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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Breeding in the pandemic: short-term lockdown restrictions do not alter reproductive decisions and avian life- history traits in a European capital city</strong> -
<div>
Humans are transforming natural habitats into managed urban green areas and impervious surfaces with unprecedented pace. Yet the effects of human presence per se on animal life-history traits are rarely tested. This is particularly true in cities, where human presence is often indissociable from urbanisation itself. The onset of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, along with the resulting lockdown restrictions, offered a unique, “natural experiment” context to investigate wildlife responses to a sudden reduction of human activities. We analysed four years of avian breeding data collected in a European capital city to test whether lockdown measures altered nestbox occupancy and life-history traits in two urban adapters: great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). Lockdown measures, which modulated human presence, did not influence any of the life-history traits inferred. In contrast, tree cover, a distinct ecological attribute of the urban space, positively influenced clutch size, a key avian life-history and reproductive trait. This highlights the importance of habitat and food webs over human activity on animal reproduction in cities. We discuss our results in the light of other urban wildlife studies carried out during the pandemic, inviting the scientific community to carefully interpret all lockdown - associated shifts in biological traits.
</div>
<div class="article-link article- html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://ecoevorxiv.org/43qcx/" target="_blank">Breeding in the pandemic: short- term lockdown restrictions do not alter reproductive decisions and avian life-history traits in a European capital city</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Enzymatic Beacons for Specific Sensing of Dilute Nucleic Acid and Potential Utility for SARS-CoV-2 Detection</strong> -
<div>
Enzymatic beacons, or E-beacons, are 1:1 bioconjugates of the nanoluciferase enzyme linked covalently at its C-terminus to hairpin forming DNA oligonucleotides equipped with a dark quencher. We prepared E-beacons biocatalytically using the promiscuous hedgehog protein-cholesterol ligase, HhC. Instead of cholesterol, HhC attached nanoluciferase site-specifically to mono-sterylated hairpin DNA, prepared in high yield by solid phase synthesis. We tested three potential E-beacon dark quenchers: Iowa Black, Onyx-A, and dabcyl. Prototype E-beacon carrying each of those quenchers provided sequence-specific nucleic acid sensing through turn-on bioluminescence. For practical application, we prepared dabcyl-quenched E-beacons for potential use in detecting the COVID-19 virus, SARS-CoV-2. Targeting the E484 codon of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, E-beacons (80 x 10-12 M) reported wild-type SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid at greater than or equal to 1 x 10-9 M with increased bioluminescence of 8-fold. E-beacon prepared for the E484K variant of SARS-CoV-2 functioned with similar sensitivity. These E-beacons could discriminate their complementary target from nucleic acid encoding the E484Q mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant. Along with specificity, detection sensitivity with E-beacons is two to three orders of magnitude better than synthetic molecular beacons, rivaling the most sensitive nucleic acid detection agents re-ported to date.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458287v1" target="_blank">Enzymatic Beacons for Specific Sensing of Dilute Nucleic Acid and Potential Utility for SARS-CoV-2 Detection</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Structure-guided glyco-engineering of ACE2 for improved potency as soluble SARS-CoV-2 decoy receptor</strong> -
<div>
Infection and viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 crucially depends on the binding of its Spike protein to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) presented on host cells. Glycosylation of both proteins is critical for this interaction. Recombinant soluble human ACE2 can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and is currently undergoing clinical tests for the treatment of COVID-19. We used 3D structural models and molecular dynamics simulations to define the ACE2 N-glycans that critically influence Spike-ACE2 complex formation. Engineering of ACE2 N-glycosylation by site-directed mutagenesis or glycosidase treatment resulted in enhanced binding affinities and improved virus neutralization without notable deleterious effects on the structural stability and catalytic activity of the protein. Importantly, simultaneous removal of all accessible N-glycans from recombinant soluble human ACE2 yields a superior SARS-CoV-2 decoy receptor with promise as effective treatment for COVID-19 patients.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458325v1" target="_blank">Structure-guided glyco-engineering of ACE2 for improved potency as soluble SARS-CoV-2 decoy receptor</a>
</div></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Robust immune responses after one dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine dose in SARS-CoV-2 experienced individuals</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The use of COVID-19 vaccines will play the major role in helping to end the pandemic that has killed millions worldwide. COVID-19 vaccines have resulted in robust humoral responses and protective efficacy in human trials, but efficacy trials excluded individuals with a prior diagnosis of COVID-19. As a result, little is known about how immune responses induced by mRNA vaccines differ in individuals who recovered from COVID-19. Here, we evaluated longitudinal immune responses to two-dose BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination in 15 adults who recovered from COVID-19, compared to 21 adults who did not have prior COVID-19 diagnosis. Consistent with prior studies of mRNA vaccines, we observed robust cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses in both cohorts following the second dose. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals had progressive increases in humoral and antigen-specific antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses following each dose of vaccine, whereas SARS-CoV-2-experienced individuals demonstrated strong humoral and antigen-specific ASC responses to the first dose but muted responses to the second dose of the vaccine at the time points studied. Together, these data highlight the relevance of immunological history for understanding vaccine immune responses and may have significant implications for personalizing mRNA vaccination regimens used to prevent COVID-19, including booster shots.
</p>
</div></li>
</ul>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.21251311v3" target="_blank">Robust immune responses after one dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine dose in SARS-CoV-2 experienced individuals</a>
</div>
<ul>
<li><strong>Total Infectomes Characterization of Respiratory Infections in pre-COVID-19 Wuhan, China</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
At the end of 2019 Wuhan witnessed an outbreak of “atypical pneumonia” that later developed into a global pandemic. Metagenomic sequencing rapidly revealed the causative agent of this outbreak to be a novel coronavirus - SARS- CoV-2. Herein, to provide a snapshot of the pathogens in pneumonia-associated respiratory samples from Wuhan prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, we collected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from 408 patients presenting with pneumonia and acute respiratory infections at the Central Hospital of Wuhan between 2016 and 2017. Unbiased total RNA sequencing was performed to reveal their “total infectome”, including viruses, bacteria and fungi. Consequently, we identified 37 pathogen species, comprising 15 RNA viruses, 3 DNA viruses, 16 bacteria and 3 fungi, often at high abundance and including multiple co-infections (12.8%). However, SARS-CoV-2 was not present. These data depict a stable core infectome comprising common respiratory pathogens such as rhinoviruses and influenza viruses, an atypical respiratory virus (EV-D68), and a single case of a sporadic zoonotic pathogen - Chlamydia psittaci. Samples from patients experiencing respiratory disease on average had higher pathogen abundance than healthy controls. Phylogenetic analyses of individual pathogens revealed multiple origins and global transmission histories, highlighting the connectedness of the Wuhan population. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogens associated with acute respiratory infections and pneumonia, which were more diverse and complex than obtained using targeted PCR or qPCR approaches. These data also suggest that SARS-CoV-2 or closely related viruses were absent from Wuhan in 2016-2017.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.21262865v1" target="_blank">Total Infectomes Characterization of Respiratory Infections in pre-COVID-19 Wuhan, China</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Correlation between times to SARS-CoV-2 symptom onset and secondary transmission undermines epidemic control efforts</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections have been associated with substantial presymptomatic transmission, which occurs when the generation interval–the time between infection of an individual with a pathogen and transmission of the pathogen to another individual–is shorter than the incubation period–the time between infection and symptom onset. We collected a dataset of 257 SARS-CoV-2 transmission pairs in Japan and jointly estimated the mean generation interval (3.7-5.1 days) and mean incubation period (4.4-5.7 days) as well as measured their dependence (Kendall9s tau of 0.4-0.6), taking into consideration demographic and epidemiological characteristics of the pairs. The positive correlation between the two parameters demonstrates that reliance on isolation of symptomatic COVID-19 cases as a focal point of control efforts is insufficient to address the challenges posed by SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics. Accounting for this dependence within SARS-CoV-2 epidemic models can also improve model estimates.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.29.21262512v1" target="_blank">Correlation between times to SARS- CoV-2 symptom onset and secondary transmission undermines epidemic control efforts</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Increasing incidence of parosmia and phantosmia in patients recovering from COVID-19 smell loss</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Importance: Sudden smell loss is a specific early symptom of COVID-19, with an estimated prevalence of ~40% to 75%. Smell impairment affects physical and mental health, and dietary behavior. Thus, it is critical to understand the rate and time course of smell recovery. Objective: To characterize smell function and recovery up to 11 months post COVID-19 infection. Settings, Participants: This longitudinal survey of individuals suffering COVID-19-related smell loss assessed disease symptoms and gustatory and olfactory function. Participants (n=12,313) who completed an initial respiratory symptoms, chemosensory function, and COVID-19 diagnosis survey (S1) between April and September 2020 and completed a follow-up survey (S2) between September 2020 and February 2021; 27.5% participants responded (n=3,386), with 1,468 being diagnosed with COVID-19 and suffering co-occurring smell and taste loss at the beginning of their illness. Main Outcomes &amp; Measures: Primary outcomes are ratings of smell and taste function on a visual analog scale, and self-report of parosmia (smell distortions) and phantosmia (unexplained smells). Secondary outcomes include a checklist of other COVID-19 symptoms. Results: On follow-up (median time since COVID-19 onset ~200 days), ~60% of women and ~48% of men reported less than 80% of their pre-illness smell ability. Taste typically recovered faster than smell, and taste loss rarely persisted if smell recovered. Prevalence of parosmia and phantosmia was ~10% of participants in S1 and increased substantially in S2: ~47% for parosmia and ~25% for phantosmia. Persistent smell impairment was associated with more symptoms overall, suggesting it may be a key marker of long-COVID. During COVID-19 illness, the ability to smell was slightly lower among those who did not recover their pre-illness ability to smell at S2. Conclusions and Relevance: While smell loss improves for many individuals who lost it due to COVID-19, the prevalence of parosmia and phantosmia increases substantially over time. Olfactory dysfunction is also associated with wider COVID-19 symptoms and may persist for many months after COVID-19 onset. Taste loss in the absence of smell loss is rare. Persistent qualitative smell symptoms are emerging as common long-term sequelae; more research into treatment options is strongly warranted given that conservative estimates suggest millions of individuals may experience parosmia following COVID-19. Healthcare providers worldwide need to be prepared to treat post COVID-19 secondary effects on physical and mental health.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.28.21262763v1" target="_blank">Increasing incidence of parosmia and phantosmia in patients recovering from COVID-19 smell loss</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Genomic epidemiology of early SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics in Gujarat, India</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 has played a decisive role in understanding the transmission and evolution of the virus during its emergence and continued circulation. However, limited genomic sampling in many high-incidence countries has impeded detailed studies of SARS-CoV-2 genomic epidemiology. Consequently, critical questions remain about the generation and global distribution of virus genetic diversity. To address this gap, we investigated SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics in Gujarat, India, during its first epidemic wave and shed light on virus9 spread in one of the pandemic9s hardest-hit regions. By integrating regional case data and 434 whole virus genome sequences sampled across 20 districts from March to July 2020, we reconstructed the epidemic dynamics and spatial spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Gujarat, India. Our findings revealed that global and regional connectivity, along with population density, were significant drivers of the Gujarat SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. The three most populous districts in Gujarat accounted ~84% of total cases during the first wave. Moreover, we detected over 100 virus lineage introductions, which were primarily associated with international travel. Within Gujarat, virus dissemination occurred predominantly from densely populated regions to geographically proximate locations with low-population density. Our findings suggest SARS-CoV-2 transmission follows a gravity model in India, with urban centres contributing disproportionately to onward virus spread.