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<title>14 March, 2023</title>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Associations among anxiety, risk perception, preventive behaviors, and personality in Japanese older adults aged 78 to 99 years during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
<div>
Background and Objectives: To deepen the understanding of processes underlying older adults’ behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic, we investigated associations among affective (anxiety about the coronavirus), cognitive (perceived risk of infection and fatality), and behavioral (engagement in preventive behaviors) variables. We also examined how these variables were predicted by personality traits measured before the pandemic. Research Design and Methods: Older adults (N = 1,727; 78–99 years old) were recruited from an ongoing longitudinal cohort study started in 2010. They responded to a questionnaire sent in August 2020, which included four items measuring COVID-19 anxiety, infection risk perception, fatality risk perception, and engagement in preventive behaviors. Big Five personality traits were measured years ago when the participants had first participated in the study. Results: Most participants felt anxious, engaged in preventive behaviors, and overestimated infection and fatality risks. Older age was associated with low anxiety, a low perception of infection risk, a high perception of fatality risk, and a little engagement in preventive behaviors. Women were more susceptible to the pandemic than men were, demonstrated by higher scores on all four items. Partial correlation analysis controlling for age and sex demonstrated positive associations among all four items except for infection risk perception and preventive behaviors. Anxiety and perceived infection risk were positively predicted by neuroticism and conscientiousness, respectively. Engagement in preventive behaviors was positively predicted by extraversion, openness to experience, and conscientiousness. Discussion and Implications: We highlighted the critical distinction between infection and fatality risk perceptions and demonstrated the need to consider each individual’s attributes.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/vzgcp/" target="_blank">Associations among anxiety, risk perception, preventive behaviors, and personality in Japanese older adults aged 78 to 99 years during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro in vitro by chemically modified tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus</strong> -
<div>
Antiviral compounds are crucial to controlling the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Approved drugs have been tested for their efficacy against COVID-19, and new pharmaceuticals are being developed as a complementary tool to vaccines However, there are not any effective treatment against this disease yet. In this work, a cheap and fast purification method of natural tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus fresh mushrooms was developed in order to evaluate the potential of this enzyme as a therapeutic protein by the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro protease activity in vitro. Tyrosinase showed a mild inhibition of 3CLpro of around 15%. Thus, different variants of this protein were synthesized through chemical modifications, covalently binding different tailor-made glycans and peptides to the amino terminal groups of the protein. These new tyrosinase conjugates were purified and characterized by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy analyses, and their stability under different conditions. Then all these tyrosinase conjugates were tested in 3CLpro protease inhibition. From them, the conjugate between tyrosinase and dextran-aspartic acid (6kDa) polymer showed the highest inhibition, with an IC50 of 2.5 ug/ml and IC90 of 5 ug/ml, results that highlight the potential use of modified tyrosinase as a therapeutic protein and opens the possibility of developing this and other enzymes as pharmaceutical drugs against diseases.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532357v1" target="_blank">Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro in vitro by chemically modified tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>SARS-CoV-2 N-protein induces the formation of composite α-synuclein/N-protein fibrils that transform into a strain of α-synuclein fibrils</strong> -
<div>
The presence of deposits of alpha-synuclein fibrils in cells of the brain are a hallmark of several -synucleinopathies, including Parkinson’s disease. As most disease cases are not familial, it is likely that external factors play a role in disease onset. One of the external factors that may influence disease onset are viral infections. It has recently been shown that in the presence of SARS-Cov-2 N-protein, S fibril formation is faster and proceeds in an unusual two-step aggregation process. Here, we show that faster fibril formation is not due to a SARS-CoV-2 N-protein-catalysed formation of an aggregation-prone nucleus. Instead, aggregation starts with the formation of a population of mixed S/N-protein fibrils with low affinity for S. After the depletion of N-protein, fibril formation comes to a halt, until a slow transformation to fibrils with characteristics of pure S fibril strains occurs. This transformation into a strain of S fibrils subsequently results in a second phase of fibril growth until a new equilibrium is reached. Our findings point at the possible relevance of fibril strain transformation in the cell-to-cell spread of the S pathology and disease onset.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532385v1" target="_blank">SARS-CoV-2 N-protein induces the formation of composite α-synuclein/N-protein fibrils that transform into a strain of α-synuclein fibrils</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Correlating physicochemical and biological properties to define critical quality attributes of a recombinant AAV vaccine candidate</strong> -
<div>
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are a preferred vector system in clinical gene transfer. A fundamental challenge to formulate and deliver rAAVs as stable and efficacious vaccines is to elucidate interrelationships between the vectors physicochemical properties and biological potency. To this end, we evaluated an rAAV-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate which encodes the Spike antigen (AC3) and is produced by an industrially-compatible process. First, state-of-the-art analytical techniques were employed to determine key structural attributes of AC3 including primary and higher-order structures, particle size, empty/full capsid ratios, aggregates and multi-step thermal degradation pathway analysis. Next, several quantitative potency measures for AC3 were implemented and data were correlated with the physicochemical analyses on thermal-stressed and control samples. Results demonstrate links between decreasing AC3 physical stability profiles, in vitro transduction efficiency in a cell-based assay, and importantly, in vivo immunogenicity in a mouse model. These findings are discussed in the general context of future development of rAAV-based vaccines candidates as well as specifically for the rAAV vaccine application under study.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532114v1" target="_blank">Correlating physicochemical and biological properties to define critical quality attributes of a recombinant AAV vaccine candidate</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Development of monoclonal antibody-based blocking ELISA for detecting SARS-CoV-2 exposure in animals</strong> -
<div>
The global pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a significant threat to public health. Besides humans, SARS-CoV-2 can infect several animal species. Highly sensitive and specific diagnostic reagents and assays are urgently needed for rapid detection and implementation of strategies for prevention and control of the infection in animals. In this study, we initially developed a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein. To detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a broad spectrum of animal species, a mAb-based bELISA was developed. Test validation using a set of animal serum samples with known infection status obtained an optimal percentage of inhibition (PI) cut-off value of 17.6% with diagnostic sensitivity of 97.8% and diagnostic specificity of 98.9%. The assay demonstrates high repeatability as determined by a low coefficient of variation (7.23%, 6.95%, and 5.15%) between-runs, within-run, and within-plate, respectively. Testing of samples collected over time from experimentally infected cats showed that the bELISA was able to detect seroconversion as early as 7 days post-infection. Subsequently, the bELISA was applied for testing pet animals with COVID-19-like symptoms and specific antibody responses were detected in two dogs. The panel of mAbs generated in this study provides a valuable tool for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics and research. The mAb-based bELISA provides a serological test in aid of COVID-19 surveillance in animals.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.11.532204v1" target="_blank">Development of monoclonal antibody-based blocking ELISA for detecting SARS-CoV-2 exposure in animals</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>In vitro comparison of SARS-CoV-2 variants</strong> -
<div>
The Coronaviridae family hosts various coronaviruses responsible for many diseases, from the common cold, severe lung infections to pneumonia. SARS-CoV-2 was discovered to be the etiologic agent of the Coronavirus pandemic, and numerous basic and applied laboratory techniques were utilized in virus culture and examination of the disease. Understanding the replication kinetics and characterizing the effect of the virus on different cell lines is crucial for developing in vitro studies. With the emergence of multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2, a comparison between their infectivity and replication in common cell lines will give us a clear understanding of the characteristic differences in pathogenicity. In this study, we compared the cytopathic effect (CPE) and replication of Wild Type (WT), Omicron (B.1.1.529), and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants on 5 different cell lines; VeroE6, VeroE6 expressing high endogenous ACE2, VeroE6 highly expressing human ACE2 (VeroE6/ACE2) and TMPRSS2 (VeroE6/hACE2/TMPRSS2), Calu3 cells highly expressing human ACE2 and A549 cells. All 3 VeroE6 cell lines were susceptible to WT strain, where CPE and replication were observed. Along with being susceptible to Wild type, VeroE6/hACE2/TMPRSS2 cells were susceptible to both omicron and delta strains, whereas VeroE6/ACE2 cells were only susceptible to omicron in a dose-dependent manner. No CPE was observed in both human lung cell lines, A549 and Calu3/hACE2, but Wild type and omicron replication was observed. As SAR-CoV-2 continues to evolve, this data will benefit researchers in experimental planning, viral pathogenicity analysis, and providing a baseline for testing future variants.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.11.532212v1" target="_blank">In vitro comparison of SARS-CoV-2 variants</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Evolutionary changes in the number of dissociable amino acids on spike proteins and nucleoproteins of SARS-CoV-2 variants</strong> -
<div>
The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for target recognition, cellular entry, and endosomal escape of the virus. At the same time, it is the part of the virus which exhibits the greatest sequence variation across the many variants which have emerged during its evolution. Recent studies have indicated that with progressive lineage emergence, the positive charge on the spike protein has been increasing, with certain positively charged amino acids improving the binding of the spike protein to cell receptors. We have performed a detailed analysis of dissociable amino acids of more than 1400 different SARS-CoV-2 lineages which confirms these observations while suggesting that this progression has reached a plateau with omicron and its subvariants and that the positive charge is not increasing further. Analysis of the nucleocapsid protein shows no similar increase of positive charge with novel variants, which further indicates that positive charge of the spike protein is being evolutionarily selected for. Furthermore, comparison with the spike proteins of known coronaviruses shows that already the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 spike protein carries an unusually large amount of positively charged amino acids when compared to most other betacoronaviruses. Our study sheds a light on the evolutionary changes in the number of dissociable amino acids on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, complementing existing studies and providing a stepping stone towards a better understanding of the relationship between the spike protein charge and viral infectivity and transmissibility.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.12.532219v1" target="_blank">Evolutionary changes in the number of dissociable amino acids on spike proteins and nucleoproteins of SARS-CoV-2 variants</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Monoclonal antibodies against human coronavirus NL63 spike</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 pandemic has illustrated the potential for monoclonal antibody therapeutics as prophylactic and therapeutic agents against pandemic viruses. No such therapeutics currently exist for other human coronaviruses. NL63 is a human alphacoronavirus that typically causes the common cold and uses the same receptor, ACE2, as the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 pandemic viruses. In a cohort of healthy adults, we characterised humoral responses against the NL63 spike protein. While NL63 spike and receptor binding domain-specific binding antibodies and neutralisation activity could be detected in plasma of all subjects, memory B cells against NL63 spike were variable and relatively low in frequency compared to that against SARS-CoV-2 spike. From these donors, we isolated a panel of antibodies against NL63 spike and characterised their neutralising potential. We identified potent neutralising antibodies that recognised the receptor binding domain (RBD) and other non-RBD epitopes within spike.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.12.532265v1" target="_blank">Monoclonal antibodies against human coronavirus NL63 spike</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Resolving the developmental mechanisms of coagulation abnormalities characteristic of SARS-CoV2 based on single-cell transcriptome analysis</strong> -
<div>
The COVID-19 outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has developed into a global health emergency. In addition to causing respiratory symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC) is the main cause of death in patients with severe COVID-19. In this study, we performed single-cell sequencing analysis of the right ventricular free wall tissue from healthy donors, patients who died in the hypercoagulable phase of CAC, and patients in the fibrinolytic phase of CAC. Among these, we collected 61,187 cells, which were enriched in 24 immune cell subsets and 13 cardiac-resident cell subsets. We found that in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, CD9highCCR2high monocyte-derived mo promoted hyperactivation of the immune system and initiated the extrinsic coagulation pathway by activating CXCR-GNB/G-PI3K-AKT. This sequence of events is the main process contributing the development of coagulation disorders subsequent to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the characteristic coagulation disorder caused by SARS-CoV-2, excessive immune activation is accompanied by an increase in cellular iron content, which in turn promotes oxidative stress and intensifies intercellular competition. This induces cells to alter their metabolic environment, resulting in an increase in sugar uptake, such as that via the glycosaminoglycan synthesis pathway, in CAC coagulation disorders. In addition, high levels of reactive oxygen species generated in response elevated iron levels promote the activation of unsaturated fatty acid metabolic pathways in endothelial cell subgroups, including vascular endothelial cells. This in turn promotes the excessive production of the toxic peroxidation by-product malondialdehyde, which exacerbates both the damage caused to endothelial cells and coagulation disorders.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532347v1" target="_blank">Resolving the developmental mechanisms of coagulation abnormalities characteristic of SARS-CoV2 based on single-cell transcriptome analysis</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Urine proteomic characterization of active and recovered COVID-19 patients</strong> -
<div>
Background: The molecular changes in COVID-19 patients have been reported in many studies. However, there were limited attention has been given to the disease sequelae in the recovered COVID-19 patients. Methods: Here, we profiled the urine proteome of a cohort of 29 COVID-19 patients in their disease onset and recovery period, including mild, severe, and fatal patients and survivors who recovered from mild or severe symptoms. Results: The molecular changes in the COVID-19 onset period suggest that viral infections, immune response changes, multiple organ damage, cell injury, coagulation system changes and metabolic changes are associated with COVID-19 progression. The patients who recovered from COVID-19 still exhibited an innate immune response, coagulation system changes and central nervous system changes. We also proposed four potential biomarkers to monitor the whole progression period of COVID-19. Conclusions: Our findings provide valuable knowledge about the potential molecular pathological changes and biomarkers that can be used to monitor the whole period of COVID-19.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.12.532269v1" target="_blank">Urine proteomic characterization of active and recovered COVID-19 patients</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Pump-free and high-throughput generation of monodisperse hydrogel beads by microfluidic step emulsification for dLAMP-on-a-chip</strong> -
<div>
Step emulsification (SE), which generates droplets by a sharp change in confinement, has emerged as a potential alternative to flow-focusing technology. Water/dispersed phase is continuously pumped through a shallow inlet channel into a deep chamber pre-filled with the oil/continuous phase. The need for one or more pumps to maintain a continuous flow for droplet generation, and the consequent use of high sample volumes, limit this technique to research labs. Here, we report a pump-free SE technique for rapid and high-throughput generation of monodisperse hydrogel (agarose) beads using &lt;40 l sample volume. Instead of using syringe pumps, we sequentially pipetted oil and liquid agarose into a microfluidic SE device to generate between 20000 and 80000 agarose beads in ~ 2 min. We also demonstrated the encapsulation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification mixture inside these beads at the time of their formation. Finally, using these beads as reaction chambers, we amplified nucleic acids from P. falciparum and SARS-CoV-2 inside them. The pump-free operation, tiny sample volume, and high-throughput generation of droplets by SE make our technique suitable for point-of-care diagnostics.
