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209 lines
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<title>11 August, 2021</title>
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<title>Covid-19 Sentry</title><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/><link href="styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="../styles/simple.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="https://unpkg.com/aos@2.3.1/dist/aos.js"></script></head>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-down" id="covid-19-sentry">Covid-19 Sentry</h1>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-anchor-placement="top-bottom" id="contents">Contents</h1>
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<li><a href="#from-preprints">From Preprints</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-pubmed">From PubMed</a></li>
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<li><a href="#from-patent-search">From Patent Search</a></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-preprints">From Preprints</h1>
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<li><strong>Shedding of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 Despite Vaccination when the Delta Variant is Prevalent - Wisconsin, July 2021</strong> -
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SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617.2 (delta) is associated with higher viral loads [1] and increased transmissibility relative to other variants, as well as partial escape from polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies [2]. The emergence of the delta variant has been associated with increasing case counts and test-positivity rates, indicative of rapid community spread. Since early July 2021, SARS-CoV-2 cases in the United States have increased coincident with delta SARS-CoV-2 becoming the predominant lineage nationwide [3]. Understanding how and why the virus is spreading in settings where there is high vaccine coverage has important public health implications. It is particularly important to assess whether vaccinated individuals who become infected can transmit SARS-CoV-2 to others. In Wisconsin, a large local contract laboratory provides SARS-CoV-2 testing for multiple local health departments, providing a single standard source of data using the same assay to measure virus burdens in test-positive cases. This includes providing high-volume testing in Dane County, a county with extremely high vaccine coverage. These PCR-based tests provide semi-quantitative information about the viral load, or amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, in respiratory specimens. Here we use this viral load data to compare the amount of SARS-CoV-2 present in test-positive specimens from people who self-report their vaccine status and date of final immunization, during a period in which the delta variant became the predominant circulating variant in Wisconsin. We find no difference in viral loads when comparing unvaccinated individuals to those who have vaccine “breakthrough” infections. Furthermore, individuals with vaccine breakthrough infections frequently test positive with viral loads consistent with the ability to shed infectious viruses. Our results, while preliminary, suggest that if vaccinated individuals become infected with the delta variant, they may be sources of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to others.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.31.21261387v2" target="_blank">Shedding of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 Despite Vaccination when the Delta Variant is Prevalent - Wisconsin, July 2021</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Face masks reduce interpersonal distance in virtual reality</strong> -
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During the Covid-19 pandemic several behavioral measures have been implemented to reduce viral transmission. While these measures reduce the risk of infections, they may also increase risk behavior. Here, we experimentally investigate the influence of face masks on physical distancing. Eighty-four participants with or without face masks passed virtual agents in a supermarket environment to reach a target while interpersonal distance was recorded. Agents differed in wearing face masks and age (young, elderly). In addition, situational constraints varied in whether keeping a distance of 1.5 m required an effortful detour or not. Wearing face masks (both self and other) reduced physical distancing. This reduction was most prominent when keeping the recommended distance was effortful, suggesting an influence of situational constraints. Similarly, increased distances to elderly were only observed when keeping a recommended distance was effortless. These findings highlight contextual constraints in compensation behavior and have important implications for safety policies.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/n2dtj/" target="_blank">Face masks reduce interpersonal distance in virtual reality</a>
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<li><strong>Exploring the effects of COVID-19 restrictions on wellbeing across different styles of lockdown</strong> -