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.21262680v1" target="_blank">Genomic epidemiology of early SARS- CoV-2 transmission dynamics in Gujarat, India</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Discrepancies in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by qRT-PCR are dependent on the target gene used for its amplification: Implications in the diagnosis of clinical infection</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Discrepancies exist in Cycle threshold (Ct) values during detection of SARS-CoV-2 by qRT-PCR. We demonstrate that Ct values depend on the position of the target gene in the viral genome. Simultaneous detection of five genes in positive samples revealed lower Ct values as we move further to the 3 end (orf1AB/RdRp&gt;E&gt;M&gt;orf7a&gt;N). These findings were confirmed in a retrospective analysis with 363 positive clinical samples. Our findings have key implications in clinical diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2, patient management and public health interventions.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.21262536v1" target="_blank">Discrepancies in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by qRT-PCR are dependent on the target gene used for its amplification: Implications in the diagnosis of clinical infection</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Trajectory of viral load in a prospective population-based cohort with incident SARS-CoV-2 G614 infection</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Importance: SARS-CoV-2 viral trajectory has not been well-characterized in documented incident infections. These data will inform SARS-CoV-2 natural history, transmission dynamics, prevention practices, and therapeutic development. Objective: To prospectively characterize early SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding in persons with incident infection. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Secondary data analysis from a multicenter study in the U.S. Participants: The samples derived from a randomized controlled trial of 829 community-based asymptomatic participants recently exposed (&lt;96 hours) to persons with SARS-CoV-2. Participants collected daily mid-turbinate swabs for SARS-CoV-2 detection by polymerase-chain-reaction and symptom diaries for 14-days. Persons with negative swab for SARS-CoV-2 at baseline who developed infection during the study were included in the analysis. Exposure: Laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Main outcomes and measures: The observed SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding characteristics were summarized and shedding trajectories were examined using a piece-wise linear mixed-effects modeling. Whole viral genome sequencing was performed on samples with cycle threshold (Ct)&lt;34. Results: Ninety-seven persons (57% women, median age 37-years) developed incident infections during 14-days of follow-up. Two-hundred fifteen sequenced samples were assigned to 15 lineages that belonged to the G614 variant. Forty-two (43%), 18(19%), and 31(32%) participants had viral shedding for 1 day, 2-6 days, and &gt;7 days, with median peak viral load Ct of 38.5, 36.7, and 18.3, respectively. Six (6%) participants had 1-6 days of observed viral shedding with censored duration. The peak average viral load was observed on day 3 of viral shedding. The average Ct value was lower, indicating higher viral load, in persons reporting COVID-19 symptoms than asymptomatic. Using the statistical model, the median time from shedding onset to peak viral load was 1.4 days followed by a median of 9.7 days before clearance. Conclusions and Relevance: Incident SARS-CoV-2 G614 infection resulted in a rapid viral load peak followed by slower decay and positive correlation between peak viral load and shedding duration; duration of shedding was heterogeneous. This longitudinal evaluation of the SARS-CoV-2 G614 variant with frequent molecular testing may serve as a reference for comparing emergent viral lineages to inform clinical trial designs and public health strategies to contain the spread of the virus.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.21262754v1" target="_blank">Trajectory of viral load in a prospective population-based cohort with incident SARS-CoV-2 G614 infection</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>AZD7442 demonstrates prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in non-human primates and extended half-life in humans</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Despite the success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, there remains a need for more prevention and treatment options for individuals remaining at risk of COVID-19. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the viral spike protein have potential to both prevent and treat COVID-19, and reduce the risk of severe disease and death. Here, we describe AZD7442, a combination of two mAbs, AZD8895 (tixagevimab) and AZD1061 (cilgavimab), that simultaneously bind to distinct non- overlapping epitopes on the spike protein receptor binding domain to potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2. Initially isolated from individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, the two mAbs were designed to extend their half-lives and abrogate effector functions. The AZD7442 mAbs individually prevent the spike protein from binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, blocking virus cell entry. Together, these two mAbs create a higher barrier to viral escape and a wider breadth of coverage, neutralizing all known SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. In a non-human primate model of SARS- CoV-2 infection, prophylactic AZD7442 administration prevented infection, while therapeutic administration accelerated virus clearance from lung. In an ongoing Phase I study in healthy participants (NCT04507256), 300 mg intramuscular AZD7442 provided SARS-CoV-2 serum geometric mean neutralizing titers &gt;10-fold above those of convalescent sera for &gt;=3 months, which remained 3-fold above those of convalescent sera 9 months post-AZD7442 administration. Approximately 1-2% of serum AZD7442 levels were detected in nasal mucosa, a site of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Extrapolation of the time course of serum AZD7442 concentrations suggests AZD7442 may provide up to 12 months of protection and benefit individuals at high-risk of COVID-19.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.21262666v1" target="_blank">AZD7442 demonstrates prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in non-human primates and extended half-life in humans</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>BNT162b2 vaccine booster dose protection: A nationwide study from Israel</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: On July 30, 2021, a third (booster) dose of the Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine was approved in Israel for individuals 60 years or older who had been fully vaccinated (i.e., received two doses) at least five months previously. Here, we estimate the reduction in relative risk for confirmed infection and severe COVID-19 provided by the booster dose. Methods: 1,144,690 individuals aged 60y and older who were eligible for a booster dose were followed between July 30 and August 22, 2021. We defined dynamic cohorts where individuals initially belong to the 9non-booster9 cohort, leave it when receiving the booster dose and join the 9booster9 cohort 12 days later. Rates of infection and severe COVID-19 outcomes per person-days at risk were compared between the cohorts using Poisson regression, adjusting for possible confounding factors. Results: Twelve days or more after the booster dose we found an 11.4-fold (95% CI: [10.0, 12.9]) decrease in the relative risk of confirmed infection, and a &gt;10-fold decrease in the relative risk of severe illness. Under a conservative sensitivity analysis, we find ≈5-fold protection against confirmed infection. Conclusions: In conjunction with safety reports, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of a third vaccine dose in both reducing transmission and severe disease and indicates the great potential of curtailing the Delta variant resurgence by administering booster shots.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.21262679v1" target="_blank">BNT162b2 vaccine booster dose protection: A nationwide study from Israel</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>The impact of pausing the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine on uptake in Europe: a difference-in-differences analysis</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background Several countries paused their rollouts of the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine in mid-March 2021 due to concerns about vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia. Many warned that this risked damaging public confidence during a critical period of pandemic response. This study investigated whether the pause in the use of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine had an impact on subsequent vaccine uptake in European countries. Methods We used a difference-in-differences approach capitalizing on the fact that some countries halted their rollouts whilst others did not. A longitudinal panel was constructed for European Economic Area countries spanning 15 weeks in early 2021. Media reports were used to identify countries that paused the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine and the timing of this. Data on vaccine uptake were available through the European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Vaccine Tracker. Difference-in-differences linear regression models controlled for key confounders that could influence vaccine uptake, and country and week fixed effects. Further models and robustness checks were performed. Results The panel included 28 countries, with 19 in the intervention group and 9 in the control group. Pausing the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was associated with a 0.52% decrease in uptake for the first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine and a 1.49% decrease in the uptake for both doses, comparing countries that paused to those that did not. These estimates are not statistically significant (p=0.86 and 0.39 respectively). For the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine only, the pause was associated with a 0.56% increase in uptake for the first dose and a 0.07% decrease in uptake for both doses. These estimates are also not statistically significant (p= 0.56 and 0.51 respectively). All our findings are robust to sensitivity analyses. Conclusion As new COVID-19 vaccines emerge, regulators should be cautious to deviate from usual protocols if further investigation on clinical or epidemiological grounds is warranted.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html- link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.21262821v1" target="_blank">The impact of pausing the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine on uptake in Europe: a difference-in-differences analysis</a>
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<li><strong>Single-cell transcriptomic atlas of individuals receiving inactivated COVID-19 vaccines reveals distinct immunological responses between vaccine and natural SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
To control the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, CoronaVac (Sinovac), an inactivated vaccine, has been granted emergency use authorization by many countries. However, the underlying mechanisms of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine- induced immune response remain unclear, and little is known about its features compared to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we implemented single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile longitudinally collected PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) in six individuals immunized with CoronaVac and compared these to the profiles of COVID-19 infected patients from a Single Cell Consortium. Both inactivated vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 infection drove changes in immune cell type proportions, caused B cell activation and differentiation, and induced the expression of genes associated with antibody production in the plasma. The inactivated vaccine and SARS-COV-2 infection also caused alterations in peripheral immune activity such as interferon response, inflammatory cytokine expression, innate immune cell apoptosis and migration, effector T cell exhaustion and cytotoxicity, however, the magnitude of change was greater in COVID-19 patients, especially those with severe disease, than in immunized individuals. Further analyses revealed a distinct peripheral immune cell phenotype associated with CoronaVac immunization (HLA class II upregulation and IL21R upregulation in naive B cells) versus SARS-CoV-2 infection (HLA class II downregulation and IL21R downregulation in naive B cells severe disease). There were also differences in the expression of important genes associated with proinflammatory cytokines and thrombosis. In conclusion, this study provides a single-cell atlas of the systemic immune response to CoronaVac immunization and reveals distinct immune responses between inactivated vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.21262863v1" target="_blank">Single-cell transcriptomic atlas of individuals receiving inactivated COVID-19 vaccines reveals distinct immunological responses between vaccine and natural SARS-CoV-2 infection</a>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern is driven by acceleration of the evolutionary rate</strong> -
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The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has seen an unprecedented amount of rapidly generated genome data. These data have revealed the emergence of lineages with mutations associated to transmissibility and antigenicity, known as variants of concern (VOCs). A striking aspect of VOCs is that many of them involve an unusually large number of defining mutations. Current phylogenetic estimates of the evolutionary rate of SARS-CoV-2 suggest that its genome accrues around 2 mutations per month. However, VOCs can have around 15 defining mutations and it is hypothesised that they emerged over the course of a few months, implying that they must have evolved faster for a period of time. We analysed genome sequence data from the GISAID database to assess whether the emergence of VOCs can be attributed to changes in the evolutionary rate of the virus and whether this pattern can be detected at a phylogenetic level using genome data. We fit a range of molecular clock models and assessed their statistical fit. Our analyses indicate that the emergence of VOCs is driven by an episodic increase in the evolutionary rate of around 4-fold the background phylogenetic rate estimate that may have lasted several weeks or months. These results underscore the importance of monitoring the molecular evolution of the virus as a means of understanding the circumstances under which VOCs may emerge.
