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<title>26 August, 2023</title>
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<title>Covid-19 Sentry</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
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<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
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<li><strong>Tensor decomposition reveals coordinated multicellular patterns of transcriptional variation that distinguish and stratify disease individuals</strong> -
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Tissue- and organism-level biological processes often involve coordinated action of multiple distinct cell types. Current computational methods for the analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data, however, are not designed to capture co-variation of cell states across samples, in part due to the low number of biological samples in most scRNA-seq datasets. Recent advances in sample multiplexing have enabled population-scale scRNA-seq measurements of tens to hundreds of samples. To take advantage of such datasets, here we introduce a computational approach called single-cell Interpretable Tensor Decomposition (scITD). This method extracts “multicellular gene expression patterns” that capture how sample-specific expression states of a cell type are correlated with the expression states of other cell types. Such multicellular patterns can reveal molecular mechanisms underlying coordinated changes of different cell types within the tissue, and can be used to stratify individuals in a clinically-relevant and reproducible manner. We first validated the performance of scITD using in vitro experimental data and simulations. We then applied scITD to scRNA-seq data on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 115 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 56 healthy controls. We recapitulated a well-established pan-cell-type signature of interferon-signaling that was associated with the presence of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies and a disease activity index. We further identified a novel multicellular pattern linked to nephritis, which was characterized by an expansion of activated memory B cells along with helper T cell activation. Our approach also sheds light on ligand-receptor interactions potentially mediating these multicellular patterns. As validation, we demonstrated that these expression patterns also stratified donors from a pediatric SLE dataset by the same phenotypic attributes. Lastly, we found the interferon multicellular pattern and others to be conserved in a COVID-19 dataset, pointing to the presence of both general and disease-specific patterns of inter-individual immune variation. Overall, scITD is a flexible method for exploring co-variation of cell states in multi-sample single-cell datasets, which can yield new insights into complex non-cell-autonomous dependencies that define and stratify disease.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480703v2" target="_blank">Tensor decomposition reveals coordinated multicellular patterns of transcriptional variation that distinguish and stratify disease individuals</a>
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<li><strong>Hydroxychloroquine: balancing the needs of LMICs during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
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I want to thank the Editor for bringing attention to the effect of a potential shortage of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on existing patients with autoimmune diseases during the current COVID-19 crisis [1]. The drug has shown some promising results against SARS-CoV-2, although more testing needs to be done. However, hydroxychloroquine is also an effective medication for patients with autoimmune disorders like systemic lupus erythematosus [2].
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://osf.io/4vubt/" target="_blank">Hydroxychloroquine: balancing the needs of LMICs during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
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<li><strong>Conspiracies will not pay you off</strong> -
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Using a representative sample of 1682 Slovaks, the study investigated antecedents and negative consequences for personal finances of the endorsement of conspiracy theories. As a part of the first wave of a longitudinal study monitoring social and psychological impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, participants responded to questions concerning their socio-demographic status, generic conspiracy mentality, COVID-related conspiracies, financial wellbeing, predictions about economic situation and willingness to change financial behaviour. The results show that people who experience more financial anxiety and consider their socio-economic status as lower endorse conspiracy theories more often. They are also more pessimistic about economic development in general and, unlike in models without conspiracy theories, less likely to make adaptive decisions that could alleviate precarious economic conditions they experience. By linking the endorsement of conspiracy theories with precarious economic conditions, the study offers a preliminary explanation of the uncontrollable spread of conspiracy theories in countries with high prevalence of economic insecurity such as Slovakia. The findings have far-reaching practical implications for developing tailored interventions protecting those most vulnerable from endorsing conspiracies and, consequently, from making decisions that would further perpetuate poverty and financial anxiety.