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Globally, everyday life has been restricted – varyingly – to control the COVID-19 pandemic. In January 2021, nationwide “lockdown” was enacted in Scotland with breaches punishable by law. Contrastingly, Japanese restrictions were managed prefecture-by-prefecture, with opportunities for travel and interaction, with citizens requested rather than required to conform. To explore these differential strategies’ impact, we conducted a transnational online survey of health behaviours and wellbeing. In February 2021, 138 Scottish and 139 Japanese participants provided demographic information, pandemic-induced health behaviour-change (i.e., alcohol consumption, diet, perceived sleep quality, physical activity), negative mood scores (NMS), and perceived isolation. Scottish participants’ health behaviours were characterised by change (typically negative), whereas Japanese participants’ behaviours were more-stable. However, Scots were more-likely than Japanese participants to have positively-changed their physical activity levels. Negative changes in perceived sleep quality and activity levels were associated with greater NMS; furthermore, negative changes in alcohol consumption, diet, sleep quality, and activity were associated with greater perceived isolation. Japanese participants reported greater NMS; there was no transnational difference in perceived isolation.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/9vwtf/" target="_blank">Exploring the effects of COVID-19 restrictions on wellbeing across different styles of lockdown</a>
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<li><strong>Infectious SARS-CoV-2 is emitted in aerosols</strong> -
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Respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted in respiratory droplets and aerosols, which are released during talking, breathing, coughing, and sneezing. Non-contact transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated, suggesting transmission in aerosols. Here we demonstrate that golden Syrian hamsters emit infectious SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols, prior to and concurrent with the onset of mild clinical signs of disease. The emission rate is 25 infectious virions/hour on days 1 and 2 post-inoculation, with viral RNA levels 200-fold higher than infectious virus in aerosols. Female hamsters have delayed kinetics of viral shedding in aerosols compared to male hamsters. The majority of virus is contained within aerosols <8 microns in size. Thus, we provide direct evidence that, in hamsters, SARS-CoV-2 is an airborne virus.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455702v1" target="_blank">Infectious SARS-CoV-2 is emitted in aerosols</a>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Full vaccination is imperative to suppress SARS-CoV-2 delta variant mutation frequency</strong> -
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Public distrust has undermined COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and has become a major public health issue in the battle against SARS-CoV-2 transmission globally. Here we present the first evidence that the vaccination coverage rate is inversely correlated to the mutation frequency of the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant in 16 countries (R2=0.878), strongly indicating that full vaccination against COVID-19 is critical to suppress emergent mutations. We also present a promising tool to forecast new COVID-19 outbreaks. The Tajima D test, an evolutionary algorithm, with a threshold value of -2.50 is shown to be an accurate predictor of new outbreaks. We recommend that universal vaccination, as well as mitigation strategies, and genomic surveillance continue to be employed to prevent further viral transmission.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.21261768v2" target="_blank">Full vaccination is imperative to suppress SARS-CoV-2 delta variant mutation frequency</a>
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<li><strong>Neutrophil-epithelial interactions augment infectivity and pro-inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection</strong> -
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In response to viral infection, neutrophils release inflammatory mediators as part of the innate immune response, contributing to pathogen clearance through virus internalization and killing. Pre-existing co-morbidities, correlating to incidence of severe COVID-19, are associated with chronic airway neutrophilia and examination of COVID-19 lung tissue revealed a series of epithelial pathologies associated with infiltration and activation of neutrophils. To determine the impact of neutrophil-epithelial interactions on the infectivity and inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we developed a co-culture model of airway neutrophilia. We discovered that SARS-CoV-2 infection of the airway epithelium alone does not result in a notable release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, however in the presence of neutrophils, the inflammatory response is both polarized and significantly augmented, epithelial barrier integrity in impaired and viral load of the airway epithelium increased. Overall, study reveals a key role for neutrophil-epithelial interactions in determining inflammation, infectivity, and outcomes in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455472v1" target="_blank">Neutrophil-epithelial interactions augment infectivity and pro-inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection</a>
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<li><strong>Function is more reliable than quantity to follow up the humoral response to the Receptor Binding Domain of SARS- CoV-2 Spike Protein after Natural Infection or COVID-19 vaccination</strong> -