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.12.532292v1" target="_blank">Pump-free and high-throughput generation of monodisperse hydrogel beads by microfluidic step emulsification for dLAMP-on-a-chip</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Analysis of blood and nasal epithelial transcriptomes to identify mechanisms associated with control of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the upper respiratory tract</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Background: The amount of SARS-CoV-2 detected in the upper respiratory tract (URT viral load) is a key driver of transmission of infection. Current evidence suggests that mechanisms constraining URT viral load are different from those controlling lower respiratory tract viral load and disease severity. Understanding such mechanisms may help to develop treatments and vaccine strategies to reduce transmission. Combining mathematical modelling of URT viral load dynamics with transcriptome analyses we aimed to identify mechanisms controlling URT viral load. Methods: COVID-19 patients were recruited in Spain during the first wave of the pandemic. RNA sequencing of peripheral blood and targeted NanoString nCounter transcriptome analysis of nasal epithelium were performed and gene expression analysed in relation to paired URT viral load samples collected within 15 days of symptom onset. Proportions of major immune cells in blood were estimated from transcriptional data using computational differential estimation. Weighted correlation network analysis (adjusted for cell proportions) and fixed transcriptional repertoire analysis were used to identify associations with URT viral load, quantified as standard deviations (z-scores) from an expected trajectory over time. Results: Eighty-two subjects (50% female, median age 54 years (range 3-73)) with COVID-19 were recruited. Paired URT viral load samples were available for 16 blood transcriptome samples, and 17 respiratory epithelial transcriptome samples. Natural Killer (NK) cells were the only blood cell type significantly correlated with URT viral load z-scores (r = -0.62, P = 0.010). Twenty-four blood gene expression modules were significantly correlated with URT viral load z-score, the most significant being a module of genes connected around IFNA14 (Interferon Alpha-14) expression (r = -0.60, P = 1e-10). In fixed repertoire analysis, prostanoid-related gene expression was significantly associated with higher viral load. In nasal epithelium, only GNLY (granulysin) gene expression showed significant negative correlation with viral load. Conclusions: Correlations between the transcriptional host response and inter-individual variations in SARS-CoV-2 URT viral load, revealed many molecular mechanisms plausibly favouring or constraining viral load. Existing evidence corroborates many of these mechanisms, including likely roles for NK cells, granulysin, prostanoids and interferon alpha-14. Inhibition of prostanoid production, and administration of interferon alpha-14 may be attractive transmission-blocking interventions.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.23287028v1" target="_blank">Analysis of blood and nasal epithelial transcriptomes to identify mechanisms associated with control of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the upper respiratory tract</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Learning from the past: a short term forecast method for the COVID-19 incidence curve</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The COVID-19 pandemy has created a radically new situation where most countries provide raw measurements of their daily incidence and disclose them in real time. This enables new machine learning forecast strategies where the prediction might no longer be based just on the past values of the current incidence curve, but could take advantage of observations in many countries. We present such a simple global machine learning procedure using all past daily incidence trend curves. Each of the 27,418 COVID-19 incidence trend curves in our database contains the values of 56 consecutive days extracted from observed incidence curves across 61 world regions and countries. Given a current incidence trend curve observed over the past four weeks, its forecast in the next four weeks is computed by matching it with the first four weeks of all samples, and ranking them by their similarity to the query curve. Then the 28 days forecast is obtained by a statistical estimation combining the values of the 28 last observed days in those similar samples. Using comparison performed by the European Covid-19 Forecast Hub with the current state of the art forecast methods, we verify that the proposed global learning method, EpiLearn, compares favorably to methods forecasting from a single past curve.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.05.22281904v2" target="_blank">Learning from the past: a short term forecast method for the COVID-19 incidence curve</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>A Systematic Review on Medical Oxygen Ecosystem: Current State and Recent Advancements</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
<b>Background:</b> Medical oxygen is an essential component of modern healthcare, with a wide variety of applications ranging from supplemental use in surgery and trauma patients to the primary medication in oxygen therapy. This is the most effective treatment for any respiratory illness. Despite the importance of oxygen for public health and its demand as a life-saving drug, research on the subject is limited, with the majority of studies conducted following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the lack of empirical studies, we aimed to compile the recent research efforts with the current state of the field through a systematic review. <b>Methods:</b> We have performed a systematic review targeting the medical oxygen ecosystem, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). For the study, we have limited our scope to healthcare facilities and domiciliary applications of medical oxygen. We considered the articles published in the last twenty years, starting from the SARS outbreak in November 2002 to 15<sup>th</sup> May 2022. <b>Results:</b> Our systematic search resulted in forty-one preliminary articles, with three more articles appended for a complete outlook on the topic. Based on the selected articles, the current state of the topic was presented through detailed discussion and analysis. <b>Conclusion:</b> We have presented an in-depth discussion of the research works found through the systematic search while extrapolating to provide insights on the current subject scenario. We have highlighted the areas with inadequate contemporary studies and presented some research gaps in the field.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.22281394v4" target="_blank">A Systematic Review on Medical Oxygen Ecosystem: Current State and Recent Advancements</a>
</div></li>
<li><strong>Anxiety, depression, and insomnia among nurses during the full liberalization of COVID-19: A multicenter cross-sectional analysis of the high-income region in China</strong> -
<div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Aims and objectives: This study demonstrates the impact of the full liberalization of COVID-19 on the psychological issues and the prevalence rate and associated factors of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and insomnia among frontline nurses. Background: It has been demonstrated that frontline nurses fighting against the epidemic were under great psychological stress. However, there is a lack of studies assessing the prevalence rates of anxiety, depression, and insomnia among frontline nurses after the full liberalization of COVID-19 in China. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Of 1766 frontline nurses were invited to complete a self-reported online questionnaire by convenience sampling. The survey included six main sections: the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Perceived Stress Scale, sociodemographic information, and work information. Multiple logistic regression analyses were applied to identify the potential risk factors for psychological issues. Reporting of this research according to the STROBE checklist. Results: 90.83% of frontline nurses were infected with COVID-19, and 33.64% had to work while infected COVID-19. The overall prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety and insomnia among frontline nurses was 69.20%, 62.51%, and 76.78%, respectively. Multiple logistic analyses revealed that job satisfaction, attitude toward the current pandemic management, and perceived stress were associated with depressive symptoms, anxiety, and insomnia. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the full liberalization of COVID-19 had a significant psychological impact on frontline nurses. Early detection of mental health issues and preventive and promotive interventions should be implemented according to the associated factors to improve mental health of nurses. Relevance to clinical practice: This study highlighted that nurses were suffering from varying degrees of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and insomnia, which needed early screening and preventive and promotive interventions for preventing a more serious psychological impact on frontline nurses.