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/snv7m/" target="_blank">Conspiracies will not pay you off</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>RCT-based Social Return on Investment (SROI) of a home exercise programme for people with early dementia comparing in-person and blended delivery before and during the COVID-19 pandemic</strong> -
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Background: Regular exercise and community engagement may slow the rate of function loss for people with dementia. However, the evidence is uncertain regarding the cost-effectiveness and social return on investment (SROI) of home exercise with community referral for people with dementia. This study aimed to compare the social value generated from the in-person PrAISED programme delivered before March 2020 with a blended PrAISED programme delivered after March 2020. Methods: SROI analysis was conducted alongside a randomised controlled trial (RCT). Of 205 patient participants and their carers who completed cost data, 61 completed an in-person programme before March 2020. Due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, 144 patient participants completed a blended programme consisting of a combination of in-person visits, phone calls and video conferencing with multidisciplinary team (MDT) members. SROI analysis compared in-person and blended delivery formats. Five relevant and material outcomes were identified: three outcomes for patient participants (fear of falling, health-related quality of life, and social connection); one outcome for carer participants (carer strain index), and one outcome for the NHS (health service resource use). Data were collected at baseline and a 12-month follow-up. Results: The in-person PrAISED programme generated SROI ratios ranging from 0.58 Great Britain Pound (GBP) to 2.33 GBP for every 1 GBP invested. In-person PrAISED patient participants gained social value from improved health-related quality of life, social connection, and less fear of falling. In-person PrAISED carer participants acquired social value from less carer strain. The NHS gained benefit from less health care service resource use. However, the blended PrAISED programme generated lower SROI ratios ranging from a negative ratio to 0.08 GBP : 1 GBP. Conclusion: Compared with the blended programme, the PrAISED in-person programme generated higher SROI ratios for people with early dementia. During the COVID-19 pandemic and its restrictions, a blended delivery of the programme and the curtailment of community activities resulted in lower SROI ratios during this period. An in-person PrAISED intervention with community referral is likely to provide better value for money than a blended one with limited community referral, despite the greater costs of the former.
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<div class="article-link article-html-link">
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.23294408v1" target="_blank">RCT-based Social Return on Investment (SROI) of a home exercise programme for people with early dementia comparing in-person and blended delivery before and during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>
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<li><strong>Risk factors for SARS-Cov-2 infection at a United Kingdom electricity-generating company: a test-negative design case-control study</strong> -
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Objectives Identify workplace risk factors for SARS-Cov-2 infection, using data collected by a United Kingdom electricity-generating company. Methods Using a test-negative design case-control study we estimated the odds ratios (OR) of infection by job category, site, test reason, sex, vaccination status, vulnerability, site outage, and site COVID-19 weekly risk rating, adjusting for age, test date and test type. Results From an original 80,077 COVID-19 tests, there were 70,646 included in the final analysis. Most exclusions were due to being visitor tests (5,030) or tests after an individual first tested positive (2,968). Women were less likely to test positive than men (OR=0.71; 95% confidence interval=0.58-0.86). Test reason was strongly associated with positivity and although not a cause of infection itself, due to differing test regimes by area it was a strong confounder for other variables. Compared to routine tests, tests due to symptoms were highest risk (94.99; 78.29-115.24), followed by close contacts (16.73; 13.80-20.29) and looser work contacts 2.66 (1.99-3.56). After adjustment, we found little difference in risk by job category, but some differences by site with three sites showing substantially lower risks, and one site showing higher risks in the final model. Conclusions Infection risk was not associated with job category. Vulnerable individuals were at slightly lower risk, tests during outages were higher risk, vaccination showed no evidence of an effect on testing positive, and site COVID-19 risk rating did not show an ordered trend in positivity rates.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.23294609v1" target="_blank">Risk factors for SARS-Cov-2 infection at a United Kingdom electricity-generating company: a test-negative design case-control study</a>
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<li><strong>Mucosal antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination and breakthrough infection</strong> -
