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<title>17 June, 2022</title>
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<title>Covid-19 Sentry</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
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<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
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<li><strong>Quantifying Inequities in COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Over Time by social vulnerability, race and ethnicity, and location: A Population-Level Analysis in St. Louis and Kansas City, Missouri</strong> -
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BACKGROUND: Equity in vaccination coverage is a cornerstone to a successful public health response to COVID-19. To deepen understand of the extent to which vaccination coverage compared to initial strategies for equitable vaccination, we explore primary vaccine series and booster rollout over time and by race/ethnicity, social vulnerability, and geography. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We analyzed data from the Missouri State Department of Health and Senior Services on all COVID-19 vaccinations administered across 7 counties in the St. Louis region and 4 counties in the Kansas City Region. We compared rates of receiving the primary COVID-19 vaccine series and boosters relative to time, race/ethnicity, zip code-level social vulnerability index (SVI), vaccine location type, and COVID-19 disease burden. We adapted a well-established tool for measuring inequity—the Lorenz curve—to quantify inequities in COVID-19 vaccination relative to these key metrics. Between 12/15/2020 and 2/15/2022, 1,762,508 individuals completed the primary series and 871,896 had received a booster. During early phases of the primary series rollout, Black and Hispanic individuals from high SVI zip codes were vaccinated at less than half the rate of White individuals, but rates increased over time until they were higher than rates in White individuals after June 2021; Asian individuals maintained high levels of vaccination throughout. Increasing vaccination rates in Black and Hispanic communities corresponded with periods when more vaccinations were offered at small community-based sites such as pharmacies rather than larger health systems and mass vaccination sites. Using Lorenz curves, zip codes in the quartile with the lowest rates of primary series completion accounted for 19.3%, 18.1%, 10.8%, and 8.8% of vaccinations but represented 25% of either the total population, cases, deaths, or population-level SVI, respectively. When tracking Gini coefficients, these disparities were greatest earlier during rollout, but improvements were slow and modest and vaccine disparities remained across all metrics even after one year. Patterns of disparities for boosters were similar but often of much greater magnitude during rollout in Fall 2021. Study limitations include inherent limitations in vaccine registry dataset such as missing and misclassified race/ethnicity and zip code variables and potential changes in zip code population sizes since census enumeration. CONCLUSIONS: Racial inequity in the initial COVID-19 vaccination and booster rollout in two large U.S. metropolitan areas were apparent across racial/ethnic communities, across levels of social vulnerability, over time, and across types of vaccination administration sites. Disparities in receipt of the primary vaccine series attenuated over time during a period in which sites of vaccination administration diversified, but were recapitulated during booster rollout. These findings highlight how public health strategies from the outset must directly target these deeply embedded structural and systemic determinants of disparities and track equity metrics over time to avoid perpetuating inequities in health care access.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.22276312v1" target="_blank">Quantifying Inequities in COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Over Time by social vulnerability, race and ethnicity, and location: A Population-Level Analysis in St. Louis and Kansas City, Missouri</a>
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<li><strong>Predictive performance of multi-model ensemble forecasts of COVID-19 across European nations</strong> -
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Background: Short-term forecasts of infectious disease burden can contribute to situational awareness and aid capacity planning. Based on best practice in other fields and recent insights in infectious disease epidemiology, one can maximise the predictive performance of such forecasts if multiple models are combined into an ensemble. Here we report on the performance of ensembles in predicting COVID-19 cases and deaths across Europe between 08 March 2021 and 07 March 2022. Methods: We used open-source tools to develop a public European COVID-19 Forecast Hub. We invited groups globally to contribute weekly forecasts for COVID-19 cases and deaths reported from a standardised source over the next one to four weeks. Teams submitted forecasts from March 2021 using standardised quantiles of the predictive distribution. Each week we created an ensemble forecast, where each predictive quantile was calculated as the equally-weighted average (initially the mean and then from 26th July the median) of all individual models predictive quantiles. We measured the performance of each model using the relative Weighted Interval Score (WIS), comparing models forecast accuracy relative to all other models. We retrospectively explored alternative methods for ensemble forecasts, including weighted averages based on models past predictive performance. Results: Over 52 weeks we collected and combined up to 28 forecast models for 32 countries. We found a weekly ensemble had a consistently strong performance across countries over time. Across all horizons and locations, the ensemble performed better on relative WIS than 84% of participating models forecasts of incident cases (with a total N=862), and 92% of participating models forecasts of deaths (N=746). Across a one to four week time horizon, ensemble performance declined with longer forecast periods when forecasting cases, but remained stable over four weeks for incident death forecasts. In every forecast across 32 countries, the ensemble outperformed most contributing models when forecasting either cases or deaths, frequently outperforming all of its individual component models. Among several choices of ensemble methods we found that the most influential and best choice was to use a median average of models instead of using the mean, regardless of methods of weighting component forecast models. Conclusions: Our results support the use of combining forecasts from individual models into an ensemble in order to improve predictive performance across epidemiological targets and populations during infectious disease epidemics. Our findings further suggest that median ensemble methods yield better predictive performance more than ones based on means. Our findings also highlight that forecast consumers should place more weight on incident death forecasts than incident case forecasts at forecast horizons greater than two weeks.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.22276024v1" target="_blank">Predictive performance of multi-model ensemble forecasts of COVID-19 across European nations</a>
