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<title>23 December, 2022</title>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Glyco-engineered pentameric SARS-CoV-2 IgMs show superior activities compared to IgG1 orthologues</strong> -
<div>
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the largest antibody isotype with unique features like extensive glycosylation and oligomerization. Major hurdles in characterizing its properties are difficulties in the production of well-defined multimers. Here we report the expression of two SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in glycoengineered plants. Isotype switch from IgG1 to IgM resulted in the production of pentameric IgMs, comprising of correctly assembled 21 human protein subunits. All four recombinant monoclonal antibodies carried a highly reproducible human-type N-glycosylation profile, with a single dominant N-glycan species at each glycosite. Both pentameric IgMs exhibited increased antigen binding and virus neutralization potency, up to 390-fold, compared to the parental IgG1. Collectively, the results may impact on the future design of vaccines, diagnostics and antibody-based therapies and emphasize the versatile use of plants for the expression of highly complex human proteins with targeted posttranslational modifications.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521646v1" target="_blank">Glyco-engineered pentameric SARS-CoV-2 IgMs show superior activities compared to IgG1 orthologues</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Stay away, Santa: Children’s beliefs about the impact of COVID-19 on real and fictional beings</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced children to reckon with the causal relations underlying disease transmission. What are children’s theories of how COVID-19 is transmitted? And how do they understand the relation between COVID-19 susceptibility and the need for disease-mitigating behavior? We explored these questions in the context of children’s beliefs about supernatural beings, like Santa and the Tooth Fairy. Because these beings cannot be observed, children’s beliefs about the impact of COVID-19 on them must be based on their underlying theories of disease transmission and prevention rather than on experience. In Summer of 2020, N = 218 U.S. children between the ages of 3 and 10 (M = 81.2 months) were asked to rate supernatural beings’ susceptibility to COVID-19, and the extent to which these beings should engage in disease-mitigating behaviors, such as social distancing and mask wearing. Many children believed supernatural beings were susceptible to COVID-19. However, children rated the need for supernatural beings to engage in disease-mitigating behaviors as higher than the beings’ disease susceptibility, indicating a disconnect between their conceptions of the causal relations between disease-mitigating behavior and disease prevention. Children’s belief that a particular supernatural being could be impacted by COVID-19 was best predicted by the number of human-like properties they attributed to it, regardless of the child’s age. Together, these findings suggest that although young children fail to appreciate specific pathways of disease transmission, they nonetheless understand disease as a bodily affliction, even for beings whose bodies have never been observed.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/dj37h/" target="_blank">Stay away, Santa: Children’s beliefs about the impact of COVID-19 on real and fictional beings</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Wastewater genomic surveillance captures early detection of Omicron in Utah</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Wastewater-based epidemiology has emerged as a powerful public health tool to trace new outbreaks, detect trends in infection and provide an early warning of COVID-19 community spread. Here, we investigated the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections across Utah by characterizing lineages and mutations detected in wastewater samples. We sequenced over 1,200 samples from 32 sewersheds collected between November 2021 and March 2022. Wastewater sequencing confirmed the presence of Omicron (B.1.1.529) in Utah in samples collected on November 19, 2021, up to ten days before its corresponding detection via clinical sequencing. Analysis of diversity of SARS-CoV-2 lineages revealed Delta as the most frequently detected lineage during November, 2021 (67.71%), but it started declining in December, 2021 with the onset of Omicron (B.1.1529) and its sub-lineage BA.1 (6.79%). Proportion of Omicron increased to ~58% by January 4th 2022 and completely displaced Delta by February 7th, 2022. Wastewater genomic surveillance revealed the presence of Omicron sub-lineage BA.3, a lineage that is yet to be identified from clinical surveillance in Utah. Interestingly, several Omicron-defining mutations began to appear in early November, 2021 and increased in prevalence across sewersheds from December to January. Our study suggests that tracking epidemiologically relevant mutations is critical in detecting emerging lineages in the early stages of an outbreak. Wastewater genomic epidemiology provides an unbiased representation of community-wide infection dynamics and is an excellent complementary tool to SARS-CoV-2 clinical surveillance, with the potential of guiding public health action and policy decisions.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.24.22282643v2" target="_blank">Wastewater genomic surveillance captures early detection of Omicron in Utah</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Molecular stratification of hospitalized COVID19 patients points to FGFR and SHC4-signaling in ARDS</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A minority of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 will develop severe COVID-19 disease requiring invasive respiratory support associated with high mortality. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying severe pathology, we conducted an unsupervised stratification of the circulating proteome that identified six endophenotypes (EPs) among 731 SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive hospitalized participants in the Biobanque Québécoise de la COVID-19, with varying degrees of disease severity and times to intensive care unit (ICU) admission. One endophenotype, EP6, was associated with a greater proportion of ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. Clinical features of EP6 included increased levels of C-reactive protein, D-dimers, elevated neutrophils, and depleted lymphocytes. Proteomic, metabolomic, and genomic characterization supported a role for neutrophil-associated procoagulant activity in severe COVID-19 ARDS that is inversely correlated with sphinghosine-1 phosphate plasma levels. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) and SH2-containing transforming protein 4 (SHC4) signaling were identified as molecular features associated with severe COVID-19. Mechanical ventilation in EP6 was associated with alterations in lipoprotein metabolism. Importantly, a prognostic model solely based on clinical laboratory measurements was developed and validated on 631 patients that generalizes the EPs to new patients and creates new opportunities for automated identification of high-risk groups in the clinic.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.22281834v3" target="_blank">Molecular stratification of hospitalized COVID19 patients points to FGFR and SHC4-signaling in ARDS</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A probabilistic approach for the study of epidemiological dynamics of infectious diseases: basic model and properties</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The dynamics of epidemiological phenomena associated to infectious diseases have long been modelled with different approaches. However, recent pandemic events exposed many areas of opportunity to improve over the existing models. We develop a model based on the idea that transitions between epidemiological stages are alike sampling processes. Such processes may involve more than one subset of the pop- ulation (e.g. infection), or they may be mostly dependent on time intervals defined by infectious or clinical criteria. The resulting modelling scheme is robust, easy to implement, and can readily lend itself for extensions aimed at answering questions that emerge from close examination of data trends, such as those emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic, and other infectious diseases.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.16.22278844v2" target="_blank">A probabilistic approach for the study of epidemiological dynamics of infectious diseases: basic model and properties</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Reduced Olfactory Bulb Volume Accompanies Smelling Dysfunction After Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Hamburg City Health Study COVID Program</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Despite its high prevalence, the determinants of smelling impairment in COVID-19 remain opaque. Olfactory bulb volumetry has been previously established as a promising surrogate marker of smelling function in multiple otorhinolaryngological diseases. In this work, we aimed to elucidate the correspondence between olfactory bulb volume and the clinical trajectory of COVID-19-related smelling impairment. Therefore, we conducted a large-scale magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based investigation of individuals recovered from mainly mild to moderate COVID-19. Methods: Data of 233 COVID-19 convalescents from the Hamburg City Health Study COVID Program were analyzed. Upon recruitment, patients underwent cranial MR imaging and assessment of neuropsychological testing. Automated olfactory bulb volumetry was performed on T2-weighted MR imaging data. Olfactory function was assessed longitudinally after recruitment and at follow-up via a structured questionnaire. Follow-up assessment included quantitative olfactometric testing with Sniffin Sticks. Group comparisons of olfactory bulb volume and olfactometric scores were performed between individuals with and without smelling impairment. The associations of olfactory bulb volume and neuropsychological as well as olfactometric scores were assessed via multiple linear regression. Results: Longitudinal assessment demonstrated a declining prevalence of olfactory dysfunction from 67.6% at acute infection, 21.0% at baseline examination (on average 8.31 +- 2.77 months post infection) and 17.5% at follow-up (21.8 +- 3.61 months post infection). Participants with post-acute olfactory dysfunction had a significantly lower olfactory bulb volume [mm3] at scan-time than normally smelling individuals (mean +- SD, baseline: 40.76 +- 13.08 vs. 46.74 +- 13.66, f=4.07, p=0.046; follow-up: 40.45 +- 12.59 vs. 46.55 +- 13.76, f=4.50, p=0.036). Olfactory bulb volume successfully predicted olfactometric scores at follow-up (r_sp = 0.154, p = 0.025). Performance in neuropsychological testing was not significantly associated with the olfactory bulb volume. Conclusions: Our work demonstrates the association of smelling dysfunction and olfactory bulb integrity in a sample of individuals recovered from mainly mild to moderate COVID-19. Olfactory bulb volume was demonstrably lower in individuals with sustained smelling impairment and predicted smelling function longitudinally. Collectively, our results highlight olfactory bulb volume as a surrogate marker that may inform diagnosis and guide rehabilitation strategies in COVID-19.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.24.22277973v2" target="_blank">Reduced Olfactory Bulb Volume Accompanies Smelling Dysfunction After Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Hamburg City Health Study COVID Program</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants evolved to promote further escape from MHC-I recognition</strong> -
<div>