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have saved millions of lives. However, variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged causing large numbers of breakthrough infections. These developments necessitated the rollout of COVID-19 vaccine booster doses. It has been reported that mucosal antibody levels in the upper respiratory tract, especially for secretory IgA (sIgA), correlate with protection from infection with SARS-CoV-2. However, it is still unclear how high levels of mucosal antibodies can be induced. In this study, we measured serum IgG, saliva IgG and saliva sIgA responses in individuals who received COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccinations or who experienced breakthrough infections. We found that mRNA booster doses could induce robust serum and saliva IgG responses, especially in individuals who had not experienced infections before, but saliva sIgA responses were weak. In contrast, breakthrough infections in individuals who had received the primary mRNA vaccination series induced robust serum and saliva IgG as well as saliva sIgA responses. Individuals who had received a booster dose and then had a breakthrough infection showed low IgG induction in serum and saliva but still responded with robust saliva sIgA induction. These data suggest that upper respiratory tract exposure to antigen is an efficient way of inducing mucosal sIgA while exposure via intramuscular injection is not.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554732v1" target="_blank">Mucosal antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination and breakthrough infection</a>
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<li><strong>An After-Action Review of COVID-19 Cases and Mitigation Measures at US Mission India, March 2020-July 2021</strong> -
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Introduction Between March 2020-June 2021, over 30 million COVID-19 cases were reported in India. We assessed the COVID-19 response across the US Mission India (US Embassy New Delhi, US Consulates – Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai and Kolkata) to plan future mitigation efforts and fill gaps in knowledge about COVID-19 transmission in a unique community like the US Mission. Method We described COVID-19 mitigation activities undertaken by the five US Mission India posts and conducted a secondary analysis of case investigation and contact tracing program data collected by the Health Unit from March 2020–July 2021. Results US Mission in India, in collaboration with multiple internal agencies, initiated COVID-19 mitigation activities in March 2020. Activities included educational sessions, training for infection prevention and control, health and safety assessments, and the development of standard operating procedures (SOPs). The Health Unit and US CDC India office initiated COVID-19 case investigations and conducted contact tracing. Between March 2020-July 2021, 636 COVID-19 cases (72% males), including 48 clusters (size range 2-10 cases), were reported. Overall case fatality rate was 1.5%. Of case patients, 82% (523) were Indians, and 18% (113) were Americans. On presentation, 22% (138/625) of cases were asymptomatic. The median time from symptom onset to notification to the Health Unit was three days (Interquartile range 1-5). The Health Unit identified 2,484 contacts (positivity rate 25%). Frequency of case presentation in the US Mission India closely resembled the pattern of COVID-19 waves in India. The attack rates ranged over the time period between 10-19%, the highest at 19% in Delhi. Conclusions COVID-19 mitigation strategies were implemented in collaboration with multiple agencies and helped prevent the transmission of COVID-19 and large COVID-19 clusters in the US Mission India.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.23294557v1" target="_blank">An After-Action Review of COVID-19 Cases and Mitigation Measures at US Mission India, March 2020-July 2021</a>
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<li><strong>Host behaviour driven by awareness of infection risk amplifies the chance of superspreading events</strong> -
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We demonstrate that heterogeneity within host populations in the perceived risks associated with infection can amplify the chance that superspreading occurs during the crucial, early stages of an epidemic. Under our behavioural model, individuals who are less concerned about the risks of infection are more likely to be infected and to attend larger sized events. For directly communicable diseases, such as COVID-19, this leads to infections being introduced at rates above the population prevalence to events that are most conducive to superspreading, for fixed overall transmission levels. We develop a computational framework for evaluating within-event risks and derive a small-scale reproduction number to measure how introductions and transmission heterogeneities determine the number of infections resulting from an event of given duration. This generalises earlier frameworks and both quantifies and clarifies how event-scale dynamics depend on population-level characteristics. As event duration and size increase, our reproduction number converges to the widely used basic reproduction number, R0. We show that even moderate levels of heterogeneity in the perceived risks associated with infection can substantially increase the risk that disproportionately large numbers of infections are generated at larger events, as compared to assuming homogeneous perceptions of risk across the host population. Behavioural dynamics, which remain understudied in the context of epidemiological modelling, are essential to consider when assessing the risk posed by an invading pathogen in the early stages of an infectious disease epidemic.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.23294423v1" target="_blank">Host behaviour driven by awareness of infection risk amplifies the chance of superspreading events</a>
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<li><strong>Protection conferred by COVID-19 vaccination, prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, or hybrid immunity against Omicron-associated severe outcomes among community-dwelling adults</strong> -
