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<title>21 September, 2023</title>
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<title>Covid-19 Sentry</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Characteristics and functions of infection-enhancing antibodies to the N-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2</strong> -
<div>
Characterization of functional antibody responses to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein has included identification of both potent neutralizing activity and putative enhancement of infection. Fc{gamma}-receptor (Fc{gamma}R)-independent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 infection mediated by NTD-binding monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been observed in vitro, but the functional significance of these antibodies in vivo is not clear. Here we studied 1,213 S-binding mAbs derived from longitudinal sampling of B-cells collected from eight COVID-19 convalescent patients and identified 72 (5.9%) mAbs that enhanced infection in a VSV-SARS-CoV-2-S-Wuhan pseudovirus (PV) assay. The majority (68%) of these mAbs recognized the NTD, were identified in patients with mild and severe disease, and persisted for at least five months post-infection. Enhancement of PV infection by NTD-binding mAbs was not observed using intestinal (Caco-2) and respiratory (Calu-3) epithelial cells as infection targets and was diminished or lost against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC). Proteomic deconvolution of the serum antibody repertoire from two of the convalescent subjects identified, for the first time, NTD-binding, infection-enhancing mAbs among the circulating immunoglobulins directly isolated from serum (i.e., functionally secreted antibody). Functional analysis of these mAbs demonstrated robust activation of Fc{gamma}RIIIa associated with antibody binding to recombinant S proteins. Taken together, these findings suggest functionally active NTD-specific mAbs arise frequently during natural infection and can last as major serum clonotypes during convalescence. These antibodies display diverse attributes that include Fc{gamma}R activation, and may be selected against by mutations in NTD associated with SARS-CoV-2 VOC.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558444v1" target="_blank">Characteristics and functions of infection-enhancing antibodies to the N-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Immunogenicity and Efficacy of TNX-1800, A Live Virus Recombinant Poxvirus Vaccine Candidate, Against SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in Nonhuman Primates</strong> -
<div>
TNX-1800 is a synthetically derived live chimeric Horsepox Virus (rcHPXV) vaccine expressing Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of TNX-1800 in two nonhuman primate species challenged with USA-WA1/2020 SARS-CoV-2. TNX-1800 vaccination was well tolerated, as indicated by the lack of serious adverse events or significant changes in clinical parameters. A single dose of TNX-1800 generated robust humoral responses in African Green Monkeys and Cynomolgus Macaques, as measured by the total binding anti-SARS-CoV-2 S IgG and neutralizing antibody titers against the USA-WA1/2020 strain. In Cynomolgus Macaques, a single dose of TNX-1800 induced a strong interferon-gamma (IFN-{gamma}) mediated T cell response, promoting both pathogen clearance in the upper and lower airways and generation of systemic neutralizing antibody response against WA strain SARS-CoV-2. Future studies will assess the efficacy of TNX-1800 against newly emerging variants and demonstrate its safety in humans.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558485v1" target="_blank">Immunogenicity and Efficacy of TNX-1800, A Live Virus Recombinant Poxvirus Vaccine Candidate, Against SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in Nonhuman Primates</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Adapting COVID-19 research infrastructure to capture Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus alongside SARS-CoV-2 in UK healthcare workers Winter 2022/23 and beyond: protocol for a pragmatic sub-study</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, extensive research was conducted on SARS-CoV-2, however important questions about other respiratory pathogens remain unanswered. A severe influenza season in 2022-2023 with simultaneous circulation of SARS-CoV2 and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is anticipated. This sub-study aims to determine the incidence and impact of these respiratory viruses on healthcare workers (HCW), the symptoms they experienced, the effectiveness of both COVID-19 and influenza vaccination and the burden of these infections on the National Health Service (NHS) workforce. Methods and analysis: This is a longitudinal prospective cohort sub-study, utilising the population and infrastructure of SIREN, which focuses on hospital staff in the UK. Participants undergo fortnightly Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAAT) on a multiplex assay including SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A&amp;B and RSV, regardless of symptoms. Questionnaires are completed every two weeks, capturing symptoms, sick days, exposures, and vaccination records. Serum samples are collected monthly or quarterly from participants associated with a SIREN site. This sub-study commenced on 28/11/22 to align with the predicted influenza season and participants influenza vaccine status. The SIREN Participant Involvement Panel (PIP) shaped the aims and methods for the study, highlighting its acceptability. UK Devolved Administrations were supported to develop local protocols. Analysis plans include incidence of asymptomatic and symptomatic infection, comparisons of vaccination coverage; assessment of sick day burden, and effectiveness of seasonal influenza against infection and time off work. Data are also integrated into UKHSA nosocomial modelling. Ethics and dissemination: The protocol was approved by the Berkshire Research Ethics Committee (IRAS ID 284460, REC Reference 20SC0230) on 14/11/2022. Participants were informed in advance. As the frequency and method of sampling remained the same, implied consent processes were approved by the committee. Participants returning to the study give informed consent.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.23295789v1" target="_blank">Adapting COVID-19 research infrastructure to capture Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus alongside SARS-CoV-2 in UK healthcare workers Winter 2022/23 and beyond: protocol for a pragmatic sub-study</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Continued selection on cryptic SARS-CoV-2 observed in Missouri wastewater</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Deep sequencing of wastewater to detect SARS-Cov-2 has been used during the COVID-19 pandemic to monitor viral variants as they appear and circulate in communities. SARS-CoV-2 lineages of an unknown source that have not been detected in clinical samples, referred to as cryptic lineages, are sometimes repeatedly detected in specific locations. We have continued to detect one such lineage previously seen in a Missouri site. This cryptic lineage has continued to evolve, indicating continued selective pressure similar to that observed in Omicron lineages.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.23295717v1" target="_blank">Continued selection on cryptic SARS-CoV-2 observed in Missouri wastewater</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Ig seroprevalence in Northern Ireland</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: With the impact of SARS-CoV-2 upon public health directly and socioeconomically, further information was required to inform policy decisions designed to limit virus spread. This study sought to contribute to serosurveillance work within Northern Ireland to track SARS-CoV-2 progression and guide health strategy. Methods: Sera/plasma samples from clinical biochemistry laboratories were analysed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins (Ig). Samples were assessed using an Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 or anti-SARS-CoV-2 S ECLIA (Roche) on an automated Cobas-e-analyser. Samples were also assessed via ELISA (Euroimmun). A subset of samples assessed via Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay were subsequently analysed in an ACE2 pseudoneutralisation assay using a V-PLEX SARS-CoV-2 Panel 7 for IgG and ACE2 by MesoScale Diagnostics Inc. Results: Across three testing rounds (June-July 2020, November-December 2020 and June-July 2021 (rounds 1-3 respectively)), 4844 residual sera/plasma specimens were assayed for SARS-CoV-2 Ig. Seropositivity rates increased across the study, peaking at 11.6% during round 3. Varying trends in SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity were noted based on demographic factors. For instance, highest rates of seropositivity shifted from older to younger demographics across the study period. In round 3, alpha (B.1.1.7) variant neutralising antibodies were most frequently detected across age groups, with median concentration of anti-spike protein antibodies elevated in 50-69 year olds and anti-S1 RBD antibodies elevated in over 70s, relative to other age groups. Conclusions: With seropositivity rates of &lt;15% across the assessment period, it can be concluded that the significant proportion of the Northern Ireland population had not yet naturally contracted the virus by mid-2021.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.23295776v1" target="_blank">Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Ig seroprevalence in Northern Ireland</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Automatic Population of the Case Report Forms for an International Multifactorial Adaptive Platform Trial Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Objectives: To automatically populate the case report forms (CRFs) for an international, pragmatic, multifactorial, response-adaptive, Bayesian COVID-19 platform trial. Methods: The locations of focus included 27 hospitals and 2 large electronic health record (EHR) instances (1 Cerner Millennium and 1 Epic) that are part of the same health system in the United States. This paper describes our efforts to use EHR data to automatically populate four of the trial9s forms: baseline, daily, discharge, and response-adaptive randomization. Results: Between April 2020 and May 2022, 417 patients from the UPMC health system were enrolled in the trial. A MySQL-based extract, transform, and load pipeline automatically populated 499 of 526 CRF variables. The populated forms were statistically and manually reviewed and then reported to the trial9s international data coordinating center. Conclusions: We accomplished automatic population of CRFs in a large platform trial and made recommendations for improving this process for future trials.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.23295797v1" target="_blank">Automatic Population of the Case Report Forms for an International Multifactorial Adaptive Platform Trial Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>CommunityClick-Virtual: Multi-Modal Interactions for Enhancing Participation in Virtual Meetings</strong> -
<div>