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<li><strong>Development and Evaluation of RT-LAMP Assays to Identify Variants of SARS-CoV-2</strong> -
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Emergence of new variants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during current pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and several waves of infections by some of variants emphasized the importance of continuous surveillance. While genomic surveillance through whole genome sequencing is performed as a standard method, identification of known variants through mutation-targeting molecular diagnosis such as qRT-PCR is also useful for timely investigation. However, there are limited studies regarding the concurrent detection and identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants through a LAMP-based method. In this study, we developed and evaluated RT-LAMP assays to detect characteristic deletions of SARS-CoV-2 variants. In addition, we evaluated a fluorescent probe mediated method for identification of single nucleotide substitution by RT-LAMP. Finally, we discussed restrictions and perspectives regarding pathogen screening and surveillance of variants by RT-LAMP based on our observations.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496383v1" target="_blank">Development and Evaluation of RT-LAMP Assays to Identify Variants of SARS-CoV-2</a>
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<li><strong>Race, class, and place modify mortality rates for the top 12 causes of death in the United States, 1999-2021</strong> -
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Objectives To disarticulate the associations of race (whiteness), class (socioeconomic status), and place (county) with risk of cause-specific death in the US. Methods We studied mortality in US counties for 11 causes of death (1999-2019) and COVID-19 (2020-2021). We adjusted for race and age using the American Community Survey and socioeconomic status using the Area Deprivation Index. Bayesian regressions with spatial county effects were estimated for inference. Results County whiteness and socioeconomic status modified death rates; geospatial effects differed by cause of death. Other factors equal, a 20% increase in county whiteness was associated with 5-8% increase in death from three causes and 4-15% reduction in death from others, including COVID-19. Other factors equal, advantaged counties had significantly lower death rates, even when juxtaposed with disadvantaged ones. Geospatial patterns of residual risk varied by cause of death. For example, cancer and heart disease death rates were better explained by age, socioeconomic status, and county whiteness than were COVID-19 and suicide deaths. Conclusions There are important independent contributions from race, class, and geography to risk of death in the US.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.22276404v1" target="_blank">Race, class, and place modify mortality rates for the top 12 causes of death in the United States, 1999-2021</a>
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<li><strong>Prevalence and severity of symptoms 3 months after infection with SARS-CoV-2 compared to test-negative and population controls in the Netherlands</strong> -
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Background: More information is needed on prevalence of long-term symptoms after SARS-CoV-2-infection. This prospective study assesses symptoms three months after SARS-CoV-2-infection compared to test-negative and population controls, and the effect of vaccination prior to infection. Methods: Participants enrolled after a positive (cases) or negative (test-negative controls) SARS-CoV-2-test, or after invitation from the general population (population controls). After three months, participants indicated presence of 41 symptoms, and severity of four symptoms. Permutation tests were used to select symptoms significantly elevated in cases compared to controls and to compare symptoms between cases that were vaccinated or unvaccinated prior to infection. Findings: Between May 19th and December 13th 2021 9166 cases, 1698 symptomatic but test-negative controls, and 3708 population controls enrolled. At three months, 13 symptoms, and severity of fatigue, cognitive impairment and dyspnoea, were significantly elevated between cases and controls. Of cases, 48.5% reported ≥1 significantly elevated symptom, compared to 29.8% of test-negative controls and 26.0% of population controls. Effect of vaccination could only be determined for cases <65yrs, and was found to be significantly protective for loss of smell and taste but not for other symptoms. Interpretation: Three months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, almost half of the cases still report symptoms, which is higher than the background prevalence and prevalence in test-negative controls. Vaccination prior to infection was protective against loss of smell and taste as assessed in cases aged <65.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.22276439v1" target="_blank">Prevalence and severity of symptoms 3 months after infection with SARS-CoV-2 compared to test-negative and population controls in the Netherlands</a>
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<li><strong>Course and clinical severity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection in Tianjin, China</strong> -