</p>
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.29.21262799v1" target="_blank">The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern is driven by acceleration of the evolutionary rate</a>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>High-dose Intravenous Vitamin C (HDIVC) as Adjuvant Therapy in Critical Patients With Positive COVID-19. A Pilot Randomized Controlled Dose-comparison Trial.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: High doses of intravenous vitamin C;   Drug: Dextrose 500 mL<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Hugo Galindo<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study of PF-07321332/Ritonavir in Non-hospitalized Low-Risk Adult Participants With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: PF-07321332;   Drug: Ritonavir;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Pfizer<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Developing and Testing a COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Intervention</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Vaccination<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Behavioral: Moving to COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance Intervention<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   VA Office of Research and Development;   VA Bedford Healthcare System<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Andrographis Paniculata vs Boesenbergia Rotunda vs Control in Asymptomatic COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Andrographis Paniculata;   Drug: Boesenbergia;   Other: Standard supportive treatment<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Mahidol University;   Ministry of Health, Thailand<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Enhancing COVID Rehabilitation With Technology</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Behavioral: NexJ Connected Wellness;   Other: Usual Care<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of Ottawa;   Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR);   Ottawa Hospital Research Institute<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase I/II Clinical Trial of Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (Sf9 Cells) in Children and Adolescents</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (Sf9 cells);   Other: Placebo control<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   WestVac Biopharma Co., Ltd.;   West China Hospital<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Treatment of Covid-19 With a Herbal Compound, Xagrotin</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Combination Product: Xagrotin<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:  <br/>
Biomad AS;   Directorate of health of Sulaimani, Iraq -KRG<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Philippine Trial to Determine Efficacy and Safety of Favipiravir for COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Combination Product: Favipiravir + Standard of Care;   Procedure: Standard of Care<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   University of the Philippines;   Department of Health, Philippines<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of the Effects of Bradykinin Antagonists on Pulmonary Manifestations of COVID-19 Infections (AntagoBrad- Cov Study).</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: C1 Inhibitor Human;   Drug: Icatibant Injection;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   GCS Ramsay Santé pour l’Enseignement et la Recherche<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of Safety and Immunogenicity of a Novel Vaccine for Prevention of Covid-19 in Adults Previously Immunized</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: A vaccine composed of a recombinant S1 antigen<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Hospital do Coracao;   Farmacore Biotecnologia Ltda<br/><b>Withdrawn</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase 3 Clinical Study Evaluating Nitric Oxide Nasal Spray (NONS) Efficacy To Treat and Prevent the Exacerbation of Infection in Individuals With Documented Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: to be given as a treatment<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:  <br/>
Salmaniya Medical Complex<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evolution of Protective Immunization Against COVID-19 Among Hospital Workers in Health Care Facilities</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Blood sample<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:  <br/>
Assistance Publique Hopitaux De Marseille<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Comparison of Detection of SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) Between Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens and Those Obtained by Salivary Sputum</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Diagnostic Test: Salivary test for COVID19<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Menstrual Blood Stem Cells in Severe Covid-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Covid19;   Cytokine Storm<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Allogeneic human menstrual blood stem cells secretome;   Other: Intravenous saline injection<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Avicenna Research Institute;   Tehran University of Medical Sciences<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Evaluate Immunogenicity and Safety of MVC-COV1901 Compared With AZD1222 Against COVID-19 in Adults</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Covid19 Vaccine<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: MVC-COV1901;   Biological: AZD1222<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corp.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Youth Relationships in the Era of COVID-19: A Mixed-Methods Study Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Kenya</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 disrupted adolescent girls’ and young women’s romantic relationships, depriving some of partner emotional support and exposing others to sexual violence, early pregnancy, and economically motivated transactional relationships. Increased social support systems, including access to psychosocial services, are needed in low-income communities in Kilifi, Kisumu, and Nairobi, in particular the informal settlement areas, to mitigate COVID-19’s consequences on girls’ SRH.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Proteflazid effectiveness for prevention and treatment of acute viral respiratory infections in the conditions of COVID-19</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: The statistical analysis confirmed the effectiveness of the drug Proteflazid® for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, as, when compared with official actual data, regarding the main indicators of the incidence of COVID-19: there were no fatalities; the average treatment period decreased (1.8 times); the proportion of recovered increased (at least 1.5 times); the proportion of sick medical workers in the total population of sick medical workers decreased (2.2 times); the…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The highly protective natural medical agents against COVID-19</strong> - CONCLUSION: This study is the first in terms of reducing the harmful effect of COVID-19 by providing effective results in a short time by guiding the experimental studies to reveal the inhibitory effect of COVID-19 (Tab. 3, Fig. 5, Ref. 25). Text in PDF www.elis.sk Keywords: COVID-19, Carvacrol, docking Cucurbitacin-E and I.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Structure-based design of antisense oligonucleotides that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication</strong> - Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are an emerging class of drugs that target RNAs. Current ASO designs strictly follow the rule of Watson-Crick base pairing along target sequences. However, RNAs often fold into structures that interfere with ASO hybridization. Here we developed a structure-based ASO design method and applied it to target severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Our method makes sure that ASO binding is compatible with target structures in three-dimensional…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evidence of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in domestic cats living with owners with a history of COVID-19 in Lima - Peru</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 can infect a variety of wild and domestic animals worldwide. Of these, domestic cats are highly susceptible species and potential viral reservoirs. As such, it is important to investigate disease exposure in domestic cats in areas with active community transmission and high disease prevalence. In this report we demonstrate the presence of serum neutralizing antibodies against the receptor binding-domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats whose owners had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 in…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 and the Role of Stem Cells</strong> - There is currently an ongoing coronavirus respiratory disease (COVID-19) pandemic that is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, which emerged out of Wuhan, China. In severe cases, the disease can progress to respiratory distress, hypoxia, and multi-organ failure, all of which are associated with high mortality. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess potent and broad-ranging immunomodulatory activities. MSCs have demonstrated their impressive ability to inhibit lung damage, reduce inflammation, attenuate…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunological evaluation of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in rhesus macaques</strong> - Because of the relatively limited understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis, immunological analysis for vaccine development is needed. Mice and macaques were immunized with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine prepared by two inactivators. Various immunological indexes were tested, and viral challenges were performed on day 7 or 150 after booster immunization in monkeys. This inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was produced by sequential inactivation with formaldehyde followed by propiolactone. The various…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Epigallocatechin gallate from green tea effectively blocks infection of SARS-CoV-2 and new variants by inhibiting spike binding to ACE2 receptor</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: These data support further clinical evaluation and development of EGCG as a novel, safe, and cost-effective natural product for prevention/treatment of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Updated pharmacological effects of Lonicerae japonicae flos, with a focus on its potential efficacy on coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)</strong> - Lonicerae japonicae flos (LJF), known as Jin Yin Hua in Chinese, is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese herbs and nutraceuticals. Nowadays, LJF is broadly applied in an array of afflictions, such as fever, sore throat, flu infection, cough, and arthritis, with the action mechanism to be elucidated. Here, we strove to summarize the main phytochemical components of LJF and review its updated pharmacological effects, including inhibition of inflammation, pyrexia, viruses, and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 spike promotes inflammation and apoptosis through autophagy by ROS-suppressed PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling</strong> - BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection-induced inflammatory responses are largely responsible for the death of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. However, the mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 triggers inflammatory responses remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the regulatory role of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in infected cells and attempted to elucidate the molecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>An Automated Culture System for Use in Preclinical Testing of Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis</strong> - Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), was the most significant infectious disease killer globally until the advent of COVID-19. Mtb has evolved to persist in its intracellular environment, evade host defenses, and has developed resistance to many anti-tubercular drugs. One approach to solving resistance is identifying existing approved drugs that will boost the host immune response to Mtb. These drugs could then be repurposed as adjunctive host-directed…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Use of Lectins as Tools to Combat SARS-CoV-2</strong> - CONCLUSION: even with the development of effective vaccines, new cases of viral infection with the same virus, or new outbreaks with different viruses can occur; so, the development of new treatments should not be discarded. moreover, the discussions made in this work are relevant regarding the anti-viral properties of lectins.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong><em>In vivo</em> active organometallic-containing antimycotic agents</strong> - Fungal infections represent a global problem, notably for immunocompromised patients in hospital, COVID-19 patient wards and care home settings, and the ever-increasing emergence of multidrug resistant fungal strains is a sword of Damocles hanging over many healthcare systems. Azoles represent the mainstay of antifungal drugs, and their mode of action involves the binding mode of these molecules to the fungal lanosterol 14α-demethylase target enzyme. In this study, we have prepared and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A computational study on hydroxychloroquine binding to target proteins related to SARS-COV-2 infection</strong> - COVID-19 disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has posed a global health emergency. Repurposing of existing drugs can be a rapid and effective strategy to fight the infection. Clinical trials have reported reduction or elimination of viral load when patients were treated with the anti-malarial drug Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). To understand the molecular mechanism of action for effective repurposing of this drug we have carried out in silico…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of a multi-species SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization test</strong> - Assays to measure SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies are important to monitor seroprevalence, to study asymptomatic infections and to reveal (intermediate) hosts. A recently developed assay, the surrogate virus- neutralization test (sVNT) is a quick and commercially available alternative to the “gold standard” virus neutralization assay using authentic virus, and does not require processing at BSL-3 level. The assay relies on the inhibition of binding of the receptor binding domain (RBD)…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Anti-Sars-Cov-2 Neutralizing Antibodies</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU333857732">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Expression Vector for Anti-Sars-Cov-2 Neutralizing Antibodies</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU333857737">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>DEVELOPMENT OF CNN SCHEME FOR COVID-19 DISEASE DETECTION USING CHEST RADIOGRAPH</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU333857177">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-COV-2 BINDING PROTEINS</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU333402004">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A PROCESS FOR PREPARING MONTELUKAST SODIUM FOR TREATING COVID 19 PATIENTS</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU333857132">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>IDENTIFICATION OF ANTI-COVID 19 AGENT SOMNIFERINE AS INHIBITOR OF MPRO &amp; ACE2-RBD INTERACTION</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU333857079">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Deep Learning Based System For Detection of Covid-19 Disease of Patient At Infection Risk.</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU333857030">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>鼠抗新型冠状病毒N蛋白杂交瘤细胞株，单克隆抗体及应用</strong> - 本发明提供两株鼠抗新型冠状病毒N蛋白杂交瘤细胞株，单克隆抗体及应用，通过小鼠杂交瘤单克隆抗体筛选及RT‑PCR法克隆Ig可变区基因，获得稳定分泌抗新型冠状病毒N蛋白抗体的杂交瘤细胞株及其可变区序列，并用ELISA方式对抗体结合特异性进行了鉴定，为抗新型冠状病毒N蛋白基因工程抗体的研发奠定了基础；该鼠源性新型冠状病毒N蛋白单克隆抗体与新型冠状病毒N蛋白反应高效价，且结合特异性强，可用于新型冠状病毒N蛋白的检测，以该抗体为原料开发的检测试剂盒具备很好的临床应用价值。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN334790381">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>자외선살균등</strong> - 본 발명은 사람의 의복이나 사용한 마스크 등에 부착하여 있다 호흡기로 유입되어 감염을 유발할 수 있는 COVID-19와 같은 유해균류를 간편하게 살균하기 위한 휴대용 자와선살균등에 관한 것이다. 반감기가 길고 인체에 유해한 오존을 발생하지 않으면서 탁월한 살균능력이 있는 250~265nm(최적은 253.7nm) 파장의 자외선을 발광하는 자외선램프를 본 발명의 막대형의 자외선살균등 광원으로 사용하고 비광원부를 손으로 잡고 의복이나 사용한 마스크 등 유해균류가 부착되었을 것으로 의심되는 곳에 자외선을 조사하여 간편하게 유해균류를 살균하므로써 감염을 예방하기 위한 휴대용 자외선살균등에 관함 것이다. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=KR332958765">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>图像识别方法、装置、电子设备和计算机可读存储介质</strong> - 本发明实施例公开了一种图像识别方法、装置、电子设备和计算机可读存储介质；本发明实施例在获取人脸图像样本后，对人脸图像样本进行空间特征提取，并基于提取出的图像特征和人脸标签信息对预设人脸识别模型进行训练，得到训练后人脸识别模型，然后，对图像特征进行域特征提取，得到人脸图像样本的类别特征，然后，基于类别特征和类别标签信息确定人脸图像样本的特征分类结果，然后，根据特征分类结果与训练后人脸识别模型进行修正，并采用修正后人脸识别模型对待识别人脸图像进行识别；该方案可以提升图像识别的效率。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN334806131">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>After Hurricane Ida, How Much Longer Can New Orleans’s New Levees Hold?</strong> - The city may be better protected today than it was before Katrina, but with every day that passes the protection is waning. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/after-hurricane-ida-how-much-longer-can-new-orleanss-new-levees-%20hold">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Biden’s Chaotic Withdrawal from Afghanistan Is Complete</strong> - The U.S. has extricated its military from a two-decade-long conflict, but the country, and tens of thousands of Afghan allies, have been abandoned to the Taliban. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/bidens-chaotic-withdrawal-from-afghanistan-is-complete">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Hurricane Ida Proves That We Need to Step Up the Political Fight on Climate Change</strong> - It’s past time to take the planet’s limits seriously. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/hurricane-ida-proves-that-we-need-to-step-up-the-political-fight-%20on-climate-change">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Is the U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan the End of the American Empire?</strong> - Only time will tell whether the old adage about Afghanistan’s being the graveyard of empires proves as true for the United States as it did for the Soviet Union. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/is-the-us-withdrawal-from-afghanistan-the-end-of-the-american-%20empire">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Anguish Over What America Left Behind—and Afghanistan’s Future</strong> - In an impassioned address, Biden vowed that he was not going to extend the forever war or the “forever exit.” - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-anguish-over-what-america-left-behind-and-afghanistans-%20future">link</a></p></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
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<li><strong>It’s incredibly hard to know what you should pay for secondhand clothes</strong> -
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<img alt="A rack of leather jackets in a consignment store in Milan, Italy." src="https://cdn.vox-
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cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/69802440/GettyImages_1175278483.0.jpg"/>
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The secondhand apparel market is booming, but there are varying, inconsistent metrics for consumers to determine the value of pre-owned clothes. | Getty Images
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Gen Z loves to buy secondhand, but online prices are all over the place.
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A vintage leather jacket is, in theory, an easy thing to find online. My weeks-long search, however, only led to an extended deliberation between three near-identical garments — all oxblood red, with a tieable belt — at three wildly different price points: $60, $125, and $250. I was conflicted. How could I make a sound decision when I wasn’t even sure what a secondhand jacket should cost?