Government officials often rely on public engagements to gauge people’s perspectives on civic issues and gather feedback to make informed policy decisions. Traditional public engagement methods are often face-to-face, such as town halls, public forums, and workshops. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, these approaches were rendered ineffective due to health risks and the engagement process saw a shift towards virtual meetings. While accessible to a broader audience, virtual public meetings introduced challenges around limited time and opportunity for attendees to share feedback. Furthermore, attendees were often required to identify themselves, potentially discouraging reticent attendees from speaking up and risking confrontations with other attendees. To mitigate this issue, we designed and developed CommunityClick-Virtual, a multi-modal companion web application that allows virtual meeting participants to provide feedback on meeting discussions silently and anonymously using six customizable options or through chat messages without the need to speak up. The organizers have access to all attendee feedback channels where they can use synchronized coordinated visualizations to gather a more holistic understanding of people’s perspectives. The field deployments of CommunityClick-Virtual demonstrated its efficacy in increasing participation and enabling organizers to identify insights that could help them make more informed decisions. We argue that multi-modal systems such as Communityclick-Virtual can be pertinent in enhancing participation in both professional and educational environments.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/szep3/" target="_blank">CommunityClick-Virtual: Multi-Modal Interactions for Enhancing Participation in Virtual Meetings</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Global Preparedness for the Next Disease X: A Current and Prospective Situation Analysis</strong> -
<div>
COVID-19 has strongly struck the world and damaged its global lifestyle in an unprecedented manner, at least in our modern age. Thus, it’s of utmost importance to prepare for the next inevitable pandemic regardless of its origin; whether naturally, rouge gain of function research or even planned bioterrorism. In this short note, the most probable upcoming pandemics according to the WHO shortlist of prioritized potentially fatal diseases and other potential ones are being discussed together with the role of climate change. Notably, in Africa we adopted a different scientific strategy to confront COVID-19 which was different from the one adopted in developed countries, we chose early treatment not mass vaccination nor mandates, and the results on the ground are obvious to all. It’s wise and vigilant to learn from Africa and the Egyptian immune-modulatory broad spectrum antiviral immune-modulatory Kelleni’s protocol if we are sincerely determined to avoid loss of more millions of lives.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/yudvf/" target="_blank">Global Preparedness for the Next Disease X: A Current and Prospective Situation Analysis</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>ACE2-Coated Virus-Like Particles Effectively Block SARS-CoV-2 Infection</strong> -
<div>
A large body of research accumulated over the past three years dedicated to our understanding and fighting COVID-19. Blocking the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 Spike and ACE2 receptor has been considered an effective strategy as anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. In this study, we developed ACE2-coated virus-like particles (ACE2-VLPs), which can be utilized to prevent viral entry into host cells and efficiently neutralize the virus. These ACE2-VLPs exhibited high neutralization capacity even when applied at low doses, and displayed superior efficacy compared to extracellular vesicles carrying ACE2, in the in vitro pseudoviral assays. ACE2-VLPs were stable under different environmental temperatures, and they were effective in blocking all tested variants of concern in vitro. Finally, ACE2-VLPs displayed marked neutralization capacity against Omicron BA.1 in the Vero E6 cells. Based on their superior efficacy compared to extracellular vesicles, and their demonstrated success against live virus, ACE2-VLPs can be considered as vital candidates for treating SARS-CoV-2. This novel therapeutic approach of VLP coating with receptor particles can serve as proof-of-concept for designing effective neutralization strategies for other viral diseases in the future.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558424v1" target="_blank">ACE2-Coated Virus-Like Particles Effectively Block SARS-CoV-2 Infection</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>High-affinity binding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer by a nanostructured, trivalent protein-DNA synthetic antibody</strong> -
<div>
Multivalency enables nanostructures to bind molecular targets with high affinity. Although antibodies can be generated against a wide range of antigens, their shape and size cannot be tuned to match a given target. DNA nanotechnology provides an attractive approach for designing customized multivalent scaffolds due to the addressability and programmability of the nanostructure shape and size. Here, we design a nanoscale synthetic antibody ("nano-synbody") based on a three-helix bundle DNA nanostructure with one, two, or three identical arms terminating in a mini-binder protein that targets the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The nano-synbody was designed to match the valence and distance between the three receptor binding domains (RBDs) in the spike trimer, in order to enhance affinity. The protein-DNA nano-synbody shows tight binding to the wild-type, Delta, and several Omicron variants of the SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer, with affinity increasing as the number of arms increases from one to three. The effectiveness of the nano-synbody was also verified using a pseudovirus neutralization assay, with the three-arm nanostructure inhibiting two Omicron variants against which the structures with only one or two arms are ineffective. The structure of the three-arm nano-synbody bound to the Omicron variant spike trimer was solved by negative-stain transmission electron microscopy reconstruction, and shows the protein-DNA nanostructure with all three arms attached to the RBD domains, confirming the intended trivalent attachment. The ability to tune the size and shape of the nano-synbody, as well as its potential ability to attach two or more different binding ligands, will enable the high-affinity targeting of a range of proteins not possible with traditional antibodies.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.558353v1" target="_blank">High-affinity binding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer by a nanostructured, trivalent protein-DNA synthetic antibody</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Predicting Long COVID in the National COVID Cohort Collaborative Using Super Learner</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), also known as Long COVID, is a broad grouping of a range of long-term symptoms following acute COVID-19 infection. An understanding of characteristics that are predictive of future PASC is valuable, as this can inform the identification of high-risk individuals and future preventative efforts. However, current knowledge regarding PASC risk factors is limited. Using a sample of 55,257 participants from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative, as part of the NIH Long COVID Computational Challenge, we sought to predict individual risk of PASC diagnosis from a curated set of clinically informed covariates. We predicted individual PASC status, given covariate information, using Super Learner (an ensemble machine learning algorithm also known as stacking) to learn the optimal, AUC-maximizing combination of gradient boosting and random forest algorithms. We were able to predict individual PASC diagnoses accurately (AUC 0.947). Temporally, we found that baseline characteristics were most predictive of future PASC diagnosis, compared with characteristics immediately before, during, or after COVID-19 infection. This finding supports the hypothesis that clinicians may be able to accurately assess the risk of PASC in patients prior to acute COVID diagnosis, which could improve early interventions and preventive care. We found that medical utilization, demographics, anthropometry, and respiratory factors were most predictive of PASC diagnosis. This highlights the importance of respiratory characteristics in PASC risk assessment. The methods outlined here provide an open-source, applied example of using Super Learner to predict PASC status using electronic health record data, which can be replicated across a variety of settings.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.23293272v2" target="_blank">Predicting Long COVID in the National COVID Cohort Collaborative Using Super Learner</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Gut microbiome remains stable following COVID-19 vaccination in healthy and immuno-compromised individuals</strong> -
<div>
The bidirectional interaction between the immune system and the gut microbiota is a key contributor to various host physiological functions. Immune-associated diseases such as cancer and autoimmunity, as well as the efficacy of immunomodulatory therapies, have been linked to microbiome variation. Here, we investigate the temporal impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the gut microbiome in healthy and immuno-compromised individuals; the latter included patients with primary immunodeficiency and cancer patients on immunosuppressive therapy. We find that the gut microbiome, assessed using shotgun metagenomics, remained stable post-vaccination irrespective of diverse immune status, vaccine response, and microbial composition spanned by the cohort. The stability is evident at all tested levels including phylum, species, and functional capacity. Our results show the resilience of the gut microbiome to host immune changes triggered by COVID-19 vaccination and suggest minimal, if any, impact on microbiome-mediated processes.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554506v2" target="_blank">Gut microbiome remains stable following COVID-19 vaccination in healthy and immuno-compromised individuals</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Developmental progression of the nasopharyngeal microbiome during childhood and association with the lower airway microbiome</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background The upper (URT) and lower (LRT) respiratory tract feature distinct environments and responses affecting microbial colonization but investigating the relationship between them is technically challenging. We aimed to identify relationships between taxa colonizing the URT and LRT and explore their relationship with development during childhood. Methods We employed V4 16S rDNA sequencing to profile nasopharyngeal swabs and tracheal aspirates collected from 183 subjects between 20 weeks and 18 years of age. These samples were collected prior to elective procedures at the Children9s Hospital of Philadelphia over the course of 20 weeks in 2020, from otherwise healthy subjects enrolled in a study investigating potential reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2. Findings After extraction, sequencing, and quality control, we studied the remaining 124 nasopharyngeal swabs and 98 tracheal aspirates, including 85 subject-matched pairs of samples. V4 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the nasopharynx is colonized by few, highly-abundant taxa, while the tracheal aspirates feature a diverse assembly of microbes. While no taxa co-occur in the URT and LRT of the same subject, clusters of microbiomes in the URT correlate with clusters of microbiomes in the LRT. The clusters identified in the URT correlate with subject age across childhood development. Interpretations The correlation between clusters of taxa across sites may suggest a mutual influence from either a third site, such as the oropharynx, or host-extrinsic, environmental features. The identification of a pattern of upper respiratory microbiota development across the first 18 years of life suggests that the patterns observed in early childhood may extend beyond the early life window. Funding Research reported in this publication was supported by NIH T32 GM007200 (AJH), F30 DK127584 (AJH), NIH/NIAID R21AI154370 (AOJ, ALK), NIH/NICHD R01HD109963 (AOJ, ALK), and NIH/NICHD R33HD105594 (AOJ). Dr. John is an Investigator in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases of the Burroughs Welcome Fund.