</p>
</div>
<div class="article-link article-html-link">
🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.23286785v1" target="_blank">Anxiety, depression, and insomnia among nurses during the full liberalization of COVID-19: A multicenter cross-sectional analysis of the high-income region in China</a>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase I Clinical Trial of Recombinant Variant COVID-19 Vaccine (Sf9 Cell) (WSK-V102)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Biological: Recombinant variant COVID-19 vaccine(Sf9 cell)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   WestVac Biopharma Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Compare QLS1128 With Placebo in Symptomatic Participants With Mild to Moderate COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: QLS1128;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect of Selected Types of Breathing Exercises on Different Outcome Measures in Covid-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: breathing exercise<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Basma Mosaad Abd-elrahman Abushady<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect Of Calcitriol On Neutrophil To Lymphocytes Ratio And High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Covid-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: Calcitriol;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Universitas Sebelas Maret<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of the Beta-variant Recombinant Protein Booster Vaccine (VidPrevtyn Beta, Sanofi) Compared to a Bivalent mRNA Vaccine (Comirnaty Original/Omicron BA.4-5, BioNTech-Pfizer) in Adults Previously Vaccinated With at Least 3 Doses of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Vaccine Reaction;   COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Comirnaty® BNT162b2 /Omicron BA.4-5 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech);   Biological: VidPrevtyn® Beta vaccine (Sanofi/GSK)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris;   IREIVAC/COVIREIVAC Network<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study of WPV01 Compared With Placebo in Patients With Mild/Moderate COVID-19 Infection</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: WPV01;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Westlake Pharmaceuticals (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ARVAC-A New Recombinant Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   COVID-19 Vaccine<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Biological: Gamma Variant RBD-based ARVAC-CG vaccine;   Biological: Omicron Variant RBD-based ARVAC-CG vaccine;   Biological: Bivalent RBD-based ARVAC-CG vaccine;   Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Mónica Edith Lombardo;   Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM);   National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina;   Laboratorio Pablo Cassará S.R.L.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study of HH-120 Nasal Spray in Close Contacts of Those Diagnosed With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   SARS-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Drug: HH-120 Nasal Spray<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Beijing Ditan Hospital<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Oxygen Atomizing Inhalation of EGCG in the Treatment COVID-19 Pneumonia in Cancer Patients</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19 Pneumonia;   Neoplasms Malignant<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: EGCG;   Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Use of Photobiomodulation in the Treatment of Oral Complaints of Long COVID-19.A Randomized Controlled Trial.</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Xerostomia;   COVID-19;   Long COVID;   Persistent COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Combination Product: Institutional standard treatment for xerostomia and Long Covid;   Radiation: Photobiomodulation Therapy;   Radiation: Placebo Photobiomodulation Therapy<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   University of Nove de Julho<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Acupuncture for Post COVID-19 Fatigue</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Acupuncture;   Post COVID-19 Condition;   Fatigue<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Device: Acupuncture;   Device: Sham Acupuncture<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Guang’anmen Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Balneotherapy for Patients With Post-acute Coronavirus Disease (COVID) Syndrome</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   Post-COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Other: Balneotherapy and aquatic exercises<br/><b>Sponsors</b>:   Parc de Salut Mar;   Caldes de Montbui’s City Council;   Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER);   European Regional Development Fund<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Assess the Efficacy of HH-120 Nasal Spray for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Adult Close Contacts of Individuals Infected With SARS-CoV-2</strong> - <b>Condition</b>:   SARS-CoV-2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>:   Drug: HH-120 nasal spray 1;   Drug: HH-120 nasal spray 2;   Drug: Placebo Comparator 1;   Drug: Placebo Comparator 2<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Beijing Ditan Hospital<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Lactoferrin for COVID-19-Induced Taste or Smell Abnormality</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   Covid19;   Taste Disorder, Secondary;   Taste Disorders;   Dysgeusia;   Smell Disorder;   Ageusia;   Anosmia<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Dietary Supplement: Lactoferrin<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Wake Forest University Health Sciences<br/><b>Withdrawn</b></p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>tDCS in Post-COVID Syndrome: Comparison of Two Targets</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>:   COVID-19;   Post-COVID-19 Syndrome;   Post COVID-19 Condition<br/><b>Intervention</b>:   Device: transcranial current direct stimulation<br/><b>Sponsor</b>:   Hospital San Carlos, Madrid<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Paving New Roads Using <em>Allium sativum</em> as a Repurposed Drug and Analyzing its Antiviral Action Using Artificial Intelligence Technology</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered interest among researchers to conduct future research on molecular docking with clinical trials before releasing salutary remedies against the deadly malady.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Brevicillin, a novel lanthipeptide from the genus Brevibacillus with antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral activity</strong> - CONCLUSION: This study provides detailed description of a novel lanthipeptide and demonstrates its effective antibacterial, antifungal and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of residual humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 by a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) 9 months after BNT162b2 primary vaccination</strong> - The humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination has shown to be temporary, although may be more prolonged in vaccinated individuals with a history of natural infection. We aimed to study the residual humoral response and the correlation between anti-Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) IgG levels and antibody neutralizing capacity in a population of health care workers (HCWs) after 9 months from COVID-19 vaccination. In this cross-sectional study, plasma samples were screened for anti-RBD IgG using a…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of Gemcitabine Derivatives against Influenza Virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2</strong> - Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analogue of deoxycytidine and has been reported to be a broad-spectrum antiviral agent against both DNA and RNA viruses. Screening of a nucleos(t)ide analogue-focused library identified gemcitabine and its derivatives (compounds 1, 2a, and 3a) blocking influenza virus infection. To improve their antiviral selectivity by reducing cytotoxicity, 14 additional derivatives were synthesized in which the pyridine rings of 2a and 3a were chemically modified….</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A novel mAb broadly neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in vitro and in vivo, including the Omicron variants</strong> - Novel immune escape variants have emerged as SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread worldwide. Many of the variants cause breakthrough infections in vaccinated populations, posing great challenges to current antiviral strategies targeting the immunodominance of the receptor-binding domain within the spike protein. Here, we found that a novel broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb), G5, provided efficient protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) in vitro and in vivo. A single dose…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mucosal immunization with Ad5-based vaccines protects Syrian hamsters from challenge with omicron and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2</strong> - SARS-CoV-2 variant clades continue to circumvent antibody responses elicited by vaccination or infection. Current parenteral vaccination strategies reduce illness and hospitalization, yet do not significantly protect against infection by the more recent variants. It is thought that mucosal vaccination strategies may better protect against infection by inducing immunity at the sites of infection, blocking viral transmission more effectively, and significantly inhibiting the evolution of new…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>2-Deoxy-D-Glucose: A Novel Pharmacological Agent for Killing Hypoxic Tumor Cells, Oxygen Dependence-Lowering in Covid-19, and Other Pharmacological Activities</strong> - The nonmetabolizable glucose analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) has shown promising pharmacological activities, including inhibition of cancerous cell growth and N-glycosylation. It has been used as a glycolysis inhibitor and as a potential energy restriction mimetic agent, inhibiting pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Radioisotope derivatives of 2-DG have applications as tracers. Recently, 2-DG has been used as an anti-COVID-19 drug to lower the need for supplemental oxygen. In the present…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Potential Regulation of NF-κB by Curcumin in Coronavirus-Induced Cytokine Storm and Lung Injury</strong> - The current pandemic coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is still a global medical and economic emergency with over 244 million confirmed infections and over 4.95 million deaths by October 2021, in less than 2 years. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS), and COVID-19 are three recent coronavirus pandemics with major medical and economic implications. Currently, there is no effective treatment for these infections. One major pathological…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Type I interferon signaling induces a delayed antiproliferative response in Calu-3 cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> - Disease progression during SARS-CoV-2 infection is tightly linked to the fate of lung epithelial cells, with severe cases of COVID-19 characterized by direct injury of the alveolar epithelium and an impairment in its regeneration from progenitor cells. The molecular pathways that govern respiratory epithelial cell death and proliferation during SARS-CoV-2 infection, however, remain poorly understood. We now report a high-throughput CRISPR screen for host genetic modifiers of the survival and…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Induction of systemic, mucosal, and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mice vaccinated by trans-airway with a S1 protein combined with a pulmonary surfactant-derived adjuvant SF-10</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: Based on the need for effective systemic, respiratory, and cellular immunity, the S1-SF-10-TA vaccine seems promising mucosal vaccine against respiratory infection of SARS-CoV-2.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses following BNT162b2 vaccination in individuals with multiple sclerosis receiving different disease-modifying treatments</strong> - INTRODUCTION: The study aims to evaluate the concentration of IgG antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike1 protein (S1RBD) in BNT162b2- vaccinated relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) individuals receiving disease-modifying treatments (DMTs).</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>miRNAs derived from milk small extracellular vesicles inhibit porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection</strong> - Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea and/or vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality in neonatal piglets. It has caused huge economic losses to animal husbandry worldwide. Current commercial PEDV vaccines do not provide enough protection against variant and evolved virus strains. No specific drugs are available to treat PEDV infection. The development of more effective therapeutic anti-PEDV agents is…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ovatodiolide inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis through suppression of the TGF-β/TβRs signaling pathway</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection continues to pose threats to public health. The clinical manifestations of lung pathology in COVID-19 patients include sustained inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. The macrocyclic diterpenoid ovatodiolide (OVA) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergic, and analgesic activities. Here, we investigated the pharmacological mechanism of OVA in suppressing SARS-CoV-2 infection and pulmonary fibrosis…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Neutralizing activity and 3-month durability of tixagevimab and cilgavimab prophylaxis against Omicron sublineages in transplant recipients</strong> - Neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses are attenuated in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) despite severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 vaccination. Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with the antibody combination tixagevimab and cilgavimab (T+C) might augment immunoprotection, yet in vitro activity and durability against Omicron sublineages BA.4/5 in fully vaccinated SOTRs have not been delineated. Vaccinated SOTRs, who received 300 + 300 mg T+C (ie, full dose), within a…</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Therapeutic potential of salicylamide derivatives for combating viral infections</strong> - Since time immemorial human beings have constantly been fighting against viral infections. The ongoing and devastating coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic represents one of the most severe and most significant public health emergencies in human history, highlighting an urgent need to develop broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Salicylamide (2-hydroxybenzamide) derivatives, represented by niclosamide and nitazoxanide, inhibit the replication of a broad range of RNA and DNA viruses such as flavivirus,…</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="daily-dose">Daily-Dose</h1>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-vox">From Vox</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</a></li>
<li><a href="#from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-new-yorker">From New Yorker</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How a Decade of Pope Francis Has Changed the Church</strong> - The Pontiff has shown that Catholicism is a dynamic institution, whose leader can face unresolved questions openly. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/how-a-decade-of-pope-francis-has-changed-the-church">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Expanding Battle Over the Abortion Pill</strong> - Republican state attorneys general are threatening action against pharmacies that dispense it, as a federal lawsuit challenges the F.D.A.’s authority to approve it. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/03/20/the-expanding-battle-over-the-abortion-pill">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>What We Talk About When We Talk About Trans Rights</strong> - Masha Gessen on the public discourse over trans identity, the real reasons for the culture war over gender, and how well-meaning people can do better. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-new-yorker-interview/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-trans-rights">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Long Life as a Disney Animator</strong> - For nearly seventy years, Burny Mattinson drew many of the studio’s best-loved characters. - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/afterword/a-long-life-as-a-disney-animator">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Why Did the Biden Administration Approve the Willow Project?</strong> - Drilling for more oil in the Alaskan Arctic would be, in the President’s own words, a “big disaster.” - <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/why-did-the-biden-administration-approve-the-willow-project">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-vox">From Vox</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>A new Supreme Court case could be the most important transgender rights decision ever</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/2af2ixA2TM8OC0Ua94BFhL7N6RQ=/0x0:4168x3126/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72072035/1135398416.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