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“Choice overload,” as it’s called, is a natural product of capitalism. The numerous options I found on the internet made me dizzy enough to think, perhaps, $250 was an acceptable price for the perfect jacket, despite it being four times more expensive than the cheapest garment in my queue of tabs. Coined by futurist writer Alvin Toffler in 1970, the term describes a mental paralysis that afflicts modern consumers. This sensation doesn’t inhibit an inevitable purchase. Rather, it places additional anxiety upon the shopper, particularly when it comes to discerning the value of what they’re buying.
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This becomes especially complicated in the secondhand apparel market, given the range of prices available and limited information about an item’s provenance. Customers buying brand new goods face this conundrum, but not to the same degree. With new items, the sale price is generally fixed to reflect the labor, shipping costs, overhead expenses, and profit markup that go into maintaining a store’s virtual and physical operations.
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Pre-owned garments, on the other hand, have a wider margin for fluctuation. They are loosely dependent on an item’s condition, the brand label, its fabrics, modern trends, and the seller’s profile. On top of these varying metrics, more inexperienced buyers and sellers are entering the market, often with minimal knowledge about sought-after labels or what qualifies an item as <a href="https://www.certifiedestatesales.com/vintage-vs-antique-vs-collectible/">true vintage</a> (anything that is 20 to 99 years old). And with the profusion of resale marketplaces like Depop and Poshmark and professionalized sites like The RealReal, many consumers have ended up paying well-above-average prices for pre-owned items that aren’t all that special.
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“It’s the wild wild West right now, both for designer and regular vintage goods,” said Sarah Korsiak Cellier, the owner of Rice and Beans Vintage, who specializes in vintage Chanel and designer pieces. “On many resale sites, individuals are setting their own prices. That creates a lot of inconsistency.”
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<q>“It’s the wild wild West right now, both for designer and regular vintage goods”</q>
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Thus, sellers are incentivized to mark up their prices, even if the listed amount is unrealistically high. Outrageously priced items don’t often sell, but they show up in searches, subtly skewing consumers’ expectations about what a garment is worth. Since so many shoppers are also casual sellers of pre-owned or thrifted clothes, it leads to more inflated price points.
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In the real estate industry, market conditions are described as either favoring buyers or sellers — depending on whether supply exceeds demand or vice versa. Most secondhand clothing sellers purport that it’s a buyer’s market in the US, since thrift shops are <a href="https://www.npr.org/2019/01/21/687255642/thrift-stores-say-theyre-swamped-with-donations-after-tidying-up-with-
marie-kond">frequently</a> <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-04-30/at-overloaded-thrift-shops-
coronavirus-is-wreaking-havoc">overloaded</a> with pre-owned clothes and unused fabrics. But while there is an excess of clothes, not all garments are made equal. Consumers gravitate toward what’s trendy or unique, so popular styles and brands from a certain era, like <a href="https://www.lofficielusa.com/fashion/gen-z-y2k-millennial-90s-fashion-
nostalgia">retro Y2K</a>, can sell for above-average prices depending on mainstream trends. (Most donated clothes <a href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200710-why-clothes-are-so-hard-to-recycle">don’t even make it onto thrift store racks</a>; they end up in landfills, exported overseas, or incinerated.)
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Selling clothes from the thrift store online for double the price is gentrification
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— AURA STAR (<span class="citation" data-cites="Lederrick_">@Lederrick_</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/Lederrick_/status/1282349081818476549?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 12, 2020</a>
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Thrift store resellers are simultaneously contending with a simmering tide of animosity from consumers about their profit margins. Social media critics typically take aim at young, seemingly wealthy sellers, who buy cheap items in bulk from local Goodwill or Salvation Army stores and mark them up for profit on marketplaces like Depop. I’ve previously reported about this concern over “<a href="https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22396051/thrift-store-
hauls-ethics-depop">thrift store gentrification</a>”; critics claim such novice sellers are inadvertently raising the prices of thrifted goods by purchasing an excess of garments. It’s a compelling but inexact argument: Individual resellers get the brunt of backlash that should be directed toward profit-seeking thrift stores and loosely regulated resale marketplaces.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vO5FyM">
As the resale market grows and piques <a href="https://fashionista.com/2016/05/online-resale-poshmark-the-realreal">the attention of venture capital</a>, the tension over the prices of pre-owned clothes won’t dissipate. It does, however, raise questions about the ever-changing value of clothing. Are there clear metrics the average shopper can abide by to determine a reasonable price for an item? Or in a world with too many clothes, is the value of garments more fluid than we expect?
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“It’s important to remember that anyone can sell anything online,” said Deborah Miller, a textile and clothing appraiser, who has evaluated pieces for the Metropolitan Museum of Art and PBS’s <em>Antiques Roadshow</em>. “Listed prices aren’t always sale prices, and sometimes sellers with a higher profile can command a higher price for the exact same item.”
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When assessing a garment, Miller typically begins with its condition and label, even for non-designer brands. “Once you know the label and condition, a shopper can easily compare the price points through different resale platforms,” she said. “When I look at listed prices, it helps me figure out the outliers, those who might be not-so-knowledgeable sellers that just threw up an item on eBay in the hopes that it sells.” With that range of acceptable prices in mind, Miller then determines whether a certain piece has special details — when it was manufactured, if it’s a unique cut, size, or limited edition. Comparison is crucial for shoppers on peer- to-peer marketplaces, she added, since sellers are setting their own prices.
</p>
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The best deals, however, are usually found on resale sites like eBay, in small antique shops, or at in-person sales, according to Miller. At auction or estate sales, for example, buyers are able to clinch better deals, sometimes in bulk, instead of at a consignment shop. “It’s hard for people to wrap their minds around how a garment might have five to six different values,” Miller added. “It depends on who’s buying, who’s selling, and which part of the market the clothes are selling in. Are garments being sold wholesale for liquidation at a physical site? Or is it being sold on an Etsy shop that has a global audience?”
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Before the internet, most vintage sellers operated their businesses locally or regionally, occasionally taking trips out-of-state to source goods. As one of the first international resale marketplaces, eBay changed that: Independent sellers now had the opportunity to reach more customers, and it was where most vintage enthusiasts scoured for affordable items online before Etsy and Depop. That meant sellers were able to charge more, since their pool of potential buyers has vastly expanded.
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Social media, too, has helped accelerate mainstream consumer appetite for vintage goods, said Korsiak Cellier. Part- and full-time sellers alike are putting in more work to style and promote items, thereby pushing up prices. It’s a business model with proven success: Sophia Amoruso, the former CEO of Nasty Gal and a <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/06/girlbosses-what-comes-next/613519/">self-described girlboss</a>, started her clothing brand on eBay, originally as a vintage seller.
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<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CN-ctVlMEfQ/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" style="color:
#c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;
text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">A post shared by sororité. (<span class="citation" data-cites="sororitevintage">@sororitevintage</span>)</a>
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NswSfh">
“When I started, there was no Instagram,” Korsiak Cellier said. “The presentation and curation of the goods could affect how people perceive the price and what they’re willing to pay for it. That wasn’t so important on eBay in the 2000s, but now, that content definitely helps sell things, especially if you have a lot of followers.”
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An in-demand seller with a loyal customer base could significantly markup regular vintage items, compared to those with a smaller online presence. <a href="https://www.instagram.com/sororitevintage/?hl=en">Sororité Vintage</a>, for example, a shop that specializes in selling vintage lingerie and designer accessories, has amassed more than 700,000 Instagram followers and routinely sells out its collection. Smaller sellers, however, have remarked that the store routinely inflates its prices even for <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Depop/comments/i9r20q/apparently_sororit%C3%A9_vintage_vintage_reseller_that/">department store-branded lingerie</a>, like Victoria’s Secret or Frederick’s.
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Many customers are flocking to online resale marketplaces, leaving behind consignment stores and sellers that operate independent of these platforms. This has only made pricing more complicated — for buyers and sellers. It’s no secret that Gen Z loves Depop; in July, the company was snatched up by Etsy for <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/22465048/depop-etsy-1-6-billion-tiktok-youtube-social-media-gen-z">$1.62 billion</a>. Yet, retailers and investors think there’s plenty of room for competition in the <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/826162/apparel-resale-market-value-
worldwide/#:~:text=In%202020%2C%20the%20global%20market,worth%2027%20billion%20U.S.%20dollars.">$27 billion</a> secondhand apparel market. According to <a href="https://wwd.com/sustainability/business/ebay-etsy-mercari-thredup-
therealreal-clothing-resale-players-market-1234894315/">Women’s Wear Daily</a>, the resale space currently consists of peer-to-peer selling apps (Etsy, Depop, Poshmark, or eBay), managed marketplaces (The RealReal, StockX, ThredUp), and logistics partners handling the resale of unsold or used clothes from retailers (Trove and Recurate).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wOyOaK">
Brick-and-mortar charity shops and retailers like <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/urban-outfitters-to-
take-on-poshmark-with-its-own-thrift-store-app-11629802800">Urban Outfitters</a>, Levi’s, and Burberry have launched their own resale programs and online hubs to support sustainable consumption. Whatever the reason, it’s clear there’s money to be made in this burgeoning market, whose <a href="https://www.thredup.com/resale/#resale-industry">growth is surpassing that of traditional clothing retail</a>. But can these profits be sustained while keeping clothing prices affordable for buyers?
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="J6ESwa">
The growth of venture capital-funded resale enterprises concerns Marydee Reynolds, an independent seller behind Chicago-based Saffron Vintage. Selling secondhand isn’t always a consistent or highly profitable business endeavor, but it has helped Reynolds maintain a steady stream of income for nearly two decades. Since the pandemic, she’s struggled to retain freelance work as a musician and voice teacher, so selling vintage has become her full-time job.
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<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CRKRQsVLc_X/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" style="color: #c9c8cd;
font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-
decoration: none;" target="_blank">A post shared by therealreal (<span class="citation" data-cites="therealreal">@therealreal</span>)</a>
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“The goal of something like The RealReal is growth and profit,” Reynolds said. “The buying and selling process becomes consolidated, so you lose that personal connection with people through such a big corporate platform.”
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The motivation to pursue growing profits means sellers might not always have clients’ best interests in mind. That’s reflected in pricing, not just among designer goods but regular garments that can easily be found at thrift stores or estate sales at lower prices. “It does make me worry sometimes that resale clothing, especially for designer pieces, is going to be as expensive as retail,” Reynolds added. Some sellers have a habit of sourcing items from other vintage shops and significantly marking up the price. With designer goods, that may not be a sustainable way to run a business, since most items are created in limited quantities.
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“There’s no way to go out there and source rare pieces to turn a quick profit, which is what these resale sites want to do,” said Reynolds. “You can’t go out and find mid-century Dior just because it’s in high demand.”
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The fashion industry, especially certain pockets of the resale market, is not as predictable for investors as, say, consumer tech or other goods that can be scaled. It’s an irrational space, fashion-tech CEO Peiman Raf told <a href="https://www.voguebusiness.com/talent/articles/venture-capital-seed-funding-fashion-brands-startups-madhappy-
andie/">Vogue Business</a>. “[Fashion] is not something you can inorganically pump thousands of percent of growth into year-over-year like you might be able to in tech or some consumer categories.”​​
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<q>“Fashion is not something you can inorganically pump thousands of percent of growth into year-over- year”</q>
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The RealReal, which resells luxury consignment goods, went public in June 2019, but even after a triumphant year for resale, the platform is <a href="https://seekingalpha.com/article/4423004-realreal-
no-light-end-of-this-tunnel">still in the red</a> and doesn’t seem to be reaching profitability anytime soon. That’s not entirely indicative of the greater resale market, though, for regular vintage and used clothes (Poshmark, for example, <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/17/poshmark-releases-s-1-for-ipo-and-shows-profits.html">is turning a profit</a>).
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It is, however, short-sighted to chart the success of the secondhand market without paying close attention to the firsthand retail market. These spaces are closely linked, since what’s sold firsthand eventually makes its way into the resale space. And contemporary fast fashion brands that have a short shelf life in buyers’ closets are bleeding into local thrift stores and resale platforms.
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Some Depop sellers worry that in five to 10 years, fast fashion will make up the bulk of donated clothes. “There will be nothing worth reselling,” <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Depop/comments/ntvc5f/do_you_ever_think_about_how_the_thriftsecondhand/">one Reddit commenter wrote</a>. “My guess is that the ‘circular economy’ will probably still continue and reselling will too, but the life cycle of the majority of pieces are just going to be a lot shorter given modern clothing quality,” said another.