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Introduction: We assessed protection conferred by COVID-19 vaccines and/or prior SARS-CoV-2 infection against Omicron-associated severe outcomes during successive sublineage-predominant periods. Methods: We used a test-negative design to estimate protection by vaccines and/or prior infection against hospitalization/death among community-dwelling, PCR-tested adults aged >50 years in Ontario, Canada between January 2, 2022 and June 30, 2023. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the relative change in the odds of hospitalization/death with each vaccine dose (2-5) and/or prior PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (compared with unvaccinated, uninfected subjects) up to 15 months since the last vaccination or infection. Results: We included 18,526 cases with Omicron-associated severe outcomes and 90,778 test-negative controls. Vaccine protection was high during BA.1/BA.2 predominance, but was generally <50% during periods of BA.4/BA.5 and BQ/XBB predominance without boosters. A third/fourth dose transiently increased protection during BA.4/BA.5 predominance (third-dose, 6-month: 68%, 95%CI 63%-72%; fourth-dose, 6-month: 80%, 95%CI 77%-83%), but was lower and waned quickly during BQ/XBB predominance (third-dose, 6-month: 59%, 95%CI 48%-67%; 12-month: 49%, 95%CI 41%-56%; fourth-dose, 6-month: 62%, 95%CI 56%-68%, 12-months: 51%, 95%CI 41%-56%). Hybrid immunity conferred nearly 90% protection throughout BA.1/BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5 predominance, but was reduced during BQ/XBB predominance (third-dose, 6-month: 60%, 95%CI 36%-75%; fourth-dose, 6-month: 63%, 95%CI 42%-76%). Protection was restored with a fifth dose (bivalent; 6-month: 91%, 95%CI 79%-96%). Prior infection alone did not confer lasting protection. Conclusion: Protection from COVID-19 vaccines and/or prior SARS-CoV-2 infections against severe outcomes is reduced when immune-evasive variants/subvariants emerge and may also wane over time. Our findings support a variant-adapted booster vaccination strategy with periodic review.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.23294503v1" target="_blank">Protection conferred by COVID-19 vaccination, prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, or hybrid immunity against Omicron-associated severe outcomes among community-dwelling adults</a>
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<li><strong>Should Health Communication During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Emphasize Self- or Other-Focused Impacts of Mitigation Behaviors? Insights from Two Message Matching Studies</strong> -
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Mask-wearing, social distancing, and vaccination remain effective ways to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Yet, many hesitate to enact some or all these preventive behaviors. We created three persuasive messages—framed to promote benefits to either 1) oneself, 2) close-others, or 3) distant-others—to determine whether the effectiveness of these messages varied based on personality differences (specifically independent/interdependent self-construal and chronic construal level). In two online experiments (N = 862), we measured individual differences and showed participants one of the three messages. Consistent interactions between interdependent self-construal and message conditions showed that those high in interdependent self-construal responded most positively to the self-focused messages promoting mask-wearing, social distancing, and COVID-19 vaccination. Those low in interdependent self-construal responded most negatively to the self-focused messages. Although no interaction effect was observed for independent self-construal, and inconsistent evidence emerged for construal level, other-focused messages performed either better or equally well to the self-focused messages for most participants and may thus be promising for future public health communication efforts.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/2ysn5/" target="_blank">Should Health Communication During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Emphasize Self- or Other-Focused Impacts of Mitigation Behaviors? Insights from Two Message Matching Studies</a>
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<li><strong>Respiratory symptoms after coalmine fire and pandemic: a longitudinal analysis of the Hazelwood Health Study adult cohort</strong> -
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Background Extreme but discrete fine particle <2.5μm (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) exposure is associated with higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms. It is unknown whether these effects abate, persist, or worsen over time, nor whether COVID-19 exacerbates PM<sub>2.5</sub> effects. Methods We analysed longitudinal survey data from a cohort residing near a 2014 coalmine fire in regional Australia. A 2016/2017 survey included n=4,056 participants, of whom n=612 were followed-up in 2022. Items include questions about 7 respiratory symptoms, history of COVID-19, and time-location diaries that were combined with geospatial models of fire-related PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Associations were examined using logistic and mixed-effects logistic regressions. Results PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure predicted higher prevalence of chronic cough and current wheeze 2-3 years post-fire. At the 2022 follow-up, PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure was associated with worsening prevalence of chronic cough and possibly current wheeze. While were no detectable interaction effects between PM<sub>2.5</sub> and COVID-19, participants with a history of COVID-19 exhibited more significant associations between PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure and respiratory symptoms. Discussion Short-term but extreme PM<sub>2.5</sub> may increase the long-term prevalence of chronic cough, while COVID-19 may exacerbate the effect on other respiratory symptoms.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.23294510v1" target="_blank">Respiratory symptoms after coalmine fire and pandemic: a longitudinal analysis of the Hazelwood Health Study adult cohort</a>
