (p-value 0.01) with vaccinations in December 2021. Partial correlation, controlling population over 65yo in 2020, confirms previous results. The contribution here expands the knowledge in these research topics by endeavoring to clarify how higher health expenditures improve the preparedness and resilience in crisis management of countries to face unforeseen epidemic or pandemic similar to COVID-19 in society.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.23291808v1" target="_blank">HOW HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURES AFFECT COVID-19 FATALITY RATE ACROSS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES?</a>
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<li><strong>Rural Public Health Landscape: Funding, Personnel, Expertise, Community Resources, and Barriers in Rural Settings</strong> -
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Objectives: To describe and understand the funding, personnel, expertise, community resources, and issues in rural settings by local public health departments post COVID-19. Methods: Rural county health departments in ten states were sent a survey via a web link in the Spring of 2021. 552 responses were collected with a 63% completion rate for all counties surveyed. Results: Most counties utilized public health nurses, administrators, or community health professionals. Of these, 25% had formal education in public health and 10% had public health experience. 65% of respondents disagreed with having adequate funding, staff, and resources. 83% of counties reported working with nonprofits and 43% utilized volunteers. The top two issues in rural public health identified were mental health and substance use. Conclusions: Rural county public health departments do not have the support needed to sustain or advance public health in their specific population. Policy implications: This report gives insight into the needs of rural health in 2021 that can be used to guide policy and funding to support the specific needs of rural health.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.23291769v1" target="_blank">Rural Public Health Landscape: Funding, Personnel, Expertise, Community Resources, and Barriers in Rural Settings</a>
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<li><strong>Long-term outcomes of hospitalized SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 patients with and without neurological involvement: 3-year follow-up assessment</strong> -
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Background and Objectives: Acute neurological manifestations are a common complication of acute COVID-19 disease. This study investigated the 3-year outcomes of patients with and without significant neurological manifestations during initial COVID-19 hospitalization. Methods: Patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 between March 1 and April 16, 2020 and hospitalized in the Montefiore Health System in the Bronx, an epicenter of the early pandemic, were included. Follow-up data was captured up to January 23, 2023 (3 years post COVID-19). This cohort consisted of 414 COVID-19 patients with significant neurological manifestations and 1199 propensity-matched COVID-19 patients without neurological manifestations. Primary outcomes were mortality, stroke, heart attack, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), reinfection, and hospital readmission post-discharge. Secondary outcomes were clinical neuroimaging findings (hemorrhage, active stroke, prior stroke, mass effect, and microhemorrhage, white-matter changes, microvascular disease, and volume loss). Predictive models were used to identify risk factors of mortality post-discharge. Results: More patients in the neurological cohort were discharged to acute rehabilitation (10.54% vs 3.68%, p&lt;0.0001), skilled nursing facilities (30.67% vs 20.78%, p=0.0002) and fewer to home (55.27% vs 70.21%, p&lt;0.0001) compared to the matched controls. Incidence of readmission for any medical reason (65.70% vs 60.72%, p=0.036), stroke (6.28% vs 2.34%, p&lt;0.0001), and MACE (20.53% vs 16.51%, p=0.032) was higher in the neurological cohort post-discharge. Neurological patients were more likely to die post-discharge (58 (14.01%) vs 94 (7.84%), p=0.0001) compared to controls (HR=2.346, 95% CI=(1.586, 3.470), p&lt;0.0001). The major causes of death post-discharge were heart disease (14.47%), sepsis (13.82%), influenza and pneumonia (11.18%), COVID-19 (8.55%) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (7.89%). Factors associated with mortality after leaving the hospital were belonging to the neurological cohort (OR=1.802 (1.237, 2.608), p=0.002), discharge disposition (OR=1.508, 95% CI=(1.276, 1.775), p&lt;0.0001), congestive heart failure (OR=2.281 (1.429, 3.593), p=0.0004), higher COVID-19 severity score (OR=1.177 (1.062, 1.304), p=0.002), and older age (OR=1.027 (1.010, 1.044), p=0.002). There were no group differences in gross radiological findings, except the neurological cohort showed significantly more age-adjusted brain volume loss (p&lt;0.05) compared to controls. Discussion: COVID-19 patients with neurological manifestations have worse long-term outcomes compared to matched controls. These findings raise awareness and the need for closer monitoring and timely interventions for COVID-19 patients with neurological manifestations.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.23291883v1" target="_blank">Long-term outcomes of hospitalized SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 patients with and without neurological involvement: 3-year follow-up assessment</a>
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<li><strong>Patient characteristics associated with clinically coded long COVID: an OpenSAFELY study using electronic health records</strong> -
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Despite reports of post-COVID-19 syndromes (long COVID) are rising, clinically coded long COVID cases are incomplete in electronic health records. It is unclear how patient characteristics may be associated with clinically coded long COVID. With the approval of NHS England, we undertook a cohort study using electronic health records within the OpenSAFELY-TPP platform in England, to study patient characteristics associated with clinically coded long COVID from 29 January 2020 to 31 March 2022. We estimated age-sex adjusted hazard ratios and fully adjusted hazard ratios for coded long COVID. Patient characteristics included demographic factors, and health behavioural and clinical factors. Among 17,986,419 adults, 36,886 (0.21%) were clinically coded with long COVID. Patient characteristics associated with coded long COVID included female sex, younger age (under 60 years), obesity, living in less deprived areas, ever smoking, greater consultation frequency, and history of diagnosed asthma, mental health conditions, pre-pandemic post-viral fatigue, or psoriasis. The strength of these associations was attenuated following two-dose vaccination compared to before vaccination. The incidence of coded long COVID was higher after hospitalised than non-hospitalised COVID-19. These results should be interpreted with caution given that long COVID was likely under-recorded in electronic health records.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.23291776v1" target="_blank">Patient characteristics associated with clinically coded long COVID: an OpenSAFELY study using electronic health records</a>
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<li><strong>STRESS, ANXIETY AND PTSD PREVALENCE AMONG UKRAINIANS GREW DRAMATICALLY DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF RUSSIAN INVASION: RESULTS OF NATIONWIDE SURVEY</strong> -
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Background. In February 2022 the Russian federation started a new invasion of Ukraine as an escalation of the ongoing war since 2014. After nine years of war and the COVID-19 pandemic, the mental health state of Ukrainians requires systematic monitoring and relevant action. Methods. This study was designed as an online survey arranged in the 9-12 months after the start of the new invasion of Ukraine and includes sociodemographic data collection, evaluation of stress intensity by PSS-10, anxiety with GAD-7, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder with PCL-5. The sample size of 3173 Ukrainians consisted of 1954 (61.6%) respondents that were not displaced persons (NDPs), 505 (15.9%) internally displaced persons within Ukraine (IDPs), and 714 (22.5%) refugees that left Ukraine. Findings. Moderate and high stress was prevalent among 64.7% and 15.5% of NDPs, 64.4% and 21.6% of IDPs, and 68.2% and 25.2% of refugees, respectively. Moderate and severe anxiety was prevalent among 25.6% and 19.0% of NDPs, 25.7% and 23.4% of IDPs, and 26.2% and 25.8% of refugees. High levels of PTSD (33 and higher) were prevalent among 32.8% of NDPs, 39.4% of IDPs, and 47.2% of refugees. DSM-V criteria for PTSD diagnosis was met by 50.8% of NDPs, 55.4% of IDPs, and 62.2% of refugees. Interpretations. The lowest stress, anxiety, and PTSD severity was observed among NDPs, with significantly higher levels among IDPs and the highest among refugees. Being forcibly displaced from the previous living area and, especially, entering a new cultural environment significantly contributes to the mental health issues caused by war exposure, particularly for people who have directly witnessed the results of war.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.24.23291803v1" target="_blank">STRESS, ANXIETY AND PTSD PREVALENCE AMONG UKRAINIANS GREW DRAMATICALLY DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF RUSSIAN INVASION: RESULTS OF NATIONWIDE SURVEY</a>
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<li><strong>Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme type 2 expression is increased in pancreatic islets of type 2 diabetic donors.</strong> -
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Aims. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2), a pivotal SARS-CoV-2 receptor, has been shown to be expressed in multiple cells including human pancreatic beta-cells. A putative bidirectional relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and diabetes has been suggested, confirming the hypothesis that viral infection in beta-cells may lead to new-onset diabetes or to a worse glycometabolic control in diabetic patients. However, whether ACE2 expression levels are altered in beta-cells of diabetic patients has not yet been investigated. Here, we aimed at elucidating the in-situ expression pattern of ACE2 in T2D respect to non-diabetic donors which may account for a higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in beta-cells. Material and methods. ACE2 Immunofluorescence analysis using two antibodies alongside with insulin staining was performed on FFPE pancreatic sections obtained from n=20 T2D and n=20 non-diabetic multiorgan donors. Intensity and colocalization analyses were performed on a total of 1082 pancreatic islets. Macrophages detection was performed using anti-CD68 immunohistochemistry on serial sections from the same donors. Results. Using two different antibodies, ACE2 expression was confirmed in beta-cells and in pancreas microvasculature. ACE2 expression was increased in pancreatic islets of T2D donors in comparison to non-diabetic controls alongside with a higher colocalization rate between ACE2 and insulin using both anti-ACE2 antibodies. CD68+ cells tend to be increased in T2D pancreata, in line with higher ACE2 expression observed in serial sections. Conclusions. Higher ACE2 expression in T2D islets might increase their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection during COVID-19 in T2D patients, thus worsening glycometabolic outcomes and disease severity.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.25.23291752v1" target="_blank">Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme type 2 expression is increased in pancreatic islets of type 2 diabetic donors.</a>