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Miller, the clothing appraiser, urges shoppers to think of clothing — pre-owned or new — as investments, “not something you can put on the resale market after wearing it a few times.” Secondhand shopping risks losing its eco-friendly bent if it’s predicated on a cycle of ceaseless consumption. The goal of buying pre-owned clothes should be to extend the closet lifespan of an item, not to resell them as quickly as possible.
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Leather jackets, if correctly taken care of, can last a few decades to an entire lifetime, according to Miller: “It depends on the type of animal hide, quality of the leather, and how often you wear it or how it’s stored.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ulVyLQ">
I did, eventually, choose to buy the most affordable option: a $60 jacket sold by a Southern California seller, made in Korea by the brand Trappeur. It was stiffer than I had imagined it would be and it had some markings on the sleeves, but I was satisfied. After all, a polyurethane faux-leather jacket from ASOS costs nearly as much and likely won’t last a decade — even if it’ll be resold on Depop year after year.
</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>9 questions parents have about delta and schools, answered by experts</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-
cdn.com/thumbor/_D7kHlZe4eNcDe1cITHhDIufKpo=/0x0:2667x2000/1310x983/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/69802305/GettyImages_1234736280.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Tiffany Doan-Evans hugs her kindergartner on the first day of school at Lankershim Elementary in North Hollywood, California. | Al Seib/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
It’s another pandemic back-to-school season, but we’ve learned a lot since last year.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wsrVGr">
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yj2RD4">
This fall, millions of families across America are embarking on the most stressful back-to-school season since — well, last year.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="x8z2l1">
It’s not that things aren’t different now. Most notably, we have vaccines available for people 12 and older that dramatically reduce the risk of death and serious illness from the virus. And while <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/11/15/21564488/covid-19-coronavirus-us-kids-schools-testing-education-remote">large numbers of students</a> started last school year learning remotely, this fall nearly all districts are welcoming kids back to classrooms.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4BpgeQ">
But a lot of things are, depressingly, the same. The virus is far from gone, with the delta variant <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/covid-cases.html">driving surges</a> in many parts of the country. And the lack of vaccines for kids under 12 means continued uncertainty for families as the school year begins.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CuvcC7">
Add to that uncertainty the fact that parents and school officials around the country are divided, sometimes bitterly, over how to respond to the virus.
</p>
<div class="c-wide-block">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Students and parents stand in a long line outside school." src="https://cdn.vox-
cdn.com/thumbor/PDywfds9Qr7NyPzi-xIWJcwYQqs=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22817749/GettyImages_1234735967.jpg"/> <cite>Al Seib/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
The Los Angeles Unified School District enforced preapproved health clearances for students to enter campuses.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HWoMek">
Mitigation practices like mask mandates have become deeply politicized, with just 46 percent of Republicans supporting such rules for unvaccinated students, in an August poll by <a href="https://www.filesforprogress.org/datasets/2021/8/dfp-vox-return-to-school-tabs.pdf">Data for Progress and Vox</a>, compared with 83 percent of Democrats.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3YZpnl">
Vaccine mandates for teachers and staff are similarly controversial, with 48 percent of Republicans supporting them, compared with 85 percent of Democrats.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ieXcoi">
And these divisions have led to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/26/nyregion/new-york-city-
school-reopening.html">a patchwork</a> of policies<strong> </strong>across much of America, with some school districts proceeding relatively cautiously while others open their doors with few restrictions.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<pre><code> &lt;img alt="Chart: “Majorities of voters support requiring vaccinations for teachers and students.” Republicans </code></pre>
are least likely to support requiring vaccines, but 48 percent of Republican voters still support such requirements for school staff," src=“https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Xx7WZ6z-QelTRI2x0FZt_RMBiIs=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox- cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22818994/image_<em>8</em>.png” /&gt; <cite>Ethan Winter/Data for Progress</cite></figure></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rxVNdO">
Given all this, it’s no wonder many parents are confused and left asking some of the same questions they’ve been asking for more than a year: What should schools be doing to keep kids safe? What should I do if my child’s school isn’t taking those precautions? When will vaccines for younger kids be available? Vox spoke with experts to get answers so families at least have information to help them make decisions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="eT3Ybd">
After all, even though quarantine policies, mask rules, and vaccine timetables can feel confusing and overwhelming, nearly everyone can agree on a couple of common goals: to help kids get an education and to lower transmission of Covid-19. “The ways to do that are very clear,” Paul R. Skolnik, chair of internal medicine at the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, told Vox. “It’s just a matter of how to get to the right place.”
</p>
<h3 id="zXVhRf">
Is it safe for kids to go to school?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ahfeex">
This is the biggest question on a lot of parents’ minds as they send their kids back to the classroom this fall. Unfortunately, it’s also one without a single, easy answer.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9MzHUH">
Kids remain less likely than adults to get severely ill with Covid-19. But they can still get sick, and since delta is more transmissible than earlier versions of the virus, more kids around the country are catching it. Pediatric hospitalizations recently reached their highest recorded level of the pandemic, with <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/25/pediatric-covid-hospitalizations-surge-to-highest-on-record-in-us-as-doctors-
brace-for-more.html">an average of 303 children</a> admitted per day the week ending August 22.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ecRPez">
However, experts say there are ways to reduce the risks of children getting Covid-19 at school. And there are also risks, for many kids, of <em>not</em> being in school, from lost instructional time to missing out on interactions with peers.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="AftBx2">
“There’s never zero risk in anything we do,” Skolnik said. “Everything is a risk-benefit calculation.”
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-
cdn.com/thumbor/21UAHyJ2Bo_cGZcCZkh-gnsGAkg=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22817768/GettyImages_1234841130.jpg"/> <cite>Amanda Andrade-Rhoades/For The Washington Post via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Julia Schickel guides lost students and caregivers to the correct classroom at Stratford Landing Elementary School in Alexandria, Virginia.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZgOKyE">
In general, at this point in the pandemic, experts from <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12-guidance.html">the CDC</a> to <a href="https://www.aap.org/en/news-room/news-releases/aap/2021/american-academy-of-pediatrics-updates-recommendations-
for-opening-schools-in-fall-2021/">the American Academy of Pediatrics</a> say the risk-benefit analysis favors getting kids back in the classroom if at all possible. That’s partly because of concerns about learning interruptions caused by more than a year of remote school, which may have exacerbated existing racial and economic inequities in the American school system, as well as having a <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/30/learning-loss-from-virtual-school-due-to-
covid-is-significant-.html">disproportionate impact on students with disabilities</a>. It’s also because <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7012e3.htm">research on Covid-19 transmission in schools</a> is encouraging — to a point.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TQsH6E">
“We have seen kids across the US and across the world return to in-person learning despite the ebb and flow of Covid spread,” Ibukun Kalu, a pediatric infectious disease physician and professor at Duke University, told Vox. The results show that “children can return back to schools safely, but there are a number of factors that may impact Covid spread in the school setting.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BNOMDP">
A lot of those factors are mitigation measures that are in the school’s control. Which brings us to the next question:
</p>
<h3 id="Rdes23">
What should schools be doing to keep kids safe?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lJxzkw">
The most effective weapon we have right now against Covid-19 both inside and outside schools, experts agree, is vaccination. “If you are eligible to be vaccinated, you should absolutely, positively get vaccinated,” Skolnik said. Vaccination of teachers and staff, students 12 and older, and all eligible family and community members will help keep everyone in school safer, he said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HSwZKd">
But because children under 12 aren’t yet eligible for vaccines, additional measures are necessary. For a lot of experts, the biggest one is masks. “In settings that implement masking, amongst a few other things, we see low rates of within-school transmission, even when community rates spike,” Kalu said. On the flip side, many have pointed to a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/28/health/coronavirus-schools-children.html">recent CDC report</a> on an unvaccinated, unmasked teacher who ended up transmitting the coronavirus to 12 of the 24 students in a classroom as an example of how quickly the virus can spread when no mitigation is in place.
</p>
<div class="c-float-right c-float- hang">
<aside id="D1rfNN">
<q>“We have seen kids across the US and across the world return to in-person learning despite the ebb and flow of Covid spread” —Ibukun Kalu</q>
</aside>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="auehak">
In addition to masks and vaccinations, many say schools should also work to improve ventilation — <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/26/nyregion/new-
york-city-school-reopening.html">New York City</a>, for example, has said it will send two air purifiers to each classroom this year. Testing can also be helpful to reduce risk, especially in areas of high Covid-19 prevalence (which is most of the US right now). But in order to be most effective, school systems should implement regular at-home testing “to prevent a child who’s positive from entering school,” Neeraj Sood, director of the Covid Initiative at the USC Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, told Vox.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="i93yEM">
However, a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/26/nyregion/new-york-city-school-reopening.html">lack of access to rapid tests</a> means few districts are taking this approach. Instead, many are doing the opposite: “A child is already in school, we test the child, the results come 48 hours later, we’ve just confirmed that a child who was potentially infectious was in school the previous 3 days,” Sood said. Such testing can tell exposed people when they may need to quarantine, but it doesn’t stop exposures in the first place.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ImhLk7">
Overall, schools should consider combining multiple mitigation measures to get the best results. “We’ve tried to talk about a kind of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/05/health/coronavirus-swiss-cheese-infection-mackay.html">Swiss-cheese approach</a>,” Tara Smith, an epidemiologist at Kent State University, told Vox. “All these measures together work better than any one alone.”
</p>
<h3 id="bnhmss">
Do masks work in schools?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="GYl6TG">
Of all the measures that schools employ to stem the spread of Covid-19, probably the most controversial one is masking. While many school districts are requiring masks this fall, some states have banned mask mandates, and debates on the issue have devolved into <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/12/us/tennessee-covid-mask-mandate-school-board-protest/index.html">shouting matches</a> and even <a href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/08/13/northern-california-teacher-beaten-up-by-dad-
angered-by-masking-of-child/">violence</a> at schools around the country.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="rWIgwO">
Meanwhile, some experts have questioned the need for masks in schools, pointing out that <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/27/us/students-masks-classrooms-britain.html">elementary schools in Britain</a>, by and large, do not use them, relying on quarantines and rapid testing instead — and research last year showed that virus rates within schools did not exceed those in surrounding communities. Sood, for example, supports voluntary masking rather than mandates, arguing that research has yet to conclusively show that<strong> </strong>masks on their own have a significant impact on Covid-19 transmission in schools. “I’m very reluctant to say we should have a mask mandate for children,” he said.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Middle-school students wearing masks
gather around a desk and get instructions from their teacher." src="https://cdn.vox-
cdn.com/thumbor/CM8wgKns_GJ23rfinby0aj8O17w=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22817769/GettyImages_1234722031.jpg"/> <cite>Allen J. Schaben/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Mask mandates in school have become a controversial topic. However, many experts and administrators see them as a simple intervention schools can make with little downside.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sK77Ey">
It’s hard to say exactly which mitigation measures are the most effective since “so many schools made multiple changes at the same time” like requiring masks, improving ventilation, and quarantining exposed students, Kristin Moffitt, a pediatric infectious diseases doctor and researcher at Boston Children’s Hospital, told Vox. However, “we have dozens and dozens of data sets showing that these layered interventions” — including masking alongside ventilation, quarantining, and distancing where possible — “are effective,” Moffitt said. Essentially, since we know a layered strategy works, it makes sense to maintain the layers, even if we don’t know exactly how much each contributes to safety.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9qDD4M">
Others argue that masks in schools make sense based on what we know about masks and Covid-19 more generally. “We know well how to mitigate the spread of this virus and that includes the use of masks,” Skolnik said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fy48gT">
And many see masks as a simple intervention schools can make with little downside. “I don’t think there’s a real detriment to wearing masks,” Smith said. “I don’t think they’re going to be perfect; I don’t think they’re going to prevent all transmission. But I think, better to wear them than not.”