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Both the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and emergence of variants of concern have highlighted the need for functional antibody assays to monitor the humoral response over time. Antibodies directed against the spike (S) protein of SARS- CoV-2 are an important component of the neutralizing antibody response. In this work, we report that in a subset of patients despite a decline in total S-specific antibodies neutralizing antibody titers remain at a similar level for an average of 98 days in longitudinal sampling of a cohort of 59 Hispanic/Latino patients exposed to SARS-CoV-2. We also report that serum neutralization capacity correlates with IgG titers, wherein IgG1 was the predominant isotype (62.71%), followed by IgG4 (15.25%), IgG3 (13.56%), and IgG2 (8.47%) at the earliest tested timepoint. IgA titers were detectable in just 28.81% of subjects, and only 62.71% of subjects had detectable IgM in the first sample despite confirmation of infection by a molecular diagnostic assay. Our data suggests that 100% of seroconverting patients make detectable neutralizing antibody responses which can be quantified by a surrogate viral neutralization test. Examination of sera from 10 out of the 59 subjects which had received an initial first dose of mRNA-based vaccination revealed that both IgG titers and neutralizing activity of sera were higher after vaccination compared to a cohort of 21 SARS-CoV-2 naive subjects. One dose was sufficient for induction of neutralizing antibody, but two doses were necessary to reach 100% surrogate virus neutralization in subjects irrespective of previous SARS-CoV-2 natural infection status. Like the pattern seen after natural infection, after the second vaccine dose, the total anti-S antibodies titers declined, however, neutralizing activity remained relatively constant for more than 80 days after the first vaccine dose. The decline in anti-S antibody titer, however, was significantly less in pre-exposed individuals, highlighting the potential for natural infection to prime a more robust immune response to the vaccine. Furthermore, our data indicates that compared with mRNA vaccination natural infection induces a more robust humoral immune response in unexposed subjects. However, this difference was significant only when neutralizing antibody titers were compared among the two groups. No differences were observed between naturally infected and vaccinated individuals when total anti-S antibodies and IgG titers were measured. This work is an important contribution to understanding the natural immune response to the novel coronavirus in a population severely impacted by SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, by comparing the dynamics of the immune response after the natural infection vs. the vaccination, these findings suggest that a functional neutralizing antibody tests are more relevant indicators than the presence or absence of binding antibodies. In this context, our results also support standardizing methods of assessing the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 when determining vaccine efficacy and describing the immune correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.21257975v2" target="_blank">Function is more reliable than quantity to follow up the humoral response to the Receptor Binding Domain of SARS- CoV-2 Spike Protein after Natural Infection or COVID-19 vaccination</a>
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<li><strong>‘When will this end? Will it end?’ The impact of the March-June 2020 UK Covid-19 lockdown response on mental health: a longitudinal survey of mothers in the Born in Bradford study.</strong> -
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Objectives To explore clinically important increases in depression/anxiety from before to during the first UK Covid-19 lockdown and factors related to this change, with a particular focus on ethnic differences. Design Pre-Covid and lockdown surveys nested within two longitudinal Born in Bradford cohort studies. Participants 1,860 mothers with a child aged 0-4 or 9-13, 47% Pakistani heritage Main outcome measures Odds ratios (OR) for a clinically important increase (5 points or more) in depression (PHQ-8) and anxiety (GAD-7) in unadjusted regression analyses, repeated with exposures of interest separated by ethnicity to look for differences in magnitude of associations, and lived experience of mothers captured in open text questions. Results The number of women reporting clinically important depression/anxiety increased from 11% to 19% and 10% to 16% respectively from before to during the first Covid-19 lockdown. Increases in depression/anxiety were associated with loneliness (OR: 8.37, 95% CIs: 5.70-12.27; 8.50, 5.71-12.65 respectively), financial insecurity (6.23, 3.96-9.80; 6.03, 3.82-9.51). Food and housing insecurity, a lack of physical activity and a poor partner relationship were also associated. Pakistani heritage mothers who were lonely or had a poor partner relationship had greater odds of worsening mental ill health compared to White British mothers with these exposures. White British mothers who were financially insecure or physically inactive had greater odds of worsening mental ill health than Pakistani mothers. Responses to open text questions illustrated this complex inter-play of challenges contributing to mental ill health. Conclusions Mental ill health has worsened for many during the Covid-19 lockdown, particularly in those who are lonely and economically insecure. The magnitude of associations between key exposures and worsening mental health varied between ethnic groups. Mental health problems may have longer term consequences for public health and interventions that address the potential causes are needed.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.20239954v2" target="_blank">‘When will this end? Will it end?’ The impact of the March-June 2020 UK Covid-19 lockdown response on mental health: a longitudinal survey of mothers in the Born in Bradford study.</a>
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<li><strong>Full vaccination suppresses SARS-CoV-2 delta variant mutation frequency</strong> -