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<li><strong>Prolonged grief during and beyond the pandemic: Factors associated with levels of grief in a four time-point longitudinal survey of people bereaved in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has been a devastating and enduring mass-bereavement event, with uniquely difficult sets of circumstances experienced by people bereaved at this time. However, little is known about the long-term consequences of these experiences, including the prevalence of Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) and other conditions in pandemic-bereaved populations. Methods A longitudinal survey of people bereaved in the UK between 16 March 2020 and 2 January 2021, with data collected at baseline (n=711), c. 8 (n=383), 13 (n=295) and 25 (n=185) months post-bereavement. Using measures of Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) (Traumatic Grief Inventory), grief vulnerability (Adult Attitude to Grief Scale), and social support (Inventory of Social Support), this analysis examines how participant characteristics, characteristics of the deceased and pandemic-related circumstances (e.g. restricted visiting, social isolation, social support) are associated with grief outcomes, with a focus on levels of PGD. Results At baseline, 628 (88.6%) of participants were female, with a mean age of 49.5 (SD 12.9). 311 (43.8%) deaths were from confirmed/suspected COVID-19. Sample demographics were relatively stable across time points. 34.6% of participants met the cut-off for indicated PGD at c. 13 months bereaved and 28.6% at final follow-up. Social isolation and loneliness in early bereavement and lack of social support over time strongly contributed to higher levels of PGD, whilst feeling well supported by healthcare professionals following the death was associated with reduced levels of PGD. Characteristics of the deceased most strongly associated with lower PGD scores, were a more distant relationship (e.g. death of a grandparent), an expected death and death occurring in a care-home. Participant characteristics associated with higher levels of PGD included low level of formal education and existence of medical conditions. Conclusion Results suggest higher than expected levels of PGD compared with pre-pandemic times, with important implications for bereavement policy, provision and practice now (e.g. strengthening of social and specialist support) and in preparedness for future pandemics and mass-bereavement events (e.g. guidance on infection control measures and rapid support responses).
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.23291742v1" target="_blank">Prolonged grief during and beyond the pandemic: Factors associated with levels of grief in a four time-point longitudinal survey of people bereaved in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Probiotic and Colchicine in COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Colchicine 0.5 MG;   Dietary Supplement: Probiotic Formula;   Other: Standard protocol<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Ain Shams University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study Evaluating SHEN26 Capsule in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: SHEN26 capsule;   Drug: SHEN26 placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shenzhen Kexing Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Clinical Trial of Recombinant COVID-19 Bivalent (XBB+Prototype) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 Cell) in Booster Vaccination</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 Bivalent (XBB+Prototype) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 Cell) (WSK-V101C);   Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 vaccine(Sf9 Cell) (WSK-V101)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   WestVac Biopharma Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Phase Ⅲ Clinical Trial of Recombinant COVID-19 Trivalent (XBB+BA.5+Delta) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 Cell) in Booster Vaccination</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: High dose of Recombinant COVID-19 Trivalent (XBB+BA.5+Delta) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 Cell);   Biological: Low dose of Recombinant COVID-19 Trivalent (XBB+BA.5+Delta) Protein Vaccine (Sf9 Cell);   Biological: control group;   Biological: Placebo group<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   WestVac Biopharma Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>LUSZ Treatment Efficacy in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Lopinavir / Ritonavir;   Drug: Remdesivir (RDV);   Drug: Tocilizumab;   Other: Corticosteroid Therapy-enhanced Standard Care (CTSC)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Lebanese University;   Hospital Saydet Zgharta University Medical Center<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Impact Of Sensory Re-Education Paradigm On Sensation And Quality Of Life In Patients Post-Covid 19 Polyneuropathy</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: sensory re-education training;   Other: traditional treatment<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Cairo University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Comprehensive Imaging Exam of Convalesced COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   COVID Long-Haul<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Magnetic Resonance Imaging;   Other: Ultra-High Resolution Computed Tomography (CT) Scan<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Johns Hopkins University;   Canon Medical Systems, USA<br/><b>Enrolling by invitation</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>UNAIR Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine as Heterologue Booster (Immunobridging Study)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19 Pandemic;   COVID-19 Vaccines<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Vaksin Merah Putih - UA SARS-CoV-2 (Vero Cell Inactivated) 5 µg;   Biological: CoronaVac Biofarma COVID-1 9 Vaccine 3 µg<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Dr. Soetomo General Hospital;   Indonesia-MoH;   Universitas Airlangga;   Biotis Pharmaceuticals, Indonesia<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Investigate the Safety, Immunogenicity of Bivalent mRNA Vaccine RQ3027 and RQ3025 as a Booster Dose in Healthy Adults</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: RQ3013;   Biological: RQ3025;   Biological: RQ3027<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University;   Yunnan University;   Kunming Medical University<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of Different Booster Dose Levels of Monovalent and Bivalent SARS-CoV-2 rS Vaccines in Adults ≥ 50 Years</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: NVX-CoV2540 (5, 10, 25 μg);   Biological: NVX-CoV2373 (5 μg);   Biological: Bivalent BA.4/5 Omicron subvariant<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Novavax<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluating the Efficacy of Remdesivir for Long COVID Following a Confirmed COVID-19 Infection.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   SARS-CoV-2 Infection;   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Remdesivir<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of Derby;   University of Exeter;   Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit;   University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Effect of Smart Sensor Combined With APP for Individualized Precise Exercise Training in Long Covid-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Coronavirus Disease;   COVID-19;   Long Covid-19;   Telerehabilitation<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Device: KNEESUP smart knee assistive device + KNEESUP care APP;   Device: KNEESUP care APP;   Behavioral: Healthy consulation<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shang-Lin Chiang<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Open Label Extension of Efgartigimod in Adults With Post-COVID-19 POTS</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-COVID Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: Efgartigimod<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   argenx;   Iqvia Pty Ltd<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Digital Interventions to Understand and Mitigate Stress Response</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Distress, Emotional;   Stress Response Among Nursing Professionals During the COVID-19;   Stress Reaction; Acute<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Digital Intervention Group<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Unity Health Toronto;   Toronto Metropolitan University;   University of Toronto;   University of Ontario Institute of Technology;   Boston University;   University of Ottawa;   Western University, Canada;   Centre for Addiction and Mental Health<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>PREPARE-iVAC Trial</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19 Vaccines;   Varicella Zoster Vaccine;   Vaccine Response;   Immunosuppression<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: COVID-19 vaccination<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University Medical Center Groningen;   Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA);   Radboud University Medical Center;   Erasmus Medical Center;   UMC Utrecht;   Leiden University Medical Center;   Maastricht University Medical Center;   ZonMw: The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Fatal outcome of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and severe and critical COVID-19 is associated with the hyperproduction of IL-10 and IL-6 and the low production of TGF-β</strong> - Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can cause the hyperproduction of inflammatory cytokines, which have pathological effects in patient including severe or fatal cytokine storms. To characterize the effect of SFTSV and SARS-CoV-2 infection on the production of cytokines in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and COVID-19 patients, we performed an analysis of cytokines in SFTS and COVID-19…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Dexamethasone in COVID-19 Patients: Translational Population PK/PD Modeling and Simulation</strong> - Dexamethasone (DEX) given at a dose of 6 mg once-daily for 10 days is a recommended dosing regimen in patients with COVID-19 requiring oxygen therapy. We developed a population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (popPK/PD) model of DEX anti-inflammatory effects in COVID-19 and provide simulations comparing the expected efficacy of four dosing regimens of DEX. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling and simulations were performed using Monolix Suite version 2021R1 (Lixoft, France). Published data for…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The ribosome-inactivating proteins MAP30 and Momordin inhibit SARS-CoV-2</strong> - The continuing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has highlighted the need to identify additional points for viral inhibition. Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs), such as MAP30 and Momordin which are derived from bitter melon (Momordica charantia), have been found to inhibit a broad range of viruses. MAP30 has been shown to potently inhibit HIV-1 with minimal cytotoxicity. Here we show that MAP30 and Momordin potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in A549 human lung cells (IC50 ~ 0.2 μM) with…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dynamical Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations Identify Allosteric Sites and Positions Associated with Drug Resistance in the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease</strong> - The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^(pro)) plays an essential role in the coronavirus lifecycle by catalyzing hydrolysis of the viral polyproteins at specific sites. M^(pro) is the target of drugs, such as nirmatrelvir, though resistant mutants have emerged that threaten drug efficacy. Despite its importance, questions remain on the mechanism of how M^(pro) binds its substrates. Here, we apply dynamical nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (D-NEMD) simulations to evaluate structural and dynamical…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Restriction of SARS-CoV-2 replication by receptor transporter protein 4 (RTP4)</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is subject to restriction by several interferon-inducible host proteins. To identify novel factors that limit replication of the virus, we tested a panel of genes that we found were induced by interferon treatment of primary human monocytes by RNA sequencing. Further analysis showed that one of the several candidates genes tested, receptor transporter protein 4 (RTP4), that had previously been shown to restrict flavivirus replication,…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune response in a subject with unique sampling: A case report</strong> - CONCLUSION: The findings here provide novel insights into humoral immune response characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Novel Tissue Factor Inhibition for Thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19: Primary Results of the ASPEN-COVID-19 Trial</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: rNAPc2 treatment in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 was well tolerated without excess bleeding or serious adverse events but did not significantly reduce D-dimer more than heparin at day 8.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Endotyping of IgE-mediated polyethylene glycol and/or polysorbate 80 allergy</strong> - CONCLUSION: PEG and PS80 cross-reactivity is determined by IgE recognizing short PEG motifs, whilst PS80 mono-allergy is PEG-independent. PS80 skin test positivity in PEG allergics was associated with a severe and persistent phenotype, higher serum PEG-specific IgE levels and enhanced BAT reactivity. Spherical PEG-exposure via LNP enhances BAT sensitivity through increased avidity. All PEG and/or PS80 excipient allergic patients can safely receive SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hindered visibility improvement despite marked reduction in anthropogenic emissions in a megacity of southwestern China: An interplay between enhanced secondary inorganics formation and hygroscopic growth at prevailing high RH conditions</strong> - The PM(2.5)-bound visibility improvement remains challenging in China despite vigorous control on anthropogenic emissions in recent years. One critical issue could exist in the distinct physicochemical properties especially of secondary aerosol components. Taken the COVID-19 lockdown as an extreme case, we focus on the relationship between visibility, emission cuts, and secondary formation of inorganics with changing optical and hygroscopic behaviors in Chongqing, a representative city…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anthracyclines inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> - Vaccines and drugs are two effective medical interventions to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Three SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors, remdesivir, paxlovid, and molnupiravir, have been approved for treating COVID-19 patients, but more are needed, because each drug has its limitation of usage and SARS-CoV-2 constantly develops drug resistance mutations. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 drugs have the potential to be repurposed to inhibit new human coronaviruses, thus help to prepare for future coronavirus outbreaks….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Statins: Beneficial Effects in Treatment of COVID-19</strong> - The recent viral disease COVID-19 has attracted much attention. The disease is caused by SARS-CoV-19 virus which has different variants and mutations. The mortality rate of SARS-CoV-19 is high and efforts to establish proper therapeutic solutions are still ongoing. Inflammation plays a substantial part in the pathogenesis of this disease causing mainly lung tissue destruction and eventually death. Therefore, anti-inflammatory drugs or treatments that can inhibit inflammation are important…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>mLST8 is essential for coronavirus replication and regulates its replication through the mTORC1 pathway</strong> - Coronaviruses (CoVs), which pose a serious threat to human and animal health worldwide, need to hijack host factors to complete their replicative cycles. However, the current study of host factors involved in CoV replication remains unknown. Here, we identified a novel host factor, mammalian lethal with sec-13 protein 8 (mLST8), which is a common subunit of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), and is critical for CoV replication. Inhibitor and knockout (KO) experiments revealed…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Validity of Rapid Antibody Testing for COVID-19 Vaccine in Homeless People</strong> - (1) Background: There is a paucity of data regarding the validity of rapid antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response in homeless people worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate a rapid SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibody detection kit as a qualitative screen for vaccination in homeless people. (2) Methods: This study included 430 homeless people and 120 facility workers who had received one of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, AZD1222/ChAdOx1, or JNJ-78436735/AD26.COV2.5 vaccines. They were…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Correlation between Clinical Characteristics and Antibody Levels in COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Donor Candidates</strong> - COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) with high neutralizing antibodies has been suggested in preventing disease progression in COVID-19. In this study, we investigated the relationship between clinical donor characteristics and neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in CCP donors. COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors were included into the study. Clinical parameters were recorded and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels (Spike Trimer, Receptor Binding Domain (RBD), S1, S2 and nucleocapsid protein) as…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anticoronavirus Evaluation of Antimicrobial Diterpenoids: Application of New Ferruginol Analogues</strong> - The abietane diterpene (+)-ferruginol (1), like other natural and semisynthetic abietanes, is distinguished for its interesting pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial activity, including antiviral. In this study, selected C18-functionalized semisynthetic abietanes prepared from the commercially available (+)-dehydroabietylamine or methyl dehydroabietate were tested in vitro against human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E). As a result, a new ferruginol analogue caused a relevant reduction in…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<title>Daily-Dose</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><style>*{overflow-x:hidden;}</style><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>After Affirmative Action Ends</strong> - The next big question for school admissions will likely be the legality of “race-neutral” methods that are designed with the continuing goal of producing diverse student bodies. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/after-affirmative-action-ends">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Why Donald Trump Was So Mad at Mark Milley That He Confessed to a Crime</strong> - The backstory on the tape that could get the ex-President convicted in the classified-documents case. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/why-donald-trump-was-so-mad-at-mark-milley-that-he-confessed-to-a-crime">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Saudi Arabia’s Vanished Princesses</strong> - King Abdullah allegedly imprisoned four of his daughters. After his death, the princesses’ supporters say, they disappeared. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/saudi-arabias-vanished-princesses">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Supreme Court Overturns Fifty Years of Precedent on Affirmative Action</strong> - A conservative Court holds that student-body diversity is not a “compelling interest.” - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-supreme-court-overturns-fifty-years-of-precedent-on-affirmative-action">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What Is No Labels Trying to Do?</strong> - The group maintains that a third-ticket nominee may be what the country needs in 2024—but it may just be what Donald Trump needs. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/what-is-no-labels-trying-to-do">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Why scientists haven’t cracked consciousness</strong> -
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<img alt="Illustration of a ladder leading into the middle of a burgundy brain against a pale orange backdrop, with a person exploring inside a tunnel leading deeper into the brain." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6RHwqNJOqYVlsVNG2fNisDGNqCM=/0x94:6000x4594/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415285/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg"/>
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Boris SV/Getty Images
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The science of consciousness still has no theory.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Qj7GuJ">
In 1998, at the conference of the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness (ASSC), the neuroscientist Christof Koch made a bet with the philosopher David Chalmers: by 2023, science would be able to explain how the brain’s tangle of neurons gives rise to the phenomenon we call consciousness. The winner would get a case of wine.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qtq4qS">
Koch was a professor of cognitive biology who helped pioneer the mechanistic study of the <a href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/40352/1/148.pdf">“neural correlates of consciousness,</a>” which maps the relationship between brain activity and subjective experiences. He believed that consciousness was fundamentally measurable and that it was only a matter of time before science identified how it arose in the brain.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Fg12ex">
Chalmers was both a philosopher and cognitive scientist who was skeptical that science would be able to build explanatory bridges between neural correlates in the brain and the subjective experience of consciousness. Famously, he called consciousness “<a href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/david-chalmers-thinks-the-hard-problem-is-really-hard/">the hard problem</a>,” which he believed was sufficiently challenging to keep any explanation of consciousness at bay for at least a quarter of a century.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Wv9WNV">
At the 26th ASSC conference this past weekend, 25 years after the initial wager, the results were declared: Koch lost. Despite years of scientific effort — a time during which <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-019-0531-8">the science of consciousness shifted</a> from the fringe to a mainstream, reputable, even exciting area of study — we still can’t say how or why the experience of consciousness arises.