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.23295747v1" target="_blank">Developmental progression of the nasopharyngeal microbiome during childhood and association with the lower airway microbiome</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Сan we start to ignore the SARS-CoV-2 disease?</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Current WHO reports claim a decline in COVID-19 testing. Many countries are reporting no new infections. In particular, USA, China and Japan have registered no cases and COVID-19 related deaths since May 15, 2023. To discuss consequences of ignoring SARS-CoV-2 infection, we compare endemic characteristics of the disease in 2023 with ones estimated before using 2022 datasets. The accumulated numbers of cases and deaths reported to WHO by 10 most infected countries and global figures were used to calculate the average daily numbers of cases and deaths per capita (DCC and DDC) and case fatality rates (CFR) for two periods in 2023. The average values of daily deaths per million still vary between 0.12 and 0.41. It means that annual global number of COVID-19 related deaths is still approximately twice higher than the seasonal influenza mortality. Increase of CFR values in 2023 show that SARS-CoV-2 infection is still dangerous despite of increasing the vaccination level. Very low CFR figures in South Korea and very high ones in the UK 4 need further investigations.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.18.23295709v2" target="_blank">Сan we start to ignore the SARS-CoV-2 disease?</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Evolution of enhanced innate immune suppression by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants</strong> -
<div>
SARS-CoV-2 adaptation to humans is evidenced by the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) with distinct genotypes and phenotypes that facilitate immune escape and enhance transmission frequency. Most recently Omicron subvariants have emerged with heavily mutated spike proteins which facilitate re-infection of immune populations through extensive antibody escape driving replacement of previously-dominant VOCs Alpha and Delta. Interestingly, Omicron is the first VOC to produce distinct subvariants. Here, we demonstrate that later Omicron subvariants, particularly BA.4 and BA.5, have evolved an enhanced capacity to suppress human innate immunity when compared to earliest subvariants BA.1 and BA.2. We find that, like previously dominant VOCs, later Omicron subvariants tend to increase expression of viral innate immune antagonists Orf6 and nucleocapsid. We show Orf6 to be a key contributor to enhanced innate immune suppression during epithelial replication by BA.5 and Alpha, reducing innate immune signaling through IRF3 and STAT1. Convergent VOC evolution of enhanced innate immune antagonist expression suggests common pathways of adaptation to humans and links VOC, and in particular Omicron subvariant, dominance to improved innate immune evasion.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499603v2" target="_blank">Evolution of enhanced innate immune suppression by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Preliminary Efficacy of HH-120 for the Treatment of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: HH-120;   Drug: placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Huahui Health<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Psychosomatic, Physical Activity or Both for Post-covid19 Syndrom</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Exercise Therapy;   Behavioral: Psychotherapy<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Hannover Medical School;   Health Insurance Audi BKK;   occupational health service Volkswagen AG;   Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Investigate the Prevention of COVID-19 withVYD222 in Adults With Immune Compromise and in Participants Aged 12 Years or Older Who Are at Risk of Exposure to SARS-CoV-2</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   SARS-CoV-2<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: VYD222;   Drug: Normal saline<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Invivyd, Inc.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Omicron BA.4/5-Delta COVID-19 Vaccine Phase I Clinical Trial</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Omicron BA.4/5-Delta strain recombinant novel coronavirus protein vaccine (CHO cells);   Biological: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biologic Pharmacy Co., Ltd.;   Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ACTIV-6: COVID-19 Study of Repurposed Medications - Arm G (Metformin)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Other: Placebo;   Drug: Metformin<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Susanna Naggie, MD;   National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS);   Vanderbilt University Medical Center<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Additional Recombinant COVID-19 Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunogenicity in Immunosuppressed Populations</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Immunosuppression;   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: NVX-CoV2372<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of Wisconsin, Madison;   Novavax<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Reducing COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Hispanic Parents</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Vaccine-Preventable Diseases;   COVID-19 Pandemic;   Health-Related Behavior;   Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice;   Narration<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: Baseline surveys;   Behavioral: Digital Storytelling Intervention;   Behavioral: Information Control Intervention<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Arizona State University;   Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of Safety and Immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Booster Vaccine (LEM-mR203)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19 Infection;   COVID-19 Vaccine Adverse Reaction<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: LEM-mR203;   Biological: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Lemonex<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Non-pharmacological and TCM-based Treatment for Long COVID Symptoms</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Long Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Acupuncture and TCM-based lifestyle management<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   The Hong Kong Polytechnic University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SA55 Novel Coronavirus Broad-spectrum Neutralizing Antibody Nasal Spray in Health People</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: SA55 nasal spray<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Bioequivalence Trial of Fasting Single Oral STI-1558 Capsule in Healthy Chinese Subjects</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: STI-1558<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Zhejiang ACEA Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Determine the Tolerability of Intranasal LMN-301</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: LMN-301<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Lumen Bioscience, Inc.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase I Safety Study of B/HPIV3/S-6P Vaccine Via Nasal Spray in Adults</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   SARS-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: B/HPIV3/S-6P<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID);   Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health;   National Institutes of Health (NIH)<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mind Body Intervention for Long COVID</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Long COVID;   Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19;   COVID Long-Haul<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Mind Body Intervention #1<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Safety of Simultaneous mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine With Other Childhood Vaccines in Young Children</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Fever After Vaccination;   Fever;   Seizures Fever<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine;   Biological: Routine Childhood Vaccinations<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Duke University;   Kaiser Permanente;   Columbia University;   Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati;   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Simultaneous Targeting of IL-1-Signaling and IL-6-Trans-Signaling Preserves Human Pulmonary Endothelial Barrier Function During a Cytokine Storm</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: These findings strongly suggest a major role for both IL-6 trans-signaling and IL-1β signaling in the pathological increase in permeability of the human lung microvasculature and reveal combinatorial strategies that enable the gradual control of pulmonary endothelial barrier function in response to a cytokine storm.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 protein NSP2 enhances microRNA-mediated translational repression</strong> - Viruses use microRNAs (miRNAs) to impair the host antiviral response and facilitate viral infection by expressing their own miRNAs or co-opting cellular miRNAs. miRNAs inhibit translation initiation of their target mRNAs by recruiting the GIGYF2/4EHP translation repressor complex to the mRNA 5´-cap structure. We recently reported that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) encoded non-structural protein 2 (NSP2) interacts with GIGYF2. This interaction is critical for…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong><em>De novo</em> design of a stapled peptide targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain</strong> - Although effective vaccines have been developed against SARS-CoV-2, many regions in the world still have low rates of vaccination and new variants with mutations in the viral spike protein have reduced the effectiveness of most available vaccines and treatments. There is an urgent need for a drug to cure this disease and prevent infection. The SARS-CoV-2 virus enters the host cell through protein-protein interaction between the virus’s spike protein and the host’s angiotensin converting enzyme…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Assessment of safety and intranasal neutralizing antibodies of HPMC-based human anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG1 nasal spray in healthy volunteers</strong> - An HPMC-based nasal spray solution containing human IgG1 antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (nasal antibody spray or NAS) was developed to strengthen COVID-19 management. NAS exhibited potent broadly neutralizing activities against SARS-CoV-2 with PVNT(50) values ranging from 0.0035 to 3.1997 μg/ml for the following variants of concern (ranked from lowest to highest): Alpha, Beta, Gamma, ancestral, Delta, Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.4/5, and BA.2.75. Biocompatibility assessment showed no potential…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Responses of patients with cancer to mRNA vaccines depend on the time interval between vaccination and last treatment</strong> - CONCLUSION: Accordingly, our data support that timing of mRNA-based therapy is critical and we suggest that at least a 6-months or 12-months waiting interval should be observed before mRNA vaccination in systemically treated patients.