</p>
<h3 id="H3zf18">
What can I do if my school doesn’t feel safe?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="unlgNM">
Despite a certain level of controversy around masks, experts generally agree that with a layered mitigation strategy (that “Swiss-cheese approach”), the risk of in-school Covid-19 transmission can be greatly reduced and schools can be safe places for kids this fall.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WewmI2">
But if schools aren’t employing mitigation measures, that puts parents in a difficult position. Overall, while 60 percent of parents in the Data for Progress/Vox poll say schools in their community have made the right decisions during the pandemic, 27 percent say they’ve made the wrong ones — and if you feel your child’s school isn’t making the right calls around safety, the prospect of in-person instruction this fall can be frightening.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><img alt="Chart: Voters trust their local communities’ school pandemic response" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/qOvOFZGMHEXiRvp-n2eMcoQBC3Q=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22818997/image__9_.png"/> <cite>Ethan Winter/Data for Progress</cite></p>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nRhZCd">
If you don’t feel that your child’s school or district is taking the appropriate mitigation steps, you may be able to change that. Smith, for example, emailed the superintendent and school board of her child’s district with data on masks, and the district ended up instituting a mask mandate. While not every parent has a background in epidemiology, “you can try to do what you can,” Smith said. Some districts, <a href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-08-05/the-deadline-to-sign-up-for-lausd-online-school-is-friday-
heres-what-you-need-to-know">such as Los Angeles</a>, are also continuing to offer a remote option for families who do not want to send their children back to school in person, though many districts are only offering remote education to immunocompromised students and others with medical needs.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZZthuT">
Meanwhile, if officials aren’t amenable to change, families may be able to switch schools or districts — though that depends on whether there’s another one nearby that is taking a different approach to the virus. Failing that, there’s homeschooling — a choice that’s become more popular during the pandemic, with <a href="https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/03/homeschooling-on-the-rise-
during-covid-19-pandemic.html">11.1 percent of families</a> homeschooling children last fall, compared with 5.4 percent in spring 2020. But homeschooling also requires that a parent be available to supervise, which isn’t a possibility for every family. It requires “a huge investment from parents,” Smith said.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/c1C4GCrml6QyzMerxzu3yGqTVzc=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22817822/GettyImages_1232668765.jpg"/> <cite>Robert Gauthier/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
District employee Amanda Anguiano is tested for Covid-19 as she arrives to work at Maurice Sendak Elementary in Los Angeles.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="e-image">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><img alt="Young children wearing masks and sitting at separate desks participate in an activity that has them all raise their
hands over their heads." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/CtQtE_aW5Hn48vSJ-
_YCzQEzFrU=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22817821/GettyImages_1232668997.jpg"/></p>
<cite>Robert Gauthier/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Some schools districts, such as Los Angeles, are also continuing to offer a remote option for families who do not want to send their children back to school in-person.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3iBFZ7">
These are difficult decisions that can leave parents, yet again, feeling like they have no good options. For parents trying to weigh the safety of in-person school under less- than-ideal circumstances, factors to consider include rates of Covid-19 in the community — transmission is high across much of the US, but you can still look at whether rates are decreasing or increasing in your area, Smith said. Another consideration is whether your family includes immunocompromised, elderly, or otherwise at-risk people who might be exposed to your child.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OpFybG">
And parents can also factor in their child’s individual experiences of school in the past year. Smith’s older son, for example, struggled spending his senior year in high school online. If she was facing a choice between in-person and remote school for him again this year, “I probably would have taken the risk and put him back in school with a good mask and, you know, a prayer,” she said. Her younger son, however, has thrived in remote school, and “I would have felt better keeping him home this year, again, if I had to.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="s3UL3D">
Overall, the decision around school this year “really just depends so much on the individual children and just what the potential of the family is,” Smith said.
</p>
<h3 id="XuacYC">
What should schools do if a student tests positive or is exposed to Covid-19?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UigWZ8">
Beyond questions around masking and general safety, quarantines are one of the biggest issues on parents’ minds this fall. Quarantine policies vary by district, but in the past, students testing positive have led to entire classes, grades, or even schools being sent home for 10 days of remote learning — a process deemed necessary to curb spread but one that’s disruptive to students and families. Unfortunately, with the delta variant driving high caseloads around the country, quarantines continue to be a reality of pandemic school. “One of our local districts right now has 152 students in quarantine, out of a population of about 600,” Smith, who is based in Ohio, told Vox.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="z1GHY5">
The good news is that research suggests quarantines can be limited in some cases. For example, the CDC has said that if all students in a school are masked, those exposed to an infected student do not need to quarantine from school. “There are good data demonstrating that the likelihood of infection is very, very, very low in those exposure settings,” Moffitt said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="U2RUwL">
Not every district is following the CDC recommendation, with some continuing to employ stricter quarantine standards and others <a href="https://twitter.com/RobinCogan/status/1432657470015561732">leaving quarantining up to parents’ discretion</a>. But the picture is changing rapidly — and for students who are fully vaccinated, it’s significantly better. In many places, those students can stay in school if exposed to someone with Covid-19, as long as they themselves test negative. This is a game changer for many middle and high schools — but, of course, most elementary school students can’t be vaccinated yet. Which brings us to another huge question on the minds of many parents of younger kids:
</p>
<h3 id="E7w1Nz">
When will kids under 12 be eligible for vaccines?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wl7VGI">
For parents staring down another year of quarantines and anxiety, it can feel like the date when kids under 12 can be vaccinated just keeps getting farther away. And that’s not entirely an illusion — Pfizer’s initial goal was to submit data to the FDA by September, and potentially have approval by October, Moffitt said. However, with reports of <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/25/health/covid-
myocarditis-vaccine.html">rare cases of myocarditis</a>, an inflammation of the heart muscle, in teens and young adults who got the vaccine, the FDA asked for more data and a longer follow-up period.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FCGkwu">
Now, the FDA is likely to receive data for review in late fall or early winter, with authorization — as long as the vaccine is determined to be safe — sometime in early to midwinter. “Late November might be the earliest, but maybe more likely December or January,” Moffitt said.
</p>
<h3 id="PNiOpu">
Will schools require vaccines when they become available?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="upgbEP">
Along with masks, vaccine mandates are one of the most controversial Covid-19 mitigation policies, in schools and elsewhere. <a href="https://apnews.com/article/health-religion-coronavirus-
pandemic-c58f8577203b8316299f9fa90ebf7578">Some large school districts</a>, including New York City, Philadelphia, and St. Louis, have mandated vaccines for teachers, but almost none have done the same for vaccine-eligible students. However, a few districts, like <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/fairfax-public-schools-vaccine-
sports/2021/08/30/5a8c415e-0991-11ec-a6dd-296ba7fb2dce_story.html">Fairfax County, Virginia</a>, have required vaccines for students to participate in sports.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="p4gqLT">
And though Americans remain split along party lines on vaccine mandates, a majority (66 percent) do support mandates for teachers and staff, according to Data for Progress. A smaller majority (59 percent) support mandates for eligible students.
</p>
<div class="c-wide-block">
<figure class="e-image">
<pre><code> &lt;img alt="Elementary school students carrying backpacks and wearing masks walk along the sidewalk in front of </code></pre>
their school on their way into the building." src=“https://cdn.vox- cdn.com/thumbor/hTXhXL51sgJjS0dDY_hjentMhEI=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox- cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22817776/GettyImages_1234841276.jpg” /&gt; <cite>Amanda Andrade-Rhoades/For The Washington Post via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
According to Data for Progress, 66 percent of Americans support vaccine mandates for teachers and staff.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Xr2Rqv">
When vaccines for children under 12 do become available, schools will be legally allowed to mandate them, Moffitt said. “There is a strong precedent for that in terms of vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella” and other diseases.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9IQr6P">
However, they’re unlikely to do so until the vaccines are fully approved by the FDA, rather than approved under emergency use authorization. Though Pfizer’s vaccine has been fully approved for adults, it has not yet gained full approval for 12- to 15-year-olds, a process that could take another couple of months, Moffitt said. And full approval for vaccines for younger kids would likely follow a similar timeline.
</p>
<h3 id="X7w9Os">
How can parents help kids who are stressed about going back to school?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Xp0VVL">
Amid parents’ questions about the nuts and bolts of vaccines, quarantines, and masks, many are also trying to help kids adjust to in-person school after many months of remote or hybrid learning — during a pandemic that’s still very much ongoing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ImK5PJ">
The good news is that parents can reassure children: The risk of severe Covid-19 is very low for kids, Albert Ko, a professor of public health and epidemiology at Yale, told Vox. As of July, children accounted for fewer than one quarter of 1 percent of all Covid-19 deaths, with seven states reporting no pediatric deaths at all, <a href="https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1025011194/serious-cases-remain-rare-but-coronavirus-in-children-on-the-rise-
too">NPR reported</a>. Beyond offering reassurance, parents can also take this as an opportunity to teach kids about good health behaviors including hand-washing, staying home when sick, and getting vaccinated when you can. The message to kids: “You can reduce the risk of transmission and help your communities, your families, but also your schools, by practicing sound public health,” Ko said.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="Elementary students sitting
in a row. The first child has their head all the way back onto the desk behind them, looking at the ceiling." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ZML7OzD3hZSMTbaK7H--aR1uP-8=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22817772/GettyImages_1234721701.jpg"/> <cite>Allen J. Schaben/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
From quarantines to testing to managing kids’ back-to-school stress, this fall is not going to be easy on families.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1Hch9E">
Families can also help kids manage stress by talking not just about the difficulties of the upcoming school year, but also about what kids are excited about, Stacey Doan, a psychology professor at Claremont McKenna College, told Vox in an email. “Having age-appropriate conversations about risk, how things will look different, what might be new challenges, as well as highlighting the positive, things to look forward to, will go a long way.” Schools can also step in to help kids connect with therapy and other resources if they are experiencing depression, anxiety, or other mental health issues, Kalu said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ZVLb3V">
Parents also need to tend to their own mental health, which may well be frayed after 18 months of pandemic living. “As parents, we often prioritize the health and well-being of our children, but if we are sick or stressed, we cannot offer the support that our children may need,” Doan said. “So first, take care of yourself.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wycYS2">
And while concerns about kids’ mental health during the pandemic are very real, it’s also true that with support from their parents, most children can weather even this difficult time, whether they are at school in person or learning remotely. “For young children, parents are still the most important agents, thus by continuing to provide a warm, responsive, and playful environment, most children will be fine,” Doan said. “Most children are in fact very resilient.”
</p>
<h3 id="T5TzsR">
What should school administrators and districts be doing to help families right now?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1HV3U3">
From quarantines to testing to managing kids’ back-to-school stress, there’s no way this fall is going to be easy on families. But there are a few things schools can do to make it a bit easier. The biggest is transparency: Schools should be very clear with parents about “the measures they’re taking to keep the children safe,” Sood said. They should also share data on Covid-19 rates within the school, and, if possible, conduct surveillance testing so they can make sure their mitigation measures are working.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VTs16Z">
“If they start to see changes in the data that suggest that their mitigation protocols are not working, they should quickly have a plan for adjusting some strategies,” Kalu said, whether that’s how frequently they test or how they group students into cohorts. And if anything does need to change, schools should give families as much notice as possible, “because parents and caregivers are planning around these things,” Kalu said.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NgDAz8">
Overall, “communication is key,” Moffitt said.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-
cdn.com/thumbor/SKWP9T8jHkc0UZrHJ2qsJUV2q5I=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22817778/GettyImages_1234846953.jpg"/> <cite>Jessica Rinaldi/The Boston Globe via Getty Images</cite>
<figcaption>
Boston Mayor Kim Janey meets with students and family members at the annual Back-to-School Distribution drive in Dorchester, Massachusetts, on August 18.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WJ4SHz">
All this might seem like a lot for families and school officials to take in — and it is. As Doan points out, “school administrators are also under a lot of stress.” But the good news is that around the country and around the world, schools have done this before. While everyone involved might wish we could leave pandemic education behind, we at least have a wealth of experience to fall back on.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Luxofg">
“We’ve learned a lot through the last year and a half,” Ko said. “We do have the tools at hand to bring kids back to school.”