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There is limited information describing the course and severity of illness in subjects infected by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, especially in children. In this population-based cohort study, subjects with Omicron variant infection during the outbreak between January 8 and February 12, 2022 in Tianjin, China were included. The main outcomes were the distribution of illness severity and clinical courses. Of the 429 subjects (113 [26.3%] children; 239 [55.7%] female; median age, 36 years [IQR 15.0 to 55.0 years]), the proportion (95% CI) of symptomatic subjects on admission was 95.6% (93.2%, 97.2%), including 60.4% (55.7%, 64.9%) mild, 35.0% (30.6%, 39.6%) moderate, and 0.2% (0.0%, 1.3%) severe. Compared with adults, children had lower proportion of moderate Covid-19 (8.8% vs 44.3%). The median (IQR) length of hospital stay was 14.0 (12.0, 15.0) days. Symptomatic and moderate Covid-19 in Omicron infections was common in adults and children.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.22271932v1" target="_blank">Course and clinical severity of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection in Tianjin, China</a>
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<li><strong>Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake in people with kidney disease: an OpenSAFELY cohort study</strong> -
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Background: Kidney disease is a significant risk factor for COVID-19-related mortality. Achieving high COVID-19 vaccine coverage among people with kidney disease is therefore a public health priority. Methods: With the approval of NHS England, we performed a retrospective cohort study using the OpenSAFELY-TPP platform. Individual-level routine clinical data from 24 million people in England were included. A cohort of individuals with stage 3-5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) or receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT) at the start of the COVID-19 vaccine roll-out was identified based on evidence of reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate or inclusion in the UK Renal Registry. Individual-level factors associated with vaccine uptake were explored via Cox proportional hazards models. Results: 948,845 people with stage 3-5 CKD or receiving RRT were included. Cumulative vaccine coverage as of 11th May 2022 was 97.5%, 97.0%, and 93.5% for doses 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and 61.1% among individuals with one or more indications for receipt of a fourth dose. Delayed 3-dose vaccine uptake was associated with non-White ethnicity, social deprivation, and severe mental illness - associations that were consistent across CKD stages and in RRT recipients. Similar associations were observed for 4-dose uptake, which was also delayed among care home residents. Conclusion: Although high primary and booster dose coverage has been achieved among people with kidney disease in England, key disparities in vaccine uptake remain across demographic groups. Identifying how to address these disparities remains a priority to reduce the risk of severe disease in this vulnerable patient group.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.22276391v1" target="_blank">Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake in people with kidney disease: an OpenSAFELY cohort study</a>
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<li><strong>An exploratory assessment of the impact of a novel risk assessment test on breast cancer clinic waiting times and workflow: a discrete event simulation model</strong> -
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Background: Breast cancer clinics across the UK have long been struggling to cope with high demand. Novel risk prediction tools (such as the PinPoint test) could help to reduce unnecessary clinic referrals. Using early data on the expected accuracy of the test, we explore the potential impact of PinPoint on: (a) the percentage of patients meeting the two-week referral target, and (b) the number of clinic overspill appointments generated. Methods: A simulation model was built to reflect the annual flow of patients through a single UK clinic. Due to current uncertainty around the exact impact of PinPoint testing on standard care, two primary scenarios were assessed. Scenario 1 assumed complete GP adherence to testing, with only non-referred cancerous cases returning for delayed referral. Scenario 2 assumed GPs would overrule 20% of low-risk results, and that 10% of non-referred non-cancerous cases would also return for delayed referral. A range of sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the impact of key uncertainties on the model results. Service reconfiguration scenarios, removing individual weekly clinics from the clinic schedule, were also explored. Results: Under standard care, 66.3% (95% CI: 66.0 to 66.5) of patients met the referral target, with 1,685 (1,648 to 1,722) overspill appointments. Under both PinPoint scenarios, >98% of patients met the referral target, with overspill appointments reduced to between 727 (707 to 746) [Scenario 1] and 886 (861 to 911) [Scenario 2]. The reduced clinic demand was sufficient to allow removal of one weekly low-capacity clinic [N=10], and the results were robust to sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: The findings from this early analysis indicate that risk prediction tools could have the potential to alleviate pressure on cancer clinics, and are expected to have increased utility in the wake of heightened pressures resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research is required to validate these findings with real world evidence; evaluate the broader clinical and economic impact of the test; and to determine outcomes and risks for patients deemed to be low-risk on the PinPoint test and therefore not initially referred.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.22276333v1" target="_blank">An exploratory assessment of the impact of a novel risk assessment test on breast cancer clinic waiting times and workflow: a discrete event simulation model</a>
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<li><strong>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing to evaluate post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (“Long COVID”): a systematic review and meta-analysis</strong> -