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Discovery of a Druggable, Cryptic Pocket in SARS-CoV-2 nsp16 Using Allosteric Inhibitors</strong> - A collaborative, open-science team undertook discovery of novel small molecule inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 nsp16-nsp10 2’-O-methyltransferase using a high throughput screening approach with the potential to reveal new inhibition strategies. This screen yielded compound 5a, a ligand possessing an electron-deficient double bond, as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 nsp16 activity. Surprisingly, X-ray crystal structures revealed that 5a covalently binds within a previously unrecognized cryptic pocket…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cinnamaldehyde inhibits cytokine storms induced by the ORF3a protein of SARS-CoV-2 via ROS-elimination in activated T cells</strong> - Cytokine storms are the cause of complications in patients with severe COVID-19, and it becomes the target of therapy. Several natural compounds were selected to screen the inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferation by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) and cytokine production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Open reading frame 3a (ORF3a) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) stimulates the specific T-cell activation model in vivo and in vitro. The…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How does the Immunological System Change during the SARS-COV-2 Attack? A Clue for the New Immunotherapy Discovery</strong> - The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) is one of the biggest unsolved global problems of the 21st century for which there has been no definitive cure yet. Like other respiratory viruses, SARS-COV-2 triggers the host immunity dramatically, causing dysfunction in the immune system, both innate and adaptive, which is a common feature of COVID-19 patients. Evidence shows that in the early stages of COVID-19, the immune system is suppressed…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pharmacological inhibition of TBK1/IKKε blunts immunopathology in a murine model of SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> - TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a key signalling component in the production of type-I interferons, which have essential antiviral activities, including against SARS-CoV-2. TBK1, and its homologue IκB kinase-ε (IKKε), can also induce pro-inflammatory responses that contribute to pathogen clearance. While initially protective, sustained engagement of type-I interferons is associated with damaging hyper-inflammation found in severe COVID-19 patients. The contribution of TBK1/IKKε signalling to…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Host heparan sulfate promotes ACE2 super-cluster assembly and enhances SARS-CoV-2-associated syncytium formation</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 infection causes spike-dependent fusion of infected cells with ACE2 positive neighboring cells, generating multi-nuclear syncytia that are often associated with severe COVID. To better elucidate the mechanism of spike-induced syncytium formation, we combine chemical genetics with 4D confocal imaging to establish the cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) as a critical stimulator for spike-induced cell-cell fusion. We show that HS binds spike and promotes spike-induced ACE2 clustering,…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> and myocarditis; friend or foe?</strong> - This review article summarizes the role of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and its receptors (EP1-EP4) as it relates to the inflammatory cardiomyopathy, myocarditis. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the onset of myocarditis in a subset of patients prompted a debate on the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), like ibuprofen, which act to inhibit the actions of prostaglandins. This review aims to further understanding of the role of PGE(2) in the pathogenesis or protection of the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SADS-CoV nsp1 inhibits the IFN-β production by preventing TBK1 phosphorylation and inducing CBP degradation</strong> - Swine acute diarrhea syndrome (SADS) is first reported in January 2017 in Southern China. It subsequently causes widespread outbreaks in multiple pig farms, leading to economic losses. Therefore, it is an urgent to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and immune evasion of Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). Our research discovered that SADS-CoV inhibited the production of interferon-β (IFN-β) during viral infection. The nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1)…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bioprospecting the potential of metabolites from a Saharan saline soil strain Nocardiopsis dassonvillei GSBS4</strong> - Saharan soil samples collected in El-Oued province have been investigated for actinobacteria as a valuable source for the production of bioactive metabolites. A total of 273 isolates were obtained and subjected to antagonistic activity tests against human pathogenic germs. A strain with a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity was selected and identified as Nocardiopsis dassonvillei GSBS4, with high sequence similarities to N. dassonvillei subsp. dassonvillei^(T) X97886.1 (99%) based on…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cholesterol and Ceramide Facilitate Membrane Fusion Mediated by the Fusion Peptide of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is mediated by the Spike (S) protein of the viral envelope. The S protein is composed of two subunits: S1 that induces binding to the host cell via its interaction with the ACE2 receptor of the cell surface and S2 that triggers fusion between viral and cellular membranes. Fusion by S2 depends on its heptad repeat domains that bring membranes close together and its fusion peptide (FP) that interacts with and perturbs the membrane structure to trigger fusion….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Live imaging of the airway epithelium reveals that mucociliary clearance modulates SARS-CoV-2 spread</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 initiates infection in the conducting airways, which rely on mucocilliary clearance (MCC) to minimize pathogen penetration. However, it is unclear how MCC impacts SARS-CoV-2 spread after infection is established. To understand viral spread at this site, we performed live imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected differentiated primary human bronchial epithelium cultures for up to 9 days. Fluorescent markers for cilia and mucus allowed longitudinal monitoring of MCC, ciliary motion, and…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How the U.S. Lifted Children Out of Poverty and Then Threw Them Back Into It</strong> - After the expanded child tax credit expired, America’s child poverty rate doubled. Why was that policy so successful, and what can be done to fill the gap? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/how-the-us-lifted-children-out-of-poverty-and-then-threw-them-back-into-it">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The World According to Elon Musk’s Grandfather</strong> - What happened to antisemitic rants before social media. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-world-according-to-elon-musks-grandfather">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nikki Haley’s Consensus Appeal</strong> - A canny establishment conservative may be Biden’s greatest threat in 2024. But can she solve the Trump problem? - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-political-scene/nikki-haleys-consensus-appeal">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Republican Support for the U.A.W. Is a Big LOL</strong> - When the G.O.P. was in power, it consistently sided with employers and blocked legislation supported by labor unions. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/republican-support-for-the-uaw-is-a-big-lol">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Freedom for Five Americans Doesn’t End Flash Points with Iran</strong> - The prisoner exchange will almost certainly not stop an Iranian tactic that has spanned more than four decades. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/freedom-for-five-americans-doesnt-end-flash-points-with-iran">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>We cut child poverty to historic lows, then let it rebound faster than ever before</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Two women, each holding a young child, stand outside the US Capitol in support of the child tax credit on December 13, 2021, in Washington, DC. One holds a hand-lettered sign that reads “Congress must continue the child tax credit!”" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/pwd52Yz1nOPFmxOugc3dII9IAmw=/323x0:5486x3872/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72671942/GettyImages_1358862098.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Alex Wong/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The expanded child tax credit was a well-tested solution to child poverty. Bring it back.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="uwMo5n">
During the past two years, child poverty in America set new records — one for the better and one for the worse.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="W2F7av">
In 2021, the child poverty rate — as measured by the <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/3/10/23632910/poverty-official-supplemental-relative-absolute-measure-desmond">supplemental poverty measure</a> that incorporates the value of government benefits — took a sharp drop to its lowest point on record: 5.2 percent, so that 3.8 million American children were living below the federal poverty line. Then, as a <a href="https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2023/demo/p60-280.html">report just released by the Census Bureau</a> found, it experienced the steepest rise in its history in 2022: a hike of 139 percent, or more than double, to 12.4 percent. <a href="https://www.childtrends.org/blog/5-million-more-children-experienced-poverty-in-2022-than-in-2021-following-expiration-of-covid-era-economic-relief">Five million kids</a> fell back into poverty, pushing the number of kids whose parents were struggling to meet their basic needs up to 9 million.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="0wPEEb">
To anyone following the politics of poverty in America, the jagged rebound was entirely unsurprising. The child poverty rate was like a loaded spring being held down by pandemic-era <a href="https://www.vox.com/social-programs">welfare programs</a>. Chief among them: <a href="https://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-tax/gains-from-expanded-child-tax-credit-outweigh-overstated-employment-worries">the child allowance</a>, which expanded on the existing child tax credit (CTC) and sent monthly payments to all parents <a href="https://www.vox.com/poverty">in poverty</a>, helping to <a href="https://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-tax/policymakers-should-expand-child-tax-credit-in-year-end-legislation-to-fight">cut child poverty by 46 percent</a> in 2021. Release the spring — or let the expanded CTC expire, as <a href="https://www.vox.com/congress">Congress</a> did — and of course it will shoot right back up. The child poverty rates settled right back around pre-pandemic 2019 levels.