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This study presents the first evidence that full vaccination against COVID-19 suppresses emergent mutations of SARS-CoV-2 delta variants. An evolution algorithm, Tajima D test with a threshold value as -2.50, can provide a promising tool to forecast new COVID-19 outbreaks.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.21261768v1" target="_blank">Full vaccination suppresses SARS-CoV-2 delta variant mutation frequency</a>
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<li><strong>Ignoring spatial heterogeneity in drivers of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the US will impede sustained elimination</strong> -
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To dissect the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States, we integrate parallel streams of high- resolution data on contact, mobility, seasonality, vaccination, and seroprevalence within a metapopulation network. We find the COVID-19 pandemic in the US is characterized by a geographically localized mosaic of transmission along an urban-rural gradient, with many outbreaks sustained by between-county transmission. We detect a dynamic tension between the spatial scale of public health interventions and population susceptibility as pre-pandemic contact is resumed. Further, we identify regions rendered particularly at risk from invasion by variants of concern due to spatial connectivity. These findings emphasize the public health importance of accounting for the hierarchy of spatial scales in transmission and the heterogeneous impacts of mobility on the landscape of contagion risk.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.21261807v1" target="_blank">Ignoring spatial heterogeneity in drivers of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the US will impede sustained elimination</a>
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<li><strong>Predictive Analysis of COVID-19 Spread in Sri Lanka using an Adaptive Compartmental Model: Susceptible-Exposed- Infected-Recovered-Dead (SEIRD) Model</strong> -
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Abstract The role of modelling in predicting the spread of an epidemic is important for health planning and policies. This study aimed to apply a dynamic Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered-Deaths (SEIRD) model and simulated it under a range of epidemic conditions using python programme language. The predictions were based on different scenarios from without any preventive measures to several different preventive measures under R0 of 4. The model shows that more weight to personal protection can halt the spread of transmission followed by the closure of public places and interprovincial movement restriction. Results after simulating various scenarios indicate that disregarding personal protective measures can have devastating effects on the Sri Lankan population. The importance of strict adherence, maintain and monitoring of self-preventive measures lead to minimizing the death toll from COVID-19. Keywords: COVID-19; Deaths; Modelling; Predictions; SEIRD.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.21261819v1" target="_blank">Predictive Analysis of COVID-19 Spread in Sri Lanka using an Adaptive Compartmental Model: Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered-Dead (SEIRD) Model</a>
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<li><strong>Cryptic Transmission of the Delta Variant AY.3 Sublineage of SARS-CoV-2 among Fully Vaccinated Patients on an Inpatient Ward</strong> -
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Background: Recent reports indicate that vaccination is effective in reducing symptomatic infection with the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 (DV) but is less protective against asymptomatic transmission of DV in outpatients than for earlier variants. Here we report cryptic transmission associated with high DV viral load among vaccinated patients on an inpatient medical-surgical ward. Methods: This observational study included all persons diagnosed with breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections at the VA Boston Healthcare System (VABHS) from March 11, 2021 to July 31, 2021, including those tested for surveillance, admission, symptoms, and as part of an outbreak investigation in July 2021. SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Cepheid). Variants were identified by MassARRAY SARS-CoV-2 Variant Panel (36-plex PCR, Agena BioScience) for most breakthrough cases after June 2021. Results: An inpatient was diagnosed with asymptomatic DV infection on routine pre-discharge testing. Contact tracing detected infection in 6 of 38 patients (15.8%), 1 of 168 staff (0.6%), and 1 of 6 visitors (16.7%). Infection at the time of diagnosis was asymptomatic in 4 proximate, vaccinated patients, 1 vaccinated visitor, and 1 vaccinated employee caring for 1 undiagnosed, infected, vaccinated patient. Patients were unmasked, whereas staff wore surgical masks. PCR cycle threshold (Ct) for breakthrough infections indicated more than 1000-fold higher viral load for DV (Ct:21.7 +/- 4.3; n=15) than for earlier variants (Ct: 31.8 +/-10.9, n=12; p=.003 (t-test)). Conclusion: These findings demonstrate transmission of DV with high viral load between vaccinated inpatients, the continued efficacy of masking and vaccination for protecting healthcare personnel, and the potential need for post-admission surveillance to prevent cryptic DV transmission.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.05.21261562v1" target="_blank">Cryptic Transmission of the Delta Variant AY.3 Sublineage of SARS-CoV-2 among Fully Vaccinated Patients on an Inpatient Ward</a>
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<li><strong>Immuno-proteomic profiling reveals abundant airway CD8 T cells and ongoing epithelial injury in prolonged post- COVD19 respiratory disease</strong> -