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) possess mutations that confer resistance to neutralizing antibodies within the Spike protein and are associated with breakthrough infection and reinfection. By contrast, less is known about the escape from CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity by VOC. Here, we demonstrated that all SARS-CoV-2 VOCs possess the ability to suppress MHC I expression. We identified several viral genes that contribute to the suppression of MHC I expression. Notably, MHC-I upregulation was strongly inhibited after SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. While earlier VOCs possess similar capacity as the ancestral strain to suppress MHC I, Omicron subvariants exhibit a greater ability to suppress surface MHC-I expressions. Collectively, our data suggest that, in addition to escape from neutralizing antibodies, the success of Omicron subvariants to cause breakthrough infection and reinfection may in part be due to its optimized evasion from T cell recognition.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.04.490614v3" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants evolved to promote further escape from MHC-I recognition</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Afraid of getting COVID-19 or of losing your job? How different COVID-19 related fears are related to media consumption and vaccination acceptance</strong> -
<div>
Although research showed that media consumption during COVID-19 is related to preventive behaviors, we know less about why people turn to quality or alternative media. We focus on the role of different fears. More specifically, we assumed that fears focusing on health threats were positively associated with the consumption of quality media and negatively with the consumption of tabloids and alternative media. We expected the opposite pattern for fears focusing on economic and societal threats, and that media consumption mediated the relationship between fears and vaccination acceptance. A survey among a representative sample of Germans (N = 1080) showed that the fears correlated as expected positively with the consumption of the respective media type. However, the predicted negative relationships turned often out as non-significant. The fears were differentially related to vaccination acceptance via media consumption, indicating the theoretical and practical value of differentiating between different types of fears.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/jz7us/" target="_blank">Afraid of getting COVID-19 or of losing your job? How different COVID-19 related fears are related to media consumption and vaccination acceptance</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Quaranteens: Pre-pandemic relationship quality and changes in adolescent internalizing problems during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
<div>
This preregistered longitudinal study examined changes in adolescents’ depressive and anxiety symptoms before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using latent piece-wise growth models. It also assessed whether perceived support from and conflict with mothers, fathers, siblings, and best friends could explain heterogeneity in these change patterns. 192 Dutch ethnic majority adolescents (Mean age 14.3 years; 68.8% female) completed online questionnaires every two weeks for a year (November 2019 to October 2020), which included a pre-pandemic, a lockdown, and a re-opening phase. During lockdown, depressive symptoms but not anxiety symptoms increased, and during re-opening, depressive and anxiety symptoms decreased. Heterogeneity in depressive and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic was not explained by pre-pandemic family and friend support and conflict.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/3bwg5/" target="_blank">Quaranteens: Pre-pandemic relationship quality and changes in adolescent internalizing problems during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaf extract efficiently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection in vitro</strong> -
<div>
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose a health risk concern to humans, despite a significant increase in vaccination rates, an effective prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV- 2 infection is being sought worldwide. Herbal medicines have been used for years and played a tremendous role in several epidemics of respiratory viral infections. Thus, they are considered as a promising platform to combat SARS-CoV-2. Previously, we reported that common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaf extract and its high molecular weight compounds strongly suppressed in vitro lung cell infection by SARS-CoV-2 Spike D614 and Delta variant pseudotyped lentivirus. We now here demonstrate that T. officinale extract protects against the most prominent Omicron variant using hACE2-TMPRSS2 overexpressing A549 cells as in vitro model system. Notably, compared to the original D614, and the Delta variant, we could confirm a higher efficacy. Short-term interval treatment of only 30 min was then sufficient to block the infection by 80% at 10 mg/mL extract. Further subfractionation of the extract identified compounds larger than 50 kDa as effective ACE2-Spike binding inhibitors. In summary, the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 virus to the highly transmissible Omicron variant did not lead to resistance, but rather increased sensitivity to the preventive effect of the extract.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521558v1" target="_blank">Common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaf extract efficiently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection in vitro</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Lipid Nanoparticle Composition Drives Delivery of mRNA to the Placenta</strong> -
<div>
Ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have gained attention as mRNA delivery platforms for vaccination against COVID-19 and for protein replacement therapies. LNPs enhance mRNA stability, circulation time, cellular uptake, and preferential delivery to specific tissues compared to mRNA with no carrier platform. However, LNPs have yet to be developed for safe and effective mRNA delivery to the placenta as a method to treat placental dysfunction. Here, we develop LNPs that enable high levels of mRNA delivery to trophoblasts in vitro and to the placenta in vivo with no toxicity. We conducted a Design of Experiments to explore how LNP composition, including the type and molar ratio of each lipid component, drives trophoblast and placental delivery. Our data revealed that a specific combination of ionizable lipid and phospholipid in the LNP design yields high transfection efficiency in vitro. Further, we present one LNP platform that exhibits highest delivery of placental growth factor mRNA to the placenta in pregnant mice, which demonstrates induced protein synthesis and secretion of a therapeutic protein. Lastly, our high-performing LNPs have no toxicity to both the pregnant mice and fetuses. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of LNPs as a platform for mRNA delivery to the placenta. Our top LNPs may provide a therapeutic platform to treat diseases that originate from placental dysfunction during pregnancy.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521490v1" target="_blank">Lipid Nanoparticle Composition Drives Delivery of mRNA to the Placenta</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Targeting Spike Glycans to Inhibit SARS-CoV2 Viral Entry</strong> -
<div>
SARS-CoV-2 Spike harbors glycans which function as ligands for lectins. Therefore, it should be possible to exploit lectins to target SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit cellular entry by binding glycans on the Spike protein. Burkholderia oklahomensis agglutinin (BOA) is an antiviral lectin that interacts with viral glycoproteins via N-linked high mannose glycans. Here, we show that BOA binds to the Spike protein and is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry at nanomolar concentrations. Using a variety of biophysical tools, we demonstrate that the interaction is avidity driven and that BOA crosslinks the Spike protein into soluble aggregates. Furthermore, using virus neutralization assays, we demonstrate that BOA effectively inhibits all tested variants of concern as well as SARS-CoV 2003, establishing that glycan-targeting molecules have the potential to be pan-coronavirus inhibitors.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521642v1" target="_blank">Targeting Spike Glycans to Inhibit SARS-CoV2 Viral Entry</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>T-cell cellular stress and reticulocyte signatures, but not loss of naive T lymphocytes, characterize severe COVID-19 in older adults</strong> -
<div>
In children and younger adults up to 39 years of age, SARS-CoV-2 usually elicits mild symptoms that resemble the common cold. Disease severity increases with age starting at 30 and reaches astounding mortality rates that are ~330 fold higher in persons above 85 years of age compared to those 18-39 years old. To understand age-specific immune pathobiology of COVID-19 we have analyzed soluble mediators, cellular phenotypes, and transcriptome from over 80 COVID-19 patients of varying ages and disease severity, carefully controlling for age as a variable. We found that reticulocyte numbers and peripheral blood transcriptional signatures robustly correlated with disease severity. By contrast, decreased numbers and proportion of naive T-cells, reported previously as a COVID-19 severity risk factor, were found to be general features of aging and not of COVID-19 severity, as they readily occurred in older participants experiencing only mild or no disease at all. Single-cell transcriptional signatures across age and severity groups showed that severe but not moderate/mild COVID-19 causes cell stress response in different T-cell populations, and some of that stress was unique to old severe participants, suggesting that in severe disease of older adults, these defenders of the organism may be disabled from performing immune protection. These findings shed new light on interactions between age and disease severity in COVID-19.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521463v1" target="_blank">T-cell cellular stress and reticulocyte signatures, but not loss of naive T lymphocytes, characterize severe COVID-19 in older adults</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 RNA and viable virus contamination of hospital emergency department surfaces and association with patient COVID-19 status and aerosol generating procedures</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: Infectious aerosols and droplets generated by SARS–CoV–2–positive patient aerosol generating procedures (AGPs), coughing, or exhalation could potentially contaminate surfaces, leading to indirect SARS–CoV–2 spread via fomites. Our objective was to determine SARS–CoV–2 surface contamination frequency in Emergency Department (ED) patient rooms with respect to patient SARS–CoV–2 status and AGP receipt. Methods: Swabs were collected from fixed surfaces or equipment in the rooms of patients under investigation for COVID–19 or known to be SARS–CoV–2–positive. Environmental swabs were tested for SARS–CoV–2 RNA by RTqPCR; RNA–positive samples were cultured in Vero E6 cells. Room contamination was also evaluated by clinical severity of COVID-19 and time since symptom onset. Results: In total, 202 rooms were sampled: 42 SARS–CoV–2–positive AGP patient rooms, 45 non–AGP SARS–CoV–2–positive patient rooms, and 115 SARS–CoV–2–negative AGP patient rooms. SARS–CoV–2 RNA was detected on 36 (3.6%) surfaces from 29 (14.4%) rooms. RNA contamination was detected more frequently in rooms occupied by non–AGP SARS–CoV–2–positive patients than SARS–CoV–2–positive AGP patients (28.9% vs 14.3%, p=0.078). Infectious virus was cultured from one non-AGP SARS–CoV–2–positive patient room. There was no significant difference in room positivity according to COVID–19 severity or time since symptom onset. Conclusion: SARS–CoV–2 RNA contamination of ED room surfaces was highest and most frequent in rooms occupied by SARS–CoV–2–positive patients who did not undergo an AGP, which may be attributable to disease stage and viral shedding; however, there was no difference in room contamination according to COVID–19 severity or time since symptom onset.