Cyclists ride by Hoover Tower on the Stanford University campus on March 12, 2019, in Stanford, California. | Justin Sullivan/Getty Images
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<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
And it arrives at the Supreme Court at an absolutely horrible time.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="yTF6rC">
On Thursday, what could be the single most important transgender rights case in American history reached the Supreme Court.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HcurvE">
<a href="https://utexas.app.box.com/v/BPJApplication"><em>West Virginia v. B.P.J.</em></a><em> </em>asks the Supreme Court to address whether any government discrimination against transgender people is inherently suspect under the Constitution, and thus must be subject to “heightened scrutiny” by the courts. If the Supreme Court reaches this question, it will be the justices’ first decision on whether the Constitution provides broad protection against anti-trans discrimination (although the Court has held that a federal statute <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/6/15/21291515/supreme-court-bostock-clayton-county-lgbtq-neil-gorsuch">prohibits such discrimination by employers</a>).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1XpSOw">
The determination that a marginalized group is protected by this heightened scrutiny is one of the most consequential decisions the Supreme Court can make. While trans advocates could still lobby Congress and their state legislatures to pass trans rights legislation even if they lose the <em>B.P.J. </em>case, winning it would offer the immense power of being able to invoke the Constitution as a shield. <em>B.P.J. </em>could determine whether transgender people may demand equal treatment from each of the 50 states, even if those states are governed by anti-trans officials who enact discriminatory laws.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fdTL9D">
<em>B.P.J.</em> arises on the Court’s seemingly ever-growing <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/8/11/21356913/supreme-court-shadow-docket-jail-asylum-covid-immigrants-sonia-sotomayor-barnes-ahlman">shadow docket</a>, a process that allows the Court to resolve cases on a very tight time frame — sometimes handing down a decision in days, and forgoing the months of briefing, argument, and deliberation that normally proceed a Supreme Court decision.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KjdSnS">
And that tight time frame could matter.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="B7BXP1">
By sheer coincidence, another (hopefully less consequential) story involving the legal community’s approach to trans rights played out on the other side of the country the same day <em>B.P.J.</em> arrived at the Court.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="KrY3cE">
Judge Kyle Duncan, a Trump appointee to a federal appeals court and an <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/1/17/21067634/trump-judge-transgender-cruel-kyle-duncan-united-states-varner">unusually outspoken opponent of transgender rights</a>, delivered a talk at Stanford Law School where he was repeatedly heckled by students. The story has played out more or less the same way a zillion other debates about campus protests have played out, with <a href="https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/trump-appointed-judge-wants-stanford-apologize-disrupted-speech-2023-03-11/">Duncan demanding an apology</a> (and <a href="https://twitter.com/jaywillis/status/1634700418038267904?s=21&amp;t=MdJBbUSZIu38UUPOh9HzIw">receiving one from Stanford</a>), and his allies claiming that “<a href="https://twitter.com/McCormickProf/status/1634553127893364738">free speech is dead</a>” and <a href="https://twitter.com/ishapiro/status/1634323716749287424">calling for a Stanford official to be fired</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RAfRz3">
Given the insularity of the elite legal world, it’s more than possible this incident will be on many of the justices’ minds as they read through the briefing in the <em>B.P.J. </em>case. Duncan was at Stanford as a guest of the campus chapter of the Federalist Society, the powerful conservative legal organization with <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23457938/supreme-court-federalist-society-whine-first-amendment">close ties to most of the justices</a>. And Duncan is a sitting federal judge, a profession that has historically been treated with obsequious regard by law schools, and one that the justices themselves belong to.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="JaMTBZ">
Duncan has also given at least <a href="https://roddreher.substack.com/p/exclusive-us-judge-kyle-duncan-interview">two</a> <a href="https://freebeacon.com/campus/dogshit-federal-judge-decries-disruption-of-his-remarks-by-stanford-law-students-and-calls-for-termination-of-the-stanford-dean-who-joined-the-protesters/">interviews</a> to conservative media outlets, and the right-wing press <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/federal-judge-heckled-stanford-says-dont-feel-sorry-me-says-mob-behaved-like-dogs-t">provided sympathetic coverage of him all weekend</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7BKdEr">
So it’s easy to see why, in this moment when the Court is considering this high-stakes trans rights case, some of the justices could feel sympathy for a leading opponent of transgender rights. And why they might be inclined to view trans rights activists with suspicion.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="abv5A9">
There’s no reason why a minor story about a campus protest needs to impact the fate of transgender rights in the Supreme Court. The justices could simply decide to wave away the shadow docket motion that is currently before them, and wait to decide a case like <em>B.P.J.</em> until after it arrives on the Court’s regular docket through the ordinary, more deliberative process.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="npReyn">
That wouldn’t guarantee the plaintiff in <em>B.P.J. </em>a win. It’s likely any trans rights plaintiff would already face an uphill battle in the current, very conservative Supreme Court. Republican appointees have a supermajority in this Court, at the same time that Republicans throughout the country are <a href="https://www.vox.com/politics/23631262/trans-bills-republican-state-legislatures">pushing legislation attacking transgender people</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HaH1ek">
Nevertheless, if one of the most consequential transgender rights cases that will ever be decided by the Supreme Court were decided hastily, that could be bad news for trans people. It is rarely a good thing if the Court races to decide an important issue, but it’s even worse if they do so because people in the justices’ own social and professional circles are busy ginning up a moral panic.
</p>
<h3 id="qMBTee">
The <em>B.P.J.</em> case, briefly explained
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="T6f2O3">
The plaintiff in <em>B.P.J. </em>was a sixth grade student when she filed this lawsuit. She hoped to join the girls’ cross country and track teams at her school, but <a href="https://www.lambdalegal.org/sites/default/files/legal-docs/downloads/067._memorandum_opinion_order_2021-07-21.pdf">because she is transgender</a>, she was not allowed to under a West Virginia law, which provides that school athletes must play for the team that corresponds with their “biological sex.” She sued to challenge this law.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="lRSwKT">
The case has bounced around the lower courts since 2021, which have issued a series of contradictory rulings. A federal trial court <a href="https://www.lambdalegal.org/sites/default/files/legal-docs/downloads/067._memorandum_opinion_order_2021-07-21.pdf">temporarily blocked the law in 2021</a>, but then it issued a final ruling last January holding that West Virginia’s law is “<a href="https://adflegal.org/sites/default/files/2023-01/BPJ-v-West-Virginia-State-Board-Ed-2023-01-05-Order-and-Opinion.pdf">constitutionally permissible</a>.” In February, a federal appeals court <a href="https://www.lambdalegal.org/in-court/legal-docs/bpj_wv_20230222_order">temporarily blocked the law once again</a>, but this order will only remain in effect while the case is on appeal.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ttaW1b">
In its latest court filing, the state <a href="https://utexas.app.box.com/v/BPJApplication">asked the Supreme Court to reinstate the law</a>, at least temporarily while the case is litigated.
</p>
<h4 id="ccSq9r">
So what are the stakes in the case?
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NCPtYU">
The plaintiff in <em>B.P.J.</em>, who is identified by her initials because she is a minor, makes several legal arguments against the West Virginia law, including an argument that the law violates constitutional and statutory prohibitions on sex discrimination. One of her most significant arguments is that the Constitution <a href="https://www.lambdalegal.org/sites/default/files/legal-docs/downloads/bpj_plaintiffs_memo_iso_msj.pdf">casts an exceedingly skeptical eye on any law that discriminates against transgender people</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LUvEvB">
The mere fact that this law discriminates is not enough for <em>B.P.J.</em> to prevail, as the Constitution permits the government to engage in discrimination all the time. The government <a href="https://www.hhs.gov/answers/medicare-and-medicaid/who-is-eligible-for-medicare/index.html">discriminates against people under the age of 65</a>, for example, in deciding who is eligible for Medicare. Discrimination — that is, deciding who receives government benefits and who doesn’t, and who must go to jail and who must not — is an essential part of governance.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XhFTWx">
But certain kinds of discrimination are not allowed, and the Supreme Court has developed a rich jurisprudence laying out what types of discrimination are odious to the Constitution. As the Court held in <a href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/473/432.html"><em>Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center</em></a> (1985), groups that have experienced a “history of purposeful unequal treatment” which “<a href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/473/432.html">frequently bears no relation to ability to perform or contribute to society</a>,” should enjoy enhanced protections against discrimination. These enhanced protections are known as “heightened scrutiny.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6fbm8N">
Discrimination on the basis of race or sex, for example, is subject to heightened scrutiny.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="BORmYT">
When a civil rights plaintiff benefits from heightened scrutiny (which <a href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/473/432.html">comes in two forms</a>: a stronger “strict” form and a somewhat weaker “intermediate” form) they arrive at court with a presumption that any governmental discrimination against them is unconstitutional. The state can potentially rebut this presumption. But, at a bare minimum, such a discrimination “fails unless it is substantially related to a sufficiently important governmental interest.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Qe4VXO">
Indeed, if the Court uses the <em>B.P.J. </em>case to resolve whether heightened scrutiny applies to anti-trans discrimination, it could prove to be the most consequential trans rights case the Supreme Court will ever decide. Heightened scrutiny is not an absolute shield against discrimination — the trial judge in this very case <a href="https://adflegal.org/sites/default/files/2023-01/BPJ-v-West-Virginia-State-Board-Ed-2023-01-05-Order-and-Opinion.pdf">applied intermediate scrutiny</a> and still upheld the West Virginia law — but the decision whether a marginalized group can invoke the protections of heightened scrutiny has monumental consequences.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LaRgHA">
Again, it will determine whether, every time an anti-trans law is challenged in court, the judge must start with a presumption that the law is unconstitutional.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4Taq1U">
In the best-case scenario for trans litigants, <em>B.P.J.</em> could set a baseline for transgender rights in much the same way that cases like <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/483/"><em>Brown v. Board of Education</em></a><em> </em>(1954) established a legal baseline protecting against race discrimination. <em>Brown</em> did not end racism any more than <em>B.P.J.</em> can end transphobia. But a big victory for trans rights in <em>B.P.J. </em>would enlist the entire federal judiciary into the fight for transgender justice.
</p>
<h4 id="Mw9TkX">
What does it mean that this case arose on the shadow docket?
</h4>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CtNTsj">
Historically, the Supreme Court was very reluctant to issue orders second-guessing a lower court before an appeals court had issued its final decision on the case. Justices used to be so hostile to these sorts of requests that lawyers were reluctant to even make them. According to a <a href="https://harvardlawreview.org/2019/11/the-solicitor-general-and-the-shadow-docket/">November 2019 paper</a> by University of Texas law professor Stephen Vladeck, “during the sixteen years of the George W. Bush and Obama Administrations, the Solicitor General filed a total of eight” Supreme Court applications seeking to stay a lower court’s decision — “averaging one every <em>other</em> Term.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Dg8ZJo">
The Trump administration, however, abandoned this traditional reticence. As Vladeck wrote in his 2019 paper, Trump’s “Solicitor General has filed at least twenty-one applications for stays in the Supreme Court (including ten during the October 2018 Term alone).” And the conservative Court rewarded this behavior. Vladeck found that the Trump administration <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/2/22/21148529/justice-sotomayor-supreme-court-wolf-cook-county-public-charge-thumb-on-scale">achieved a full or partial victory in about two-thirds of these cases</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1MDD9w">
This alternative pathway, where the justices sometimes express their views on a case much sooner than they would under the ordinary appellate process, was named the <a href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1961&amp;context=public_law_and_legal_theory">shadow docket</a> by University of Chicago law professor William Baude in 2015.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LPnjNg">
Other conservative litigants have also had great success on the shadow docket, sometimes scoring major, precedent-setting decisions. In <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/20a87_4g15.pdf"><em>Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo</em></a> (2020), for example, the Court handed down a decision on its shadow docket that <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/12/2/21726876/supreme-court-religious-liberty-revolutionary-roman-catholic-diocese-cuomo-amy-coney-barrett">effectively gutted 30 years of precedent</a> establishing that people who object to a state law on religious grounds must follow it if it is a “neutral law of general applicability” — meaning that the law applies on equal terms to religious and non-religious people.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9nGjZ8">
So the Court will have to decide just how quickly it wants to move in <em>B.P.J.</em> It could simply deny the state’s request (which was the ordinary practice in the pre-Trump years). It could signal to lower court judges that it is skeptical that <em>B.P.J.</em> will prevail by granting the request without much of an explanation. And there’s at least some chance that the Court could issue a major precedent-setting decision right away.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="6duebz">
There are no rules guiding which path the justices have to take. And the justices abandoned their old norms warning against overuse of the shadow docket during the Trump administration. So, if the justices are currently in an unusually ungenerous mood toward transgender rights activists, nothing but their own consciences prevent them from handing down a sweeping opinion after mere days of deliberation.