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Importance: Reduced exercise capacity is commonly reported among individuals with Long COVID (LC). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the gold-standard to measure exercise capacity to identify causes of exertional intolerance. Objectives: To estimate the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on exercise capacity including those with and without LC symptoms and to characterize physiologic patterns of limitations to elucidate possible mechanisms of LC. Data Sources: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, preprint severs, conference abstracts, and cited references in December 2021 and again in May 2022. Study Selection: We included studies of adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection at least three months prior that included CPET measured peak VO2. 3,523 studies were screened independently by two blinded reviewers; 72 (2.2%) were selected for full-text review and 36 (1.2%) met the inclusion criteria; we identified 3 additional studies from preprint servers. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Data extraction was done by two independent reviewers according to PRISMA guidelines. Data were pooled with random-effects models. Main Outcomes and Measures: A priori primary outcomes were differences in peak VO2 (in ml/kg/min) among those with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection and LC. Results: We identified 39 studies that performed CPET on 2,209 individuals 3-18 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, including 944 individuals with LC symptoms and 246 SARS-CoV-2 uninfected controls. Most were case-series of individuals with LC or post-hospitalization cohorts. By meta-analysis of 9 studies including 404 infected individuals, peak VO2 was 7.4 ml/kg/min (95%CI 3.7 to 11.0) lower among infected versus uninfected individuals. A high degree of heterogeneity was attributable to patient and control selection, and these studies mostly included previously hospitalized, persistently symptomatic individuals. Based on meta-analysis of 9 studies with 464 individuals with LC, peak VO2 was 4.9 ml/kg/min (95%CI 3.4 to 6.4) lower compared to those without symptoms. Deconditioning was common, but dysfunctional breathing, chronotropic incompetence, and abnormal oxygen extraction were also described. Conclusions and Relevance: These studies suggest that exercise capacity is reduced after SARS-CoV-2 infection especially among those hospitalized for acute COVID-19 and individuals with LC. Mechanisms for exertional intolerance besides deconditioning may be multifactorial or related to underlying autonomic dysfunction.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.22276458v1" target="_blank">Cardiopulmonary exercise testing to evaluate post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (“Long COVID”): a systematic review and meta-analysis</a>
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<li><strong>Effects of hydrometeorological and other factors on SARS-CoV-2 reproduction number in three contiguous countries of Tropical Andean South America: a spatiotemporally disaggregated time series analysis.</strong> -
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused societal disruption globally and South America has been hit harder than other lower-income regions. This study modeled effects of 6 weather variables on district-level SARS-CoV-2 reproduction numbers (Rt) in three contiguous countries of Tropical Andean South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru), adjusting for environmental, policy, healthcare infrastructural and other factors. Methods: Daily time-series data on SARS-CoV-2 infections were sourced from health authorities of the three countries at the smallest available administrative level. Rt values were calculated and merged by date and unit ID with variables from a Unified COVID-19 dataset and other publicly available sources for May - December 2020. Generalized additive mixed effects models were fitted. Findings: Relative humidity and solar radiation were inversely associated with SARS-CoV-2 Rt. Days with radiation above 1,000 KJ/m2 saw a 1.3%, and those with humidity above 50%, a 1.0% reduction in Rt. Transmission was highest in densely populated districts, and lowest in districts with poor healthcare access and on days with least population mobility. Temperature, region, aggregate government policy response and population age structure had little impact. The fully adjusted model explained 3.9% of Rt variance. Interpretation: Dry atmospheric conditions of low humidity increase, and higher solar radiation decrease district-level SARS-CoV-2 reproduction numbers, effects that are comparable in magnitude to population factors like lockdown compliance. Weather monitoring could be incorporated into disease surveillance and early warning systems in conjunction with more established risk indicators and surveillance measures.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.22276339v1" target="_blank">Effects of hydrometeorological and other factors on SARS-CoV-2 reproduction number in three contiguous countries of Tropical Andean South America: a spatiotemporally disaggregated time series analysis.</a>
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<li><strong>Health System Resilience for Pandemic Management and Lessons Learned: A Scoping Review Protocol</strong> -
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Abstract Introduction Health system resilience is the ability to prepare, manage, and learn from a sudden and unpredictable extreme change which impacts health systems. Health systems globally have recently been affected by a number of catastrophic events, including natural disasters, and infectious disease epidemics. Understanding health system resilience has never been more essential until emerging global pandemics. Therefore, the application of resilience-enhancing strategies with existing frameworks needs to be assessed to identify the management gaps and give valuable recommendations from the lessons learnt from the global pandemic. Methodology The scoping review will be reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-SCR). Reporting data on health system building blocks and systematic searches on resilience enhancing strategies for the management of Public Health Emergencies of International Concerns (PHEIC) after the establishment of International Health Regulations (IHR) since managing Public Health Emergencies of International Concerns (PHEIC) after the establishment of IHR in 2007 will be included. The search will be conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and grey literature. A narrative synthesis will be performed to present the review findings. Discussion Health system resilience is key to coping with catastrophic events, such as the economic crisis and COVID-19 pandemic. The mapping of available literature towards the application of resilience-enhancing strategies with existing frameworks needs to be assessed to identify the management gaps and give valuable recommendations from the lessons learnt from the global pandemic to improve the level of preparedness and response to similar public health emergencies in the future. Conclusion A protocol for a global scoping review of health system resilience for pandemic management is described. This scoping review will add to the body of knowledge about health systems enhancing research and policy formulation. Keywords: Health system resilience; Pandemic; Scoping review; Public health; Emergencies