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.22283816v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 RNA and viable virus contamination of hospital emergency department surfaces and association with patient COVID-19 status and aerosol generating procedures</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>An at-home and electro-free COVID-19 rapid test based on colorimetric RT-LAMP</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Purpose: In the fight against virus-caused pandemics like COVID-19, the use of diagnostic tests based on RT-qPCR is essential but sometimes limited by their dependence on expensive, specialized equipment and skilled personnel. Consequently, an alternative nucleic acid detection technique that gets over these restrictions, called loop-mediated isothermal amplification following reverse transcription (RT-LAMP), has been broadly investigated. Nevertheless, the developed RT-LAMP assays for SARS-CoV-2 detection still require laboratory devices and are electrically dependent, limiting their widespread use as rapid home tests. In this work, a flexible RT-LAMP assay that gets beyond the drawbacks of the available isothermal LAMP-based SARS-CoV-2 detection was developed, establishing a simple and effective at-home diagnosis tool for COVID-19. Methods: A multiplex direct RT-LAMP assay modified from the previously developed test was applied to simultaneously identify the two genes of SARS-CoV-2. We used a colorimetric readout, lyophilized reagents, and benchmarked an electro-free and micropipette-free method that enables sensitive and specific detection of SARS-CoV-2 in home settings. Results: Forty-one nasopharyngeal swab samples were tested using the home-testing RT-LAMP (HT-LAMP) assay developed, showing 100% agreement with the RT-qPCR results. Conclusions: This is the first electrically independent RT-LAMP assay successfully developed for SARS-CoV-2 detection at home setting. Our HT-LAMP assay is thus an important development for diagnosing COVID-19 or any other infectious pandemic on a population scale.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.22283781v1" target="_blank">An at-home and electro-free COVID-19 rapid test based on colorimetric RT-LAMP</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study for Immunocompromised Patients for Pre Exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 With AZD5156.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID 19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Placebo;   Biological: AZD5156;   Biological: AZD7442 (EVUSHELD™)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   AstraZeneca<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>101-PGC-005 for the Treatment of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: 101-PGC-005;   Drug: Dexamethasone<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   101 Therapeutics<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Clinical Study to Assess Preliminary Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of HH-120 Nasal Spray in COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: HH-120 Nasal Spray<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Beijing Ditan Hospital<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Booster Study in Healthy Adults in Australia</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Bivalent Moderna;   Biological: Novavax<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Murdoch Childrens Research Institute;   Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations;   The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio And Length of Stay In COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: N-acetyl cysteine<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Universitas Sebelas Maret<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Baldachin: Ceiling HEPA-filtration to Prevent Nosocomial Transmission of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: Baldachin<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University Hospital Inselspital, Berne<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy and Safety of Ambervin® and Standard Therapy in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Tyrosyl-D-alanyl-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-arginine succinate intramuscularly;   Drug: Tyrosyl-D-alanyl-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-arginine succinate inhaled;   Drug: Standard of care<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Promomed, LLC<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study of GST-HG171/Ritonavir Compared With Placebo in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pneumonia<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: GST-HG171/Ritonavir;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Fujian Akeylink Biotechnology Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A PhaseⅡ Study to Evaluate the Safety &amp; Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha/Beta/Delta/Omicron Variants COVID-19 Vaccine</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: SCTV01E;   Biological: Placebo (normal saline)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Sinocelltech Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ICBT for Psychological Symptoms Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic Remaining After Societal Opening</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Linkoeping University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effectiveness of Supportive Psychotherapy Through Internet-Based Teleconsultation on Psychological and Somatic Symptoms, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio, and Heart Rate Variability in Post Covid-19 Syndrome Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Supportive Psychotherapy<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Indonesia University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Graphene Photothermal Adjuvant Therapy for Mild Corona Virus Disease 2019: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: Graphene spectrum light wave therapy room<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Southeast University, China;   Hohhot First Hospital<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ARVAC - A New Recombinant Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Vaccine<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: ARVAC-CG vaccine (recombinant protein vaccine against SARS-CoV-2)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Laboratorio Pablo Cassara S.R.L.;   Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM);   National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The KIN-FAST Trial (KIN001 For Accelerated Symptoms Termination) in Non Hospitalized Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: KIN001;   Drug: KIN001-Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Kinarus AG<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The COPE Study: Pilot Intervention to Improve Symptom Self-management and Coping in Adults With Post COVID</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Post COVID-19 Condition;   Post-COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: 6-Week Self-Management Group<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Washington<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Visualization of early RNA replication kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 by using single molecule RNA-FISH</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Development of Fluorescence-Tagged SARS-CoV-2 Virus-like Particles by a Tri-Cistronic Vector Expression System for Investigating the Cellular Entry of SARS-CoV-2</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nisoldipine Inhibits Influenza A Virus Infection by Interfering with Virus Internalization Process</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Structural Characteristics of Heparin Binding to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD of Omicron Sub-Lineages BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Heparin Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Neutralizing Antibody and T-Cell Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Wild-Type and Variants of Concern in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Subjects after ChAdOx-1/ChAdOx-1 Homologous Vaccination: A Preliminary Study</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antibodies Induced by Homologous or Heterologous Inactivated (CoronaVac/BBIBP-CorV) and Recombinant Protein Subunit Vaccines (ZF2001) Dramatically Enhanced Inhibitory Abilities against B.1.351, B.1.617.2, and B.1.1.529 Variants</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 and the Modulation of Inflammatory Responses by the Extract of <em>Lactobacillus sakei</em> Probio65</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Engagement of the G3BP2-TRIM25 Interaction by Nucleocapsid Protein Suppresses the Type I Interferon Response in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Cells</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of Immunogenicity and Clinical Protection of SARS-CoV-2 S1 and N Antigens in Syrian Golden Hamster</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effects of Mangiferin on LPS-Induced Inflammation and SARS-CoV-2 Viral Adsorption in Human Lung Cells</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Enhanced Nasal Deposition and Anti-Coronavirus Effect of Favipiravir-Loaded Mucoadhesive Chitosan-Alginate Nanoparticles</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Biologic Functions of Hydroxychloroquine in Disease: From COVID-19 to Cancer</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inhibitors of HIV-1 and Cathepsin L Proteases Identified from the Insect Gall of <em>Hypericum kouytchense</em></strong> - No abstract</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors Identified by Phenotypic Analysis of a Collection of Viral RNA-Binding Molecules</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Extremely Muddled G.O.P. Logic Behind Moore v. Harper</strong> - In the oral arguments, anyway, it looked like the Four Seasons Total Landscaping of legal cases. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-extremely-muddled-gop-logic-behind-moore-v-harper">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Kyrsten Sinema and the Fantasy of the Political Lone Wolf</strong> - Surely there’s some electoral calculation behind the Arizona senator’s decision to leave the Democratic Party, but the timing is especially confusing. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-political-scene/the-political-mystery-of-kyrsten-sinema">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Whom Do Credit-Card-Rewards Programs Really Reward?</strong> - The Durbin-Marshall bill targets a system of inflated fees that swell the profits of the country’s biggest banks. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/whom-do-credit-card-rewards-programs-really-reward">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Kirk Douglas, the Guitarist for the Roots, Revamps the Holiday Classics</strong> - A bona-fide guitar hero puts a fresh spin on some holiday classics. And the former United States Poet Laureate Tracy K. Smith on reading poetry across the political divide. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/podcast/the-new-yorker-radio-hour/kirk-douglas-the-guitarist-for-the-roots-revamps-the-holiday-classics">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Water Wranglers of the West Are Struggling to Save the Colorado River</strong> - Farmers, bureaucrats, and water negotiators converged on Caesars Palace, in Las Vegas, to fight over the future of the drought-stricken Southwest. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-southwest/the-water-wranglers-of-the-west-are-struggling-to-save-the-colorado-river">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Great news for germs</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="People in hospital protective gear stand and watch a person administer a nasal swab on another person." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/41iGflOLBwEiJrCNFtZRA3mVjkg=/323x0:3790x2600/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71785992/GettyImages_1214527837a.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Doctors test hospital staff for Covid-19 in tents outside St. Barnabas Hospital in the Bronx, New York, before they enter the main emergency department area, in March 2020. In the face of continuing challenges with Covid-19 and other infectious diseases, the news that fewer physicians are entering the ID field rings an alarm bell. | Misha Friedman/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The US doesn’t have enough infectious disease doctors — and the situation is about to get worse.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5INvww">