</p>
<h3 id="CjeB9u">
So what does any of this have to do with Stanford?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="qGEqoL">
Kyle Duncan may be the most outspoken opponent of transgender rights within the federal government. He previously worked as <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/08/opinion/kyle-duncan-john-thompson.html">general counsel to a leading Christian right law firm</a>, and he litigated multiple cases seeking to restrict LGBTQ rights — including a case where he represented a school district seeking to <a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/16-273-pet-cert-reply.pdf">prohibit a trans student from using the bathroom</a> that aligns with his gender identity.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="v1b9e4">
As a judge, Duncan authored a <a href="http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/19/19-40016-CR0.pdf">2020 opinion</a> where, after a transgender litigant requested that Duncan’s court refer to her using her proper pronouns, Duncan explained, at length, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/1/17/21067634/trump-judge-transgender-cruel-kyle-duncan-united-states-varner">why he refuses to do so</a>. Among other things, Duncan warned that, if he honored this litigant’s request, then he might also have to refer to some hypothetical future litigant using a more non-traditional pronoun. He even included a chart.
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Y1-W3hL_xsFIZde23hSVR5t55ec=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24498021/temp.png"/> <cite>United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit</cite>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XCN9YI">
Duncan appears to have <a href="https://davidlat.substack.com/p/yale-law-is-no-longer-1for-free-speech">arrived on Stanford’s campus spoiling for a fight</a>. One source told legal journalist David Lat that Duncan “walked into the law school filming protestors on his phone, looking more like a YouTuber storming the Capitol, than a federal judge coming to speak.” When students started to protest Duncan, “he started heckling back.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LWRSZk">
Moreover, a brief video clip of the event shows Duncan berating law students who asked him to explain his opinion misgendering a litigant during the Q&amp;A portion of the Stanford event.
</p>
<div id="obLuIV">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Look, if you think Kyle Duncan is the “adult” in this exchange with a Stanford Law student, let alone a guy sincerely trying to have a civil dialogue with people with whom he disagrees, and definitely not trying to just get blurbed on Fox News primteime, ‍♂️ <a href="https://t.co/ti5mMjMnYc">pic.twitter.com/ti5mMjMnYc</a>
</p>
— Jay Willis (<span class="citation" data-cites="jaywillis">@jaywillis</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/jaywillis/status/1634785821382328321?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">March 12, 2023</a>
</blockquote></div></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FBZpog">
That said, there’s little doubt that many Stanford students rudely confronted this singularly rude judge. According to Lat, protesters <a href="https://davidlat.substack.com/p/yale-law-is-no-longer-1for-free-speech">started to boo and heckle Duncan as soon as he took the podium</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="RcItot">
But what does any of this have to do with the <em>B.P.J. </em>case? The answer is that, if you tried to engineer a controversy in a lab with the goal of outraging a Court dominated by Federalist Society stalwarts, you would come up with something like this confrontation.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cAHpxJ">
The Federalist Society is the linchpin of the conservative legal movement — a professional society where right-wing lawyers and judges can share ideas, <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23457938/supreme-court-federalist-society-whine-first-amendment">stew in common grievances</a>, and work to promote each others’ careers. It played an <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/12/9/20962980/trump-supreme-court-federal-judges">enormous role in shaping former President Donald Trump’s judicial appointments</a>, including his Supreme Court justices.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bzSXdB">
The five most conservative members of the Supreme Court are all regular speakers at Federalist Society events, including at a banquet the Federalist Society hosts every year as part of its annual lawyer’s convention. Last fall, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/11/politics/supreme-court-justices-dobbs-decision-federalist-society">four justices attended that banquet</a> — even though two of them weren’t even on the speakers’ list.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="TM5XXE">
Yet, while the Federalist Society is arguably the most powerful political organization in the United States, the organization’s gatherings frequently <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23457938/supreme-court-federalist-society-whine-first-amendment">dwell on the insecurities of its members</a>. The society’s most recent conference devoted all four of its plenary sessions to complaints that members of the Federalist Society often feel unwelcome within their own profession — and <a href="https://fedsoc.org/conferences/2022-national-lawyers-convention#agenda-item-showcase-panel-ii-the-mission-of-law-schools">especially by law schools</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="J7ngr7">
“Something momentous is happening” on law school campuses, one speaker told the society at a panel focused on “<a href="https://fedsoc.org/conferences/2022-national-lawyers-convention#agenda-item-showcase-panel-ii-the-mission-of-law-schools">The Mission of Law Schools</a>,” claiming that these schools have lost their commitment to “open inquiry based on argument and evidence” and are shunning conservative voices.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="xwElry">
So, when a <a href="https://twitter.com/EdWhelanEPPC/status/1634218660494548993?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1634218660494548993%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&amp;ref_url=about%3Asrcdoc">truncated video</a> of the Stanford event featuring Judge Duncan was posted online Friday by conservative activist Ed Whelan, it’s easy to see how that video must have validated many Federalist Society members’ darkest fears.
</p>
<div id="kW1Hxl">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" dir="ltr" lang="en">
Here’s video of Stanford DEI dean Steinbach’s remarks slamming Judge Duncan and setting forth university policy on free speech while calling its soundness into question and stating that it might need to be reconsidered. /8<a href="https://t.co/PrfovwmMYj">https://t.co/PrfovwmMYj</a>
</p>
— Ed Whelan (<span class="citation" data-cites="EdWhelanEPPC">@EdWhelanEPPC</span>) <a href="https://twitter.com/EdWhelanEPPC/status/1634218660494548993?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">March 10, 2023</a>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="QsODVa">
That video, which doesn’t actually depict Duncan’s remarks, shows Stanford associate dean Tirien Steinbach addressing the audience at Duncan’s event after Duncan requested that a law school administrator intervene to quiet the protesting students.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LPNnBX">
In her remarks to the protesters, Steinbach states the university’s position that Duncan should be allowed to deliver his remarks, telling Duncan that “it is my job to say you are invited into this space,” and she encourages students who are offended by Duncan to leave the room, telling them that “you do not need to stay here if this is not where you want to be.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="P6kENj">
But Steinbach also spends at least as much time trying to explain to Duncan why much of her community finds his presence hurtful. And she also implied that whatever benefit the Federalist Society hoped to gain from inviting Duncan to speak was not worth the divisions his presence created on campus, twice <a href="https://stanforddaily.com/2023/03/11/law-school-activists-protest-judge-kyle-duncans-visit-to-campus/">asking whether “the juice [is] worth the squeeze.”</a>
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="n8dqSw">
It is easy to see, in other words, why this incident appeared to confirm many Federalist Society members’ deepest fears. A representative of one of the nation’s leading law schools seemed to be telling a prominent member of the Federalist Society — a sitting federal judge! — that his ideas will only be begrudgingly tolerated on Stanford’s campus.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ipmEX1">
Notably, the university has since disavowed Steinbach’s remarks. In an <a href="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/letter-from-Stanford.pdf">apology letter</a> to Duncan signed by the university’s president and the law school’s dean, the two senior administrators tell Duncan that “staff members … intervened in inappropriate ways that are not aligned with the university’s commitment to free speech.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="4pr4yw">
Even so, it’s <a href="https://twitter.com/BasedMikeLee/status/1634703130523840512">doubtful this apology will mollify Federalist Society members</a> who have spent years listening to warnings at Federalist Society events that gains for progressive causes, like LGBTQ rights, will <a href="https://fedsoc.org/conferences/2013-national-lawyers-convention#agenda-item-religious-liberties-religious-liberty-conflicting-moral-visions">come at the expense of social conservatives</a> being excluded from institutions like universities.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Zg68o8">
If that resentment and fear percolates up to the Court’s justices as they consider whether to rule in <em>B.P.J. </em>immediately, that could be bad news.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="fyhrYY">
We should all hope that the nine justices prove more capable than Duncan of separating their personal feelings from their role as jurists. And we should certainly hope that they won’t draw grand conclusions about how to interpret the Constitution from the rude behavior of some university students. But judges are people. And they are as capable of being influenced by the outrage they hear from people in their social and professional circles as anyone else.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ivregv">
All of which is a long way of saying that supporters of transgender rights should hope that the Supreme Court decides to wait for a little while before it decides the <em>B.P.J. </em>case. That won’t guarantee a good outcome for trans people, but such an important case should be decided with full briefing and oral argument. And it should be decided with months of deliberation, not mere days.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="acfcJC">
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="jZu1Hm">
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="v7zota">
</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>How you (yes, you!) can actually use AI to make your work better</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="An illustrative image showing a collage of workers with documents, desks, and other office supplies, created by the AI tool Midjourney." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/4T0UG7smF-cAFvsKmIEG9Bc3ZCY=/187x0:1382x896/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72071973/wehatemeetings_people_performing_office_tasks_with_AI_collage_a_9568967c_da34_4912_ae16_30e7fbbdc65c.0.png"/>
<figcaption>
An image autogenerated by <a class="ql-link" href="https://www.midjourney.com/home/?callbackUrl=%2Fapp%2F" target="_blank">Midjourney</a>, a text-to-image tool, when given the prompt “people performing office tasks with AI, collage art.” | <a class="ql-link" href="https://docs.midjourney.com/docs/privacy-policy" target="_blank">Midjourney</a>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
How Ethan and Lilach Mollick learned to stop worrying and start automating their jobs.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="aHC5E7">
About 10 minutes into my interview with Ethan Mollick, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton business school who has become a prominent evangelist for AI tools, it became clear that he was going to use Bing to interview me.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NneyKR">
He started by asking the Microsoft search engine, <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2023/2/7/23590069/bing-openai-microsoft-google-bard">newly infused with a generative AI model from OpenAI</a>, “Can you look at the work of Dylan Matthews of Vox and tell me some common themes, as well as any strengths or weaknesses.” In a couple seconds, Bing had an answer: “Dylan Matthews is one of the senior correspondents at Vox. He covers topics such as effective altruism, philanthropy, global health, and social justice.” (So far, so good.)