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.22276386v1" target="_blank">Health System Resilience for Pandemic Management and Lessons Learned: A Scoping Review Protocol</a>
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<li><strong>A Systematic Review on COVID-19 Vaccine preferences using Discrete Choice Experiments</strong> -
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Objective: To determine the attributes of COVID-19 vaccines that influence vaccine acceptance using a DCE through a systematic review. Methods: A systematic search was carried out for articles published up to November 2021 in the PubMed, Psycinfo, Embase, Web of Science, and Global Index Medicus databases. The electronic search algorithm consisted of the terms (Covid-19) AND (Vaccine) AND (discrete choice experiment). Findings: A total of 39 records were retrieved of which 18 duplicates were identified and removed. Of the remaining 21 records, 10 were excluded because they did not use a DCE approach. 11 studies were included in the meta-analyses with a total of 42 795 participants from three WHO regions. We examined 13 attributes of COVID-19 vaccine that influenced acceptance; cost, vaccine efficacy, number of doses, risk of side effects, proof of vaccination, vaccination setting, duration of immunity, doctor recommendation, proportion of acquaintances vaccinated, region of vaccine manufacture, background knowledge of herd immunity, life attenuated or mRNA, speed of vaccination development. The four attributes reported to influence COVID-19 vaccine preferences most worldwide were; high vaccine efficacy, low risk of side effects, long duration of immunity and low number of doses of the vaccine. Conclusion: The most preferred COVID-19 vaccine attributes should be taken into account by vaccine manufacturers and public health policy makers for better introduction and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine to the world. Keywords: COVID-19, Vaccine preferences, Discrete Choice Experiment.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.22276299v1" target="_blank">A Systematic Review on COVID-19 Vaccine preferences using Discrete Choice Experiments</a>
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<li><strong>Two-Step Machine Learning to Diagnose and Predict Involvement of Lungs in COVID-19 and Pneumonia using CT Radiomics</strong> -
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Objective: We aimed to develop a two-step machine learning (ML) based model to diagnose and predict involvement of lungs in COVID-19 and non COVID-19 pneumonia patients using CT chest radiomic features. Methods: Three hundred CT scans (3-classes: 100 COVID-19, 100 pneumonia, and 100 healthy subjects) were enrolled in this study. Diagnostic task included 3-class classification. For severity prediction, two radiologists scored involvement of lungs in COVID-19 and pneumonia scans based on percentage of involvement in all 5 lobes. Datasets were classified into mild (0–25%), moderate (26–50%), and severe (>50%). Whole lungs were segmented utilizing deep learning-based segmentation method. Altogether, 107 features including shape, first-order histogram, second and high order texture features were extracted. For both tasks, datasets were randomly divided into 90% training sets (70% and 30% for training and validation, respectively) and 10% test sets. Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC≥90%) was performed to exclude highly correlated features. Subsequently, different feature selection algorithms (Correlation attribute evaluation, Information gain attribute, Wrapper Subset selection algorithm, Relief method, and Correlation-based feature selection) were assessed. The most pertinent features were finally selected using voting method based on the evaluation of all algorithms. Several ML-based supervised algorithms were utilized, namely Naïve Bays, Support Vector Machine, Bagging, Random Forest, K-nearest neighbors, Decision Tree and Ensemble Meta voting. The synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) was used to balance the three classes in training sets. The optimal model was first selected based on precision, recall and area-under-curve (AUC) by randomizing the training/validation sets 20 times, followed by testing using the test set. To ensure the repeatability of the results, the entire process was repeated 50 times. Results: Nine pertinent features (2 shape, 1 first-order, and 6 second-order features) were obtained after feature selection for both phases. In diagnostic task, the performance of 3-class classification using Random Forest was 0.909±0.026, 0.907±0.056, 0.902±0.044, 0.939±0.031, and 0.982±0.010 for precision, recall, F1-score, accuracy, and AUC, respectively. The severity prediction task using Random Forest achieved 0.868±0.123 precision, 0.865±0.121 recall, 0.853±0.139 F1-score, 0.934±0.024 accuracy, and 0.969±0.022 AUC. Conclusion: The two-phase ML-based model accurately classified COVID-19 and pneumonia patients using CT radiomics, and adequately predicted severity of lungs involvement. This 2-steps model showed great potential in assessing COVID-19 CT images towards improved management of patients.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.22276090v1" target="_blank">Two-Step Machine Learning to Diagnose and Predict Involvement of Lungs in COVID-19 and Pneumonia using CT Radiomics</a>
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<li><strong>Knowledge, attitudes, practices and epidemiological profile of Muslim faithful receiving Covid-19 vaccines in Yaounde, Cameroon</strong> -