When I was in training to be an infectious disease doctor, there was a running joke that if a hospital team didn’t want to review the chart, they could just consult infectious diseases and we’d do it for them.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ss3swE">
It got laughs largely because it felt so true. A core function of infectious disease doctors — often abbreviated as “ID” in medical circles — is to diagnose and guide treatment (and, sometimes, prevention) of a variety of conditions ranging from pneumonia to bone infections to HIV to malaria. That requires a lot of highly cognitive work, including taking <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4QqLvu-bcU">notoriously detailed histories</a> and, yes, conducting notoriously thorough reviews of medical records.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VBJn1y">
That kind of work takes a lot of time. Most ID doctors have completed not only the three years of internal medicine residency training most hospitalists have done, but also an additional two to three years of specialty ID fellowship training. Fortunately, it also pays less than many other medical professions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fLRisK">
It’s tough but rewarding work. However, there’s a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/09/opinion/doctors-drug-resistant-infections.html">persistent</a> <a href="https://www.statnews.com/2015/12/08/infectious-disease-match-day/">shortage</a> of these critical physicians, and relatively few medical school graduates are pursuing this career.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ptmvi4">
On November 30, when thousands of US doctors continuing their medical training learned <a href="https://www.nrmp.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Medicine-and-Peds-Specialties-MRS-Report.pdf">where they had matched for fellowship</a>, one-quarter of US ID training positions went unfilled. That feels like particularly dire news at this moment, with every season seeming to bring its own unprecedented infectious challenges, and our overburdened public health and health care systems sounding <a href="https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2022-07-28/staff-shortages-choking-u-s-health-care-system">increasingly</a> <a href="https://www.tfah.org/story/staffing-up-public-health-workforce-must-grow-to-provide-basic-public-health-for-all-americans/">loud</a> <a href="https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2022/03/25/health-worker-shortage-forces-states-to-scramble">alarms</a> about the need for more resources.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jxtju6">
For a profession so demonstrably critical to the nation’s health — one whose most senior practitioner in the US — Anthony Fauci — is influential enough to have inspired <a href="https://www.etsy.com/market/dr._fauci">entire</a> <a href="https://www.redbubble.com/shop/dr+fauci">lines</a> of <a href="https://www.thecut.com/2020/03/dr-fauci-merch-coronavirus.html">merch</a> — the news came with a <a href="https://www.idsociety.org/news--publications-new/articles/2022/idsa-statement-on-id-fellowship-match-rates/">distinct sense of whiplash</a>. How could so many prospective trainees shun a field whose physicians and scientists produced the Covid-19 vaccine, guided mpox treatment, and are currently helping overwhelmed hospitals dig out from under the triple-demic?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="h00R0a">
Even if you never need the services of an ID doctor, it’s worth understanding what’s at the root of this trend and why it matters.
</p>
<h3 id="M5EH9n">
ID doctors fight infections and antibiotic overuse
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Nk0FtP">
The key role of most infectious disease doctors is figuring out whether a patient has an infection and how best to treat it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rX5ULb">
Sometimes, that means starting an antibiotic, but often, it means choosing to stop or not start antibiotics, changing intravenous antibiotics to ones people take by mouth, or switching from a “big gun” antibiotic to one less likely to lead to a resistant germ. These physicians also often lead infection control efforts in facilities; that is, they help prevent patients and visitors from contracting infections while inside the hospital.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OyA1qk">
These individual decisions add up to greatly improved outcomes. Studies have shown infectious disease consultation saves lives in patients with <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32052287/">fungal</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31687417/">or</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35794948/">bacterial</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24844825/">bloodstream</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31993451/">infections</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25009289/">organ transplants</a>, and a <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24072931/">variety</a> of other conditions. Deploying these physicians can also <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36173628/">save money</a> and <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23143354/">prevent</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32866224/">antibiotic</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27745559/">overuse</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="o6yyqK">
The <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJVG_B32qSI">judicious use of antibiotics</a> is a key countermeasure against the emergence of antibiotic-resistant superbugs, which the WHO has declared a global emergency. As institutional leaders in antibiotic stewardship, ID doctors often play an important role in helping reduce unnecessary or overly broad antibiotic use.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wRKNE6">
Other types of physicians and health professionals can perform some of the functions infectious disease doctors do. More than 1,700 <a href="https://www.sidp.org/">infectious diseases pharmacists</a> play critical roles in guiding safe and effective antibiotic use, as do many <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405452621000355">nurse practitioners and physician assistants</a>, and many internists (that is, general adult medicine doctors) became experts in treating HIV well before specialty HIV training existed.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hELRlP">
But whatever their professional category, people need pretty extensive training to do the job of an infectious diseases practitioner right, said Wendy Armstrong, an ID doctor who co-directs Emory’s ID fellowship. “Anybody can prescribe antibiotics — maybe not well, but anybody can,” she said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ThPLV1">
When ID doctor training programs go unfilled, that means there are fewer people guaranteed to get the training to do this work right.
</p>
<h3 id="6peFJ8">
The ID doctor shortage is especially bad in rural America
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cmoXJH">
Despite there being a shortage of ID doctors, demand for them is rising, said Carlos del Rio, the president of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Nm4Z91">
New drugs for <a href="https://ftloscience.com/biologics-future-of-medicine/">treating immune system disorders</a> and <a href="https://www.precedenceresearch.com/oncology-market">cancers</a> and the increasing availability of <a href="https://unos.org/">organ transplantation</a> (and the <a href="https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/organ-transplant-immunosuppressant-drugs-market">immunosuppressive drugs</a> it requires) are resulting in rising numbers of immunosuppressed Americans while advances in critical care mean extremely sick people can be kept alive for longer. And while international travel remains <a href="https://www.ustravel.org/research/monthly-travel-data-report">slowed</a> due to the pandemic, travelers continue to return from abroad with infections infrequently seen in the US.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cc6kO2">
All of these trends increase the likelihood that general practitioners will encounter patients with infections they don’t know how to treat but that are squarely in most ID specialists’ wheelhouses.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GfR2e8">
In 2017, <a href="https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-2684">80 percent of US counties</a> did not have even one ID doctor, and about 208 million citizens lived in counties where inadequate ID expertise was available.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sHW2Ix">
<a href="https://data.hrsa.gov/topics/health-workforce/workforce-projections">More recent models</a> from the federal Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) suggest the US is currently short about 240 ID doctors, and will be short far more — about 7 percent nationwide — by 2035. These models also suggest the shortfall is entirely concentrated in rural areas, with those areas having only 17 percent of the specialists they need.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="w1l2bO">
T. Neil Ku, an ID doctor in Billings, Montana, said that while rural places may have abundant recreation opportunities in the outdoors, “that can only go so far” when it comes to attracting ID providers to practice.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HFnnyR">
Fewer providers means a heavier workload for the ones that do opt for a rural practice, making those settings even less appealing, he said. Additionally, due in part to <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/ruralhealth/about.html">longstanding inequities</a> and <a href="https://khn.org/news/article/mistrust-and-polarization-steer-rural-governments-to-reject-federal-public-health-funding/">political polarization</a>, rural America has higher rates of <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jrh.12684">public distrust</a> for ID specialists and public health.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wXcTHg">
That has led to <a href="https://khn.org/news/article/over-half-of-states-have-rolled-back-public-health-powers-in-pandemic/">politically driven</a> <a href="https://khn.org/news/article/montana-rolled-back-public-health-powers-leave-some-areas-in-limbo/">rollbacks</a> in public health protections, and in many rural places, a sense of practicing in a <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/03/17/public-health-official-harassment/">hostile environment</a>. That means that as far as ID provider access goes, the future holds only worse health inequities for rural residents <a href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/1/13/14246260/death-gap-urban-rural-america-worse">than they already face</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wKQBde">
The HRSA projections may underestimate the actual shortages, as they do not account for the possibility that <a href="https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(22)00515-8/fulltext">pandemic-related provider strain</a> may lead more currently practicing professionals to leave the profession early due to burnout.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MH5Kpg">
Regardless, it’s not looking like supply is going to meet demand: In 2023, only 328 physicians will enter ID training programs — only a few more than in 2017. That’s a significant drop from an uptick in trainees earlier in the pandemic, as you can see in the chart below.