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iRpvRe">
Dylan “often uses charts, graphs, tables, and quotes from experts and sources to support his arguments,” it continued, but “other Vox writers may have different writing styles and tones depending on their topic and audience.” For instance, “Some may aim to entertain readers with interesting facts or stories,” which I guess is not something the machines think I do.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WLAwua">
Mollick wasn’t done interrogating. He asked for examples of some of the best praise and criticism of my articles, and unearthed some scathing critiques of an old <a href="https://www.vox.com/2015/9/9/9294955/queen-elizabeth-constitutional-monarchy">tongue-in-cheek defense of monarchy</a> I once wrote (“This is a terrible article,” noted one poster. “It’s full of cherry-picked data”), and some nice notes on a <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2022/8/8/23150496/effective-altruism-sam-bankman-fried-dustin-moskovitz-billionaire-philanthropy-crytocurrency">feature I wrote about effective altruism</a> last summer.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="k8fFLd">
Taking that thread and running with it, Mollick asked Bing for ideas of papers on the topic of effective altruism and some names of journals that might take them; he got three suggestions, with <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/josp.12347">links</a> to <a href="https://www.radicalphilosophy.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/rp210_crary.pdf">previous</a> articles the journals had run on the topic (one journal — notably given generative AI’s <a href="https://www.entrepreneur.com/business-news/google-exec-warns-of-ai-chatbot-hallucinations/444842">occasional tendency</a> to hallucinate false facts — was paired with an article it didn’t run, and an author who did not even write that article).
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="HaffyM">
Mollick commanded Bing to prepare a table comparing different “philosophies of altruism,” and to add a row with newly Bing-generated slogans for each. This is what it delivered:
</p>
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A table generated by Microsoft’s Bing AI that compares psychological, biological, and ethical altruism, in response to prompting." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5RgGJxzrHxEA2cAYdUWUZWVwKq8=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24502100/image1.jpg"/> <cite>Prompts by Ethan Mollick</cite>
<figcaption>
Bing creates a table comparing psychological, biological, and ethical altruism on command.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="wFzJra">
While “Survive and thrive by helping your kin” was not the way my evolutionary biology professor in college explained <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/kin-selection">kin selection</a> … it’s a lot catchier than anything you’ll find in a textbook.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="b7Advx">
Neither Ethan Mollick nor Lilach, his equally AI-obsessed research collaborator at Wharton and his spouse, are AI experts by background. Ethan researches and teaches entrepreneurship, while Lilach works on developing interactive simulations meant to help students try out scenarios like job interviews, elevator pitches to investors, running an early-stage startup, and more. But the two have become among the most active — and in <a href="https://twitter.com/emollick">Ethan’s case</a>, most vocal — power users of generative AI, a category that spans from Bing and ChatGPT on the text side to <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23023538/ai-dalle-2-openai-bias-gpt-3-incentives">DALL-E</a> and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/21/technology/generative-ai.html">Stable Diffusion</a> for images.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7H9wBE">
When she started using ChatGPT, Lilach recalls, “My world fell apart. I thought, ‘This is crazy.’ I couldn’t believe the output it was giving me. I couldn’t believe the feedback it was giving me.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="VAlHMk">
Generative AI has, in a couple of months, gone from a fringe curiosity for early adopters to ubiquitous technology among lay people. ChatGPT racked up <a href="https://twitter.com/SashaKaletsky/status/1625585933616570414">over 660 million visits</a> in January. The bank UBS estimates that it took <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01/">two months for the software to gain 100 million monthly active users</a>; for comparison, TikTok took nine months, and Facebook took <a href="https://www.fool.com/investing/2019/01/20/the-social-media-platforms-that-hit-100-million-us.aspx">four and a half years</a>. In the midst of this astonishingly rapid shift toward AI generation, the Mollicks stake out a unique and compelling position on the technology: it is of course <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ai-platforms-like-chatgpt-are-easy-to-use-but-also-potentially-dangerous/">risky and poses real dangers</a>. It will <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxnaem/stack-overflow-bans-chatgpt-for-constantly-giving-wrong-answers">get things wrong</a>. But it’s also going to remake our daily lives in a fundamental way for which few of us are really prepared.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="iY5ybj">
It’s a mistake to <a href="https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/23447596/artificial-intelligence-agi-openai-gpt3-existential-risk-human-extinction">ignore</a> the risks posed by these large language models (LLMs), which range from <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/7/23589536/microsoft-bing-ai-chat-inaccurate-results">making up facts</a> to <a href="https://apnews.com/article/technology-science-microsoft-corp-business-software-fb49e5d625bf37be0527e5173116bef3">belligerent behavior</a> to the possibility that even sophisticated users will begin <a href="https://www.vox.com/23167703/google-artificial-intelligence-lamda-blake-lemoine-language-model-sentient">thinking the AI is sentient</a>. (It’s not.) But the Mollicks argue it would also be a mistake to miss what the existence of these systems means, concretely, right now, for jobs that consist of producing text. Which includes a lot of us: journalists like me, but also software engineers, academics and other researchers, screenwriters, HR staffers, accountants, hell, anyone whose job requires what we used to call paperwork of any kind. “If we stop with Bing, it would be enough to disrupt like 20 different major industries,” Ethan argued to me. “If you’re not using Bing for your writing, you’re probably making a mistake.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sqkcrh">
I hadn’t been using Bing for writing until I heard him say that. Now I can’t stop.
</p>
<h3 id="KG1uuB">
Generative AI’s potential
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nqzLV4">
Don’t take the Mollicks’ word for it: Just read the studies, which Ethan enthusiastically <a href="https://oneusefulthing.substack.com/p/secret-cyborgs-the-present-disruption">sends to his over 17,000 (free) Substack subscribers</a> and <a href="https://twitter.com/emollick">over 110,000 Twitter followers</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="w5GlYV">
For example: Two economists at MIT, Shakked Noy and Whitney Zhang, conducted a <a href="https://economics.mit.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/Noy_Zhang_1.pdf">randomized experiment</a> where they asked 444 “experienced, college-educated professionals” on the platform <a href="https://www.prolific.co/">Prolific</a> to each do two writing tasks, like “writing press releases, short reports, analysis plans, and delicate emails.” Noy and Zhang then had another team of professionals, matched to the same occupations as the test subjects, review their work, with each piece of writing read three times.
</p>
<div class="c-float-left c-float-hang">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt=" " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/c6AgbzmS9rUeCWCjtV3zC9eqCiI=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24504293/wehatemeetings_words_forming_hands_holding_hands_with_AI_collag_e1e55297_d7f0_4af5_aa36_ef04361dfd14.png"/> <cite><a class="ql-link" href="https://docs.midjourney.com/docs/privacy-policy" target="_blank">Midjourney</a></cite>
<figcaption>
An image generated by <a class="ql-link" href="https://www.midjourney.com/home/?callbackUrl=%2Fapp%2F" target="_blank">Midjourney</a>, when given the prompt: “words forming hands, holding hands with AI.”
</figcaption>
</figure></div></li>
</ul>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="LCLS8v">
Half the participants, though, were instructed to sign up for ChatGPT, trained in it, and told they could use it for the second task for which they were hired. The average time taken to complete the assignment was only 17 minutes in the ChatGPT group, compared to 27 in the control, cutting time by over a third. Evaluators graded the ChatGPT output as substantially better: On a scale of 1 to 7, the ChatGPT group averaged a 4.5, compared to 3.8 for the control group. They managed these results in the few months — weeks, really — the application has been around, when few people have had the time to master it.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="hggfyW">
Another <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.06590.pdf">recent study</a> from researchers at Microsoft, GitHub, and MIT examined “Copilot,” a product from GitHub relying on an OpenAI model that assists programmers in writing code. “Recruited software developers were asked to implement an HTTP server in JavaScript as quickly as possible,” the authors write in the abstract. “The treatment group, with access to the AI pair programmer, completed the task 55.8% faster than the control group.” That’s not the hardest programming task there is — but still. A significant amount of computer programming is repeating common code patterns, either from memory or by finding the answer on a site like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_Overflow">Stack Overflow</a>. AI can make that part of the job much, much faster.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="zPkkIa">
A <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4375268">third paper</a>, from Princeton’s Edward Felten, Penn’s Manav Raj, and NYU’s Robert Seamans, tried to systematically estimate which jobs will be most exposed to, or affected by, the rise of large language models. They found that the single most affected occupation class is telemarketers — perhaps unsurprising, given that their entire job revolves around language. Every single other job in the top 10 is some form of college professor, from English to foreign languages to history. Lest the social scientists get too smug about their struggling humanities peers, sociology, psychology, and political science aren’t far behind.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Jyabrg">
Once upon a time, people like academics, journalists, and computer programmers could take some satisfaction in our status as “knowledge workers,” or parts of the “<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rise-Creative-Class-Revisited-Revised-Expanded/dp/0465042481">creative class</a>.” Our jobs might be threatened by low ad revenue or state budget cuts, and the compensation was somewhat lacking, but those jobs were literally high-minded. We weren’t doing stuff robots could do; we weren’t twisting bolts with wrenches like <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6n9ESFJTnHs">Charlie Chaplin on an assembly line</a>.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ECGNFA">
Now, however, we have tools with the potential to automate a significant portion of our jobs. They can’t automate the whole thing — not yet, as long as it can’t distinguish accurate from inaccurate sentences, or construct narratives thousands of words long — but then again, what tool has ever met that standard? <a href="https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/econ_focus/2016/q3-4/economic_history">Obed Hussey and Cyrus McCormick</a> did not fully automate grain harvesting when they invented the mechanical reaper. But they still transformed farming forever. (And if you don’t know who Hussey and McCormick are … ask ChatGPT.)
</p>
<h3 id="qT27Dr">
Academia after the bots
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="c3eUkv">
The Mollicks don’t just talk the talk. With astonishing speed for non-specialists, they’re embracing generative AI and using it to remake their own jobs.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="26tmY7">
Beginning in December, Ethan used ChatGPT to devise a <a href="https://oneusefulthing.substack.com/p/the-mechanical-professor">syllabus for an introductory course on entrepreneurship</a>, to come up with a final assignment, and to develop a grading rubric for the final assignment. He used it to produce a test submission for the assignment, and to <a href="https://twitter.com/emollick/status/1598745129837281280?s=20&amp;t=LD46CgA1lWUjI3Yq5lk9KQ">grade that submission</a>, using the rubric the AI had created previously.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="cd8ZzE">
For the spring semester of 2023, just as instructors elsewhere were <a href="https://nypost.com/2022/12/26/students-using-chatgpt-to-cheat-professor-warns/">expressing panic</a> at the idea of AI-generated papers and homework, Ethan started <em>requiring</em> students to use generative AI in his classes. As Ann Christine Meidinger, an exchange student from Chile who is in two of his classes this semester, put it, “Basically both of his classes turned out to be the AI classes. That’s how we refer to them — ‘the AI class.’”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="X1e257">
What’s striking is that neither class is about AI, per se. One, <a href="https://apps.wharton.upenn.edu/syllabi/202310/MGMT8020001/">“Change, Innovation &amp; Entrepreneurship,”</a> is a how-to course he’s taught for the last four years on leadership and related skills that is built around interactive simulations.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="UkhQkR">
The other course, <a href="https://apps.wharton.upenn.edu/syllabi/202310/MGMT7990401/">“Special Topics in Entrepreneurship: Specialization Is For Insects,”</a> named after a quote from the sci-fi writer Robert Heinlein, is a kind of potpourri of skill trainings. Week two teaches students to make physical product prototypes and prototypes of apps; week three is about running a kitchen for a restaurant business.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MRpGya">
These don’t seem like obvious places to start using AI to automate. But Meidinger says that AI proved essential in a simulation of a startup business in the entrepreneurship class. Students were assigned to a wacky scientist’s food startup and instructed to turn it into a real business, from finding funders to preparing pitches for them and divvying up shares. “Within five, six sessions we ended up coming up with a full-on business, to work on the financials, the cash flow statement — probably as close as it can get to real life,” Meidinger recalls.