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In the response strategy against the Covid-19 pandemic, Cameroon has used to date, two types of vaccine namely: Sinopharm, Covishield/AstraZeneca. The objective of this study is to determine the KAP and the epidemiological profile of Muslim faithful receiving the Covid-19 vaccine at Mosque Biyem-Assi, Yaounde-Cameroon. Data on COVID-19, vaccination, and clinical characteristics were collected. A total of 58 participants took part in the first survey and equally received their first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine of their choice. The majority of the participants were females (n =32, 55.2%), 37.9% were 50 years and over and 43.1% had a university degree. Overall score was 78.41% for knowledge, 92.8% for perceptions and 48.3% for practices. Despite the availability and gratuity only half of the Participants reported to have carried out their COVID-19 test ever since the pandemic started. Out of 40 (69.0) participants who have heard stories concerning the vaccines, 39.7% suggested that they COVID-19 vaccines can protect us from the disease. Also, out of the 58 participants who received their first dose of the anti-COVID-19 vaccine, 36 of them came for their second shot amounting for a 62% complete vaccination rate. Headache, pain and heaviness of the injected arm were the most frequently reported side effects following participants first shot. The mobile based strategy could be the best solution to increase vaccine uptake in Cameroon. keywords: Vaccination, Covid-19 Vaccines; KAP, Cameroon frequently reported side effects following participants first shot. The mobile based strategy could be the best solution to increase vaccine uptake in Cameroon. keywords: Vaccination, Covid-19 Vaccines; KAP, Cameroon
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.22276300v1" target="_blank">Knowledge, attitudes, practices and epidemiological profile of Muslim faithful receiving Covid-19 vaccines in Yaounde, Cameroon</a>
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<li><strong>Moral injury and psychological wellbeing in UK healthcare staff</strong> -
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Background: Potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) can negatively impact mental health. The COVID-19 pandemic may have placed healthcare staff at risk of moral injury. Aim: To examine the impact of PMIE on healthcare staff wellbeing. Method: 12,965 healthcare staff (clinical and non-clinical) were recruited from 18 NHS-England trusts into a survey of PMIE exposure and wellbeing. Results: PMIEs were significantly associated with adverse mental health symptoms across healthcare staff. Specific work factors were significantly associated with experiences of moral injury, including being redeployed, lack of PPE, and having a colleague die of COVID-19. Nurses who reported symptoms of mental disorders were more likely to report all forms of PMIEs than those without symptoms (AOR 2.7; 95% CI 2.2, 3.3). Doctors who reported symptoms were only more likely to report betrayal events, such as breach of trust by colleagues (AOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5, 4.9). Conclusions: A considerable proportion of NHS healthcare staff in both clinical and non-clinical roles report exposure to PMIEs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospective research is needed to identify the direction of causation between moral injury and mental disorder as well as continuing to monitor the longer term outcomes of exposure to PMIEs.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.22276476v1" target="_blank">Moral injury and psychological wellbeing in UK healthcare staff</a>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase I Clinical Trial of GEN2-Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (CHO Cells) in Healthy People Aged 18 and Above</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19 Pneumonia<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: Experimental Vaccine 1; Biological: Experimental Vaccine 2; Biological: Experimental Vaccine 3; Biological: placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China; Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd; Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Algorithm Treatment at Home</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Recommended treatment schedule; Drug: Usual care<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunosuppression and COVID-19 Boosters</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (adsorbed) vaccine; Biological: COVID-19 vaccine<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Kirby Institute; Seqirus Pty Ltd, Australia; Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF)<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Epidemiological Monitoring of COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized on Reunion Island</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Other: telephone interview 24 months after hospitalization for Covid-19<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Réunion<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Randomized, Single-blinded, Multicenter Trial Comparing the Immune Response to a 2nd Booster Dose of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) or Sanofi /GSK B.1.351 Adjuvanted Vaccine in Adults</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19 Vaccines<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: 2nd booster with Comirnaty® (Pfizer-BioNTech); Biological: CoV2 preS dTM adjuvanted vaccine (B.1.351), Sanofi/GSK<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris; IREIVAC/COVIREIVAC Network<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity and Safety Study of Booster Vaccine With the COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated, Omicron Strain</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Biological: COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell), Inactivated, Omicron Strain<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Sinovac Biotech (Hong Kong) Limited<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Plerixafor in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Related to COVID-19 (Phase IIb)</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Plerixafor 20 MG/ML [Mozobil]; Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: 4Living Biotech<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect of COVID-19 on Platelet Mitochondrial Bioenergetic, Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress in Infertile Men.