</p>
<div id="bcccn2">
</div></li>
<li><strong>How Democrats mostly neutralized Republican attacks on crime in the midterms</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/y4yXeb7d7g7-vfioFwCAmsIHvu8=/433x0:3900x2600/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71785877/1412770696.0.jpeg"/>
<figcaption>
Republican gubernatorial candidate Lee Zeldin, who lost in the general election, speaks during his Save New York rally on August 3 in New York City’s Brighton Beach. Zeldin outlined his key issues, including the rescinding of “cashless bail” and opposition to any efforts to defund the police. | John Lamparski/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Crime was expected to be a defining issue of the midterms. Here’s what actually happened.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kaZY0e">
In the weeks leading up to Election Day this year, the media was awash with stories on how the GOP was using attacks on crime to fuel what some believed would be a red wave of Republican victories.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VSNOFA">
Headlines proclaimed that crime was the “<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/31/politics/crime-issue-midterms-election/index.html">dark horse issue of this election</a>,” that Republican attacks on crime had become “<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/29/politics/republicans-midterms-crime-ads/index.html">devastating for Democrats</a>,” that Republicans were “<a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3688971-republicans-ride-crime-wave-worries-in-midterms-home-stretch/">rid[ing] crime wave worries</a>,” and that there was “<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/10/25/midterm-crime-messaging-00063208">high anxiety on the air</a>” over crime.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MwQpEP">
It’s difficult to disentangle just how much influence Republicans’ arguments on crime actually had in the midterms, and the effect wasn’t uniform across the US. Democrats in New York appear to have suffered acute repercussions. But in many competitive races from where Republicans flooded the airwaves with their crime messaging, like in Wisconsin and Pennsylvania, it appears that the media was too hasty to believe that crime was a major deciding issue. In other contests, especially some of the country’s hardest-fought attorneys general races, Democrats were able to diffuse the issue — even, at times, turning it to their advantage.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vPKZqn">
Belief that crime would be a major issue didn’t emerge from a vacuum. Polling suggested that a <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/10/31/violent-crime-is-a-key-midterm-voting-issue-but-what-does-the-data-say/">majority</a> of Americans were worried about crime ahead of Election Day. And it’s true that the national murder rate <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/16/upshot/murder-rate-usa.html">remains up</a> over pre-pandemic levels, though it’s still well down from its peak in the early 1990s. The state of violent crime overall is <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/crime-is-top-concern-many-americans-midterm-vote-how-bad-is-it-2022-11-01/">less clear</a> due to changes in how that data is reported starting in 2021.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="5wd60a">
Republicans have long used concerns about crime to their advantage, perhaps most notably when President George H.W. Bush ran his <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/03/us/politics/bush-willie-horton.html">infamous Willie Horton ad</a> during the 1988 campaign. That history, and the decades that the GOP has spent advertising itself as the party of law and order, helped create the perception that Republicans would be able to capitalize on crime. In part to divert attention from the Supreme Court’s decision to overturn <em>Roe v. Wade</em>,<em> </em>Republicans spent more than $50 million on crime-related messaging between Labor Day and Election Day — more than every other issue except the economy, according to a Washington Post <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/11/07/midterm-ads-crime-gop/">analysis</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="I3Fu1j">
Many of the ads Republicans ran blamed Democratic policies for rising crime, trying to tie them to calls to “defund the police,” and invoked racist images and language. But while that kind of rhetoric might have resonated with Republican voters, crime didn’t have the same impact with potentially persuadable independents, who played a <a href="https://rollcall.com/2022/11/16/it-was-all-about-the-independents-again/">decisive role in the midterm results</a>. That’s in part because they prioritized other issues more highly, but also because some Democrats were able to neutralize the threat posed by Republican attacks by having a coherent defense on crime.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qQnaY0">
Even Republicans have admitted that the attacks ultimately fell flat in many places across the US.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ehlVWc">
“You saw the Democrats, at a national level, pivot dramatically from the ‘defund’ movement to all of a sudden representing themselves as the ones defending the police,” said Jason Cabel Roe, a GOP strategist in Michigan, where Republicans saw some of their most devastating losses. “It’s something we should have had an advantage on and we just never really exploited.”
</p>
<h3 id="DeKCEH">
Republicans’ flawed strategy on crime
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="l46w1b">
During the fall, crime consistently ranked as a high priority across national and state-level polls. For instance, in a series of <a href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/404243/economy-top-election-issue-abortion-crime-next.aspx">October Gallup polls</a>, 71 percent said crime was important to their decision as to which congressional candidates they would vote for and <a href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/404048/record-high-perceive-local-crime-increased.aspx">56 percent</a> said they thought crime has risen in their area since the previous year. But that didn’t necessarily mean that they would support Republican candidates as a result.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pbcp2q">
As the Democratic strategist Simon Rosenberg has <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/11/27/23475262/midterm-elections-2022-results-red-wave-democrats">previously pointed out</a>, it’s hard to parse issue polling. Voters may say that they care a lot about a whole range of issues, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that any one of them will impact their decision to vote for a particular candidate or party or to vote at all.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ojaKc9">
Issue polling can also be misleading if you’re just looking at the aggregate numbers across parties. Crime and immigration were among voters’ top issues overall because they are high-priority issues for Republicans. Among independents, those issues weren’t quite as potent, and among Democrats, not at all.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="N7IZOx">
“You’re misattributing the influence here by not considering that party identification is by far the most important factor in votes,” said Charles Franklin, director of the Marquette Law School Poll in Wisconsin.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/-Z6uabrBGpdvTZd7qW0tQm1oFsI=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24304075/GettyImages_1244570836a.jpg"/> <cite>Mark Makela/Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
A billboard equating Democrat John Fetterman with poverty and crime stands in Philadelphia on November 5. Fetterman defeated Republican Mehmet Oz in the race for governor on November 8.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bYLU84">
In many of the high-profile races where the Republican sought to make crime a major issue, the Democrat ended up winning by a larger margin than expected. In Pennsylvania, for instance, Republican Senate candidate Mehmet Oz tried to use Democratic Lt. Gov. John Fetterman’s stance on criminal justice reform, including his support for pardons and sentence commutations, against him, as my colleague Li Zhou <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23433184/crime-midterms-oz-fetterman-pennsylvania-senate">noted</a>. One <a href="https://triblive.com/news/pennsylvania/crime-a-focal-point-in-u-s-senate-race-between-fetterman-oz/">attack ad</a> misleadingly claimed that “John Fetterman wants to release convicted murderers from prison.” Fetterman responded by <a href="https://triblive.com/news/pennsylvania/crime-a-focal-point-in-u-s-senate-race-between-fetterman-oz/">defending his record,</a> noting that he only granted clemency in cases where he thought it was merited and also denied hundreds of applications, while pointing out that Oz had no experience in combating crime. He ended up <a href="https://www.inquirer.com/politics/election/inq2/john-fetterman-2022-pa-senate-race-results-map-biden-20221111.html">outperforming Biden</a> and winning by more than <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/11/08/us/elections/results-pennsylvania-us-senate.html">263,000 votes</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PKIo3I">