</p>
<div class="c-float-right c-float-hang">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="An illustration of a large, spiky blue monster with big eyes and sharp teeth, holding a laptop with emails spilling out around it, generated by the AI tool Midjourney." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Zaoap7vUyU4VP50KDLzwtF8p0EE=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24504326/wehatemeetings_monster_emails_collage_art_2f57cb17_1df5_4969_9933_ffd0166d05e6.png"/> <cite><a class="ql-link" href="https://docs.midjourney.com/docs/privacy-policy" target="_blank">Midjourney</a></cite>
<figcaption>
An image generated by <a class="ql-link" href="https://www.midjourney.com/home/?callbackUrl=%2Fapp%2F" target="_blank">Midjourney</a> when given the prompt: “monster emails.”
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7FAnhd">
AI was the only way she got through with her wits about her. “You get these monster emails” as part of the simulation, she said. “It’s faster to just copy-paste it in and say ‘summarize’ in AI. It would give you a three-line summarization instead of having to go through this massive email.” As part of the simulation, she had limited time to recruit fictional workers who had dummy CVs and <a href="https://www.vox.com/technology/2023/3/8/23618509/chatgpt-generative-ai-cover-letter">cover letters</a>. The AI let her summarize all those in seconds. “The simulation is paced to make you feel always a little behind, with less time than you would want to,” she recalls. That makes sense: Starting a business is a hectic, harried experience, one where time is quite literally money. “But in our team, we had down moments, we literally had everything sorted out. … That was, I think, only possible thanks to AI.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XwETEm">
Lilach Mollick is a specialist in pedagogy, the study of teaching and learning, and even before she began harnessing AI, her work at Wharton was already on the more innovative end of what modern classrooms have to offer, employing full simulations with scripts and casts. She helped design the business simulation Meidinger did, for instance.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="gx2eQ4">
“One of the things we do is give people practice in producing pitches,” like the elevator pitches that Meidinger learned, Lilach explains. “We give students practice with it, we give them feedback, we let them try it again within a simulation. This takes months and months of work, the hiring of actors, the scripting, the shaping — it’s kind of crazy.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="i2eDeK">
She’s started playing around with having ChatGPT or Bing run the simulation: sending it a version of a sample pitch she wrote (pretending to be a student), and having it give feedback, perhaps according to a set rubric. “It wasn’t perfect, but it was pretty good. As a tutor, that takes you through some deliberate practice, I think this has real potential.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1pd0PW">
She’s sympathetic to professors who worry about students using the app for plagiarism, of course. But part of the harm of plagiarism, she notes, is that it’s a shortcut. It lets students get out of actually learning. She strongly believes that generative AI, used correctly, is “not a shortcut to learning. In fact, it pushes you to learn in new and interesting ways.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="vJKPHW">
Ethan, for his part, tells students that anything they produce with ChatGPT or Bing, even or perhaps especially in assignments where he requires students to use them, is ultimately <a href="https://oneusefulthing.substack.com/p/my-class-required-ai-heres-what-ive">their responsibility</a>. “Don’t trust anything it says,” his AI policy states. “If it gives you a number or fact, assume it is wrong unless you either know the answer or can check in with another source. You will be responsible for any errors or omissions provided by the tool.” So far, he says his students have lived up to that policy. They’re not idiots. They know it’s a tool with limitations — but a very cool tool that can supercharge their output, too.
</p>
<h3 id="NvkxEH">
Do journalist androids summarize studies about electric sheep?
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="94i6Ci">
The Mollicks could run a profitable side business just listing the clever hacks they’ve figured out for getting better results out of generative AI. (At least until the AI starts doing that itself.) Do you want to improve the style of its writing? Ask it to <a href="https://oneusefulthing.substack.com/p/power-and-weirdness-how-to-use-bing">look up the style of writers</a> you admire. Want better substance? Act like its editor, giving it specific feedback for <a href="https://oneusefulthing.substack.com/p/my-class-required-ai-heres-what-ive">incremental improvements after each draft</a>. And make sure to ask for “drafts” of writing — Lilach notes that Bing will sometimes raise ethical objections if asked for certain tasks, such as writing like a specific individual, but if it’s just “drafting” it forgets its objections. Ask it to “look up” information so it’s sure to search and get sources.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="FEGBSD">
I figured I should try these tips out myself. In early March, I finally got off the waitlist to use the new AI-inflected Bing. This is Vox, so I asked it to explain the news.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9GFqRh">
I wanted Bing to walk me through how the Russian invasion of Ukraine has progressed in 2023. It took a few attempts to really get what I wanted.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="7n6Lsh">
At first it just informed me that Russia had invaded Ukraine, and that this was a big deal (“the war has changed Europe forever”). Accurate but not very impressive.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="CxCQWu">
But I kept asking it questions, and importantly, asking it <em>better</em> questions. “Describe the last few months” worked less well than asking about something more specific, like the ongoing <a href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/3/9/23631178/bakhmut-ukraine-russia-war-wagner">battle in Bakhmut</a>. Asking it to look up information always helped, and reduced inaccuracies (which could be fairly frequent in the early going). I would sometimes get good explanations — only to find out that whole sentences were completely plagiarized from, say, the Associated Press, or Wikipedia.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Q86inH">
Eventually I hit on a prompt that worked: “Can you draft a paragraph-long explanation of the battle for Bakhmut for me, including mentions of its symbolic significance, its strategic significance, and the Wagner Group? Please don’t copy whole paragraphs from existing sources but compose new ones.” Here’s what it gave me:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="YHhn1T">
The battle for Bakhmut is a fierce and ongoing confrontation between Ukrainian and Russian forces in eastern Ukraine. The city, which was once a prosperous center for salt and gypsum mining <a href="https://www.outlookindia.com/international/explained-what-s-importance-of-bakhmut-how-it-became-central-to-ukraine-war-news-268230">1</a>, has become a symbol of Ukrainian resistance and determination to defend its sovereignty <a href="https://www.barrons.com/news/bakhmut-city-of-symbolic-significance-in-ukraine-107f6cfc">2</a><a href="https://www.irishtimes.com/world/europe/2023/03/06/bakhmut-a-ghost-town-of-high-symbolic-importance-to-kremlin-and-wagner-mercenary-group/">3</a>. Bakhmut is also strategically important as it blocks Russia’s advance towards other key cities in the Donbas region, such as Slovyansk and Kramatorsk <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/24/politics/ukraine-shift-tactics-bakhmut/index.html">4</a><a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2023/1/13/2147018/-Ukraine-update-Why-Bakhmut-is-not-a-strategic-goal-but-is-vitally-important-to-Ukraine">5</a>. The battle has been marked by the involvement of the Wagner Group, a notorious Russian private military company that has been accused of war crimes and human rights violations <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/battle-bakhmut-takes-center-stage-war-ukraine-97688754">6</a><a href="https://www.irishtimes.com/world/europe/2023/03/06/bakhmut-a-ghost-town-of-high-symbolic-importance-to-kremlin-and-wagner-mercenary-group/">3</a>. The Wagner Group is led by Yevgeny Prigozhin, a close ally of Vladimir Putin who has made capturing Bakhmut his personal goal <a href="https://www.barrons.com/news/bakhmut-city-of-symbolic-significance-in-ukraine-107f6cfc">2</a>.
</p>
</blockquote>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="WhfAzQ">
Honestly? I’ve turned in much worse drafts than this. Running it through online plagiarism checkers, I found no copying. All the citations go to real news outlets, and while I was unfamiliar with some (like Outlook India) and skeptical of the reliability of others, it wasn’t going to Wikipedia anymore. Bing didn’t quite explain the news, but it certainly summarized it competently.
</p>
<div class="c-float-left c-float-hang">
<figure class="e-image">
<img alt="A collage-style illustration of a person in a suit speaking into a microphone, with images of newspapers and other text surrounding them, created by the AI tool Midjourney. " src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/wQA_-0Xat7LUJmTjp37cXcwigag=/800x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24504397/wehatemeetings_texts_and_patterns_forming_a_journalist_abstract_1ee4ee81_e060_4917_a300_70e07389791c.png"/> <cite><a class="ql-link" href="https://docs.midjourney.com/docs/privacy-policy" target="_blank">Midjourney</a></cite>
<figcaption>
An image generated by <a class="ql-link" href="https://www.midjourney.com/home/?callbackUrl=%2Fapp%2F" target="_blank">Midjourney</a> when given the prompt: “texts and patterns forming a journalist.”
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9jVDNO">
I’m not freaking out yet that AI will <em>replace</em> people in jobs like mine. Historically, automation has led to <a href="https://www.apricitas.io/p/chatgpt-please-take-my-job">better and more employment</a>, not less and worse. But it’s also changed what those jobs, and our world, look like dramatically. In <a href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1975/compendia/hist_stats_colonial-1970/hist_stats_colonial-1970p1-chD.pdf#page=7">1870</a>, about half of United States workers worked in agriculture. In 1900, only a third did. Last year, only <a href="https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat19.htm">1.4 percent</a> did. The consequence of this is not that Americans starve, but that a vastly more productive, heavily automated farming sector feeds us and lets the other 98.6 percent of the workforce do other work, hopefully work that interests us more.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="Ehsnir">
AI, I’m now persuaded, has the potential to pull off a labor market transition of similar magnitude. The Mollicks have convinced me that I am — we all are — <a href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/de-mattos-the-recollections-of-alexis-de-tocqueville-1896">sleeping on top of a volcano</a>. I do not know when exactly it will erupt. But it will erupt, and I don’t feel remotely prepared for what’s coming.
</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Trump-era banking law paved way for Silicon Valley Bank’s collapse</strong> -
<figure>
<img alt="The front glass door of a business showing its name, SVB, main lobby, and hours." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ibZ2Ghq3_xcfniJOipLccotF-FU=/297x0:5241x3708/1310x983/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72070924/1473274702.0.jpg"/>
<figcaption>
A security guard at Silicon Valley Bank monitors a line of people outside the office on March 13, 2023, in Santa Clara, California. | Justin Sullivan/Getty Images
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Silicon Valley Bank was a test case for Congress’s 2018 bipartisan banking deregulation law. It failed.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="a71Ovd">
The collapse of Silicon Valley Bank and other similarly sized banks in recent days has put a spotlight on <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/3/6/17081508/senate-banking-bill-crapo-regulation">Congress’s 2018 bipartisan banking deregulation law</a>, which was signed by then-President Donald Trump.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="MD7GXU">
We’ll never know what might have happened if the law hadn’t been enacted. But given that Silicon Valley Bank would have been subject to stricter oversight under the old rules, more regulation may have slowed — or even prevented — the panic that set in last week as depositors rushed to withdraw their funds.