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<li><strong>The Risk of Mpox (Monkeypox) Importation and Subsequent Outbreak Potential in Mainland China: A Retrospective Statistical Modelling Study</strong> -
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The 2022 mpox outbreak has spread rapidly across multiple countries in the non-endemic region, mainly among men who have sex with men (MSM), while China only has limited recorded importation and no local outbreak. We constructed probabilistic models to simulate the risk of mpox importation in mainland China, with the help of reported monkeypox cases during this multi-country outbreak and the international air-travel data. And we further evaluated the mpox outbreak potential given that undetected mpox infections were introduced into men who have sex with men, considering different transmissibility, population immunity and population activity. We found that the reduced international air-travel volume and stringent border entry policy decreased about 94% and 69% mpox importations respectively. Once a mpox case is introduced into active MSM population with almost no population immunity, the risk of triggering local transmission is estimated at 42%, and would rise to >95% with over six cases. Our study demonstrates the key role of the reduced international air-travel volume and stringent border entry policy during the COVID-19 pandemic on reducing mpox importations, and the subsequent risk of triggering local outbreaks among MSM.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.23294530v1" target="_blank">The Risk of Mpox (Monkeypox) Importation and Subsequent Outbreak Potential in Mainland China: A Retrospective Statistical Modelling Study</a>
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<li><strong>Serological surveillance reveals a high exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and altered immune response among COVID-19 unvaccinated Cameroonian individuals</strong> -
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Background Surveillance of COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 dynamics is crucial to understanding natural history and providing insights into the population’s exposure risk and specific susceptibilities. This study investigated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, its predictors, and immunological status among unvaccinated patients in Cameroon. Materials and Methods A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted between January and September 2022 in the town of Douala. Patients were consecutively recruited, and data of interest were collected using a questionnaire. Blood samples were collected to determine Immunoglobin titres (IgM and IgG) by ALFA, CD4+ cells by flow cytometry, and interferon gamma (IFN- γ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by ELISA. Results A total of 342 patients aged 41.5 ± 13.9 years were included. Most participants (75.8%) were asymptomatic. The overall prevalence of IgM and IgG was 49.1% and 88.9%, respectively. Ageusia and anosmia have displayed the highest positive predictive values (90.9% and 82.4%) and specificity (98.9% and 98.3%). The predictors of IgM seropositivity were being aged 60 – 70 years (aOR = 0.54, p = 0.02) and ageusia (aOR = 9.31, p = 0.01), whereas those of IgG seropositivity included health facility (aOR = 0.23, p = 0.02) and ageusia (aOR = 0.21, p = 0.04). CD4+, IFN-γ, and IL-6 were impaired in seropositive individuals, with a confounding role of socio-demographic factors or comorbidities. Conclusion Although the WHO declared the end of COVID-19 as a public health emergency, the findings of this study indicate the need for continuous surveillance to adequately control the disease in Cameroon.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.23294559v1" target="_blank">Serological surveillance reveals a high exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and altered immune response among COVID-19 unvaccinated Cameroonian individuals</a>
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<li><strong>Modelling the Interplay between Responsive Individual Vaccination Decisions and the Spread of SARS-CoV-2</strong> -
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The uptake of COVID-19 vaccines remains low despite their high effectiveness. Epidemic models that represent decision-making psychology can provide insight into the potential impact of vaccine promotion interventions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We coupled a network-based mathematical model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Georgia, USA with a social-psychological vaccination decision-making model in which vaccine side effects, post-vaccination infections, and other unidentified community-level factors could “nudge” individuals towards vaccine resistance while hospitalization spikes could nudge them towards willingness. Combining an increased probability of hospitalization-prompted resistant-to-willing switches with a decreased probability of willing-to-resistant switches prompted by unidentified community-level factors increased vaccine uptake and decreased SARS-CoV-2 incidence by as much as 30.7% and 24.0%, respectively. The latter probability had a greater impact than the former. This illustrates the disease prevention potential of vaccine promotion interventions that address community-level factors influencing decision-making and anticipate the case curve instead of reacting to it.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.23294588v1" target="_blank">Modelling the Interplay between Responsive Individual Vaccination Decisions and the Spread of SARS-CoV-2</a>