Even in Wisconsin, where Republican Sen. Ron Johnson ultimately won the Senate race against Democratic Lt. Gov. Mandela Barnes after attacking his stance on crime, the data suggests that crime wasn’t the galvanizing force in the race. Johnson saw a rebound in the polls after his campaign and GOP groups <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/13/politics/wisconsin-senate-race-crime-debate">spent more than $4 million</a> on TV ads focused on crime in September alone, including some that claimed that Barnes supported defunding the police. (Barnes said he did not support doing so.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VBKYCU">
But we should be cautious about concluding that those crime ads caused Johnson’s rise in the polls, Franklin said. At that point, partisans had almost universally lined up behind their party’s chosen candidate. The state’s large share of independent voters appeared likely to decide the result and to be <a href="https://www.nbc15.com/2022/09/29/poll-independents-give-michels-johnson-edge-wisconsin-races/">breaking Johnson’s way</a>. That’s in spite of the fact that Marquette’s polling throughout the fall suggested that crime wasn’t the issue that was primarily driving their vote.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XGekiS">
Wisconsin voters who said they were most concerned about crime were only modestly more likely to vote for Johnson; independents interviewed between September and October who were “very concerned” about crime said they would vote for Johnson 47-30 percent, according to Marquette’s polling.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1PIvRq">
There were much bigger differences in support based on other persuasion issues. Independents who had an unfavorable view of Black Lives Matter supported Johnson 61 to 23 percent. And among independents who supported the Supreme Court’s decision to overturn <em>Roe v. Wade, </em>Johnson was ahead 78 to 10 percent.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PWdvXq">
“The crime issue doesn’t look like it was exceptionally powerful,” Franklin said. “But the way it was used to link Mandela Barnes to unpopular positions and to raise implicitly race as a consideration in those ads, then maybe that did have some effect.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bV7bXu">
Ultimately, Johnson won by a narrow, one-percent margin — a little more than 26,000 votes. We don’t yet know the party breakdown of his supporters. But what is clear is that crime just wasn’t “changing any votes,” Franklin said. Rather, he added, it was “simply working on the turnout mechanism and keeping your side engaged.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uxk2CL">
Nationally, independents consistently ranked the <a href="https://www.kff.org/report-section/kff-health-tracking-poll-october-2022-the-issues-motivating-voters-one-month-before-the-midterm-elections-findings/">economy</a> and <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2022-election/inflation-abortion-lead-list-voter-concerns-nbc-news-exit-poll-finds-rcna56258">abortion</a> as higher concerns than crime, suggesting that crime wasn’t an effective persuasion issue. And it’s persuasion, not turnout, that seems to have been a major Republican weakness this cycle.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XKcoLq">
The GOP was very successful in turning out: <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/08/upshot/georgia-voter-turnout-republicans.html?s=09&amp;utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email">Registered Republicans</a> voted in greater numbers than registered Democrats across the US. But the party struggled to persuade their voters to reliably cast ballots for party nominees in places including Georgia and Arizona, where Republicans Herschel Walker and Blake Masters ultimately lost in part because Republicans embraced <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23414915/split-ticket-voting-governor-senate-midterm">split ticket voting</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="X4dgL4">
New York is the major exception
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jESxyU">
Crime did seem to play a major role in Democrats’ crushing losses in New York. There were a few unique factors in the state that may have bolstered its resonance, including an explosion in New York City tabloid coverage that may have helped create the perception that crime was worse than it was.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/f2NWSnXHThm1WZv4lnTefu_3qng=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24304102/GettyImages_1244546767a.jpg"/> <cite>Lev Radin/Pacific Press/LightRocket via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Then-Republican candidate for New York Governor Lee Zeldin speaks at a campaign event addressing crimes against women at Pier 45 in New York City on November 5. Zeldin was surrounded by supporters and faced some protesters who shamed him for exploiting the tragedy of a woman raped in that location for political gains. New York police announced that the perpetrator had been arrested.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1M0Mu0">
Crime in New York City has risen by about 30 percent since 2020, but is still 80 percent below its level in 1990. According to <a href="https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/news/p00066/nypd-citywide-crime-statistics-october-2022">crime statistics</a> published by the NYPD in October, property crimes were increasing ahead of the election, but the murder rate had significantly fallen over the previous year and remained lower than in many other cities where homicides have also spiked.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iQGcLZ">
With <a href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2022/12/2022-midterms-crime-new-york-hochul-zeldin-new-york-post/">headlines</a> likening the city to <em>Blade Runner</em> and asking, “Will No One Help Us?” amid concerns about public safety, publications like the New York Post were “putting a megaphone” to the spike in crimes and to individual crimes, including violent attacks on the subway system in Manhattan — “things that made people hyper-aware of it more than I think you saw anywhere else,” Cabel Roe said. Crime in New York City became the subject of <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2022-is-nyc-safe-crime-stat-reality/">almost 800 stories</a> monthly after Democratic Mayor Eric Adams’s inauguration, compared to an average of 132 stories monthly under his predecessor Bill de Blasio.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="p2Na6E">
The tabloids also helped advance Republicans’ argument that New York’s 2019 bail reform law, which ended the consideration of cash bail in the majority of cases involving misdemeanors and nonviolent felonies, was to blame for the spike in crime. (An analysis by the Brennan Center <a href="https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/facts-bail-reform-and-crime-rates-new-york-state">found no evidence</a> supporting that theory.) Republican Rep. Lee Zeldin — who made a credible challenge to incumbent Democratic Gov. Kathy Hochul despite the fact that New York has not gone red in decades — made a campaign promise to repeal the law himself if the Democratic-controlled legislature did not act.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BoXsva">
Democrats have accused Adams of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/nyregion/eric-adams-midterms-democrats-crime.html">giving credence</a> to those Republican attacks on crime, with the Working Families Party claiming that he was <a href="https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/politics/2022/11/10/did-adam-s-message-on-crime-boost-the-gop-">“fearmongering.”</a> His primary campaign focused heavily on crime and public safety. And he was a leading voice calling for bail reform, arguing that the 2019 law had created an “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/03/nyregion/bail-reform-adams-hochul.html">insane, broken system</a>” in which offenders were repeatedly getting arrested and released.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AeNYfJ">
The combination of mayoral messaging, GOP rhetoric, and the tabloids helped put the rise in crime front and center in 2022. Republicans consequently <a href="https://www.politico.com/newsletters/new-york-playbook/2022/11/10/a-red-wave-for-new-york-house-seats-00066157">picked up four congressional seats</a> in New York, including one currently occupied by Rep. Sean Patrick Maloney, who chairs the Democrats’ House campaign arm. Following those losses, Black Democrats in the state <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/12/13/new-york-black-leaders-summit-00073747">scheduled a summit</a> to chart a path forward on the issue.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7wM11e">
That said, crime wasn’t the only factor in Democrats’ disappointments in New York. John Balduzzi, a Democratic strategist based in Syracuse, said that Hochul may have overestimated her popularity and that Democrats struggled with candidate quality, especially upstate.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GduHCf">
But more than anything, he said, Democrats in New York really failed to fight back against Republican attacks on crime.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zwlKdN">
“From my perspective, witnessing what a lot of the New York Democrats running for Congress did compared to my clients in other places, [they] did a poor job of responding,” he said. “It seemed like they didn’t even try to talk it through, to defend. It was just, ‘Let it come, and we’re going to talk about social security, health care, or whatever it is. But we’re not going to fight back.’”