</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>The Jeopardy hosting saga has become a cautionary morality tale</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="Alex Trebek standing on the set of the Jeopardy game show with the logo behind him on a
screen." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ZzEWLhZrIw83qaHXJ7N86DjVuU0=/332x0:3000x2001/1310x983/cdn.vox-
cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/69765072/133292598.0.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
The late Jeopardy host Alex Trebek left a difficult role to fill. | CBS Media Ventures
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Jeopardy is a wholesome American icon. Its Mike Richards crisis may change that.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="2cZPZP">
In the end, former <em>Jeopardy</em> executive producer Mike Richards was the face of the legendary quiz show for approximately one day — and his brush with fame ultimately led to his complete downfall.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="P0BEEv">
<a href="https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/mike-richards-
fired-executive-producer-jeopardy-wheel-of-fortune-1235052887/">As reported by Variety</a>, Sony executive Suzanne Prete announced in a staff memo on Tuesday, August 31, that Richards, an executive producer on <em>Wheel of Fortune</em> and <em>Jeopardy</em>, would be departing from both shows “effective immediately.” The decision came after weeks of turmoil surrounding Richards’s rapid rise and fall as the new permanent host of Jeopardy, a job change that was met with criticism and a closer look at his role in a pair of lawsuits alleging workplace sexism.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YWIhyq">
The path to Richards’s abrupt departure began with <em>Jeopardy</em>’s season-long search for a new host.<strong> </strong>After a year of guest hosts, some of whom were backdoor-auditioning for the job of permanent host after the death of Alex Trebek last November, Richards sparked confusion and backlash when news broke on August 11 that he would be stepping up <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeopardy-set-to-announce-mayim-bialik-and-mike-richards-splitting-host-duties">to take the gig</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cHbNLp">
In comparison with more prominent candidates like legendary <em>Jeopardy</em> contestant Ken Jennings and superfan <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/22557875/levar-burton-jeopardy-hosting-
history">LeVar Burton</a>, Richards had zero name recognition outside <em>Jeopardy</em> viewers who’d watched him helm a few episodes as part of the show’s parade of guest hosts earlier this year. The casting news immediately spawned the <em>Jeopardy </em>in-joke “<a href="https://twitter.com/NickBossRoss/status/1423045827380092931">Who Is Mike Richards?</a>”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WJS1vs">
Though Richards had only been a <em>Jeopardy</em> producer for one tumultuous year, he’s a game show industry veteran who seems to have long-held aspirations of hosting a game show — any game show — himself. That ambition may have led him to pursue the chance to host <em>Jeopardy</em> once the opportunity presented itself.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="htGSzf">
To a mostly unfamiliar public, however, Richards’s seemingly out-of-nowhere ascension predictably fueled a <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeopardy-host-frontrunner-mike-richards-alleged-history-of-
harassment-discrimination">rising tide</a> of dissatisfaction and scrutiny, which then spurred discussion of trouble in his past. <a href="https://www.theringer.com/tv/2021/8/18/22631299/mike-richards-jeopardy-host-search-process-past-
comments">The Ringer published an exposé</a> painting Richards as an opportunist with a history of making sexist, classist, and xenophobic remarks and detailing discrimination lawsuits made during his tenure at <em>The Price Is Right</em>. Very quickly, Richards looked unfit to continue the legacy of <em>Jeopardy</em>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jXdyBs">
On Friday, August 20, he confronted that reality: Richards announced that he would be stepping down as host after a single day of taping the show — meaning the drawn-out search for a new permanent host to replace the late, <a href="https://www.vox.com/first-person/2019/3/20/18272876/jeopardy-alex-trebek">beloved</a> Trebek will continue. Actress <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/23/media/mayim-bialik-jeopardy/index.html">Mayim Bialik</a>, who was a well-received guest host and had been slated to step in as a recurring host for occasional primetime episodes, will serve as the full-time host for now.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="N5f1Dl">
Meanwhile, although Richards was initially expected to resume his former role as executive producer at <em>Wheel of Fortune</em> and <em>Jeopardy</em>, a simple return to business as usual has apparently proved impossible.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hFNZKh">
“We had hoped that when Mike stepped down from the host position at <em>Jeopardy!</em> it would have minimized the disruption and internal difficulties we have all experienced these last few weeks,” Prete’s memo <a href="https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/mike-richards-fired-executive-producer-
jeopardy-wheel-of-fortune-1235052887/">stated</a>. “That clearly has not happened.” Prete and producer Michael Davies, founder of the Sony subsidiary Embassy Row and executive producer of <em>Who Wants to Be a Millionaire</em>, will be juggling producer duties as the search continues — now for a new executive producer as well as a new permanent <em>Jeopardy</em> host.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="59hcq2">
So: Who <em>is</em> Mike Richards, and how did he land, then lose, such a coveted job? His rise and fall feels almost scripted: A powerful man seems to override a fair selection process, then succumbs to scandal due to the skeletons in his closet. But this familiar story can tell us plenty about <em>Jeopardy</em> and its cultural role — and what might be next for the show itself.
</p>
<h3 id="3f7G5E">
Richards’s years of industry experience may have worked against him
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yZUjCx">
Mike Richards became executive producer of <em>Jeopardy</em> a year ago, after the departure of longtime executive Harry Friedman at the end of the show’s 2019–2020 season. A jubilant <a href="https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/jeopardy-wheel-of-fortune-harry-friedman-mike-
richards-1203318155/">announcement</a> about the switchover in August 2019 noted that Richards had programmed 4,000 hours of game shows during his career — a career that has seen Richards earn four Daytime Emmy awards and 19 nominations.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="p1AcN8">
According to <a href="https://www.pepperdine.edu/magazine/2021/07/ahead-game/">an alumni profile</a> from Pepperdine University, the 46-year-old Richards began hosting a college TV show in the mid-’90s — <em>The Randumb Show</em>, described as “a weekly late-night sketch comedy talk show which won multiple college broadcasting awards.” Years later, Richards would revive a version of <em>The Randumb Show</em> in podcast form. But first, in 1997, as a new college grad, he leveraged it to gain an internship at <em>The Tonight Show</em> — and his career took off from there.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jyRjAe">
By the mid-aughts, Richards had moved from production assistant roles to hosting duties for reality shows like <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0460625/"><em>Beauty and the Geek</em></a>. In 2007, he auditioned to host <em>The Price Is Right</em> before assuming the role of <a href="https://variety.com/2008/scene/news/price-names-executive-producer-1117990000/">executive producer</a> instead. He has also reportedly auditioned to host <em>American Idol</em>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OR8rF0">
These industry experiences, especially his intermittent hosting roles, might have made him a veteran primed for the <em>Jeopardy</em> job, but once he was named host, they also made him look insincere to many <em>Jeopardy</em> fans. As past <em>Jeopardy</em> champion Kristin Sausville <a href="https://www.theringer.com/tv/2021/8/18/22631299/mike-richards-jeopardy-host-search-process-
past-comments">told</a> the Ringer, “[I]t looks like Richards just wanted to host a game show, any game show.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="etEM45">
Outside of his short tenure as a producer, Richards lacked an intimate tie to <em>Jeopardy</em> or a long- professed love for the show. This made him<strong> </strong>an outlier among the many guest hosts who helmed <em>Jeopardy</em> since Trebek’s illness and death. Popular guest host Ken Jennings is a <em>Jeopardy</em> legend, the most-winning contestant in the show’s history. NFL quarterback Aaron Rodgers, a lifelong fan, <a href="https://www.theringer.com/tv/2021/4/5/22368705/aaron-rodgers-jeopardy-guest-host-q-and-a">prepared for his stint</a> as host as intensely as if he were drilling for the Super Bowl. Fan-favorite Burton is a former <em>Celebrity Jeopardy</em> winner who’s been talking about his dream of hosting <em>Jeopardy </em>for nearly a decade.
</p>
<aside id="js10rN">
<div>
</div>
</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3jBytL">
Richards also came across to some viewers as a stand-in in other ways. As <a href="https://www.theringer.com/tv/2021/8/5/22611962/jeopardy-new-host-mike-richards-sony">reported</a> by the Ringer’s Claire McNear (a <em>Jeopardy</em> expert who <a href="https://www.twelvebooks.com/titles/claire-
mcnear/answers-in-the-form-of-questions/9781538702321/">published a book</a> about the show in 2020), Richards may have pushed his way into guest-hosting the show earlier this year by seizing on a planned host’s scheduling conflict that the Ringer described as “minor.” In other words, Richards may have come up with a more-or-less artificial reason for him to take a spin as an emergency guest host, as if he were doing the show a favor by rescuing it from a crisis.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IVdrjr">
Regardless of how it came about, Richards’s perceived use of that temporary guest-hosting gig as a stepping stone to the permanent position looked like a power move. Richards seemed to be, in effect, crowning himself king.
</p></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nVlllv">
<em>Jeopardy</em> was at pains to stress, in <a href="https://www.jeopardy.com/jbuzz/news-
events/jeopardy-welcomes-mayim-bialik-and-mike-richards-new-hosts">an August 11 press release</a> issued <a href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ftLvZtE2NmQJ:https://www.jeopardy.com/jbuzz/tagged/mayim-
bialik+&amp;cd=1&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=us">that was later deleted</a>, that the decision to elevate Richards was made not solely by him but rather “a senior group of executives at Sony Pictures Television,” based on “research from multiple panels and focus groups as well as input from the show’s partners and viewers.” Still, it’s difficult to align that insistence with audiences’ <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jeopardy/comments/lpv887/jeopardy_recap_for_mon_feb_22_debut_of_mike/goeijuh/">general</a> <a href="https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/tv/news-that-mike-richards-might-be-new-jeopardy-host-met-with-
resounding-meh-in-seattle/">ambivalence</a> about his hosting performance, as a brutal Morning Consult <a href="https://www.krqe.com/entertainment-news/poll-finds-jeopardy-fans-overwhelmingly-wanted-levar-burton-not-mike-
richards-to-host/">poll after the announcement</a> suggests.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VwCYti">
The whole situation smacked of opportunism — traits hardly befitting a program like <em>Jeopardy. </em>After all, the game show originally launched in the ’60s as <a href="https://www.history.com/news/quiz-show-scandal-fraud-jeopardy">a more honest alternative</a> to the scandal-laden trivia contests of the ’50s. In addition to the show’s “answer first, followed by the question” format serving as an antidote to more manipulative game show styles, <em>Jeopardy</em> has long generated a sense of unmatched community pride among its fans and contestants.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="06lVoJ">
The show is a test of its audience’s intelligence and cleverness, and its egalitarian format makes it a microcosm of the American dream. The contest rewards anyone with a lot of knowledge and a little skill at making good bets, which is practically a template for how success in the US is theoretically supposed to work: On <em>Jeopardy,</em> we can see that fabled merit system reward nightly dividends.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gxLjqI">
The hosts are part of <em>Jeopardy</em>’s myth-making. In its decades-long run, the show has had only two main hosts — original host Art Fleming and longtime host Trebek, each with reputations that matched the show’s largely scandal-free record.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NbVBeP">
Given <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/jeopardy-
mike-richards-journalism-media-claire-mcnear/2021/08/23/c91d090c-040d-11ec-a266-7c7fe02fa374_story.html">how leery many were</a> of Richards’s selection, it was all but a given that his reputation and past history would be carefully examined to make sure they could live up to the reputation of <em>Jeopardy</em> itself.