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<li><strong>COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and conspiracy beliefs in Togo: Findings from two cross-sectional surveys</strong> -
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Togo is a low-income country in West Africa. Estimates suggest that only 25% of the Togolese population have received at least one dose of any COVID-19 vaccine by June 2023. Whilst the early phase of the pandemic vaccine rollout across 2021 was dominated by higher-income countries taking much of the available supply, there have long been sufficient supplies for all nations. Thus, there remains a need to understand reasons for low uptake in countries such as Togo. Two cross-sectional telephone surveys of Togo residents were conducted in December 2020 and January 2022. These surveys asked questions around perceptions of COVID-19, trust in public health messaging, belief in conspiracy theories, and hesitancy around COVID-19 vaccination. Analyses here focus on unvaccinated respondents. Across Survey 1 (N = 1430) and Survey 2 (N = 212), 65% of respondents were men, 47% lived in Lomé (capital city of Togo), 25% completed higher education, 67% were married, and 69% were Christian. Between Surveys 1 and 2, overall hesitancy (33.0% to 58.0%) and beliefs in conspiracy theories (29% to 65%) significantly increased. Using logistics regression, governmental mistrust was the strongest significant predictor of hesitancy (OR: 2.90). Participants who indicated agreement or uncertainty with at least one conspiracy belief also predicted greater vaccine hesitancy (OR: 1.36). Proactive approaches to public health messaging, that better understand reasons for hesitancy across different demographics, can support uptake of COVID-19 vaccinations within Togo. This includes health promotion campaigns that use locally and nationally trusted knowledge providers (e.g. the health service or religious leaders) for greatest effectiveness at reducing impact of misinformation. Key future research should focus around knowledge gaps and areas of mistrust created by the pandemic, such as the impact of misinformation upon routine immunisation uptake.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.23294554v1" target="_blank">COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and conspiracy beliefs in Togo: Findings from two cross-sectional surveys</a>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>THE EFFECT OF ARGININE AND GLUTAMINE ON COVID-19 PATIENTS OUTCOME: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Dietary Supplement: Neomune<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Universitas Sriwijaya; M. Djamil General Hospital<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study of Obeldesivir in Children and Adolescents With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Drug: Obeldesivir<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Gilead Sciences<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>KAND567 Versus Placebo in Subjects Hospitalized With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: KAND567; Drug: Microcrystalline cellulose<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Kancera AB<br/><b>Terminated</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity and Safety of AdCLD-CoV19-1 OMI as a Booster: A COVID-19 Preventive Vaccine in Healthy Volunteers</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; Vaccines<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: AdCLD-CoV19-1 OMI; Biological: Comirnaty Bivalent 0.1mg/mL (tozinameran and riltozinameran)<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Cellid Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Pilot Clinical Evaluation of Astepro® Nasal Spray for Management of Early SARS-CoV-2 Infection</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Experimental: Primary Cohort; Other: Placebo Comparator: Primary Cohort - Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: University of Chicago<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Using Text Messages to Boost COVID-19 Vaccine Booking Rate</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Vaccination Hesitancy; COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Behavioural science-informed text messages; Behavioral: Control<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: The Behavioural Insights Team; Public Health England; Department of Health and Social Care; NHS England and NHS Improvement<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Digital Health Literacy on COVID-19 for All: Co-creation and Evaluation of Interventions for Ethnic Minorities and Chinese People With Chronic Illnesses in Hong Kong</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Digital Health Literacy; COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Behavioral: Digital health literacy intervention<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Ivermectin to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Hospitalisation in Subjects Over 50</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Ivermectin; Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Insud Pharma<br/><b>Terminated</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Methylprednisolone in Patients With Cognitive Deficits in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Post-COVID-19 Syndrome<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Drug: Methylprednisolone<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Charite University, Berlin, Germany<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy in Adults With Sickle