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Some patients hospitalized with acute COVID19 suffer respiratory symptoms that persist for many months. To characterize the local and systemic immune responses associated with this form of long COVID, we delineated the immune and proteomic landscape in the airway and peripheral blood of normal volunteers and patients from 3 to 6 months after hospital discharge. The bronchoalveolar lavage (but not peripheral blood) proteome was abnormal in patients with post- COVID19 lung disease with significantly elevated concentration of proteins associated with apoptosis, tissue repair and epithelial injury. This correlated with an increase in cytotoxic lymphocytes (especially tissue resident CD8+ T cells), lactate dehydrogenase and albumin (biomarkers of cell death and barrier integrity). Follow-up of a subset of these patients greater than 1-year post-COVID19 indicated these abnormalities resolved over time. Collectively, these data indicate that COVID-19 results in a prolonged change to the airway immune landscape in those with persistent lung disease, with evidence of cell death and tissue repair linked to ongoing activation of cytotoxic T cells.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.21261834v1" target="_blank">Immuno-proteomic profiling reveals abundant airway CD8 T cells and ongoing epithelial injury in prolonged post-COVD19 respiratory disease</a>
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<li><strong>Mixed invasive molds among COVID-19 patients</strong> -
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Purpose: Due to surge in COVID cases during the second wave of the COVID pandemic, the healthcare system collapsed in India with shortage of hospital beds, injudicious use of steroids and other immunomodulators, and poor glycaemic monitoring among a population with pre-existing risk of diabetes. Fungal epidemic was announced amid COVID pandemic with several cases of COVID-associated mucormycosis and aspergillosis being reported. But, there is no data regarding mixed fungal infections in COVID patients. Materials and Methods: The study presented a series of ten consecutive cases with dual invasive molds in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Among patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of COVID in May 2021 at a tertiary care center in North India, ten microbiologically confirmed dual/mixed COVID-associated mucor-aspergillosis (CAMA) were evaluated. Results: All patients were diabetics with the majority having severe COVID pneumonia (6/10, 60%) either on admission or in the past one month, whilst two were each of moderate (20%) and mild (20%) categories of COVID. The patients were managed with amphotericin-B along with surgical intervention. In this case series, 70% of all CAMA (Rhizopus arrhizus with Aspergillus flavus in seven and Aspergillus fumigatus in three patients) patients survived, connoting the critical importance of a high index of clinical suspicion and accurate microbiological diagnosis for managing invasive molds. Conclusions: Mixed fungal infections i.e. CAMA during COVID and post-COVID periods may be an emerging disease. This outbreak is seen particularly in such patients with uncontrolled diabetes, on steroids, or cocktail therapy, or living in unhygienic environments. We believe that our findings would help gain a better insight into the risk and progression of invasive fungal mixed infections among COVID patients and thus play a pivotal role in diagnosing, classifying, and implementing an effective management strategy for treating similar cases in the future.
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.21261555v1" target="_blank">Mixed invasive molds among COVID-19 patients</a>
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</div></li>
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<li><strong>Symptoms that predict positive COVID-19 testing and hospitalization: an analysis of 9,000 patients</strong> -
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Purpose: To develop a reliable tool that predicts which patients are most likely to be COVID-19 positive and which ones have an increased risk of hospitalization. Methods: From February 2020 to April 2021, trained nurses recorded age, gender, and symptoms in an outpatient COVID-19 testing center. All positive patients were followed up by phone for 14 days or until symptom-free. We calculated the symptoms odds ratio for positive results and hospitalization and proposed a random forest machine-learning model to predict positive testing. Results: A total of 8,998 patients over 16 years old underwent COVID-19 RT-PCR, with 1,914 (21.3%) positives. Fifty patients needed hospitalization (2.6% of positives), and three died (0.15%). Most common symptoms were: cough, headache, sore throat, coryza, fever, myalgia (57%, 51%, 44%, 36%, 35%, 27%, respectively). Cough, fever, and myalgia predicted positive COVID-19 test, while others behaved as protective factors. The best predictors of positivity were fever plus anosmia/ageusia (OR=6.31), and cough plus anosmia/ageusia (OR=5.82), both p<0.0001. Our random forest model had an ROC-AUC of 0.72 (specificity=0.70, sensitivity=0.61, PPV=0.38, NPV=0.86). Having steady fever during the first days of infection and persistent dyspnea increased the risk of hospitalization (OR=6.66, p<0.0001 and OR=3.13, p=0.003, respectively), while anosmia-ageusia (OR=0.36, p=0.009) and coryza (OR=0.31, p=0.014) were protective. Conclusion: Present study and algorithm may help identify patients at higher risk of having SARS-COV-2 (online calculator http://wdchealth.covid-map.com/shiny/calculator/), and also disease severity and hospitalization based on symptoms presence, pattern, and duration, which can help physicians and health care providers.