</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Men Infertility, Post-COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Other: diagnostic test and sperm analysis<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Comenius University; GYN-FIV<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Calcitriol Supplementation in COVID-19 Patients</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Vitamin D Deficiency<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Drug: Calcitriol<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: RenJi Hospital<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Olfactory Training in COVID-19 Associated Loss of Smell</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Hyposmia<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Device: Sniffin’ sticks Duftquartett<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Medical University Innsbruck<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Psychological Impact of Medical Evacuations on Families of Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit for Severe COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Revised Impact of Event Scale; Other: Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale; Other: 36-Item Short Form Survey; Other: satisfaction survey; Other: semi-directed interview with trusted person on the general experience of the patient’s medical evacuation; Other: semi-directed interview with trusted person on the general experience of hospitalization in intensive care<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Centre Hospitalier Metropole Savoie<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effects of Telerehabilitative Aerobic and Relaxation Exercises Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With and Without COVID-19</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Other: Aerobic and Relaxation Exercises<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Trial</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Vaccination Refusal; COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Other: Short Message Service (SMS) + Website Link Strategy; Other: Phone Call with Peer Strategy<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Washington University School of Medicine<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cardiovascular Autonomic and Immune Mechanism of Post COVID-19 Tachycardia Syndrome</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome; Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS); Long COVID; SARS CoV 2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Diagnostic Test: Determine the inflammatory and immune profile of post-COVID-19 POTS patients; Diagnostic Test: Measurement of PNS activity by HRV (Heart rate Variation); Diagnostic Test: Autonomic Symptoms assessment<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Vanderbilt University Medical Center; American Heart Association<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Inhibition of Bradykinin in COVID-19 Infection With Icatibant</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: SARS CoV 2 Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Icatibant; Drug: 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Belfast Health and Social Care Trust; Queen’s University, Belfast<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Quinic and digallic acids from Pistacia atlantica Desf. leaves extracts as potent dual effect inhibitors against main protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2</strong> - CONCLUSION: This is the first time that a group of identified compounds from Pistacia atlantica Desf. leaves is studied for their potential activity against the novel virus by inhibiting two key enzymes in its life cycle, and no further studies have been published in this context.</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Multi-Targeted Molecular Docking and Drug-Likeness Evaluation of some Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds Targeting Proteins Involved in Development of COVID-19</strong> - CONCLUSION: The outcome reveals that the designed nitrogen heterocyclics could contribute to developing potent inhibitory drug SARS-CoV-2 with strong multi-targeted inhibition ability and reactivity.</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mechanism of Multi-Organ Injury in Experimental COVID-19 and Its Inhibition by a Small Molecule Peptide</strong> - Severe disease from SARS-CoV-2 infection often progresses to multi-organ failure and results in an increased mortality rate amongst these patients. However, underlying mechanisms of SARS- CoV-2-induced multi-organ failure and subsequent death are still largely unknown. Cytokine storm, increased levels of inflammatory mediators, endothelial dysfunction, coagulation abnormalities, and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the organs contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19. One potential…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Overview of Breastfeeding Under COVID-19 Pandemic</strong> - During the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), pregnant and lactating women are at higher risk of infection. The potential of viral intrauterine transmission and vertical transmission by breastfeeding has raised wide concerns. Breastmilk is rich in nutrients that contribute to infant growth and development, and reduce the incidence rate of infant illness and death, as well as inhibit pathogens…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Priming With Rhinovirus Protects Mice Against a Lethal Pulmonary Coronavirus Infection</strong> - Rhinoviruses (RV) have been shown to inhibit subsequent infection by heterologous respiratory viruses, including influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To better understand the mechanisms whereby RV protects against pulmonary coronavirus infection, we used a native murine virus, mouse hepatitis virus strain 1 (MHV-1), that causes severe disease in the lungs of infected mice. We found that priming of the respiratory tract with RV completely prevented…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>2-deoxy-D-glucose as India’s Response to COVID-19: A Commitment or Conceit?</strong> - 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) has recently been approved for the treatment of moderate to severe COVID-19 patients in India. Here we discuss whether this is a well-thought-out step towards the long-term management of COVID-19 or a decision taken at the spur of the moment. 