</p>
<h3 id="dukY1a">
How Democratic candidates successfully defended against attacks on crime
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="79lRoI">
The candidates who were successful in fending off Republican attacks were those who had an affirmative argument for why voters should trust Democrats on crime. That’s exactly what the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee <a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3688971-republicans-ride-crime-wave-worries-in-midterms-home-stretch/">advised their candidates to develop in a memo</a> sent around in March. And it’s an approach that’s been <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/10/18/23409890/crime-midterms-democrats-messaging">poll-tested</a> by Democratic consultancy groups Change Research and HIT Strategies, which found that voters responded best to messaging on the solutions rather than laying blame at the feet of police.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lnY5Fz">
To that end, Democrats have mostly turned against the phrase “defund the police,” with President Joe Biden <a href="https://theintercept.com/2020/12/10/biden-audio-meeting-civil-rights-leaders/">blaming the slogan</a> for his party’s <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/democrats-2020-autopsy-midterms/2021/05/18/6114af82-b80d-11eb-a5fe-bb49dc89a248_story.html">lackluster performance down the ballot</a> in 2020. In its stead, many Democrats have opted for a message that not only focuses on their support for public safety but also attempts to turn the tables on Republicans. To help bolster their case, House Democrats <a href="https://rollcall.com/2022/09/22/house-passes-package-of-bills-to-address-policing-crime-issues/">passed four bills</a> in September that delivered funding to hire and train law enforcement officers and mental health first responders. Some Democrats have also pointed to the <a href="https://youtu.be/8MOeljSATOM">January 6 insurrection</a> at the US Capitol and Republicans’ lack of support for gun control measures as evidence of their hypocrisy when it comes to law enforcement.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="P6uXZ9">
Wisconsin’s Democratic Attorney General Josh Kaul said that he was able to address the crime issue head on because it’s one that he’s “taken seriously throughout my time in office.” He’s supported police, but he’s also advocated for gun safety legislation, including universal background checks and a red flag law; was involved in <a href="https://www.doj.state.wi.us/news-releases/attorney-general-josh-kaul-announces-31-billion-agreement-walmart-over-opioid-epidemic">holding companies accountable</a> for their role in the opioid epidemic; and proposed a <a href="https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2021/11/01/wisconsin-ag-josh-kaul-calls-115-million-investment-public-safety-attorney-general/6240480001/">$115 million public safety plan</a> that focuses on community policing, crime prevention, and mental health and substance abuse aid.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/9_Y9VENUpy8saZyO5XDvRRB3QyY=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24304112/AP22301458876848a.jpg"/> <cite>Morry Gash/AP</cite>
<figcaption>
Wisconsin Democratic Attorney General Josh Kaul speaks at a campaign stop in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on October 27.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KnAr4w">
“We had a strong record to run on, and I think that’s something voters saw,” he said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Zw1Vnv">
Minnesota’s Democratic Attorney General Keith Ellison, who prosecuted those responsible for George Floyd’s murder, said his race for reelection was “closer than it should have been,” but he still eked out a win after his opponent tried to paint him as soft on crime. He said he was able to do so because he acknowledged “people’s legitimate concerns about safety.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ADnFte">
That doesn’t mean embracing policies that haven’t worked in the past, such as long sentences, he said. Rather, Democrats should be talking about hiring more unarmed crime intervenors and getting guns off the street, for example.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="v1ACe9">
“Find me the most progressive left winger in America — they don’t want to be shot. They don’t want their family hurt. So we should own this issue,” he said. “I think a lot of Democrats are aware of the excesses of the Nixon administration, they’re aware of the problem with the war on drugs. And they’re a little bit reluctant to just lean into the fact that, obviously, we have to be there for people’s safety.”
</p></li>
<li><strong>Sean Hannity’s damning deposition in the Fox News defamation lawsuit, explained</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ucgOYhawSKA5caYKNNN2qB_lNNA=/1812x0:5392x2685/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/71785035/1412956490.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Fox News host Sean Hannity speaks at the Conservative Political Action Conference at the Hilton Anatole on August 4, 2022 in Dallas, Texas. | Brandon Bell/Getty Images
</figcaption>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Will Fox News have to answer for its misleading coverage of the 2020 election?
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7vGfI4">
Fox News’ Sean Hannity may have uncritically elevated baseless conspiracy theories about widespread fraud committed by voting machine suppliers in the 2020 election — even though he didn’t think they were true.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hVUVRV">
That’s the latest revelation out of <a href="https://www.vox.com/22352213/dominion-fox-news-1-6-billion-tucker-carlson-lou-dobbs-maria-bartiromo-defamation-first-amendment">Dominion Voting Systems’ $1.6 billion defamation lawsuit against Fox News</a> and its parent company, Fox Corporation, which is slated to go to trial in April in a Delaware court.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PNUiCB">
Dominion sells election technology, including voting machines, that was employed in <a href="https://www.cnn.com/factsfirst/politics/factcheck_829bf37c-cbd5-4a5c-8d87-7e53504997cb">over two dozen states in 2020</a>. And it argues that, following former President Donald Trump’s election loss, Fox broadcasted a series of unfounded and defamatory allegations about the company that it knew to be untrue. In the process, Dominion says Fox “destroyed the enterprise value of a business that was worth potentially more than $1 billion.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Qe2yht">
According to Dominion’s <a href="https://context-cdn.washingtonpost.com/notes/prod/default/documents/17aad2c5-afcd-463a-8f54-3f43122aeada/note/7ce1351f-85a2-4e73-a6ab-71e6fdf58d86.">March 2021 complaint</a>, Fox advanced the lies that Dominion had “committed election fraud by rigging the 2020 Presidential Election,” including by using its software and algorithms to alter vote counts; that Dominion is owned by a company founded in Venezuela that has tried to rig elections in favor of the dictator Hugo Chávez; and that Dominion paid officials to adopt its machines in 2020.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dmcLZO">
“Fox, one of the most powerful media companies in the United States, gave life to a manufactured storyline about election fraud that cast a then-little-known voting machine company called Dominion as the villain,” the complaint states.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xqht74">
One way the company claims Fox did this is by giving conspiracy theorists unfiltered platforms.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Y8LKYL">
Sidney Powell, a former federal prosecutor, who is also being sued by Dominion for defamation, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2020/12/01/sidney-powell-trump-fox/">appeared</a> on Hannity’s primetime show on November 30, 2020 — a week after she was unceremoniously <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/11/22/trump-campaign-sidney-powell-legal-439357">booted</a> from former President Donald Trump’s legal team challenging the results of the 2020 election. She had also been a guest on Hannity’s <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2020/12/01/sidney-powell-trump-fox/">radio show</a> earlier that day.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6KMzFc">
“There was a whole plot going on and a lot of people involved in this,” Powell <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2020/12/01/sidney-powell-trump-fox/">said on the evening show</a>. She baselessly accused voting machine companies, including Dominion, of using their machines to “trash large batches of votes that should have been awarded to President Trump” and to “inject and add massive quantities of votes for Mr. Biden.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sg0VIZ">
Hannity, a longtime Trump ally, didn’t push back against those claims, even as <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/11/22/trump-campaign-sidney-powell-legal-439357">concerns grew</a> among Republicans that Powell’s rhetoric had grown too extreme. He stopped short of making those same accusations himself, but didn’t dismiss them either. He <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/12/22/fox-news-hannity-trump-2020-election/">asked</a> whether the machines had been investigated for the kind of tampering she was alleging (Powell said it would happen soon) and asked why Democrats weren’t looking into any of these “whistleblower” claims before ending the segment.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="g3qW8z">
Two years later, he was asked about Powell’s theory in a <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2022/12/05/rupert-murdoch-deposed-dominion/">seven-hour deposition</a> that was <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/business/media/sean-hannity-fox-trump-election.html">reportedly shared</a> during a court hearing earlier this week as part of the Dominion lawsuit: “I did not believe it for one second,” he said under oath. Powell also <a href="https://www.vox.com/22352213/dominion-fox-news-1-6-billion-tucker-carlson-lou-dobbs-maria-bartiromo-defamation-first-amendment">walked back her theorizing in 2021</a>, with her lawyers stating “no reasonable person would conclude that the statements [Powell made] were truly statements of fact.”