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</p>
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🖺 Full Text HTML: <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.21261729v1" target="_blank">Symptoms that predict positive COVID-19 testing and hospitalization: an analysis of 9,000 patients</a>
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</div></li>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-clinical-trials">From Clinical Trials</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Study of Allogeneic Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Treat Post COVID-19 “Long Haul” Pulmonary Compromise</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: COVI-MSC; Biological: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Clinical Trial For Early SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Treatment</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Hydroxychloroquine; Drug: Favipiravir; Drug: Favipiravir + Hydroxychloroquine; Drug: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Health Institutes of Turkey<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mix and Match Heterologous Prime-Boost Study Using Approved COVID-19 Vaccines in Mozambique</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: BBIBP-CorV - Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero cell); Biological: AZD1222 (replication-deficient Ad type 5 vector expressing full-length spike protein)<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: International Vaccine Institute; The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI); Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Mozambique; University of Antananarivo; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; Harvard University; Heidelberg University<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Echinacea Drug for Covid-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Equinacea Arkopharma; Other: Placebo<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: Jesús R. Requena; IDIS; SALUD; Laboratoires Arkopharma<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>ACTIV-5 / Big Effect Trial (BET-C) for the Treatment of COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Drug: Danicopan; Other: Placebo; Drug: Remdesivir<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Phase I/II Study of COVID-19 DNA Vaccine (AG0302-COVID19 High-dose)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19 Lower Respiratory Infection<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: AG0302-COVID19 for Intramuscular Injection; Biological: AG0302-COVID19 for Intradermal Injection<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: AnGes, Inc.; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>COVID-19 Administration of Single-Dose Subcutaneous or Intramuscular Anti- Spike(s) SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies Casirivimab and Imdevimab in High-Risk Pediatric Participants Under 12 Years of Age</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Drug: casirivimab and imdevimab<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: <br/>
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Regeneron Pharmaceuticals<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial of Use of Colchicine Added to Standard Treatment in Hospitalized With Covid-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19 Infection<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Drug: Colchcine<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: <br/>
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Asociacion Instituto Biodonostia<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Relaxation Exercise in Patients With COVID-19</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Other: Relaxation technique<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Beni- Suef University<br/><b>Completed</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Efficacy of Nigella Sativa Versus VitaminD3 as Supplement Therapy in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Dietary Supplement: Nigella Sativa capsule twice daily<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Ain Shams University<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Efficacy, Immunogenicity and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccine , Inactivated in Children and Adolescents</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine; Biological: Controlled vaccine<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Local and General Immune Response After Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Vaccination in Volunteers</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Procedure: Blood and nasal fluid sampling before and after COVID-19 vaccination<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University Hospital, Ghent; University Ghent; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie<br/><b>Active, not recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Immunogenicity And Safety of COVID-19 Vaccine , Inactivated Co -Administration With Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine And 23-valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine</strong> - <b>Condition</b>: COVID-19<br/><b>Interventions</b>: Biological: Experimental Group1; Biological: Experimental Group 2; Biological: Experimental Group 3<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: <br/>
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Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd.<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Advancing DSME/S and COVID-19 Prevention and Protection Through “emPOWERed to Change” Program</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Type2 Diabetes; Covid19<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Behavioral: emPOWERed To Change Program<br/><b>Sponsor</b>: Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Intervention to Promote COVID-19 Vaccination</strong> - <b>Conditions</b>: Covid19; Vaccination<br/><b>Intervention</b>: Behavioral: Health System Vaccination Text Messages<br/><b>Sponsors</b>: University of Massachusetts, Worcester; National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD)<br/><b>Not yet recruiting</b></p></li>