</p>
<h3 id="3CXMHo">
Galileo split consciousness away from science 400 years ago
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vNGWuL">
While the Western science of consciousness only grew into a reputable field over the past few decades, part of the reason answers remain so elusive may be buried in the deep structure of scientific inquiry itself, reaching back to the 1600s.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eex2WL">
The Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei <a href="https://en.unesco.org/courier/news-views-online/ibn-al-haytham-s-scientific-method#:~:text=In%20all%20textbooks%20of%20the,father%20of%20this%20scientific%20method.">is widely credited</a> with inventing the scientific method. As the philosopher Philip Goff recounts in his 2019 book <a href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/599229/galileos-error-by-philip-goff/"><em>Galileo’s Error</em></a><em>, </em>in order to formalize the study of objective qualities like size, shape, location, and motion, Galileo bracketed out the fuzzier domain of conscious experiences. The modern scientific endeavor he helped create is a study of the universe shorn of what Galileo called the soul, and what we today might call sensory qualities, the gestalt of what consciousness <em>feels like.</em><em><strong> </strong></em>The scientific method can explain the electrical activity that sparks in the brain when you jump into a freezing lake, but it can’t explain why a subjective experience of invigoration comes along with it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WfxVM7">
“Those sensory qualities have come back to bite us,” Goff writes. “Galileo’s error was to commit us to a theory of nature which entailed that consciousness was essentially and inevitably mysterious.”<em> </em>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hr3xo0">
In other words, Galileo’s scientific method required walling off the study of consciousness itself, which is why it’s perhaps not surprising that even centuries later, his method’s inheritors still struggle to explain it.
</p>
<h3 id="ZHANau">
New avenues in the science of consciousness
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bYs29q">
As the years passed, Chalmers and Koch forgot about their bet, but in 2018, the science journalist Per Snaprud <a href="https://consc.net/consciousnesswager.pdf">brought it back to their attention</a>. A few years later, as part of a $20 million project supported by the Templeton World Charity Foundation, <a href="https://www.templetonworldcharity.org/accelerating-research-consciousness-our-structured-adversarial-collaboration-projects">a series of “adversarial experiments</a>” were designed to pit <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-022-00587-4">theories of consciousnes</a>s against each other, including global workspace theory (GWT) and integrated information theory (IIT).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TwmHTL">
GWT imagines consciousness as a theater: The brain is populated by a crowd of local information streams, but only what gets broadcast to the whole crowd — put onstage — becomes conscious. IIT identifies consciousness with the degree of, yes, integrated information, represented by the Greek character phi (Φ). The more phi, the more consciousness.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6vJxU4">
Preliminary findings from <a href="https://www.templetonworldcharity.org/projects-database/0389">one Templeton-sponsored gauntlet</a> comparing GWT and IIT were presented at the recent ASSC conference and ultimately used to settle the Koch/Chalmers bet. Six independent laboratories followed a shared protocol <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/neuroscience-readies-for-a-showdown-over-consciousness-ideas-20190306/">designed to test</a> how well each theory could predict brain activity. IIT fared slightly better than GWT, but neither made entirely accurate predictions. This uncertainty was enough to make Chalmers the victor, while scattering researchers off to update the theories or consider new ones altogether.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3OnjZW">
Goff’s preferred resolution is to reintroduce consciousness into our understanding of nature by way of a secular version of panpsychism, the theory that consciousness is a fundamental and ubiquitous element of the physical world. In this view, physical sciences à la Galileo describe matter from “the outside.” Consciousness is also a property of matter, but matter as experienced from the inside.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JM4cxV">
Meanwhile, Karl Friston, the world’s <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/computer-program-just-ranked-most-influential-brain-scientists-modern-era">most-cited living neuroscientist</a>, has an idea called the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2787">free-energy principle</a>. Stripped of all the math, it suggests that the behavior of all living systems follows a single principle: To remain alive, they try to minimize the difference between their expectations and incoming sensory input. (Other terms for that difference include <em>surprise </em>and <em>free energy</em>.)<em> </em>In this model, human brains minimize surprise by generating internal models that predict the outside world. Here, consciousness is basically the experience of an internally generative model complex enough to imagine states of the world that have not yet happened.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FUjWkt">
The process by which brains generate these internal models has a theory of its own, <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13164-022-00666-6#ref-CR4">known as predictive processing</a>, perhaps most associated with the <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/04/02/the-mind-expanding-ideas-of-andy-clark">philosopher Andy Clark</a>. To grasp the idea, think of what’s happening during a dream. You’re lying in bed, eyes closed in a dark room, completely still. But your brain is generating a rich internal dream world that feels entirely convincing (lucid dreams aside). Well, predictive processing claims that the same sort of thing is happening during waking consciousness, with a few caveats.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GlUtv4">
In other words, the kind of world you’re experiencing when awake is basically the same kind of world you experience in a dream: a hallucination. The difference is that our brains are constantly comparing our waking hallucinations to the sensory input they receive from the outside, fine-tuning the waking dream to keep it in line with what the incoming sensory data suggests is going on beyond our skulls. That’s what the <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23591527/consciousness-census-perceptual-diversity-anil-seth-neurodiversity">neuroscientist Anil Seth</a> means when he calls consciousness <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyu7v7nWzfo">a “controlled hallucination</a>.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fKGwR1">
Okay, so living systems want to minimize surprise, and predictive models help brainy creatures do so. But what makes consciousness <em>feel </em>the way it does? How can we explain why some states of consciousness feel so rich and alive while others feel so dreary? One interesting idea hovering on the periphery of consciousness science is the <a href="https://opentheory.net/Qualia_Formalism_and_a_Symmetry_Theory_of_Valence.pdf">symmetry theory of valence (STV)</a>, first proposed by the independent philosopher Michael Johnson and his collaborators at the <a href="https://qri.org/">Qualia Research Institute</a>, a nonprofit focused on the science of consciousness.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FXNJxt">
The STV starts with the idea that you can map every state of consciousness onto a perfect mathematical representation, like a unique objective signature for each subjective state (it shares this idea with IIT). Next, it claims that the valence, or positive/negative feeling of any given state of consciousness, depends on the <em>symmetry</em> of that representation. In practice, drawing on the work of neuroscientist Selen Atasoy, they use the underlying neural activity as that representation.<strong> </strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zGt4UR">
Every conscious state has an associated orchestra of neural activity that <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10340">gives rise to harmonic patterns across the brain</a>. QRI co-founder Andrés Gómez Emilsson <a href="https://qualiacomputing.com/2017/06/18/quantifying-bliss-talk-summary/">figured out how</a> to decompose that activity in a way that deciphers how much consonance exists across the brain harmonics, which works as a proxy for the symmetry. The more symmetry in the brain, the more positive the experience. Inversely, the more dissonance and less symmetry, the more negative the experience. While the STV hasn’t received much mainstream attention, <a href="https://qualiacomputing.com/2021/05/08/healing-trauma-with-neural-annealing/">its ideas</a> are beginning to crawl their way into citations <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822004579#bib262">on papers at the forefront</a> of the science of consciousness.<strong> </strong>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="O0UYx5">
So we have a growing constellation of relevant theories, though as the result of the Koch/Chalmers bet suggests, we still lack a definitive, falsifiable explanation. We even lack consensus on whether one may ever exist.
</p>
<h3 id="CJegES">
Toward a paradigm of consciousness science — or not
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XQY3IR">
Still, some neuroscientists argue that we are living in the dawn before a theory of consciousness arises, like those who lived in the time shortly before Darwin’s theory of natural selection. This paints the current field as “<a href="https://dictionary.apa.org/preparadigmatic-science">pre-paradigmatic</a>,” a term developed by the philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn to describe an immature science where competing schools of thought do not share the same basic understanding of their subject. Everything from methodologies to metaphysics can differ in a pre-paradigmatic science of consciousness.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Vlx2nF">
Eventually, in this view, the field might coalesce around a unified theory and the first true paradigm of consciousness science would begin. This is the view Koch continues to hold (despite being down a case of fine Portuguese wine). He doubled down at the recent ASSC conference, renewing the bet on the same 25-year horizon. Chalmers, too, reports plenty of progress, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02120-8?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&amp;utm_campaign=cb0a8cb22a-briefing-dy-20230626&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-cb0a8cb22a-43905957">telling <em>Nature</em></a> that the problem of consciousness “has gradually been transmuting into, if not a ‘scientific’ mystery, at least one that we can get a partial grip on scientifically.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4YxoNr">
But there’s no guarantee that some critical mass of correlations between brain states and feelings can ever tell us <em>how </em>or <em>why</em> consciousness happens. Chalmers suspects that at the conclusion of their renewed bet in 2048, despite all the surrounding progress of insight that’s sure to unfold, the mystery may remain as perplexing as ever.