2-DG, an anticancer drug, also has immunomodulatory functions. Several studies have shown 2-DG to inhibit viral replication and cytokine storm. However, these findings are mostly on cells and animal models. The clinical trial that…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Sonic hedgehog pathway for the treatment of inflammatory diseases: implications and opportunities for future research</strong> - The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is an essential pathway in the human body that plays an important role in embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant activation of this pathway has been linked to the development of different diseases, ranging from cancer to immune dysregulation and infections.Uncontrolled activation of the pathway through sporadic mutations or other mechanisms is associated with cancer development and progression in various malignancies, such as basal cell…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Treatment with metformin glycinate reduces SARS-CoV-2 viral load: An in vitro model and randomized, double-blind, Phase IIb clinical trial</strong> - The health crisis caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 highlights the need to identify new treatment strategies for this viral infection. During the past year, over 400 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) treatment patents have been registered; nevertheless, the presence of new virus variants has triggered more severe disease presentations and reduced treatment effectiveness, highlighting the need for new treatment options for the COVID-19. This study evaluates the Metformin Glycinate (MG) effect…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Metformin alleviates prolonged isoflurane inhalation induced cognitive decline via reducing neuroinflammation in adult mice</strong> - With the widespread use of volatile anesthetic agents in the prolonged sedation for COVID-19 pneumonia and ARDS, there is an urgent need to investigate the effects and treatments of lengthy low-concentration inhaled anesthetics exposure on cognitive function in adults. Previous studies showed that general anesthetics dose- and exposure length-dependently induced neuroinflammatory response and cognitive decline in neonatal and aging animals. The anti-diabetes drug metformin has…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Small-Molecule Thioesters as SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors: Enzyme Inhibition, Structure-Activity Relationships, Antiviral Activity, and X-ray Structure Determination</strong> - The main protease (M^(pro), 3CL^(pro)) of SARS-CoV-2 is an attractive target in coronaviruses because of its crucial involvement in viral replication and transcription. Here, we report on the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of novel small-molecule thioesters as SARS-CoV-2 M^(pro) inhibitors. Compounds 3w and 3x exhibited excellent SARS-CoV-2 M^(pro) inhibition with k(inac)/K(i) of 58,700 M^(-1) s^(-1) (K(i) = 0.0141 μM) and 27,200 M^(-1) s^(-1) (K(i) = 0.0332 μM),…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Metalloproteinase-Dependent and TMPRSS2-Independent Cell Surface Entry Pathway of SARS-CoV-2 Requires the Furin Cleavage Site and the S2 Domain of Spike Protein</strong> - The ongoing global vaccination program to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, the causative agent of COVID-19, has had significant success. However, recently, virus variants that can evade the immunity in a host achieved through vaccination have emerged. Consequently, new therapeutic agents that can efficiently prevent infection from these new variants, and hence COVID-19 spread, are urgently required. To achieve this, extensive characterization of virus-host cell interactions to identify effective…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Burden of Hypercoagulability in COVID-19</strong> - The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has widespread impact on multiple organ systems, including damage to endothelial cells. Various studies have found evidence for direct mechanisms by which interaction between severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and endothelial cells lead to extensive damage to the latter, and indirect mechanisms, such as excessively elevated cytokines, can also result in the same outcome. Damage to the endothelium results in release…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>An L-theanine derivative targets against SARS-CoV-2 and its Delta and Omicron variants</strong> - Recent research efforts have shown that tea has activities against SARS-CoV-2. However, the active compounds and the action mechanisms are largely unknown. Here we study the inhibitory potential of L-theanine from tea and its semi-synthesized derivative, a small-molecule fluorescent compound, ethyl 6-bromocoumarin-3-carboxylyl L-theanine (TBrC) against infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 and the underlying mechanisms of action. We reveal that TBrC has potential activities against SARS-CoV-2…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Papaverine, a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of COVID-19 patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)</strong> - The causative agent of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), enters the host cells via an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-mediated endocytosis-dependent manner. Because ACE2 is highly expressed in the heart, SARS-CoV-2 can severely infect heart tissue and arteries, causing acute and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system. Therefore, special attention should be paid to finding appropriate agents to protect this vital system…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Therapeutic efficacy of monoclonal antibodies and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 in Syrian hamsters</strong> - The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the major antigen stimulating the host’s protective immune response. Here we assessed the efficacy of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) sublineage BA.1 variants in Syrian hamsters. Of the FDA-approved therapeutic mAbs tested (that is, REGN10987/REGN10933, COV2-2196/COV2-2130 and S309), only COV2-2196/COV2-2130 efficiently inhibited BA.1 replication in the lungs of…</p></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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