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</ul>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-pubmed">From PubMed</h1>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Transmissible gastroenteritis virus ORF3b up-regulates miR-885-3p to counteract TNF-alpha production via inhibiting NF-kappaB pathway</strong> - Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) is an acute viral disease and characterized as severe acute inflammation response that leads to diarrhea, vomiting, and high lethality of piglets. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a member of coronavirus, is the pathogen of TGE. We previously found NF-κB pathway was activated and 65 miRNAs were changed in response to inflammation caused by TGEV in cell line porcine intestinal epithelial cells-jejunum 2 (IPEC-J2). Bioinformatics results showed that…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The use of pseudotyped coronaviruses for the screening of entry inhibitors: Green tea extract inhibits the entry of SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 by blocking receptor-spike interaction</strong> - CONCLUSION: In summary, we demonstrated that pseudotyped viruses are an ideal tool for studying viral entry, quantification of neutralizing antibodies, and screening of entry inhibitors in a BSL-2 facility. Moreover, green tea might be a promising natural remedy against emerging coronaviruses.</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>In Vitro Inhibition of Alphaviruses by Lycorine</strong> - Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus. As an emerging virus, CHIKV imposes a threat to public health. Currently, there are no vaccines or antivirals available for the prevention of CHIKV infection. Lycorine, an alkaloid from Amaryllidaceae plants, has antiviral activity against a number of viruses such as coronavirus, flavivirus and enterovirus. In this study, we found that lycorine could inhibit CHIKV in cell culture at a concentration of 10 μmol/L without apparent…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Clinical Characteristics and Pharmacological Management of COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia With Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: A Review</strong> - CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Adverse events like VITT, while uncommon, have been described despite vaccination remaining the most essential component in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. While it seems logical to consider the use of types of vaccines (eg, mRNA-based administration) in individuals at high risk, treatment should consist of therapeutic anticoagulation mostly with nonheparin products and IVIG.</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Dietary foods containing nitric oxide donors can be early curators of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A possible role in the immune system</strong> - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) is a lethal virus that causes COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019), the respiratory illness that has caused the COVID-19 pandemic. Even though multiple pharmacological trials are ongoing, there is no proof that any treatment will effectively cure or prevent COVID-19. Currently, COVID-19-infected patients are being managed with non-specific medications to suppress the symptoms and other associated co-morbidities. Nitric oxide is a…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Management of COVID-19-induced cytokine storm by Keap1-Nrf2 system: a review</strong> - The natural pathway of antioxidant production is mediated through Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with Cap and collar homology [ECH]-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) system. Keap1 maintains a low level of Nrf2 by holding it in its protein complex. Also, Keap1 facilitates the degradation of Nrf2 by ubiquitination. In other words, Keap1 is a down-regulator of Nrf2. To boost the production of biological antioxidants, Keap1 has to be inhibited…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Structural Basis and Mode of Action for Two Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Emerging Variants of Concern</strong> - Emerging variants of concern for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can transmit more efficiently and partially evade protective immune responses, thus necessitating continued refinement of antibody therapies and immunogen design. Here we elucidate the structural basis and mode of action for two potent SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) neutralizing monoclonal antibodies CV3-1 and CV3-25 that remained effective against emerging variants of concern in vitro and in vivo. CV3-1…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Unfolded Protein Response Inhibition Reduces Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Induced Acute Lung Injury</strong> - Tissue- and cell-specific expression patterns are highly variable within and across individuals, leading to altered host responses after acute virus infection. Unraveling key tissue-specific response patterns provides novel opportunities for defining fundamental mechanisms of virus-host interaction in disease and the identification of critical tissue- specific networks for disease intervention in the lung. Currently, there are no approved therapeutics for Middle East respiratory syndrome…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Antiviral Effect of Budesonide against SARS-CoV-2</strong> - Treatment options for COVID-19, a disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, are currently severely limited. Therefore, antiviral drugs that efficiently reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication or alleviate COVID-19 symptoms are urgently needed. Inhaled glucocorticoids are currently being discussed in the context of treatment for COVID-19, partly based on a previous study that reported reduced recovery times in cases of mild COVID-19 after…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Resveratrol and Pterostilbene Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Air-Liquid Interface Cultured Human Primary Bronchial Epithelial Cells</strong> - The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has an enormous impact on human health and economy. In search for therapeutic options, researchers have proposed resveratrol, a food supplement with known antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties as an advantageous antiviral therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we provide evidence