</p></li>
<li><strong>White women benefit most from affirmative action — and are among its fiercest opponents</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Jennifer Gratz was one of the first to successfully argue against race in affirmative action." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/23Z8EdLXn8HTMpQj2XOV1zMjB0I=/167x0:2834x2000/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/49664057/GettyImages-184696530.0.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Jennifer Gratz was one of the first to successfully argue against race in affirmative action. | <a href="http://www.gettyimages.com/license/184696530">Andrew Burton via Getty Images</a>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The willingness to erase white women from the story of affirmative action is part of the problem.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="f9WIm3">
<em><strong>Editor’s note, June 29, 2023: </strong></em><em>The Supreme Court on Thursday effectively ended affirmative action in higher education in a pair of cases concerning admissions policies at Harvard and the University of North Carolina. Read </em><a href="https://www.vox.com/2023/6/14/23761092/supreme-court-affirmative-action-college-admissions-race"><em>our latest coverage here</em></a><em>. The original story, on a separate 2016 case out of Texas, follows.</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EdWC7N">
The University of Texas Austin was Abigail Fisher’s dream school. Fisher, from Sugar Land, Texas, a wealthy Houston suburb, earned a 3.59 GPA in high school and scored an 1180 on the SATs.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nCWt6P">
Not bad, but not enough for the highly selective UT Austin in fall 2008; Fisher’s dreams were dashed when she was denied admission.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8Uo1Eh">
In response, Fisher sued. Her argument? That applicants of color, whose racial backgrounds were included as a component of the university’s holistic review process, were less-qualified students and had displaced her.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7amaqq">
Students graduating in the top 10 percent of any Texas high school are granted an automatic spot at UT Austin. Other students are evaluated through a holistic review process including a race-blind review of essays and creating a personal achievement score based on leadership potential, honors and awards, work experience, and special circumstances that include socioeconomic considerations such as race.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="G1YZ3x">
A few are accepted through <a href="https://www.utexas.edu/vp/irla/Documents/Brief%20for%20Respondents.pdf">provisional slots</a> that include attending a summer program prior to the fall. One black student, four Latino students, and 42 white students with lower scores than Fisher were accepted under these terms. Also rejected were 168 African-American and Latino students with better scores than Fisher.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pfswYk">
According to <a href="https://www.utexas.edu/vp/irla/Documents/Brief%20for%20Respondents.pdf">court documents</a>,<strong> </strong>even if Fisher had received a perfect personal achievement score that included race (which, in itself, oversimplifies the admissions process), she still would not have necessarily qualified<strong> </strong>under UT’s admission rubric.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7ZulC1">
In fact, when she applied for the class of 2012, the admission rate for non-automatic admits was more competitive than that of Harvard University.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="EOXb7z">
Nonetheless, Fisher spent the past <a href="http://www.vox.com/2014/7/15/5902791/fisher-v-texas-supreme-court-affirmative-action-fifth-circuit">seven years </a>in court, and Thursday the <a href="http://www.vox.com/2016/5/19/11713770/supreme-court-cases-decisions-rulings-2016">US Supreme Court</a> ruled 4-3 that <a href="http://www.vox.com/2016/6/23/11743972/fisher-texas-affirmative-action-supreme-court">UT’s admissions policy procedures are constitutional</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MBUPl2">
But the battle to erase race from the application review process for admission comes with an interesting paradox: “The primary beneficiaries of affirmative action have been Euro-American women,” <a href="http://www.racialequitytools.org/resourcefiles/crenshaw.pdf" style="font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.65; background-color: #ffffff;" target="_blank">wrote</a> Columbia University law professor Kimberlé Crenshaw for the <em>University of Michigan Law Review</em> in 2006.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Cn3roB">
<span>A 1995 </span><a href="http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/State-Study-Tracks-Diversity-Affirmative-action-3040217.php" style="font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.65; background-color: #ffffff;" target="_blank">report</a><span> by the California Senate Government Organization Committee found that white women held a majority of managerial jobs (57,250) compared with African Americans (10,500), Latinos (19,000), and Asian Americans (24,600) after the first two decades of affirmative action in the private sector. In </span><a href="http://www.buffalonews.com/columns/rod-watson/more-white-women-than-minorities-are-benefiting-from-affirmative-action-20150422" style="font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.65; background-color: #ffffff;" target="_blank">2015</a><span>, a disproportionate representation of white women business owners set off concerns that New York state would not be able to bridge a racial gap among public contractors.</span>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tsrhCv">
<span>A 1995 report by the Department of Labor found that 6 million women overall had advances at their job that would not have been possible without affirmative action. The percentage of women physicians tripled between 1970 and 2002, from 7.6 percent to 25.2 percent, and in 2009 women were receiving a majority of bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees, according to the </span><a href="http://www.aauw.org/files/2013/02/position-on-affirmative-action-112.pdf" style="font-size: 19.5px; line-height: 32.175px; background-color: #ffffff;">American Association of University Women</a><span>. To be clear, these numbers include women of all races; however, breaking down affirmative action beneficiaries by race and gender seems to be rare in reported data.</span>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YbpKvV">
Contrary to popular belief, affirmative action isn’t just black. It’s white, too. But affirmative action’s white female faces are rarely at the center of the conversation.
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<h3 id="s66ESj">
Gender was a blind spot in the original affirmative action policy
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b7WLHV">
Sex discrimination protections were not included when affirmative action policy was initially institutionalized in the 1960s.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="c1BmHp">
The <a href="https://www.nlrb.gov/resources/national-labor-relations-act">National Labor Relations Act in 1935</a> was one of the first federal documents to use the term “affirmative action” to correct unfair labor practices. While the Public Works Administration <a href="http://shfg.org/shfg/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/4-MacLaury-design4-new_Layout-1.pdf">temporarily followed racially proportional hiring practices</a> (which were dismantled at the end of World War II), it wasn’t until President John F. Kennedy issued an <a href="https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/thelaw/eo-10925.html">executive order</a> in 1961 requiring affirmative action to counter employment discrimination among federal contractors, with specific attention to race, that affirmative action was institutionalized.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RKEcHd">
In some ways, the narrow focus on “race” and “color” was the government’s response to the demands of the burgeoning civil rights movement that brought racial discrimination front and center in America.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sj1T9p">
However, affirmative action was <a href="http://shfg.org/shfg/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/4-MacLaury-design4-new_Layout-1.pdf">ambiguous</a>, referring, at the very least, to federal contractors taking a step or gesture in opposition of discriminating against groups of people, but one of the limits of the order was that penalties were not enforceable.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2GTLzv">
Kennedy created a President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to monitor the order, chaired by then–Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TaqMtZ">
However, it was not until October 1967, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ae2BvGX4jQC&amp;pg=PA143&amp;lpg=PA143&amp;dq=women+affirmative+action+1967+women%27s+movement+pressure+johnson&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=GMEyKksaFz&amp;sig=rdir0IIw8-ym9EJtbO0G0K14_MM&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwivuN-h4uHMAhWE4D4KHftqANwQ6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&amp;q=women%20affirmative%20action%201967%20women's%20movement%20pressure%20johnson&amp;f=false">following pressure from the surging Women’s Movement</a>, that President Johnson amended <a href="https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/thelaw/eo-11246.html">an earlier order</a> to include gender provisions. Further actions would be taken in 1973 and 1974 to address anti-discrimination protections for people with disabilities and Vietnam veterans, respectively.