</p>
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</div></div></li>
</ul>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/jiL1xFpH9IRf-5KoLEcQdKz09m4=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24939567/Final_child_poverty.png"/>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QaWARS">
<br/>The main innovation of the expanded child allowance in 2021 was to do away with the <a href="https://www.niskanencenter.org/work-requirements-and-income-requirements-explained/">income requirements</a> that kept full CTC benefits from reaching <a href="https://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-tax/year-end-tax-policy-priority-expand-the-child-tax-credit-for-the-19-million">19 million of the poorest American children</a> whose parents had little or no earnings. When the expansion reverted back to the old CTC at the end of 2021, all those families who had received the benefit were once again excluded by the income requirements.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TER9fr">
Which is what makes this frustrating: policymakers saw this coming, watched it happen, and were able to do nothing about it. It wasn’t for lack of effort: Sen. Joe Manchin (D-WV) was the swing vote that <a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/167108/democrats-joe-manchin-child-care-tax-credit-bbb">blocked</a> the rest of the Democratic Party’s effort to make the program permanent, on the empirically <a href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/617631468001808739/pdf/WPS6886.pdf">refuted idea</a> that unconditional cash to low-income families will get <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/sen-joe-manchin-suggests-child-tax-credit-payments/story?id=81865740">spent on drugs</a>. The <a href="https://www.cbpp.org/blog/9-in-10-families-with-low-incomes-are-using-child-tax-credits-to-pay-for-necessities-education#:~:text=Poverty%20and%20Inequality-,9%20in%2010%20Families%20With%20Low%20Incomes%20Are%20Using%20Child,to%20Pay%20for%20Necessities%2C%20Education">data shows</a> that for the year the program was in effect, parents spent most of the money on food, clothes, utilities, rent, and education costs.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ha8Iqi">
But politics aside, the fact that child poverty rebounded so sharply even while the <a href="https://www.vox.com/economy">economy</a> is doing really well — even though inflation hasn’t completely settled down, wage growth at the bottom <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/americans-are-finally-getting-raise-thanks-lower-inflation-rcna93844">has been outpacing it since June</a>, and <a href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/UNRATE">unemployment is historically low</a> — holds an important lesson. No matter how well the economy performs, generous welfare programs that reach everyone in need are our most effective tool against poverty.
</p>
<h3 id="HzaICr">
A strong economy remains weak on child poverty, apparently
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="SBUcQr">
For months, the economy has been surprisingly strong by many measures. The last time unemployment remained this low was <a href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/UNRATE">the 1960s</a>. Real median household income is fluttering around its highest <a href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MEHOINUSA672N">peak on record</a>. The wage inequality that widened over the past few decades <a href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w31010/w31010.pdf">is shrinking</a>. Black Americans — who continue to <a href="https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/ccf4dbe2-810a-44f8-b3e7-14f7e5143ba6/economic-state-of-black-america-2020.pdf">suffer the legacy</a> of being cut out from economic gains — are also seeing <a href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LEU0252884600Q">big upswings in earnings</a>, and historically low <a href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LNS14000006">jobless rates</a>. The economy continues its streak of <a href="https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf">creating jobs</a>. And so on. “Things are going great, I swear,” Annie Lowrey <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/07/us-economy-labor-market-inflation-housing/674790/">writes in the Atlantic</a>, already hinting at the dissonance between statistics telling of a strong economy and the reality of both high inflation eating away at those earnings and 5 million kids plunging back into poverty.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jopRd3">
The economy is strong, including and especially for low-income workers, but when Congress failed to extend the expanded CTC, none of that mattered — and child poverty surged back. To be fair, there’s probably a lag to be expected between an economy flexing its muscles and downstream benefits to things like child poverty. Historically, a stronger economy that <a href="https://www.childtrends.org/publications/lessons-from-a-historic-decline-in-child-poverty-influence-of-economic-demographic-trends-on-changes-in-child-poverty">translates</a> to lower levels of unemployment and wage growth for lower-income workers has played a significant part in bringing down child poverty. That describes a lot of what the US has experienced over the past couple of years, and maybe, if the economy stays strong, we’ll see reductions in the child poverty rate in a few years, or more. But when you have a program as effective as the expanded CTC was, why wait to find out?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2bV2j7">
One reason that’s held some sway for decades is the idea that the long-run economic harms of <a href="https://www.opml.co.uk/blog/unconditional-cash-transfers-reducing-poverty-vulnerabilities">unconditional cash transfers</a> — or no-strings-attached payments like the expanded CTC, or <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/7/17/15364546/universal-basic-income-review-stern-murray-automation">universal basic income</a> — would erase any short-term benefits (like huge drops in child poverty). The <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/02/opinion/child-allowance-credit-romney.html">concern</a> is that giving out money to people in poverty without requiring them to work in exchange will ultimately create communities where dropping out of work is both widespread and accepted. Cash with no strings attached “gives up on work,” as one conservative analyst <a href="https://www.bushcenter.org/catalyst/are-we-ready/doar-universal-basic-income">put it</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jQpiiQ">
While there have always been disagreements about that view, increasingly, the evidence is against it. Unconditional cash transfers in low-income countries have been found to <a href="https://www.economicpossibility.org/sources/general-equilibrium-effects-of-cash-transfers-experimental-evidence-from-kenya">stimulate economic activity</a>. In a pilot program for guaranteed income in Stockton, California, recipients of unconditional cash <a href="https://www.stocktondemonstration.org/employment">were quicker to find full-time employment</a> than control groups.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iYohkK">
Looking specifically at the impacts of the expanded CTC, <a href="https://www.povertycenter.columbia.edu/publication/child-tax-credit/research-roundup">there was no evidence</a> that receiving the benefit reduced work, and <a href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w29854/w29854.pdf">economists at Columbia University estimated</a> that making the program permanent would deliver a more than tenfold return on the investment of about $100 billion per year — a major boost to the economy. That means in addition to solidifying the massive drop in child poverty and giving millions of struggling <a href="https://www.cbpp.org/blog/9-in-10-families-with-low-incomes-are-using-child-tax-credits-to-pay-for-necessities-education">American families continued support</a> to pay for food, school supplies, utilities, and rent, taxpayers would also save money in the long run.
</p>
<h3 id="wmbtj1">
States are stepping up, but that’s no replacement for a federal program
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ESND0T">
In the absence of federal action, <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy/2023/7/27/23806695/child-tax-credit-ctc-poverty-families-refundable">states are stepping in</a>. Since the expanded CTC expired at the end of 2021, 11 states have passed their own versions, each without the income requirements that kept benefits from the poorest Americans. For these “fully refundable” CTCs, even families with $0 in earnings receive benefits.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RFheQu">
Under the conventional CTC, which was “partially refundable,” households needed to earn a minimum of $2,500 per year to receive any benefit — a barrier that effectively screened out unemployed people. After that threshold, even if a family did not owe any income tax (the CTC is a tax credit, which is usually deducted from taxes owed), they could still receive a portion of the CTC benefit as a partial refund on the expenses of raising children. (A non-refundable credit would mean that if you do not earn enough to owe any income taxes, you wouldn’t receive any benefit.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kG4EmV">
Now, fully refundable CTCs that reach all Americans in poverty — not just those who already have some earnings — are passing in states with Democratic majorities, though plenty of Republicans are on board with the idea as well. An <a href="https://jainfamilyinstitute.org/state-guaranteed-income-ctcs/">analysis</a> in July by the <a href="https://jainfamilyinstitute.org/">Jain Family Institute (JFI)</a>, a nonpartisan think tank, found that 40 percent of Republican state senators voted for fully refundable child tax credits. A <a href="https://economicsecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/D-14605-National-Tax-Survey-CTC-Sept-12-Slides.pdf">September poll</a> by Hart Research and the Economic Security Project found that 60 percent of Republican voters support a fully refundable CTC.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QvZqP3">
While each of these state CTCs are fully refundable, the rest of their policy designs are varied. Benefit amounts range from $180 to $1,750 per child. Some are designed to reach only low-income families by starting to phase out benefits at low levels of income (<a href="https://jainfamilyinstitute.org/state-guaranteed-income-ctcs/#maryland">Maryland</a>, for example, immediately phases out all benefits after $15,000 of annual household income), while others stretch into the middle class before phasing out. Still others (like in <a href="https://jainfamilyinstitute.org/state-guaranteed-income-ctcs/#massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) go universally to all families with children younger than 12 regardless of income levels.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="DWubvb">
At best, though, state programs are a stopgap in the absence of a federal child allowance. The main reason is funding: states face tighter constraints than the federal government, and wind up financing smaller benefits as a result. Even the largest state CTC, <a href="https://mn.gov/mmb-stat/childrens-cabinet/child-tax-credit-summary.pdf">in Minnesota</a>, offers only $1,750 per child, about half of what the expanded CTC did.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jtLTkb">
“Put simply,” said Jack Landry, a researcher at JFI, “the federal government has more fiscal firepower to pass a truly transformative child tax credit.” Relying on states to fund CTCs means those state governments with bigger tax bases could afford better programs, while poorer ones could be left with comparatively meager benefits. “A federal CTC that raises taxes from all 50 states and then distributes them without regard to geography is more equitable than every state financing a CTC on its own,” he said.