that both resveratrol and its metabolically more stable structural analog, pterostilbene,…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Correction: Template-dependent inhibition of coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase by remdesivir reveals a second mechanism of action</strong> - No abstract</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Molecular Modeling Targeting Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2) as an Alternative Drug Target Against Coronaviruses</strong> - Since November 2019, the new Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the etiological agent SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for several cases worldwide, becoming pandemic in March 2020. Pharmaceutical industries and academics have joined their efforts to discover new therapies to control the disease, since there are no specific drugs to combat this emerging virus. Thus, several targets have been explored, among them the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) has gained greater interest in the…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Polypharmacology of some medicinal plant metabolites against SARS-CoV-2 and host targets: Molecular dynamics evaluation of NSP9 RNA binding protein</strong> - Medicinal plants as rich sources of bioactive compounds are now being explored for drug development against COVID-19. 19 medicinal plants known to exhibit antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects were manually curated, procuring a library of 521 metabolites; this was virtually screened against NSP9, including some other viral and host targets and were evaluated for polypharmacological indications. Leads were identified via rigorous scoring thresholds and ADMET filtering. MM-GBSA calculation was…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Putative Repurposing of Lamivudine, a Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogue and Antiretroviral to Improve the Outcome of Cancer and COVID-19 Patients</strong> - Lamivudine, also widely known as 3TC belongs to a family of nucleotide/nucleoside analogues of cytidine or cytosine that inhibits the Reverse Transcriptase (RT) of retroviruses such as HIV. Lamivudine is currently indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection or for chronic Hepatitis B (HBV) virus infection associated with evidence of hepatitis B viral replication and active liver inflammation. HBV reactivation in patients with HBV infections who…</p></li>
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<li data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>The Role of Innate Immunity and Bioactive Lipid Mediators in COVID-19 and Influenza</strong> - In this review, we discuss spatiotemporal kinetics and inflammatory signatures of innate immune cells specifically found in response to SARS-CoV-2 compared to influenza virus infection. Importantly, we cover the current understanding on the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 may fail to engage a coordinated type I response and instead may lead to exaggerated inflammation and death. This knowledge is central for the understanding of available data on specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in…</p></li>
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</ul>
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<h1 data-aos="fade-right" id="from-patent-search">From Patent Search</h1>
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<ul>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>자외선살균등</strong> - 본 발명은 사람의 의복이나 사용한 마스크 등에 부착하여 있다 호흡기로 유입되어 감염을 유발할 수 있는 COVID-19와 같은 유해균류를 간편하게 살균하기 위한 휴대용 자와선살균등에 관한 것이다. 반감기가 길고 인체에 유해한 오존을 발생하지 않으면서 탁월한 살균능력이 있는 250~265nm(최적은 253.7nm) 파장의 자외선을 발광하는 자외선램프를 본 발명의 막대형의 자외선살균등 광원으로 사용하고 비광원부를 손으로 잡고 의복이나 사용한 마스크 등 유해균류가 부착되었을 것으로 의심되는 곳에 자외선을 조사하여 간편하게 유해균류를 살균하므로써 감염을 예방하기 위한 휴대용 자외선살균등에 관함 것이다. - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=KR332958765">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Camellia nitidissima C.W.Chi Caffeine and Chlorogenic acid composition for anti-SARS-CoV-2 and preparation method and application thereof</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU331907401">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A Novel Method COVID -19 infection using Deep Learning Based System</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU331907400">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR COVID- 19 DIAGNOSIS USING DETECTION RESULTS FROM CHEST X- RAY IMAGES</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU330927328">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Mascarilla impermeable</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=ES329916792">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>基于细胞膜展示冠状病毒免疫原以诱导中和抗体的方法</strong> - 本申请公开了一种基于细胞膜展示冠状病毒免疫原以诱导中和抗体的方法。具体而言，本公开中提供了一种在其细胞膜表面展示新型冠状病毒SARS‑CoV‑2刺突蛋白S的细胞，包含所述细胞的针对新型冠状病毒SARS‑CoV‑2的疫苗或疫苗组合，所述细胞在制备用于预防或治疗新型冠状病毒SARS‑CoV‑2的疫苗中的应用及其制备方法。本公开的细胞和疫苗能够在体内高效活化B细胞，诱导中和抗体应答，在预防和降低新冠病毒感染中有广泛的应用前景。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN332882580">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>硫代咪唑烷酮药物在治疗COVID-19疾病中的用途</strong> - 本发明属于医药技术领域，具体涉及一种硫代咪唑烷酮药物或其药学上可接受的盐在制备用于治疗ACE2和TMPRSS2蛋白失调相关疾病的药物中的用途，尤其是在制备用于治疗COVID‑19疾病的药物中的用途。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN332882591">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Advanced Machine Learning System combating COVID-19 virus Detection, Spread, Prevention and Medical Assistance.</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU329799475">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>一种包装重组流感病毒的重组载体和重组流感病毒及其构建方法和应用</strong> - 本发明提供了一种包装重组流感病毒的重组载体和重组流感病毒及其构建方法和应用，涉及生物医药技术领域。本发明利用A型流感病毒八个基因片段为骨架包装出带有新型冠状病毒SARS‑CoV‑2表面刺突蛋白受体结合域（SARS‑CoV‑2_RBD）片段的重组流感病毒，此重组流感病毒可在复制过程中表达具有生物学活性和免疫原性的刺突蛋白受体结合区域RBD。本发明所述重组流感病毒rgH1N1（PR8）‑PA‑RBD可作为重组病毒类药物，用于2019新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID‑19）的预防；也可作为体外SARS‑COV‑2 RBD等相关抗原表达和体内递呈系统。 - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=CN331407402">link</a></p></li>
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<li><p data-aos="fade-left" data-aos-anchor-placement="bottom-bottom"><strong>Differential detection kit for common SARS-CoV-2 variants in COVID-19 patients</strong> - - <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=AU328840861">link</a></p></li>
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