Cell Disease</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Sickle Cell Disease; COVID-19 Vaccine; Vaccine Hesitancy<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Behavioral: SCD-specific COVID-19 vaccination information (SCVI) video<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Duke University; American Society of Hematology<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Leveraging Community Health Workers to Combat COVID-19 and Mental Health Misinformation in Haiti, Malawi, and Rwanda</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Mental Health; COVID-19; Misinformation<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Behavioral: Card-Sorting Activity (Pre-intervention design); Behavioral: SMS Crafting (Pre-intervention design); Behavioral: SMS Messaging<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Harvard Medical School (HMS and HSDM); Partners in Health<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Effect of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Among Post-COVID-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Pulmonary Pathology<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Behavioral: Pulmonary Rehabilitation<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Study to Learn About New COVD-19 RNA Vaccine Candidates for New Varients in Healthy Individuals</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: SARS-CoV-2 Infection; COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Biological: BNT162b2 (Omi XBB.1.5)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: BioNTech SE; Pfizer<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Pulmonary Artery Pressure in COVID-19 Survivors</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Pulmonary Hypertension Secondary<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Diagnostic Test: right heart catheterization (RHC).<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Mansoura University Hospital<br/><b>Enrolling by invitation</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Preliminary Efficacy of a Technology-based Physical Activity Intervention for Older Korean Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Cardiovascular Health; Physical Function<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Behavioral: Golden Circle<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy of Andrographis paniculata extract treatment in mild to moderate COVID-19 patients being treated with favipiravir: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study (APFaVi trial)</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: APE treatment did not demonstrate additional clinical and virological benefits in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 being treated with favipiravir. Early reduction of IL-1β with APE may be advantageous in preventing cytokine storms in severe COVID-19 and requires further study.</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Unveiling the Etiopathogenic Spectrum of Hypophysitis: A Narrative Review</strong> - Hypophysitis, a rare inflammatory disorder of the pituitary gland, has seen an uptick in reported cases in recent years. Our objective is to summarize the most recent research on the etiopathogenesis, molecular mechanisms, and genetics of both primary and secondary hypophysitis. Primary autoimmune hypophysitis (PAH): During the acute phase of the disease, the pituitary gland in enlarged due to the infiltration of T and B lymphocytes. The chronic phase is characterized by progressive and…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Recent Advances in Quantum Dot-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassays for the Rapid, Point-of-Care Diagnosis of COVID-19</strong> - The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred demand for efficient and rapid diagnostic tools that can be deployed at point of care to quickly identify infected individuals. Existing detection methods are time consuming and they lack sensitivity. Point-of-care testing (POCT) has emerged as a promising alternative due to its user-friendliness, rapidity, and high specificity and sensitivity. Such tests can be conveniently conducted at the patient’s bedside. Immunodiagnostic methods that offer the rapid…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A computational approach for designing and validating small interfering RNA against SARS-CoV-2 variants</strong> - CONCLUSION: The study contributes to the possibility of designing and developing an effective response strategy against existing variants of concerns and preventing further.</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The contribution of Australian fathers in getting food on the table among families with young children</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest the need to consider father-specific strategies to overcome time barriers and opportunities to enhance their capabilities for healthy home food provisioning.</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Reducing airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by an upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation system in a hospital isolation environment</strong> - Upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) technology can potentially inhibit the transmission of airborne disease pathogens. There is a lack of quantitative evaluation of the performance of the upper-room UVGI for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) airborne transmission under the combined effects of ventilation and UV irradiation. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the performance of the upper-room UVGI system for reducing SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission in…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dexamethasone attenuates interferon-related cytokine hyperresponsiveness in COVID-19 patients</strong> - CONCLUSION: We describe the anti-inflammatory impact of dexamethasone on the pathways contributing to cytokine hyperresponsiveness observed in severe manifestations of COVID-19, including type I/II IFN signaling. Dexamethasone could have adverse effects in COVID-19 patients with mild symptoms by inhibiting IFN responses in early stages of the disease, whereas it exhibits beneficial effects in patients with severe clinical phenotypes by efficiently diminishing cytokine hyperresponsiveness.</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Investigation of Iminosugars as Antiviral Agents against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: Inhibitor Design and Optimization, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Studies to Explore Potential Inhibitory Effect of 1-Deoxynojirmycin Series</strong> - CONCLUSION: The present findings confer opportunities for compounds 17a, 7, and 8 that could be developed as new therapeutic agents against COVID-19. These compounds are suggested on the basis of pharmacokinetic parameters as well as therapeutic importance and hence could be tested in-vitro.</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A complement atlas identifies interleukin-6-dependent alternative pathway dysregulation as a key druggable feature of COVID-19</strong> - Improvements in COVID-19 treatments, especially for the critically ill, require deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving disease pathology. The complement system is not only a crucial component of innate host defense but can also contribute to tissue injury. Although all complement pathways have been implicated in COVID-19 pathogenesis, the upstream drivers and downstream effects on tissue injury remain poorly defined. We demonstrate that complement activation is primarily mediated by the…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The S1’-S3’ Pocket of the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Is Critical for Substrate Selectivity and Can Be Targeted with Covalent Inhibitors</strong> - The main protease (Mpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a well-characterized target for antiviral drug discovery. To date, most antiviral drug discovery efforts have focused on the S4-S1’ pocket of Mpro; however, it is still unclear whether the S1’-S3’ pocket per se can serve as a new site for drug discovery. In this study, the S1’-S3’ pocket of Mpro was found to differentially recognize viral peptidyl substrates; for instance, S3’ in Mpro strongly favors Phe…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Cyclotheonellazoles D-I, Potent Elastase Inhibitory Thiazole-Containing Cyclic Peptides from <em>Theonella</em> sp. (2131)</strong> - Six new thiazole-containing cyclic peptides, the cyclotheonellazoles D-I (1-6), were isolated from the Australian marine sponge Theonella sp. (2131) with their structures assigned by comprehensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic and MS spectrometric analyses, Marfey’s derivatization studies, and comparison with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculated ECD data. The Type 2 azole-homologated peptides herein comprise up to five nonproteinogenic amino acids, including the protease…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Assessment of efficacy and safety of endoscopic lung volume reduction with one-way valves in patients with a very low FEV<sub>1</sub></strong> - CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the potential efficacy of one-way valves, even in patients with very low FEV(1), as these patients experienced significant improvements in FEV(1), 6MWD and quality of life. No death was reported, suggesting a good safety profile, even in these high-risk patients.</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Prevalence of oral complications in the course of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection under mechanical non-invasive ventilation</strong> - CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 hospitalised patients with severe symptoms crossing with poor oral health-related conditions. This may exacerbate a response for COVID infection, and play a role in cytokine storm. For Covid-19 management, to inhibit extraoral/intraoral complications, it is recommended to adjust oral hygiene procedures, including antibacterial, protective, moisturising agents after individual oral health assessment.</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Possible Mechanisms of Cu and Zn in the Treatment and Prevention of HIV and COVID-19 Viral Infection</strong> - Due to their unique properties and their potential therapeutic and prophylactic applications, heavy metals have attracted the interest of many researchers, especially during the outbreak of COVID-19. Indeed, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) have been widely used during viral infections. Zn has been reported to prevent excessive inflammatory response and cytokine storm, improve the response of the virus to Type I interferon (IFN-1), and enhance the production of IFN-a to counteract the antagonistic…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein inhibits the PKR-mediated integrated stress response through RNA-binding domain N2b</strong> - The nucleocapsid protein N of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enwraps and condenses the viral genome for packaging but is also an antagonist of the innate antiviral defense. It suppresses the integrated stress response (ISR), purportedly by interacting with stress granule (SG) assembly factors G3BP1 and 2, and inhibits type I interferon responses. To elucidate its mode of action, we systematically deleted and over-expressed distinct regions and domains. We show that…</p></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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