</p>
<h3 id="h3ClV2">
Child poverty does not have to be normal
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PJBlaK">
The past two years of child poverty shocks — a 46 percent drop, a 139 percent rise — were significant departures from the prior 50 years. Just as economists talk of there being a balance in the economy that produces a “<a href="https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/110th-congress-2007-2008/workingpaper/2007-06_0.pdf">natural rate of unemployment</a>,” the decades since the US official poverty measures began in 1967 <a href="https://www.povertycenter.columbia.edu/historical-spm-data">show</a> what looks like a natural rate in the decline of child poverty. It rarely budges more than 1 percent per year.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sSXsCf">
Economic booms and busts can nudge the annual rate a little higher or lower, which raises further concerns in the absence of strong programs like the expanded CTC. Some economists still warn of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/19/business/economy/economy-soft-landing.html">a lurking recession</a>, which would raise the prospect of a double bind in our future: a slouching economy, and less effective protections against child poverty. That rates rebounded so sharply even during historically excellent economic conditions shows that the economy, on its own, can only do so much.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2CXUHE">
When we talk about child poverty, we’re talking about parents being unsure whether they’ll be able to keep up with their utility bills enough <a href="https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/23056876/expanded-child-tax-credit-poverty-american-families-impact">for their kids to take a bath</a>, or afford a backpack for school, or whether they’ll be able to feed them enough to keep them healthy. Since the expanded CTC ran out, Megan Sandel, a pediatrician, <a href="https://www.npr.org/2023/09/15/1199753605/child-tax-credit-poverty-pediatrician">told NPR</a> that she’s already seeing 3-year-old children lose weight because their parents can’t afford to feed them enough.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9dyvkD">
But as the short-lived success of the expanded CTC showed, federal welfare programs — when they include all children in poverty, not just the working poor — can almost immediately forge a new normal in the level of child poverty, no matter what’s going on in the wider economy. With all the abstract talk around pandemic-inspired “new normals,” cost-effectively cutting child poverty in half is a pretty decent pillar worth moving toward, and may even help build momentum to simply ending it altogether.
</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Gen Z falls for online scams more than their boomer grandparents do</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="An illustration of a young man with a worried expression on his face sitting at a laptop, from which a menacing phantom is emerging" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/q8CgNzQoGp09kTAEkyb8FZrU8zo=/234x0:8169x5951/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72671874/GettyImages_1356431097.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Growing up as a “digital native” doesn’t come with immunity to the dangers of being online. | Getty Images/iStockphoto
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The generation that grew up with the internet isn’t invulnerable to becoming the victim of online hackers and scammers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rVbgeP">
Anyone can get scammed online, including the generation of Americans that grew up with the internet.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mWdYRi">
If you’re part of Generation Z — that is, born sometime between the late 1990s and early 2010s — you or one of your friends may have been the target or victim of an online scam. In fact, according to a recent Deloitte survey, members of Gen Z fall for these scams and get hacked far more frequently than their grandparents do.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6R96ps">
Compared to older generations, younger generations <a href="https://20740408.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/20740408/CYBSAFE-Oh%20behave%20report%202022-220927%20MS%20-%20V1.pdf">have reported higher rates</a> of victimization in phishing, identity theft, romance scams, and cyberbullying. The <a href="https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/telecommunications/connectivity-mobile-trends-survey.html/#explore">Deloitte survey</a> shows that Gen Z Americans were three times more likely to get caught up in an online scam than boomers were (16 percent and 5 percent, respectively). Compared to boomers, Gen Z was also twice as likely to have a social media account hacked (17 percent and 8 percent). Fourteen percent of Gen Z-ers surveyed said they’d had their location information misused, more than any other generation. The cost of falling for those scams may also be surging for younger people: <a href="https://socialcatfish.com/scamfish/state-of-internet-scams-2023/">Social Catfish’s 2023 report on online scams</a> found that online scam victims under 20 years old lost an estimated $8.2 million in 2017. In 2022, they lost $210 million.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zJlnZH">
“People that are digital natives for the most part, they’re aware of these things,” says Scott Debb, an associate professor of psychology at Norfolk State University who has studied the cybersecurity habits of younger Americans. In one 2020 study published in the <a href="https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&amp;context=ijcic"><em>International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence and Cybercrime</em></a>, Debb and a team of researchers compared the self-reported online safety behaviors of millennials and Gen Z, the two “digitally native” generations. While Gen Z had a high awareness of online security, they fared worse than millennials in actually implementing many cybersecurity best practices in their own lives.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="69m82i">
So, why? Why is the generation that arguably knows more about being online than any other (<a href="https://www.insider.com/skibidi-toilet-gen-z-alpha-memes-internet-culture-outdated-old-2023-7">for now</a>) so vulnerable to online scams and hacks?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Dlmk65">
There are a few theories that seem to come up again and again. First, Gen Z simply uses technology more than any other generation and is therefore more likely to be scammed via that technology. Second, growing up with the internet gives younger people a familiarity with their devices that can, in some instances, incentivize them to choose convenience over safety. And third, cybersecurity education for school-aged children isn’t doing a great job of talking about online safety in a way that actually clicks with younger people’s lived experiences online.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rSWA2D">
“I think Gen Z is thinking about it. We have to live with these threats every day,” says Kyla Guru, a 21-year-old computer science student at Stanford who founded a cybersecurity education organization as a teenager. When she teaches classrooms of students about email safety or phishing or social engineering, she said, there’s often an instant recognition. “They’ll be like, ‘Oh my God, I remember getting something really similar.’ Or, ‘I’ve seen a ton of these kinds of spammers in my Instagram DMs.’”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="i1cVAV">
The kinds of scams that target Gen Z aren’t too dissimilar to the ones that target everyone else online. But because Gen Z relies on technology more often, on more devices, and in more aspects of their lives, there might just be more opportunities for them to encounter a bogus email or unreliable shop, says Tanneasha Gordon, a principal at Deloitte who leads the company’s data &amp; digital trust business. Younger people are more comfortable with meeting people online, so they might be targeted with a romance scam, for instance.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Yxi05T">
“They shop a lot online,” Gordon said, “and there are so many fraudulent websites and e-commerce platforms that just literally tailor to them, that will take them from the social media platform that they’re on via a fraudulent ad.” Phishing emails are also common, she said. And while a more digitally savvy person might not fall for a copy/pasted, typo-riddled email scam, there are many more sophisticated, personalized ones out there. Finally, Gordon added, younger people will often encounter social media impersonation and compromised accounts.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sfvwbG">
Older Americans also date, shop, bank, and socialize online. But for every generation except for Gen Z, the technologies that enabled that access weren’t always available. There’s a difference between someone who got their first smartphone in college and someone who learned how to enter a password into their parents’ iPad as a kid — the latter of which is much more the experience of a Gen Z or Gen Alpha, the generation following Gen Z that is rapidly approaching teenagerhood. Millennials, particularly older millennials, had occasional access to computers in school, but younger generations may have been issued laptops by their school district to use in the classroom at all times.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BhksAK">
Taken together, these differences have led to some educated speculation on what that shift might change about how people approach cybersecurity. If online mayhem feels like part of the cost of being online, might you just be a bit more accepting of the risks using the internet entails? This generational difference might lead younger people to choose convenience over security when engaging online with their devices, according to Debb.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7FPn7z">
Social media apps like Instagram and TikTok are convenient by design. Install the app on your phone and you’ll stay logged in, ready to post or browse at a moment’s notice. The app will send alerts with updates and messages, designed to get you to open it up. Debb offered a hypothetical: If Instagram made users log out every time the app closed and re-log in with two-factor authentication in order to reopen it, then Instagram would probably be more secure to use. It’d also be extremely frustrating for many users. Older generations might be a little more accepting of this friction. But for those who grew up with social media as an important part of their self-expression, this level of security could simply be too cumbersome.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VgPgAa">
But Gen Z’s online experience isn’t really a black-and-white choice, where convenience lives behind one door and safety the other. Instead, online safety best practices should be much more personalized to how younger people are actually using the internet, said Guru. Staying safer online could involve switching browsers, enabling different settings in the apps you use, or changing how you store passwords, she noted. None of those steps necessarily involve compromising your convenience or using the internet in a more limited way. Approaching cybersecurity as part of being active online, rather than an antagonist to it, might connect better with Gen Z, Guru said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FKevcT">
“We’re the ones changing the scene in the future, right?” said Guru. “We’re the ones doing activism around climate change or reproductive rights. And so I think your threat model changes the moment that you take on those kinds of responsibilities or those roles.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="etGuML">
There’s another factor here, too: Many experts say that the responsibility for remaining safe while using these apps should not fall solely on the individual user. Many of the apps and systems that are designed to be convenient and fast to use could be doing a lot more to meaningfully protect their users. Gordon floated the idea of major social media platforms sending out test phishing emails — the kind that you might get from your employer, as a tool to check your own vulnerabilities — which lead users who fall for the trap toward some educational resources. Privacy settings should also be easier to access and understand.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Fre1Ox">
But really, Guru says, the key to getting Gen Z better prepared for a world full of online scams might be found in helping younger people understand the systems that incentivize them to exist in the first place.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Da76sj">
“Why do these scams happen, who is behind them, and what can we do about them? I think those are the last synapses that we need to connect,” she said.