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<h3 id="Vu6Ugg">
Dominion claims that this is clear-cut defamation case
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4jUZTP">
Now, Dominion argues Hannity’s apparently credulous stance toward the conspiracy theories, and the fact that he didn’t push back on them, shows Fox deliberately misled its viewers about Trump’s 2020 election loss, including on what was at the time the <a href="https://deadline.com/2020/12/ratings-cable-news-networks-2020-1234660751/">most-watched show</a> on cable news. Fox News has <a href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2020-12-19/fox-news-airing-a-fact-check-in-response-to-defamation-charges-by-voting-software-firm">previously aired a segment</a> across several of its shows designed to defend its own hosts and distance itself from guests’ statements accusing voting machine and software companies of election fraud.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FCgYbX">
Hannity’s statement doesn’t exactly help his network’s case. But Dominion still faces an uphill battle to win what could become the most significant First Amendment cases in recent years, particularly if the US Supreme Court gets involved at some point. The Supreme Court has previously ruled that lies or inaccuracies <a href="https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/dominion-votings-libel-suits-first-amendment-and-actual-malice">do have some protection</a> under the First Amendment, and that has made it difficult for defamation cases against journalists to prevail, but this case will test just how far that protection goes.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RlWLiV">
In addition to Hannity, Dominion has also deposed other Fox anchors — including Jeanine Pirro and Tucker Carlson, as well as Shepard Smith, who has left the network — and high-profile figures in the Fox News empire. That includes members of the Murdoch family, which owns Fox in addition to News Corp., the New York Post, and the Wall Street Journal.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PakVQW">
NPR <a href="https://www.npr.org/2022/12/09/1141688083/fox-news-rupert-murdoch-lawsuit-dominion">reported</a> that Dominion attorneys are trying to prove that Lachlan Murdoch, who presides over those media properties, permitted or even encouraged Fox News to broadcast lies about fraud in the 2020 election despite knowing them to be false. They have also <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2022/12/05/rupert-murdoch-deposed-dominion/">deposed his father</a>, Rupert Murdoch.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="paunCM">
Judge Eric Davis has rebuffed Fox’s request to throw out the suit on the basis of several protections for journalists in First Amendment law. The network has argued that in its coverage of the 2020 election, it was merely reporting on newsworthy allegations made by prominent actors against public figures as part of a dispute that had not yet been resolved, which would protect it from libel claims. The network also claimed that its hosts were merely stating opinions that could not be proven true or false and that it had the right to report on defamatory statements that were made during official government meetings.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hU9E3h">
In the immediate weeks after the election, Carlson also tried to sow doubt about the security of voting machines and called the race “<a href="https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/tucker-carlson-2020-presidential-election-rigged-big-tech-mainstream-media">rigged</a>” for Joe Biden. And Pirro <a href="https://archive.org/details/FOXNEWSW_20210103_080000_Justice_With_Judge_Jeanine/start/438/end/540">lamented</a> that “we are all being told to shut up and move on” after claiming that the “irregularities were beyond minimal” in the election.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9gwfcs">
Because of statements like these, including by hosts, Dominion says those defenses shouldn’t apply in this case.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2fiJsS">
“If this case does not rise to the level of defamation by a broadcaster, then nothing does,” it stated in its original complaint.
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</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Waikiki and Freedom show out</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Athletics roundup 2022 | Historic show by Neeraj Chopra and CWG stars but dope cases shame India again</strong> - Even as India emerges as a force to reckon with at the global athletics scene, a series of high-profile doping cases took the sheen off the impressive performance on the field.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dragon’s Gold, Santorino, Avondale, Dynamic Force and Anzac Pipernal catch the eye</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Year in Review | CWG, other major events make 2022 a year of sporting achievements for India</strong> - Year in Review is an attempt to show the events that marked the year 2022. Here’s a look back at some of the sports events and personalities that made headlines in 2022.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Haaland back in the spotlight as Man City beats Liverpool 3-2 in League Cup</strong> - Erling Haaland, Riyad Mahrez and Nathan Ake scored as Manchester City defeated Liverpool 3-2 in the Carabao Cup round of 16 — their first competitive game after the World Cup break</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>AIIMS Bibinagar got just ₹31.71 crore in four years while AIIMS Mangalagiri got ₹1,288.99 crore: Uttam</strong> - Nalgonda Member of Parliament quotes from figures given by the Union Health Minister in Parliament</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Kalluvathukkal panchayat in Kollam declared Constitution literate</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Three Forest Department staffers suspended for illegal tree felling on IISWC Udhagamandalam campus</strong> - Action follows the stand-off between the Department and the IISWC over the illegal felling of 370 trees on leased forestland earlier this year. The estimated loss stood at ₹49 lakh.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>CBI books Corporate Power Limited and others for alleged ₹4,037.87-crore bank fraud</strong> - CBI has conducted searches on 16 premises in Nagpur, Mumbai, Ranchi, Kolkata, Durgapur, Ghaziabad, Vishakhapatnam and other places.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Virologist Gagandeep Kang says India doing fine, do not expect surge in cases due to Omicron's sub-variants XBB, BF.7</strong> - Remarks from the virologist come in the backdrop on the highly transmissible Omicron strains, mostly BF.7, causing a spike in coronavirus cases in many countries, including China.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Paris shooting: Two dead and several injured in attack</strong> - A suspect, aged 69, is in custody after the shooting near a Kurdish cultural centre.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mariupol theatre demolished ‘to hide Russian crimes’, aide says</strong> - An aide to the Ukrainian city’s exiled mayor says Russia is trying to cover up its crimes.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Serial killer The Serpent, Charles Sobhraj, freed from Nepal jail</strong> - Charles Sobhraj, convicted for killing two tourists in 1975, was suspected of several murders in Asia.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>North Korea sold arms to Russia’s Wagner group, US says</strong> - The White House says North Korea provided missiles and rockets to be used in Ukraine, which Pyongyang denies.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Russia may send empty Soyuz to bring ISS crew home</strong> - The crew members may have to return to Earth early after their capsule started leaking.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>LastPass users: Your info and password vault data are now in hackers’ hands</strong> - Password manager says breach it disclosed in August was much worse than thought. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1906575">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>With voice assistants in trouble, Home Assistant starts a local alternative</strong> - With Big Tech reconsidering voice profitability, Home Assistant enters the fray. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1906533">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>TikTok cops to running “covert surveillance campaign” on Western journalists</strong> - Fired employees “misused their authority to obtain access to TikTok user data.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1906558">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Backup Soyuz can’t get to ISS before late February</strong> - In the wake of a Soyuz coolant loss, NASA and Roscosmos still exploring options. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1906530">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Blu-ray player gathering dust? Turn it into a laser-scanning microscope</strong> - Not as powerful as a commerical one, but thousands cheaper. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1906446">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The zoo’s female gorilla was going crazy, and the vet on staff had a grave prognosis. “She’s in her mating season, and after a lifetime of captivity, if she doesn’t mate, she’ll die.”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The zoo administrator was in a bind. There was just no money to transport in a male gorilla for mating to take place. So he decided humans where close enough to gorillas. Someone would have to fuck the gorilla.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
After going through all options, offering as much money as the zoo could afford, he approached the weird janitor Hank about it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“Hank, we need someone to fuck this gorilla. I know it’s weird, but, hey, $500. What do you think?”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Hank thought for a long time, then nodded his head. “I’ll do it. But I need a few weeks to get the $500.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/yomommafool"> /u/yomommafool </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/zsv4pq/the_zoos_female_gorilla_was_going_crazy_and_the/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/zsv4pq/the_zoos_female_gorilla_was_going_crazy_and_the/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The IRS suspected a fishing boat owner wasn’t paying proper wages to his Deckhand, so they sent an agent to investigate him.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
IRS AGENT: “I need a list of your employees and how much you pay them.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Boat Owner: “Well, there’s Clarence, my deckhand, he’s been with me for 3 years. I pay him $1,000 a week plus free room and board. Then there’s the mentally challenged guy. He works about 18 hours every day and does about 90% of the work around here. He makes about $30 per week, pays his own room and board, and I buy him a bottle of Bacardi rum and a dozen Budweisers every Saturday night so he can cope with life. He also gets to sleep with my wife occasionally.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
IRS AGENT: “That’s the guy I want to talk to - the mentally challenged one.”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Boat Owner: “That would be me. What would you like to know?”
</p>
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<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/yomommafool"> /u/yomommafool </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/zskrk2/the_irs_suspected_a_fishing_boat_owner_wasnt/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/zskrk2/the_irs_suspected_a_fishing_boat_owner_wasnt/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>There was a farmer who had three daughters</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
All of his 3 daughters were going on their first dates that same evening. Being protective of them, he decided to meet their suitors at the front door with his gun.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
So the first suitor arrived and told the farmer: “Hi I’m Joe, I’m here for Flo, we’re going to the show, is she ready to go?” The farmer thought this was ok, and they went on their way.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The second suitor arrived and the farmer answered the door: “Hi my name’s Eddy, I’m here for Betty, we’re gonna get some spaghetti, is she ready?” The farmer thought this one was ok too, so off the two kids went.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The third suitor arrived shortly after: “Hi my name’s Chuck” and the farmer shot him.
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<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Trama-D"> /u/Trama-D </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/zsr6zy/there_was_a_farmer_who_had_three_daughters/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/zsr6zy/there_was_a_farmer_who_had_three_daughters/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>At the end of the physics lecture, I asked the professor, “What happened before The Big Bang?”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He said, “Sorry. There’s no time.”
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<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/porichoygupto"> /u/porichoygupto </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/zt0in8/at_the_end_of_the_physics_lecture_i_asked_the/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/zt0in8/at_the_end_of_the_physics_lecture_i_asked_the/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What do you call a snake that works for the government?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A civil serpent.
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<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Alternative-Durian11"> /u/Alternative-Durian11 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/zt8tyn/what_do_you_call_a_snake_that_works_for_the/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/zt8tyn/what_do_you_call_a_snake_that_works_for_the/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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