</p>
<h3 id="FMYTaW">
Allegations soon surfaced regarding Richards’s behavior and comments toward women and minorities
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jMiw9O">
After <a href="https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/mike-richards-jeopardy-host-alex-trebek-1235034673/">the news broke</a> in early August that Richards was in talks to assume the role of host, media outlets began <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeopardy-host-frontrunner-mike-richards-alleged-history-of-harassment-
discrimination">reporting</a> on several decade-old lawsuits involving Richards and allegations of sexism.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="M9Bgqm">
<a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/price-is-right-model-wins-393521/">One suit</a>, filed by former <em>The Price Is Right</em> model Brandy Cochran against the show’s production team in 2010, saw Cochran win $7.7 million in damages after the court found the production team had discriminated against her and then fired her for getting pregnant. Amid other allegations, Cochran said that Richards, then one of the show’s producers, refused to interact with her on set after implying he should have fired her before her pregnancy announcement. She also claimed Richards had pushed for the models to wear skimpier clothing onstage and had made derogatory comments about women in swimsuits.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="OtSTd2">
In <a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/price-is-
right-lawsuit-pregnancy-discrimination-293805/">another lawsuit</a> filed alongside Cochran’s but later dismissed, <em>The Price Is Right</em> model Shane Stirling alleged that Richards joked that he’d fired five other models, only to be left with the one who had gotten pregnant.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="T9Jj8d">
Richards denied the allegations in court in 2012, and then <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeopardy-host-frontrunner-mike-richards-brushes-off-price-is-right-lawsuits-
in-staff-memo?ref=author">denied them again</a> this month, sending an internal memo to staff in which he insisted, “The way in which my comments and actions have been characterized in these complaints does not reflect the reality of who I am or how we worked together on The Price is Right.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RS0fTD">
Richards’s reputation took another hit, however, as the resurfaced lawsuits joined with other unsavory comments that McNear uncovered for the Ringer. These originated in a 2013 podcast titled <em>The Randumb Show</em>, recycling the name but not the format of Richards’s original college sketch show. The podcast and all of its 41 episodes were deleted from its hosting platform on August 17, but as reported by McNear, many of them featured Richards voicing a litany of controversial opinions.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xztzhm">
In one episode, he referred to “booth babes” — women who cosplay and promote products at industry conventions — as “booth whores,” among other epithets. In other episodes, he made jokes drawing on harmful anti-Semitic stereotypes. McNear’s reporting prompted the <a href="https://twitter.com/ADL/status/1428446674574188546">Anti-Defamation League to call for an investigation</a> into Richards’s history.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1XKhxS">
In still more episodes, Richards mocked people on food stamps, welfare, and anyone who takes money from the government. He also dropped disparaging remarks about Haiti while discussing his guest’s apartment complex: “Does Beth live, like, in Haiti? Doesn’t it sound like that? Like, the urine smell, the woman in the muumuu, the stray cats.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6m6GsG">
The Ringer noted that several times on the podcast, Richards praised figures like <em>American Idol</em> host Ryan Seacrest and <em>Survivor </em>host Jeff Probst — who, he claimed, have “actually made the world a safer place for what I like to call the ‘skinny white host,’ like [frequent game show host] George [Gray] and I. Which is, you’ll take a chance on someone that you don’t know.” Richards seemed to be implying that such hosts would make it easier for an unknown white man to be considered for future hosting gigs.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hqwkL9">
When it came to naming a new host for <em>Jeopardy,</em> Sony’s decision committee didn’t appear to want to take a chance on anyone but Richards. The only exception was offering a recurring slot to Bialik as the host of occasional primetime specials. (In the wake of Richards’s departure, Bialik will now serve as <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/23/business/mayim-bialik-jeopardy-host.html"><em>Jeopardy</em>’s guest host for at least 15 episodes</a>.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JQ9Ap7">
As late as the day before he stepped down, with backlash still growing, Richards <a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/mike-richards-adl-1235000199/">went to work</a> filming the new season, which was set to begin airing on September 13, 2021. He even <a href="https://www.theringer.com/tv/2021/8/18/22631299/mike-richards-jeopardy-host-search-process-past-
comments">responded</a> to the Ringer’s investigation with a lengthy apology.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7ewK4V">
“It is humbling to confront a terribly embarrassing moment of misjudgment, thoughtlessness, and insensitivity from nearly a decade ago,” Richards said in a statement. “Looking back now, there is no excuse, of course, for the comments I made on this podcast and I am deeply sorry.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="dCzgWH">
Perhaps if Richards hadn’t already been widely perceived as a disingenuous crown-snatcher, his apology might have gone over better. Instead, within days, he was out.
</p>
<h3 id="915yJs">
The <em>Jeopardy</em> woes remind us that a sterling reputation is difficult to uphold
</h3>
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On Friday, August 20, Richards announced through an official statement given to the Ringer’s McNear from Sony that he would be stepping down and that the studio would relaunch its search for a new host.
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BREAKING: Mike Richards has stepped down as the host of Jeopardy! Official statement via Sony: <a href="https://t.co/eJSwyBOXwN">pic.twitter.com/eJSwyBOXwN</a>
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— Claire McNear (<span class="citation" data-cites="clairemcnear">@clairemcnear</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/clairemcnear/status/1428720429615681551?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 20, 2021</a>
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While many fans reacted to the news with jubilance, others were wearied at the thought of another protracted search for a new host. With Bialik resuming guest host duties for now,<strong> </strong>it’s unclear whether Sony will ultimately draw from the existing pool of now-seasoned hosts it has courted all year or whether it will look further afield.
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What does seem clear is that any new candidate for the job will most likely face a whole new level of scrutiny to determine whether they meet the long list of new moral qualifications that have attached to the job.
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In part because of LeVar Burton’s role as a wholesome role model to the internet, many fans, including celebrities like <a href="https://twitter.com/VancityReynolds/status/1428796230545645568">Ryan Reynolds</a>, support Burton becoming the next host. Other guest hosts have become the targets of scorn from fans because of their own less-than-stellar histories. As Daniel Feinberg <a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/mike-richards-jeopardy-hosting-
debacle-critics-notebook-1235000610/">wrote for the Hollywood Reporter</a>, “Selecting somebody with Richards’ background of ambitious ickiness was an affront to Alex Trebek’s legacy of fundamental decency, but I’m still more offended by what Dr. Oz’s guest run did to the show’s legacy of intellectual honesty.”
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Meanwhile, while Bialik has been a popular guest host, <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/mayim-bialik-faces-calls-step-down-
jeopardy-host-after-mike-richards-departure-1621598">backlash continues to grow</a> against her due to her <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeopardy-host-mayim-bialiks-ugly-history-of-shaming-weinsteins-victims-and-being-an-
anti-vaxxer">history</a> of making anti-vaccine statements, along with <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/13/opinion/mayim-bialik-feminist-harvey-weinstein.html">a 2017 New York Times op- ed</a> on Hollywood sexual misconduct in which she warned women in the industry against behaving “flirtatiously” and “having others celebrate your physical beauty.” She later <a href="https://www.vulture.com/2017/10/mayim-bialik-
apologizes-for-controversial-weinstein-op-ed.html">apologized</a> for the op-ed, but that hasn’t stopped <em>Jeopardy</em> fans from escalating the push for her removal; since the August 23 announcement that Bialik would return as a guest host, social media attention has turned to further excavating her past.
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at last a host free of controversy <br/>[googles Mayim Bialik]<br/>oh no <a href="https://t.co/7vycUgM3PG">https://t.co/7vycUgM3PG</a>
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— Dave Itzkoff (<span class="citation" data-cites="ditzkoff">@ditzkoff</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/ditzkoff/status/1429848761409409024?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 23, 2021</a>
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With the quest to find a new, morally sacrosanct host intensifying, backlash continued to build against Richards after his failed hosting attempt. Some fans had been <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/calls-grow-mike-
richards-step-down-jeopardy-executive-producer-1621991">calling for Richards</a> to resign from his role as executive producer since the moment he stepped down as host, foreshadowing that the entire debacle would eventually end with his leaving <em>Jeopardy</em> altogether. The factors that led to Richards’s departure from his original job, however, seem to be more internal than external: Variety <a href="https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/mike-richards-fired-executive-
producer-jeopardy-wheel-of-fortune-1235052887/">reported</a> that staff on both <em>Wheel of Fortune</em> and <em>Jeopardy </em>had been left floundering and leaderless in the wake of the scandal.
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The result of this sequence of events is perhaps a reminder that <a href="https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/Pride+goes+before+a+fall">pride goes before a fall</a>, or at least before scorned game show fans rummage through history to prove you are unworthy of wearing <em>Jeopardy</em>’s crown. It’s also a reminder that <em>Jeopardy</em>’s importance extends beyond that of the average game show. Because the program combines intellectual curiosity with meritocracy in a way that makes geekery seem fashionable, <em>Jeopardy</em> stands as America’s most popular and culturally significant game show.
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Its mostly scandal-free legacy, then, is a big deal — not only because the show is so popular, but because <em>Jeopardy </em>might just be one of the few cultural cornerstones that still unites Americans,<strong> </strong>one whose moral integrity and significance we can all agree on despite our many other differences. Throughout its decades-long run, <em>Jeopardy</em>’s biggest controversies have not been so large — such as complaints about <a href="https://www.today.com/popculture/jeopardy-
contestant-addresses-critics-who-felt-he-was-too-arrogant-t218741">arrogant winners</a> or <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/5/2/18516852/jeopardy-james-holzhauer-record-winning-streak-hero-villain">card- shark contestant James Holzhauer</a>, whose mathematical gameplay was condemned by many fans as ruinous to the game’s spontaneity and fun.
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The Mike Richards saga has threatened that legacy, and in its aftermath, with so much on the line, any future host will need to have a reputation that lives up to that of <em>Jeopardy</em> itself.
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They’ll not only have Alex Trebek’s giant shoes to fill — they’ll have to convince the public that they deserve to wear them.
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Court for lawmakers fixes Sept 9 for framing of charges against ten politicians</strong> - The case against ten was filed for allegedly making hate speeches.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ED conducts search operations in Kolkata in connection with COVID-linked corruption</strong> - Several persons, who were accused of indulging in money laundering by hoarding and black marketing or supplying fake medicines and duplicate instruments like oximeter, have been summoned and interrogated</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>No of COVID-19 breakthrough infections in India within expected numbers: INSACOG</strong> - The Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium (INSACOG) said Delta continues to be the dominant lineage in India and globally</p></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Barcelona sign Sevilla’s Luuk de Jong as Antoine Griezmann rejoins Atletico Madrid</strong> - Summer of upheaval ends at Barcelona as Antoine Griezmann rejoins La Liga champions Atletico Madrid and striker Luuk de Jong join from Sevilla.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>GM throws LG under the bus as Chevy Bolt production pauses amid recall</strong> - No end in sight for recall as both companies race to find the problem. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1790994">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>MGM releases last trailer for No Time to Die, Daniel Craig’s final 007 film</strong> - “Every mission, every sacrifice has led to this.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1790882">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>New ruling reverts Clean Water Act protections to 1980s vintage</strong> - Current policy is arbitrary and capricious; new policy isn’t ready yet. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1790905">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
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<li><strong>A girl trying on some shorts asked her boyfriend, ‘Does my bum look big in this?’</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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The boyfriend went ‘Ummm, welllll, ahh….’ The girlfriend said ‘Come on honey. We’ve been together for so long now. You can tell me anything and I won’t be upset. I want you to be honest with me.’
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‘Ok’ said the boyfriend ‘I fucked your sister’.
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/AndrewMacSydney"> /u/AndrewMacSydney </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/pfp0jb/a_girl_trying_on_some_shorts_asked_her_boyfriend/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/pfp0jb/a_girl_trying_on_some_shorts_asked_her_boyfriend/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>A joke my 8-year old made up: What do you call a chicken that’s afraid of the dark?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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A chicken
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/TashaHortonbb"> /u/TashaHortonbb </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/pfhmaf/a_joke_my_8year_old_made_up_what_do_you_call_a/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/pfhmaf/a_joke_my_8year_old_made_up_what_do_you_call_a/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>Scooby doobie doobies</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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A flat-chested young lady went to Dr.Rustom about enlarging her breasts. Dr Rustom advised her ‘Every day after your shower, rub your chest and say, ’Scooby doobie doobies, I want bigger boobies!’
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She did this faithfully for several months!
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To her utter amazement she grew terrific D-cup boobs! One morning she was running late, got on the bus, and in a panic realized she had forgotten her morning ritual. Frightened she might lose her lovely boobs if she didn’t recite the little rhyme, she stood right there in the middle aisle of the bus, closed her eyes and said, ‘Scooby doobie, doobies, I want bigger boobies.’
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A guy sitting nearby looked at her and asked ‘Oh! Are you a patient of Dr. ’Rustom ’s?’
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‘Yes I am.. How did you know?’
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He winked and replied, “Hickory dickory dock….”
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/sujaysukumar"> /u/sujaysukumar </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/pfbcqz/scooby_doobie_doobies/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/pfbcqz/scooby_doobie_doobies/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>If it weren’t for Arabs, it wouldn’t have been 9/11</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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It would be IX/XI
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/yomommafool"> /u/yomommafool </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/pfdq3k/if_it_werent_for_arabs_it_wouldnt_have_been_911/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/pfdq3k/if_it_werent_for_arabs_it_wouldnt_have_been_911/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><strong>I hosted a terrible orgy last weekend</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF -->
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Nobody came
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/lightfan69"> /u/lightfan69 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/pfk0tb/i_hosted_a_terrible_orgy_last_weekend/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/pfk0tb/i_hosted_a_terrible_orgy_last_weekend/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
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