</p></li>
<li><strong>Devastating photos reveal how an extreme heat wave is wrecking Florida’s coral reef</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Elkhorn corals (Acropora palmata) that were planted about 3 years ago." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/fo6foWhkUi4mDJiT_lP-hrYvKcI=/0x256:2048x1792/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72671775/05_JennyAdler_Coral.0.png"/>
<figcaption>
Jennifer Adler
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Photos from before and after record temperatures struck Florida show the wrath of climate change.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PvIZTl">
The image above was taken at a coral reef in Florida called Pickles in the spring of 2022.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cSkDGQ">
Here’s how that same reef looked earlier this month:
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0d3l5D3BoSFsasnIhX09E1P2xhY=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24936227/adler_6788.jpg"/> <cite>Jennifer Adler</cite>
<figcaption>
A cluster of bleached elkhorn coral in Pickles Reef on September 7, 2023.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GpNLvC">
The difference between the two images tells a clear story: Coral in the Florida Keys, home to the largest reef in the continental US, <a href="https://www.vox.com/climate/23868423/florida-coral-reef-bleaching-heat-wave-climate-change">is dying</a>. The ghostly white appearance of the coral above is due to a phenomenon known as bleaching. Coral, an anemone-like marine animal, gets most of its color and food from a kind of algae that lives within its tissue. When that algae disappears, the coral appears stark white. Bleached corals aren’t dead; they are starving to death.
</p>
<div class="c-float-left c-float-hang">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5AGaigfhxS7Kvs2Pv_09AFlFqfA=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24937482/adler_5524.jpg"/> <cite>Jennifer Adler</cite>
<figcaption>
A small fragment of staghorn coral, a threatened species, at Pickles Reef.
</figcaption>
</figure></div></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xIF4AV">
What happened between those two snapshots is extreme and unrelenting heat. Since July, a <a href="https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/news/extreme-ocean-temperatures-are-affecting-floridas-coral-reef">record-setting</a> heat wave has been cooking waters in Florida and parts of the Caribbean, at times pushing water temperatures above 100 degrees. This excessive heat causes the relationship between coral and those symbiotic algae to break down; the algae leave the coral, though it’s not entirely clear which initiates the breakup.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qZJym7">
The result of this epic marine heat wave is a devastating bleaching event that stretches across the Keys and much of the Caribbean, threatening the future of the region’s coral reefs. That in turn threatens human lives and well-being. These ecosystems — which were already <a href="http://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/mission-iconic-reefs-noaa-aims-restore-florida-keys-climate-resilient-corals#:~:text=Since%20the%20late%201970s%2C%20healthy,self%2Dsustaining%20levels%20by%202040.">under siege</a> well before this summer — protect coastal communities <a href="https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/23046997/hurricane-ian-coral-reefs-climate-change-hurricanes">from storm surge</a>, support fisheries, and drive tourism.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xsUnHM">
“It’s absolutely devastating,” said Rachel Morgan, a senior coral biologist at the Florida Aquarium, an aquarium and conservation organization. “We’re looking at a mass extinction.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qqUwfp">
Underwater photojournalist Jennifer Adler and I went scuba-diving in the Florida Keys before and after this marine heat wave. What we saw is a stark reminder that climate change is not a distant threat; it’s destroying ecosystems today.
</p>
<div>
<div id="rjMSxU">
<div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="qmjFjL">
The heat wave is burning up years of restoration efforts
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="27z8Va">
Diving on a reef with bleached corals is always a bit grim, like walking through a forest after a wildfire. What makes this crisis especially harrowing, however, is that it’s undoing years or perhaps even decades of work to revive Florida’s reefs through restoration.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="M8nMU4">
“This is heartbreaking to a lot of people who’ve dedicated their lives to restoring reefs in Florida,” Morgan said. “It sets us back significantly. It stings.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9xYWkc">
The images below, from 2022, show pieces of coral growing in a nursery near Key Largo run by the Coral Restoration Foundation (CRF). The organization raises corals on “trees” made of PVC and fiberglass, and then glues them onto degraded parts of various reefs in the Florida Keys to create new habitat.
</p>
<div class="c-wide-block">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/YbFnYb98uAJDnGoIC76IHO0aYSU=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24937483/adler_updated_9570.jpg"/> <cite>Jennifer Adler</cite>
<figcaption>
The Coral Restoration Foundation’s Tavernier nursery, located off shore from Tavernier Key in the Florida Keys, on April 7, 2022.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Hv75hP">
You can see bits of elkhorn and staghorn corals in Adler’s photos below — two threatened species that help build reefs. The vibrant browns and oranges indicate that they’re healthy and their symbiotic relationship with algae is intact.
</p>
<div>
<div class="c-image-grid">
<div class="c-image-grid__item">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/sbXr5Pg2jJBPZifMEAvNGTsYfkw=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24937485/adler_updated_9593.jpg"/> <cite>Jennifer Adler</cite>
<figcaption>
A coral “tree” in Tavernier nursery on April 7, 2022.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="c-image-grid__item">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/r7Gv5Bj4i9Uzp437Dt7FVglF_kw=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24937487/adler_updated_9630.jpg"/> <cite>Jennifer Adler</cite>
<figcaption>
The nursery contains multiple trees of staghorn coral, shown here on April 7, 2022.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7SfE3U">
Here’s what that same nursery looked like in September.
</p>
<div>
<div class="c-image-grid">
<div class="c-image-grid__item">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/hmKdWB1lurKhPVNvLSWUtFUQ7zQ=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24937488/adler_updated_7878.jpg"/> <cite>Jennifer Adler</cite>
<figcaption>
Bleached elkhorn coral in Tavernier nursery on September 7, 2023.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="c-image-grid__item">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_tYwLHocjFYhNVp488H62xtWaK8=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24937490/adler_updated_7986.jpg"/> <cite>Jennifer Adler</cite>
<figcaption>
Beth Vessels, CRF’s director of marketing and communications, swims through trees of bleached staghorn coral in the Tavernier nursery on September 7, 2023.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="pBGbPK">
Much of the coral in this nursery, the world’s largest of its kind, has bleached. The situation got so bad that earlier this summer CRF rescued hundreds of pieces of coral from their nursery, transferring them to tanks on land so they wouldn’t perish in the brutal heat.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Xff9Pk">
CRF’s nursery also yields a bit of good news: Some of the corals growing there are proving to be more resistant to bleaching — they maintain their color. Scientists believe these thermally tolerant corals may hold the key to building reefs that are more resilient to future warming events, as I’ve <a href="https://www.vox.com/climate/23868423/florida-coral-reef-bleaching-heat-wave-climate-change">previously reported</a>.
</p>
<div class="c-float-right">
<div id="cBO2V2">
<div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="hY07A4">
Some of Florida’s reefs have almost no healthy coral remaining
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yBo2yE">
In 2022, Jenny and I watched CRF’s former science program manager, Amelia Moura, shown below, glue bits of staghorn coral to Pickles Reef. To date, the foundation has planted more than 43,000 pieces of coral here.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/EvUHkYREvvgMXpboTjORtlUV60Y=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24937491/adler_updated_0013.jpg"/> <cite>Jennifer Adler</cite>
<figcaption>
Moura plants a healthy fragment of staghorn coral on the reef substrate on Pickles Reef on April 7, 2022.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4eIVNe">
Today, many of those planted corals are bleached.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/vlpKUbdpnpZg4rWv4dpEl59if5E=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24936271/adler_7301__1_.jpg"/> <cite>Jennifer Adler</cite>
<figcaption>
Bleached fragments of planted staghorn coral in Pickles Reef on September 7, 2023.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="A9B4Wh">
We saw even more bleaching at a reef near Key West called Eastern Dry Rocks, another hot spot of restoration. The photo below shows a bleached piece of elkhorn coral that CRF had previously planted (the tree-like structure in the center) next to some bleached soft coral (on the left).