</p>
<h3 id="RV5rse">
White women have become some of affirmative action’s fiercest opponents
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="X9EI6i">
In general, women today are <a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1350164/11familyworkfacts.pdf">more educated and make up more of the workforce</a> than ever before, in part because of affirmative action policies. Indeed, from the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/diversity-guru-discusses-white-women-2016-2">tech industry</a> to <a href="http://blog.leeandlow.com/2016/01/26/where-is-the-diversity-in-publishing-the-2015-diversity-baseline-survey-results/">publishing</a>, diversity has emerged as an overwhelming increase in the presence of white women, not necessarily people of color.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="adEAly">
Incidentally, over the years white women have become some of affirmative action’s most ardent opponents.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dsSruK">
According to the 2014 <a href="https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi%3A10.7910/DVN/XFXJVY">Cooperative Congressional Election Study</a>, nearly 70 percent of the 20,694 self-identified non-Hispanic white women surveyed either somewhat or strongly opposed affirmative action.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nGlsZs">
White women have also been the primary plaintiffs in the major Supreme Court affirmative action cases, with the exception of the first — <em>Regents of the University of California v. Bakke </em>in 1978 — that was brought to the courts by a white man.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xZyi4T">
Twenty-five years after <em>Bakke</em> found that race can be one but not the only criterion for evaluating admissions applications, four white women have filed lawsuits seeking retribution for admissions rejections based on the premise that they were denied a spot over less-deserving students of color.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="C9u2Z1">
The first successful case to challenge affirmative action policy was <a href="http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions%5Cpub%5C94/94-50569.CV0.wpd.pdf"><em>Hopwood v. Texas</em></a><em> </em>in 1996. Cheryl Hopwood claimed that despite excellent scores and fitting the profile of a surefire admit, the University of Texas School of Law<strong> </strong>admitted 62 people of color, only nine of whom had better LSAT and GPA scores than she did.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AFbKIZ">
The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that diversity alone was not enough to justify racial preferences. For example, only Mexican-American and African-American students’ racial backgrounds were taken into consideration at UT’s law school. The Supreme Court refused to hear the case, but the decision dismantled UT’s earlier racial affirmative action policy and catalyzed UT’s 10 percent policy to admit the best students in a state that still suffers from <a href="http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/12/09/supreme-court-affirmative-action-university-texas-race/77031400/">de facto segregation</a> according to UT’s Supreme Court briefs for the <em>Fisher</em> case.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AzDl5X">
But in 2003, two other white women approached the Court in parallel cases citing a misuse of race in admissions policies. In <a href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/02-241.pdf"><em>Grutter v.</em> <em>Bollinger</em></a>, Barbara Grutter<strong> </strong>argued that she was denied admission to the University of Michigan Law School as a direct result of the law school’s consideration of race in the admissions process. In <a href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/02-516.pdf"><em>Gratz v. Bollinger</em></a>, Jennifer Gratz argued similarly that she was denied acceptance to the University of Michigan’s flagship university in Ann Arbor as an undergrad because of race.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yum0bZ">
The Supreme Court decisions were <a href="http://www.npr.org/news/specials/michigan/">split</a><strong> </strong>between the two cases. In <em>Gratz</em>, the justices ruled that race was being valued in ways that violated the Constitution’s Equal Protection Clause — students received 20 points if they were from an underrepresented racial group compared with 5 points for artistic achievement. However, the justices ruled in <em>Grutter</em> that there was nothing unconstitutional about the way race was included in the law school’s holistic admissions policy.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="F49PPD">
The primary distinction between the two decisions had to do with the weight given to race in affirmative action admissions policies. Nonetheless, Justice Sandra Day O’Connor had high hopes for such programs.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="g1cOgF">
“We expect that 25 years from now, the use of racial preferences will no longer be necessary to further the interest approved today,” O’Connor<strong> </strong>wrote for the majority in <em>Grutter</em>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7jfFYN">
Justice Anthony Kennedy, while recognizing the University’s complex policy, reiterated O’Connor’s sentiments in <em>Fisher.</em>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="u1UjlQ">
“The Court’s affirmance of the University’s admissions policy today does not necessarily mean the University may rely on that same policy without refinement,” Kennedy <a href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/15pdf/14-981_4g15.pdf">wrote for the majority opinion</a>. “It is the University’s ongoing obligation to engage in constant deliberation and continued reflection regarding its admission policies.”
</p>
<h3 id="5IoK7J">
Racial affirmative action doesn’t undermine merit
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Xp4fjs">
“I’m hoping that they’ll completely take race out of the issue in terms of admissions and that everyone will be able to get into any school that they want no matter what race they are but solely based on their merit and they work hard for it,” Fisher <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/09/us/supreme-court-to-hear-case-on-affirmative-action.html">told</a> the New York Times in 2012.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="s8pFMn">
But does race inherently undermine an admit’s qualifications?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RzRdF3">
The question itself is dubious considering the fact that other forms of affirmative action, including gender, are rarely mentioned. The aforementioned CCES survey, which only asked about racial affirmative action, is just one example.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3gLB1g">
Yet it’s a widespread assumption that even Justice Antonin Scalia brought to the fore last December during oral arguments for the <em>Fisher</em> case. He <a href="http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2015/12/10/9885594/scalia-affirmative-action-mismatch">asserted</a> that affirmative action hurts African-American students by putting them in elite institutions they are not prepared for. <a href="http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/cdewp/2013-06.pdf">Study</a> after <a href="http://www.margaritamooney.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/academicconsequencesofthreeaffirmativeaction.pdf">study</a> shows there’s simply no evidence for the claim.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RO6Fbj">
A look at the effects of affirmative action bans also suggests the idea is based on a false dichotomy. Since California passed Prop 209 in 1996 barring racial considerations for college admissions at public universities, UC Berkeley witnessed a significant drop in the number of black students, from 8 percent pre–Prop 209 to an average of <a href="http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/why-black-students-are-avoiding-uc-berkeley/Content?oid=3756649">3.6 percent</a> of the freshman class from 2006 to 2010.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aWDon4">
But that drop isn’t necessarily tied to underqualified students of color. Rather, <a href="http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/why-black-students-are-avoiding-uc-berkeley/Content?oid=3756649">58 percent</a> of black students admitted from 2006 to 2010 rejected Berkeley’s offer of admission. Alumni, administrators, and current students noted that a possible reason could be a feeling of isolation, or lack of other students of color, at UC’s flagship campus — an ironic consequence of the affirmative action ban.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IriYDp">
Asian-American applicants also challenge the colorblind meritocracy myth. According to a <a href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9072.html?version=meter+at+22&amp;module=meter-Links&amp;pgtype=article&amp;contentId=&amp;mediaId=&amp;referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&amp;priority=true&amp;action=click&amp;contentCollection=meter-links-click">sociological study</a> in 2009, white applicants were three times more likely to be admitted to selective schools than Asian applicants with the exact same academic record. And a 2013 <a href="http://www.vox.com/2016/5/22/11704756/affirmative-action-merit">survey</a> found that white adults in California deemphasize the importance of test scores when Asian Americans, whose average test scores are higher than white students, are considered.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="8vTxjb">
Furthermore, existing race-neutral admissions policies like legacy admissions show that taking race out of the equation doesn’t make admissions processes any more just.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YcfjYZ">
According to a 2011 <a href="http://chronicle.com/article/Legacys-Advantage-May-Be/125812/">study</a> by the Chronicle of Higher Education, a review of 30 elite universities’ admissions processes found that a legacy connection gave an applicant a 23.3 percentage point advantage over a non-legacy applicant. For applicants who had a parent who was an alum, the average advantage was 45.5 percentage points.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kBgaHV">