</p>
<aside id="1MBJN2">
<div>
</div>
</aside>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="XXz6Sd">
In the wake of the bank’s implosion, some Democrats and economists have begun to argue that the bank’s failure and subsequent <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/business/markets/regional-bank-stocks-struggle-fears-silicon-valley-bank-contagion-rcna74761">concerns about contagion</a> in the financial sector actually are direct results of that law, which rolled back key parts of the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act aimed at preventing banks from making the kinds of big bets that led to the 2008 financial crisis.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="bVz8xO">
In an <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/13/opinion/elizabeth-warren-silicon-valley-bank.html">op-ed </a>in the New York Times Monday, Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA), who led the charge against deregulation in 2018, wrote that SVB and the crypto-focused Signature Bank, which was also <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/12/regulators-close-new-yorks-signature-bank-citing-systemic-risk.html">shut down</a> by the FDIC on Sunday, couldn’t shoulder the old-fashioned bank runs that killed them precisely because there wasn’t oversight to “expose their vulnerabilities and shore up their businesses.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="ikWWgd">
Notably, the 2018 law changed which banks are considered “systemically important” to regulators. It increased the threshold from institutions holding at least $50 billion in assets to those with $250 billion. That means only the largest banks face stricter regulation, including requirements to maintain certain levels of liquidity and capacity to absorb losses; comply with company- and government-run stress testing; and submit a living will to prepare for potential failure.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="te3MNh">
SVB had $209 billion in assets, making it the 16th-largest bank in the US by the time it was <a href="https://www.fdic.gov/news/press-releases/2023/pr23016.html#:~:text=As%20of%20December%2031%2C%202022,%24175.4%20billion%20in%20total%20deposits.">taken over</a> by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) on Friday. But it still wasn’t big enough to be subject to the strictest standard of scrutiny under the 2018 law.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="NcCID9">
Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) noted in a statement Sunday that the Republican director of the Congressional Budget Office <a href="https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/115th-congress-2017-2018/costestimate/s2155.pdf">warned</a> of this exact scenario five years ago — that the bill would increase what he thought was a small “likelihood that a large financial firm with assets of between $100 billion and $250 billion would fail.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="1DG1bZ">
“Unfortunately, that is precisely what happened,” Sanders said.
</p>
<h3 id="cT37lO">
SVB lobbied for deregulation — and may have brought about its own demise
</h3>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="IgE674">
In a <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114shrg94375/pdf/CHRG-114shrg94375.pdf?ref=the-lever">statement</a> to a Senate committee in 2015, SVB CEO Greg Becker specifically advocated for raising the $50 billion threshold and argued that failing to do so would saddle mid-sized banks like his with “significant burdens that inherently and unnecessarily will reduce our ability to provide the banking services our clients need.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PyNeli">
He argued that the compliance costs and human resources associated with having to meet the regulatory requirements would have forced the bank to “divert resources and attention from making loans to small and growing businesses that are the job creation engines of our country, even though our risk profile would not change.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="mOKWQx">
He also touted SVB’s “deep understanding of the market it serves,” “strong risk management practices,” and the “fundamental strength of the innovation economy” on which SVB relied, as well as the bank’s ability to lend to almost 8,000 clients while maintaining strong credit.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="PDYUhg">
The bank spent half a million dollars on lobbying in the leadup to the law’s passage, including on <a href="https://theintercept.com/2023/03/11/silicon-valley-bank-used-former-mccarthy-staffers-to-weaken-regulations-lobby-fdic/">hiring two former senior staffers</a> for now House Speaker Kevin McCarthy. It continued to <a href="https://theintercept.com/2023/03/11/silicon-valley-bank-used-former-mccarthy-staffers-to-weaken-regulations-lobby-fdic/">lobby the FDIC</a> even after the law was passed.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="9CUTeu">
The Dodd-Frank regulations that SVB fought against might have helped identify the bank’s pitfalls earlier. Because the bank catered to Silicon Valley startups and investors with deposits that generally exceeded the $250,000 FDIC deposit insurance limit, <a href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-03-13/silicon-valley-bank-depositors-insurance-bailout-federal-reserve-interest-rates">97 percent</a> of its deposits were uninsured — an abnormally large share compared to other consumer banks. That left the bank vulnerable to instability in the tech sector, which has seen more than <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2023/03/13/tech-industry-layoffs/">120,000 layoffs</a> in 2023 alone.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="3r689p">
As financial experts have noted, these and other signs suggested the bank was entering dangerous territory long before its collapse. The new law didn’t completely exempt SVB from regulatory oversight, but regulators apparently failed to note any of these warning signs. They may have been more vigilant if they were required to evaluate the bank’s living will and subject it to annual stress testing.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="sNKsgw">
“This is a black eye for regulators. Something happened that wasn’t supposed to happen,” Ian Katz, a financial policy analyst at Capital Alpha Partners, told <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/9321c35b-183b-4df2-8fb1-d50fdb73e849">the Financial Times</a>. “You’re already seeing finger-pointing going on and that is going to continue.”
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="nlUovZ">
The bank also failed to hedge against the risk posed by rising interest rates as it bet on long-term <a href="https://news.yahoo.com/svb-spectacularly-fails-unthinkable-heresy-222710493.html">Treasury bonds</a> during the pandemic. Those bonds proved to be a ruinous investment when the bank suddenly needed to free up more liquidity quickly. It didn’t even have an <a href="https://fortune.com/2023/03/10/silicon-valley-bank-chief-risk-officer/?ref=the-lever">official chief risk officer</a> in the months before the FDIC takeover, as would have been required prior to the 2018 deregulation, even though the bank <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/11/silicon-valley-bank-employees-received-bonuses-hours-before-takeover.html">paid out bonuses</a> within hours of its collapse.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom" id="kT0KnP">
It’s not clear that more oversight would have foreseen those problems and mitigated SVB’s risk exposure. But it probably wouldn’t have hurt.
</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-sports">From The Hindu: Sports</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Vincent looks forward to his new role as USA’s batting consultant</strong> - Former Andhra coach believes his experience will help him in his new assignment and is confident of helping the team improve</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>WPL will make other sports have women’s league, says Adani Sports head</strong> - “This is going to be one of the best properties as far as women’s sports is concerned,” Satyam Trivedi, head of Adani Sportsline</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cummins to stay back in Australia, Steve Smith to lead side in ODI series</strong> - Steve Smith will lead Australia in the upcoming three-match ODI series in the absence of Cummins</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>WPL | Kapp and Jonassen clinch the issue for Capitals; fifth straight loss for RCB</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Williamson, Southee to be released early for IPL, not named in NZ squad for white-ball series against SL</strong> - Three other players— Finn Allen (Royal Challengers Bangalore), Lockie Ferguson (KKR), and Glenn Phillips (Sunrisers Hyderabad)— will fly out to India after the first ODI slated in Auckland on March 25</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-the-hindu-national-news">From The Hindu: National News</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>TTD honours meritorious students with 10gm silver dollars</strong> -</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Taking a toll: KSRTC hikes ticket prices by ₹15 for Bengaluru-Mysuru buses plying on expressway</strong> - The hike will also reflect in the tickets of EV and Volvo KSRTC buses between the two cities</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>High Court grants 8 weeks to Delhi govt. for construction of public toilets for transgender people</strong> - The High Court noted “ground reality is that nothing has been done” to conduct separate public washrooms for transgender people</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Decide in six months plea on police action during BJYM rally in West Bengal: Delhi HC to NHRC</strong> - Justice Prathiba M. Singh noted that although the matter was “receiving due consideration” by the NHRC, the proceedings should be concluded in a time-bound manner as the incident pertained to 2020</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>UDF walks out of Assembly protesting police action against Opposition councillors in Kochi Corporation</strong> -</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-bbc-europe">From BBC: Europe</h1>
<ul>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>French bin strike: Paris holds its nose as waste piles up</strong> - Refuse collectors joined the strike a week ago in protest at plans to raise the pension age to 64.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ukraine war: Russian soldier arrested ‘after six months in hiding’</strong> - He says he managed to avoid detection after Ukraine recaptured the north-eastern town of Kupiansk.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>War in Ukraine: Watch BBC crew take cover as group comes under fire</strong> - A missile coming from the direction of the Russian front explodes near the crew and Ukrainian aid workers.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Russia is still India’s largest arms supplier, says report</strong> - The findings come amid Delhi’s push to diversify its arms imports portfolio and boost its domestic industry.</p></li>
<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Turkey earthquake: UK team to assess building damage</strong> - They are carrying out detailed assessments of why so many buildings collapsed.</p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-ars-technica">From Ars Technica</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Why it does and doesn’t matter if Google, Microsoft, or Zoom certify your webcam</strong> - PC accessory stamps should emphasize features, not compatibility/marketing. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1916774">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>You can now run a GPT-3 level AI model on your laptop, phone, and Raspberry Pi</strong> - Thanks to Meta LLaMA, AI text models have their “Stable Diffusion moment.” - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1923645">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Bees learn to dance and to solve puzzles from their peers</strong> - Two recent papers offer evidence of “social learning” and possible culture in bees. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1922679">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Botnet that knows your name and quotes your email is back with new tricks</strong> - Quoting Herman Melville is only one of Emotet’s latest innovations. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1923714">link</a></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Report: Tim Cook overruled Apple design team’s request to delay XR headset</strong> - Article claims it’s about Cook’s legacy, but there may be more at play. - <a href="https://arstechnica.com/?p=1923532">link</a></p></li>
</ul>
<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-jokes-subreddit">From Jokes Subreddit</h1>
<ul>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Yo Mama so fat, when she breaks a plate…</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
It’s usually of the tectonic variety.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/HiddenOutsideTheBox"> /u/HiddenOutsideTheBox </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11qoi18/yo_mama_so_fat_when_she_breaks_a_plate/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11qoi18/yo_mama_so_fat_when_she_breaks_a_plate/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>I went for a job interview as a Blacksmith yesterday.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
He asked me if I had ever shoed a horse, and I said no but I once told a donkey to fuck off.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/davva2004"> /u/davva2004 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11qq1kc/i_went_for_a_job_interview_as_a_blacksmith/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11qq1kc/i_went_for_a_job_interview_as_a_blacksmith/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>My 9 year old daughter made up this joke. “Why did the bull get fat?”</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Because he ate too many cowleries.
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/rweb82"> /u/rweb82 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11q910o/my_9_year_old_daughter_made_up_this_joke_why_did/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11q910o/my_9_year_old_daughter_made_up_this_joke_why_did/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>How do you know you’re at a Mormon wedding?</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
The bride isn’t pregnant but her mother is
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/Sprinkles276381"> /u/Sprinkles276381 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11qrcfa/how_do_you_know_youre_at_a_mormon_wedding/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11qrcfa/how_do_you_know_youre_at_a_mormon_wedding/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A blind woman got on a bus. Sadly, all the seats were taken.</strong> - <!-- SC_OFF --></p>
<div class="md">
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
A man noticed that no one else on the bus was willing to give up their seat for the blind woman, so he kindly guided her to his seat and took a standing spot. As the bus started up, the man frowned at the others for their selfishness.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
Later that day, the man came home in tears, covered in bruises.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“What’s the matter?” asked the man’s wife.
</p>
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom">
“I lost my job as a bus driver.”
</p>
</div>
<!-- SC_ON -->
<p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"> submitted by <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/wimpykidfan37"> /u/wimpykidfan37 </a> <br/> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11qxki8/a_blind_woman_got_on_a_bus_sadly_all_the_seats/">[link]</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/11qxki8/a_blind_woman_got_on_a_bus_sadly_all_the_seats/">[comments]</a></span></p></li>
</ul>
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