</p>
<div>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/uVQoKodwA5vEPVwRDbVkUL5OBsc=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24936290/adler_4807.jpg"/> <cite>Jennifer Adler</cite>
<figcaption>
Bleached corals in Eastern Dry Rocks reef near Key West on September 6, 2023.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="G6gIVw">
The heat has been so severe in the last few months that some corals have already died, like this colony of staghorn coral, seen below. Algae has grown over the dead coral fragment, giving it a green tint. (In some places, the water was so hot that corals didn’t even have a chance to bleach; their tissue just sloughed off their calcium carbonate skeleton.)
</p>
<div>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/8V0diVFIKH69VITkjUB3_urQZTw=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24936289/adler_5244.jpg"/> <cite>Jennifer Adler</cite>
<figcaption>
A cluster of dead planted staghorn coral in Eastern Dry Rocks reef seen on September 6, 2023.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ad58Om">
Also disheartening: Even corals that have been growing on the reef for decades have bleached. Coral grows incredibly slowly — for some species, it’s on the scale of millimeters a year. This colony of lobed star coral in a reef called Looe Key, shown below, is likely more than 100 years old.
</p>
<div class="p-fullbleed-block">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/GZ4etrv9jtpn3C5v5O0wo8jxaP0=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24937494/adler_updated_5692.jpg"/> <cite>Jennifer Adler</cite>
<figcaption>
A large bleached mound of lobed star coral at Looe Key reef.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MiP2GH">
Since summer, the water has cooled down a bit, but it’s still <a href="https://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/data_current/5km/v3.1_op/daily/png/ct5km_ssta_v3.1_florida_current.png">unusually warm</a>, and the threat of severe bleaching is <a href="https://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/data_current/5km/v3.1_op/daily/png/ct5km_baa-max-7d_v3.1_florida_current.png">still present</a> — now and in the years to come. The world’s top climate scientists <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-6/">predict</a> that global warming will make marine heat waves more common and extreme, which raises frightening questions about the long-term outlook of this iconic ecosystem and all that it supports.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KdLwuv">
<em>Want to learn more? Check out </em><a href="https://www.vox.com/climate/23868423/florida-coral-reef-bleaching-heat-wave-climate-change"><em>the first story</em></a><em> in Vox’s series on the coral bleaching crisis in Florida.</em>
</p>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Supreme Grandeur and Royal Nobility shine</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>National Car Racing Championship to resume at MIC with over 50 entries</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>River Of Gold, West Brook, Invincible and Multisided excel</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Fighton and Jamari impress</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>PM Modi to lay foundation stone of international cricket stadium in Varanasi on September 23</strong> - The international cricket stadium, to be built in Ganjari, Rajatalab, will be developed in more than 30 acres of area at a cost of about ₹450 crore</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ancestral house of playwright Gurajada Apparao will be developed, says Vizianagaram Collector</strong> - Rich tributes paid to the poet on his 161st birth anniversary</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Poachers from Kerala arrested in Gudalur</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Canada rejects India’s travel advisory amid escalating diplomatic row; calls for calm</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Persons with transplanted kidneys to gather</strong> - ORMA, a collective of persons who underwent kidney transplant in Palakkad district, to celebrate fourth anniversary</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Man stabbed to death after fight over lottery ticket</strong> -</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nagorno-Karabakh: Fresh reports of gunfire despite ceasefire</strong> - Azerbaijan denies that fighting has resumed a day after ethnic-Armenian forces agreed to surrender.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Nagorno-Karabakh: Conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenians explained</strong> - The region is at the heart of a long-running conflict between ethnic Armenians and Azerbaijanis.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Poland no longer supplying weapons to Ukraine amid grain row</strong> - Mateusz Morawiecki’s remarks come as tensions escalate over Ukraine’s grain exports.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>King Charles given standing ovation in French Senate</strong> - His speech, delivered in French and English, touched on climate change and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Where Ukraine’s army of amputees go to repair their lives</strong> - Orla Guerin visits a hospital and clinic in Ukraine, where 15,000 lost limbs in the first half of 2023.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Permission denied for reentry of Varda’s orbiting experiment capsule</strong> - The FAA says Varda launched its vehicle into space without a reentry license. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1969942">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>OpenAI’s new AI image generator pushes the limits in detail and prompt fidelity</strong> - With better response to details and text, DALL-E 3 hopes to make prompt engineering obsolete. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1969719">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Linux gives up on 6-year LTS kernels, says they’re too much work</strong> - Linux’s six-year long-term support was meant to help embedded devices. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1969634">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Move over, Cordyceps, there’s a new “zombie” parasite to haunt our dreams</strong> - The lancet liver fluke controls infected ants with a temperature-based on/off switch. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1969792">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>T-Mobile users saw other customers’ personal data due to “system glitch”</strong> - T-Mobile blames “temporary system glitch” during planned update. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1969887">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Daughter: “Mom, I’m dating the neighbor”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Mother: “But he could be your father…”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Daughter: “Age doesn’t count for me, Mom!”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Mother:" I don’t think you understand…"
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/MarcoDanielRebelo"> /u/MarcoDanielRebelo </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16oaiqh/daughter_mom_im_dating_the_neighbor/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16oaiqh/daughter_mom_im_dating_the_neighbor/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A man and his wife and his mother in law went on vacation to the Holy Land…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
While they were there, the mother in law passed away.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The undertaker told them you can have her shipped home for $5000 or you can bury her here in the Holy Land for $150.00.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The man thought about it, told him he’d just have her shipped home. The undertaker asked why would you spend $5000 to ship your mother in law home when it would be wonderful to have her buried here and spend only $150.00?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The man replied. A man died here 2000 years ago. He was buried here. Three days later he rose from the dead.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
I just can’t take that chance.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Kush1000"> /u/Kush1000 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16ntugc/a_man_and_his_wife_and_his_mother_in_law_went_on/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16ntugc/a_man_and_his_wife_and_his_mother_in_law_went_on/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A woman is at her boyfriend’s parents’ house for dinner. This is her first time meeting the family and she is very nervous. They all sit down and begin eating a fine meal.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The woman is beginning to feel a little discomfort, thanks to her nervousness and the broccoli casserole. The gas pains are making her eyes water. Left with no other choice, she decides to relieve herself a bit and lets out a dainty fart. It wasn’t loud, but everyone at the table heard the pouf. Before she even had a chance to be embarrassed, her boyfriend’s father looked over at the cat that had been snoozing at the woman’s feet and said in a rather stern voice, “Bubbles!”. The woman thought, “This is great!” and a big smile came across her face. A couple of minutes later, she was beginning to feel the pain again. This time, she didn’t even hesitate. She let a much louder and longer fart rip. The father again looked and the cat and yelled, “Dammit Bubbles!” Once again the woman smiled and thought “Yes!”. A few minutes later the woman had to let another one rip. This time she didn’t even think about it. She let rip a fart that rivaled a train whistle blowing! Once again, the father looked at the cat with disgust and yelled, “Dammit Bubbles, get away from her before she shits on you!”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/YZXFILE"> /u/YZXFILE </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16ns3qt/a_woman_is_at_her_boyfriends_parents_house_for/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16ns3qt/a_woman_is_at_her_boyfriends_parents_house_for/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Two men, both new to the town, was discussing their new home.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“What a strange place,” said one of them. “I went to check out the stock exchange yesterday, and it turned out to be all about soups and sauces. Very disappointing.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“You think that’s disappointing?” replied the other. “I went to check out the brothel!”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/OskarTheRed"> /u/OskarTheRed </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16oc9nd/two_men_both_new_to_the_town_was_discussing_their/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16oc9nd/two_men_both_new_to_the_town_was_discussing_their/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A man was driving in a very rural area.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Suddenly he saw a sign, “St Mary’s Convent and Brothel, All Welcome, 10 miles.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He was very surprised, and when he saw the St Mary sign, he turned of and stopped in the parking lot.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He knocked on the door, and an elderly nun opened it. He said, “I am here for the brothel.” The nun just nodded and took him down a long and winding corridor.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
At the end, next to a door, there sat an even older nun. She said nothing, and just pointed at a small sign saying $200.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He paid, and the nun opened the door and pushed him through.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
As the door locked behind him, he saw he was back in the parking lot, and in front of him a small sign: “You have just been screwed by the nuns of St Mary.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/mosquitohater2023"> /u/mosquitohater2023 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16nuvwj/a_man_was_driving_in_a_very_rural_area/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/16nuvwj/a_man_was_driving_in_a_very_rural_area/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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