Many college campuses, however, have historically had predominantly white student bodies — <a href="http://www.ibtimes.com/are-legacy-preferences-affirmative-action-white-students-how-supreme-court-case-could-2361713">84 percent</a> of college students in the US<strong> </strong>were white in 1976 compared with only 60 percent in 2012 — which makes it far more likely that the beneficiaries of legacy admissions practices are white applicants like Fisher, whose sister and father went to UT Austin.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="83h04M">
Fisher advocated for a colorblind, meritocratic admissions process for which she, as an individual, may still not have been qualified. But a look at the marginalized group that has most benefited from affirmative action shows that race was never a barrier for that group to begin with.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MIAHYX">
White women, like Fisher, stand as a testament to affirmative action’s success. If anything, the dismantling of affirmative action is launched at people of color, but it affects white women, too. And the willingness to erase them from the story is part of the problem.<strong> </strong>
</p></li>
<li><strong>France’s protests over a police killing, briefly explained</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/bFO_Rv4sZDP3x2POYRl97okz5-U=/372x0:5779x4055/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72413734/1267097979.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Crowds protest during a memorial march for a French teenager, named Nahel, on June 29, 2023 in Nanterre, France. | Abdulmonam Eassa/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
France finds itself at the center of the global reckoning over police violence.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="049UbV">
Widespread protests have continued for days across France after police killed a 17-year-old in a Paris suburb when he refused to comply with a traffic stop, prompting a national reckoning on racism and excessive force in policing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Wb254i">
The victim, who was of French-Algerian descent, has been identified by police as Nahel M. In the wake of his death, protests have broken out in the cities of Lyon, Toulouse, Lille, and Nanterre, the suburb where Nahel was reportedly from. Some of them have turned violent, with protesters throwing stones, bottles, and fireworks at police and setting fire to garbage bins and vehicles. Police in turn have used tear gas to try to disperse the crowds.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mfTg80">
The French interior minister has reported that at least 180 protesters were arrested and 170 law enforcement officers injured as of Thursday morning. He said that 40,000 officers would be deployed across France Thursday night in anticipation of further clashes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ov47Hz">
“It’s an explosion of general anger” directed not just at police oppression, but also at economic and racial inequities, said Mathieu Rigouste, a researcher in social sciences and the author of <em>La Domination Policière</em>, a book examining how French policing practices are rooted in colonialism.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sBlP28">
Many in France see Nahel’s killing as a reflection of racism against Arab and Black communities in the country, given that it’s not the first time something like this has happened. In 2020, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/26/world/europe/Paris-police-beating-video.html">four police officers beat a Black music producer</a> inside his studio in a viral video, just as French President Emmanuel Macron was considering legislation that would impose new restrictions on posting videos of police online. And in 2005, teens <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/07/world/europe/behind-the-furor-the-last-moments-of-two-youths.html">Zyed Benna and Bouna Traoré</a> — who were of Tunisian and Mauritanian origins, respectively — died after fleeing a police identity inspection and running into an electricity substation where they were accidentally electrocuted.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dYQhtK">
“You have a kind of immediate feeling among the public that this is symptomatic of more global trends in terms of police violence,” said Jacques de Maillard, a political science professor at the University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin who studies comparative policing. Those trends include, as the <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2021/08/un-experts-call-end-police-brutality-worldwide">UN pointed out in 2021</a>, “a steady increase in the use of excessive force, police brutality, and other forms of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, as well as arbitrary detention” around the world — and often reflect factors including racial tensions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fhfXM5">
The circumstances of Nahel’s killing certainly seem to mirror many deadly traffic stops in the US and elsewhere. The public prosecutor in the case <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-66049895?ns_mchannel=social&amp;ns_source=twitter&amp;ns_campaign=bbc_live&amp;ns_linkname=649d4b54f2e5745fd8a78c22%26Prosecutor%20gives%20a%20recap%20of%20events%20that%20led%20to%20Nahel%27s%20death%262023-06-29T09%3A17%3A26.843Z&amp;ns_fee=0&amp;pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:b28b7b64-1c7a-40c1-8e83-269dff27cbf4&amp;pinned_post_asset_id=649d4b54f2e5745fd8a78c22&amp;pinned_post_type=share">said</a> that police tried to stop the vehicle because of erratic driving and the driver was young. But Nahel refused to stop, ran a red light, committed additional traffic violations, and endangered pedestrians, they said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hYviDz">
Police pursued him, and in a <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66052104">video</a> of the incident released Tuesday morning, approached his car on foot, one officer pointing a gun. Nahel starts to drive away, but the officer fatally shoots him in the chest. That officer is now under <a href="https://au.sports.yahoo.com/french-police-teen-shooting-death-200944943.html">formal investigation for voluntary homicide </a>— the French equivalent of being charged with a crime in the US legal system.
</p>
<h3 id="afxCw1">
France’s longstanding police brutality problem
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b5Zf7d">
France is seen as one of the worst offenders in Europe when it comes to police brutality.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iLBZI2">
After Macron rammed through controversial reforms to raise the retirement age earlier this year, French police used tear gas and batons, as well as <a href="https://apnews.com/article/france-protests-police-violence-5a2e01ed4fbcfeee6a3ac098db94339c">stun grenades and rubber bullets</a> — which are banned in most other European countries — to disperse the mass protests that broke out. That prompted the UN’s Human Rights Council in May to <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/5/1/france-criticised-at-un-over-police-violence-racism">criticize</a> France’s use of excessive force in law enforcement. Members of the council also urged France to address more general “racial profiling by security forces.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Pneqls">
The existence of racial discrimination in French policing is also well-documented. The French government’s own human rights watchdog found in a 2016 survey of over 5,000 people that men and boys perceived as Black or Arab were 20 times more likely to be stopped by police than others.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qm5pnG">
Civil society organizations have filed a <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/27/france-end-systemic-police-discrimination">class action suit </a>challenging ethnic profiling in policing in France, and the French government was ordered to <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/france-ordered-pay-fine-case-involving-3-teens-subjected-identity-checks-1598715">pay a fine</a> in a case brought by three teens of color who were stopped and searched by police while returning from a school trip in 2021. Aside from Nahel’s encounter with police, there have been many more such incidents of law enforcement targeting people in diverse suburban areas — including in Beaumont-sur-Oise, where Adama Traoré, a Black man, died in 2016 due to police <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/08/europe/adama-traore-medical-report-new-intl/index.html">restraint methods</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="tGGuvs">
“In spite of international criticism and local struggles, the French state has continually reinforced its police, prisons, and borders (multiplying weapons, laws, and units specialized in ferocity) as well as judicial impunity over the last 30 years,” Rigouste said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="54cRZm">
Attempts at reform have been met with fierce opposition by French police unions. In response to French solidarity protests over the killing of George Floyd in 2020, Macron’s administration weighed the possibility of disciplining officers guilty of “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/world/europe/france-police-opposition-proposed-reforms.html">proven suspicions of racism</a>” and banning the use of chokeholds. The first of those provisions was softened and the second was <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53062357">abandoned</a> on account of pressure from police unions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VPSygH">
Again after Nahel’s killing, Macron seemed to be careful not to anger police unions in public remarks. While he called the killing inexcusable, he has also criticized the violent reaction from protesters and come to the defense of the police: “Our police and gendarmes are committed to protecting us and serving the Republic. I thank them every day for that. They do so within an ethical framework that must be respected,” he <a href="https://twitter.com/EmmanuelMacron/status/1674016056883441666?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1674016056883441666%7Ctwgr%5E25e23ef9d1e9f4002c51cacf45b9b469afda8b37%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Ffrance%2F20230628-france-braces-for-protests-as-macron-laments-unforgivable-police-shooting">tweeted</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kJCwGu">
Even so, de Maillard said that Nahel’s killing might mark a turning point in actually getting some measure of real police reform enacted.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xCMlAP">
“The calls for reform have not been heard — until now,” he said.
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Rapidus, Slainte, Starkova and Balor impress</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Arcana and C’est L’Amour work well</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Paris Saint-Germain coach Christophe Galtier and his son detained in racism probe</strong> - Christophe Galtier, who is on his way out at PSG, maintains that he did not make racist and anti-Muslim comments when he was in charge of French club Nice</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Ashes 2023 | Lyon out for rest of second Test with “significant” calf strain</strong> - Australian spinner Nathan Lyon was hurt while running to the ball after tea on June 29. He took England’s first wicket.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Boxing champion Mary Kom named Global Indian Icon at U.K.-India Awards</strong> - The awards, now in their fifth year, honuors leaders who strengthen bilateral ties in various sectors</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>443 cases booked against people for engaging child labour in Andhra Pradesh</strong> - Labour Department rescues 727 children, reunites many with parents; show-cause notices served on 143 establishments</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Telangana CM assures lifting of cases filed against tribal families for taking up cultivation on podu lands</strong> - He says cases cannot continue as the government itself is distributing pattas to tribals</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>99.07% secure Plus One allotment in main phase</strong> - 2,99,309 students have got allotment till now; 80,694 students have got fresh allotment in third list alone</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pipeline row: Kerala Water Authority constitutes team of engineers, prepares fresh schedule for completing work</strong> - The work was halted several weeks ago after the horizontal directional drilling (HDD) machine, used for laying the pipes beneath the ground, developed a snag on its hydraulic motor.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>BDL works manual released</strong> -</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>France shooting: Policeman charged over teen’s traffic stop death</strong> - France sees a third night of mass unrest, triggered by Tuesday’s police shooting of a teenager.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What we know about killing of Paris teen… in 55 seconds</strong> - The BBC’s Hugh Schofield investigates at the scene where police shot dead 17-year-old Nahel.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Paris riots: France is changing but suburban scars are not healed</strong> - France’s suburbs were very different during the 2005 riots but they are still a risk to the president.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>France shooting: Who was Nahel M, shot by French police in Nanterre?</strong> - He was learning to be an electrician and played rugby league but died at a police check near Paris.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Finland’s economy minister resigns after 10 days over Nazi references</strong> - The nationalist Finns Party member lasted just 10 days in office after the extremist remarks emerged.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Into the rivers and through the woods: Specialized’s e-mountain bike</strong> - Specialized’s electric mountain bike was more than good enough to hook our reviewer. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1943379">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Motorola’s “Satellite Link” hotspot lets you send messages via outer space</strong> - Following the announcement in February, the $150 device is available today. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1951133">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>30 years later, Myst demake for Atari 2600 reminds us how far we’ve come</strong> - Unofficial <em>Myst</em> port for 8-bit Atari 2600 gives the ’90s adventure a ’70s makeover. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1950582">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Here’s what happens when a swim team competes with an intestinal pathogen</strong> - Outbreak among Mass. swim teams spread to a Rhode Island team after a meet. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1951178">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Christopher Walken is an evil emperor in latest trailer for Dune: Part 2</strong> - “He who can destroy a thing has the real control of it.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1951121">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Forging A Return To Productive Conversation: An Open Letter to Reddit</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
To All Whom It May Concern,
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
For fifteen years, <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes">/r/Jokes</a> has been one of Reddit’s most-popular communities. That time hasn’t been without its difficulties, but for the most part, we’ve all gotten along (with each other and with administrators). Members of our team fondly remember Moderator Roadshows, visits to Reddit’s headquarters, Reddit Secret Santa, April Fools’ Day events, regional meetups, and many more uplifting moments. We’ve watched this platform grow by leaps and bounds, and although we haven’t been completely happy about every change that we’ve witnessed, we’ve always done our best to work with Reddit at finding ways to adapt, compromise, and move forward.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
This process has occasionally been preceded by some exceptionally public debate, however.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
On June 12th, 2023, <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes">/r/Jokes</a> joined thousands of other subreddits in protesting the planned changes to Reddit’s API; changes which – despite being immediately evident to only a minority of Redditors – threatened to worsen the site for everyone. By June 16th, 2023, that demonstration had evolved to represent a wider (and growing) array of concerns, many of which arose in response to <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/06/16/reddit-ceo-blackout-moderators-steve-huffman/">Reddit’s statements to journalists</a>. Today (June 26th, 2023), we are hopeful that users and administrators alike can make a return to the productive dialogue that has served us in the past.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
We acknowledge that Reddit has placed itself in a situation that makes adjusting its current API roadmap impossible.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
However, we have the following requests:
</p>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Commit to exploring ways by which third-party applications can make an affordable return.
</li>
<li>
Commit to providing moderation tools and <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Blind/comments/14ds81l/rblinds_meetings_with_reddit_and_the_current/">accessibility options</a> (on Old Reddit, New Reddit, and mobile platforms) which match or exceed the functionality and utility of third-party applications.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Commit to prioritizing a significant reduction in spam, misinformation, bigotry, and illegal content on Reddit.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Guarantee that any future developments which may impact moderators, contributors, or stakeholders will be announced no less than one fiscal quarter before they are scheduled to go into effect.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Work together with longstanding moderators to establish a reasonable roadmap and deadline for accomplishing all of the above.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Affirm that efforts meant to keep Reddit accountable to its commitments and deadlines will hereafter not be met with insults, threats, removals, or hostility.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Publicly affirm all of the above by way of updating Reddit’s User Agreement and Reddit’s Moderator Code of Conduct to include reasonable expectations and requirements for administrators’ behavior.
</li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Implement and fill a senior-level role (with decision-making and policy-shaping power) of “Moderator Advocate” at Reddit, with a required qualification for the position being robust experience as a volunteer Reddit moderator.
</li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Reddit is unique amongst social-media sites in that its lifeblood – its multitude of moderators and contributors – consists entirely of volunteers. We populate and curate the platform’s many communities, thereby providing a welcoming and engaging environment for all of its visitors. We receive little in the way of thanks for these efforts, but we frequently endure abuse, threats, attacks, and exposure to truly reprehensible media. Historically, we have trusted that Reddit’s administrators have the best interests of the platform and its users (be they moderators, contributors, participants, or lurkers) at heart; that while Reddit may be a for-profit company, it nonetheless recognizes and appreciates the value that Redditors provide.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
That trust has been all but entirely eroded… but we hope that together, we can begin to rebuild it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
In simplest terms, Reddit, we implore you: <strong>Remember the human</strong>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
We look forward to your response by Thursday, June 29th, 2023.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
There’s also just <a href="https://i.imgur.com/xLmTxcR.jpg">one other thing</a>.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/JokeSentinel"> /u/JokeSentinel </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14jn9rg/forging_a_return_to_productive_conversation_an/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14jn9rg/forging_a_return_to_productive_conversation_an/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>There were three kingdoms, each bordering on the same lake…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
For centuries, these kingdoms had fought over an island in the middle of that lake. One day, they decided to have it out, once and for all. The first kingdom was quite rich, and sent an army of 25 knights, each with three squires. The night before the battle, the knights jousted and cavorted as their squires polished armor, cooked food, and sharpened weapons. The second kingdom was not so wealthy, and sent only 10 knights, each with 2 squires. The night before the battle, the knights cavorted and sharpened their weapons as the squires polished armor and prepared dinner. The third kingdom was very poor, and only sent one elderly knght with his sole squire. The night before the battle, the knight sharpened his weapon, while the squire, using a looped rope, slung a pot high over the fire to cook while he prepared the knight’s armor.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The next day, the battle began. All the knights of the first two kingdoms had cavorted a bit too much (one should never cavort while sharpening weapons and jousting) and could not fight. The squire of the third kingdom could not rouse the elderly knight in time for combat. So, in the absence of the knights, the squires fought.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The battle raged well into the late hours, but when the dust finally settled, a solitary figure limped from the carnage. The lone squire from the third kingdom dragged himself away, beaten, bloodied, but victorious.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
And it just goes to prove, the squire of the high pot and noose is equal to the sum of the squires of the other two sides.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Rusty_Phoenix"> /u/Rusty_Phoenix </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14mufei/there_were_three_kingdoms_each_bordering_on_the/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14mufei/there_were_three_kingdoms_each_bordering_on_the/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inflation in the USA is so high at this point that……</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">I recieved a predeclined credit card in the mail.
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">CEO’s are now playing miniature golf.
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">Exxon-Mobil fired 25 Congressmen.
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">McDonald’s is selling the amazing 1/4 ouncer.
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">Angelina Jolie adopted a kid from the US.
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">Moms and Dad’s in Beverly Hills let go of their nannies and finally learned their child’s names.
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">A busload of Yanks were apprhended sneaking into Mexico.
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">A picture is now only worth 100 words.
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">The Treasure Island casino in Las Vegas is now managed by Somali pirates.
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
</p><ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">I called a car dealer to get the book value on my used car. They asked if the gas tank was full or empty
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"></p>
</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Paladium9999"> /u/Paladium9999 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14mg03y/inflation_in_the_usa_is_so_high_at_this_point_that/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14mg03y/inflation_in_the_usa_is_so_high_at_this_point_that/">[comments]</a></span></li>
</ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Three men had a very late night drinking Guiness.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Three men had a very late night drinking Guiness.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
They left in the early morning hours and each went to their home. The next day, they all met for an early pint, and compared notes about who was drunker the night before.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The first guy claims that he was the drunkest, saying, “I drove straight home and walked into the house. As soon as I got through the door, I blew chunks.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The second guy said, “You think that was drunk? Hell, I got into my car and wrapped it around the first tree I saw. And I don’t even have insurance!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The third guy proclaimed, “Damn, I was the drunkest by far. When I got home, I got into a big fight with my wife, knocked a candle over, and burned the whole house down!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The room was silent for a moment.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Then, the first guy spoke out again, "Listen, guys, I don’t think you understand…
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Chunks is my dog."
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/DooleyMTV"> /u/DooleyMTV </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14mijhb/three_men_had_a_very_late_night_drinking_guiness/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14mijhb/three_men_had_a_very_late_night_drinking_guiness/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>I have a friend who has sex 3-4 times a week. Works out every day. And reads at least two books a week.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
But all this guy ever does is complain about prison.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/docvoit"> /u/docvoit </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14m5i2q/i_have_a_friend_who_has_sex_34_times_a_week_works/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/14m5i2q/i_have_a_friend_who_has_sex_34_times_a_week_works/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
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